UNIT-VII SAG AND TENSION CALCULATIONS

7.1 INTRODUCTION:The aim of the sag-tension calculation is the calculation of the installation tension as a function of the sag and tension limits. Sag-tension calculation methods allow the calculation of the conductor sag and tension for different conductor temperatures, and wind and ice load conditions, taking into account the evolution of the conductor creep during the line lifetime. The tension is limited by the tension limit of the conductor and the towers. The sag limit is related to the security distance to ground and line crossings. If the crossing distance is below the security distance, line faults could occur. The analysis of sag and tension of conductor is an important consideration in overhead transmission as well as distribution line design. The energized conductors of transmission and distribution lines must be placed to totally eliminate the possibility of injury to people. verhead conductors, however, elongate with time, temperature, and tension, thereby changing their original positions after installation. !espite the effects of weather and loading on a line, the conductors must remain at safe distances from buildings, objects, and people or vehicles passing beneath the line at all times. To ensure this safety, the shape of the terrain along the right-of-way, the height and lateral position of the conductor support points, and the position of the conductor between support points under all wind, ice, and temperature conditions must be known. Sag-tension calculations predict the behavior of conductors based on recommended tension limits under varying loading conditions. These tension limits specify certain percentages of the conductor"s rated breaking strength that are not to be e#ceeded upon installation or during the life of the line. These conditions, along with the elastic and permanent elongation properties of the conductor, provide the basis for determination the amount of resulting sag during installation and long-term operation of the line. $ccurately determined initial sag limits are essential in the line design process. %inal sags and tensions depend on initial installed sags and tensions and on proper handling during installation. The final sag shape of conductors is used to select support point heights and span lengths so that the minimum clearances will be maintained over the life of the line. If the conductor is damaged or the initial sags are incorrect, the line clearances may be violated or the conductor may break during heavy ice or wind loadings.

EEE

TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER

B.Tech

DEFINITION OF TERMS:Electric-Power Tr !"#i""io!: This is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants to electrical substations located near demand centers. &ower transmission lines are used to transport electrical energy over long distances. Tr !"#i""io! Li!e: 'Transmission lines' refers to electrical transmission lines or cables such as telephone lines and power lines. Te!"io!: In physics, tension is (magnitude of) the pulling force e#erted by a string, cable, or similar solid object on another object. S $: The difference in level between points of supports and the lowest point on the conductor is called sag. ( r) It is defined as the vertical distance between the point where the line is joined to the tower and the lowest point on the line.

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