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UNIT-16 1. a. What is Ames Test? How it could be made applicable for eukaryotic systems. b. Contrast and compare the mutagenic effect of demainating agent, base analogue and Acridine dyes. c. What do we mean by phrase C-value Paradox. d. A human female with Turner syndrome also expresses the X-linked trait hemophilia, as did her father. Which of her parents underwent non-disjunction during meiosis, giving rise to the gamete responsible for the syndrome? 2. a. Contrast the genetic composition of gametes derived from tetrads of inversion heterozygotes where single crossing over occurs within a paracentric and pericentric inversion. b. If the recessive trait albinism (a) is present 1/10,000 individuals in a population at equilibrium, calculate the frequency of (i) the recessive mutant allele (ii) the normal dominant allele (iii) heterozygotes (carrier) in the population (iv) mating between the heterozygotes c. Explain the role of mutation in evolution
3. a. Define inversion b. How inversion causes mutation c. Explain with diagram the types of gametes observed after single cross over between one normal chromosome and other having paracentric inversion. 4. a. Explain Hardy-Weinberg law b. Consider the following data 2pq q2 p2 (i) 0.25 0.50 0.25 (ii) 0.35 0.30 0.35 Among the following which data obeys Hardy-Weinberg law c. 10 % population is suffering from PKU a recessive autosomal disorder. Find the proportion of population who is carries of this disease. 5. a. What is tautomeric shift in a purine of pyrimidines base? b. Schematically explain how tautomeric shift in a base in DNA may lead to mutation
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2. a. Explain the mechanism of synthesis and transport of secretory proteins. b. If 4 percent of a population in equilibrium expresses a recessive trait, what is probability that the offsprings of two individuals who donot express the trait will express it? c. What are polytene chromosomes? Where do they occur? What is cause of polytenization?.
3. a. Explain role of MPF (Mitosis promoting factor) in control of cell cycle c. Write a note on Nuclear Pore Complex. c. Relate the potential effect of the Lyon hypothesis on the retina of a human female heterozygous for the X-linked red-green color-blindness trait. d. Contrast the evidence explaining the different modes of sex determination in Drosophila and humans.
4. a. Give reasons for ii. SRY - XY male iii. SRY+ XX male i. SRY+ XY male b. How are polytene chromosomes formed? c. List the major applications of these chromosomes in cytogenetics and molecular Genetics
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3+3+3+3=12 1. a. Explain the condition under which two species can co-exist in a single niche? Dont they reject competitive exclusion principle b. Explain relationship between Biomass and productivity c. Tiger is not eaten by other consumers. Give reasons d. Explain adaptive radiation with example of Darwininian finches
2. a. Why productivity of blue green algae is low 3+3+3+3=12 b. Why do cyanobacteria dominate over green algae in eutrophic aquatic ecosystem. c. Explain the succession in a water body with examples of flora and fauna of each stage. d. What would be effect on rate of succession in eutrophic lake
3. a. What is sustainable development? 3+3+3+3=12 b. What is need of Environment Impact Assessment? c. Define food web? How it indicates stability of ecosystem? d. Give examples of in-situ and Ex-situ modes of conservation.
4. a. What are liposomes? 2+3+3+3+3=14 b. What are applications of liposomes? c. Differentiate signal transduction pathway for lipophilic and hydrophilic signals? 3|Page
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2. 2+3+5 a. Give example of competitive and non-competitive inhibitor b. Explain regulation of enzyme action by covalent modification. Give 2 example c. Explain kinetics of competitive and non competitive inhibition with the help of lineweaverburk plot.
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a. Judge the statements, whether they are true or false? Give reasons to support answer a. Enzymes shifts the equilibrium b. Enzymes decreases free energy of activation c. Km is independent of substrate concentration b. Treatment of carbonic anhydrase with higher concentration of metal chelator EDTA (ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid) results in loss of enzyme activity. Propose an explanation. 5. a. The hydrolysis of pyrophosphate to orthophosphate is important in driving forward biosynthetic reaction such as synthesis of DNA. The hydrolytic reaction is catalyzed in E. coli by a pyrophosphatase that has a mass of 120 kd and consists of six identical subunits. For this enzyme, a unit of activity is defined as the amount if enzyme that hydrolyzes 10 mol of pyrophosphate in 15 minutes at 370 C under standard assay conditions. The purified enzyme has Vmax of 2800 units per milligram of enzyme. i. How many moles of substrate are hydrolysed per second per milligram of enzyme when the substrate concentration is much more than Km. ii. How many moles of active sites are there in 1 mg of enzyme? Assume that each subunit has one active site. iii. What is turnover number of the enzyme?
6. a. Explain the word allosteric. b. Give two examples of allostearic effectors. c. Can cooperativity occur in a single chain protein molecule? Discuss briefly. UNIT-25 1. Short note a. Hydrogen bonding b. Helix (Sec. str. of protein) c. 3-D structure of t-RNA 2. a. demonstrate the following on the Ramchandran plot: (i) Parallel and anti parallel -sheets (ii) Left handed and Right handed -helix 3. a. A hypothetical peptide gave on analysis the following data: (i) The amino acid composition was 1 mole each tyrosine, lysine, Glutamic, serine and Glycine and 2 moles of Leucine. (ii) On tryptic digestion, it gave two peptides, one a dipeptide and another a hexapeptide. 6|Page
UNIT-26 1. +3 5+2
a. What is yield of ATP when ATP when each of the following substrate is completely oxidized to CO2 by a mammalian cell homogenate? Assume that glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation are fully active. a. Pyruvate b. Phosphoenol pyruvate c. Lactate d. Fructose 1,6 bis phosphate e. Dihydroxy acetone phosphate b. What is Pasteur effect. c. Explain the role of Phospho Fructo Kinase-1 in regulation of glycolysis.
2. 2+2+3+3 a. Name the key regulatory enzyme in Glycogenolysis and lipolysis. b. Explain the role of c-AMP in regulation of Glycogenolysis and lipolysis. c. How pyruvate is converted into phosphoenol pyruvate during gluconeogenesis. Explain d. Why Gluconeogenesis from fatty acids is not possible in animals but possible on plants. Explain.
3. 2+3+5 a. Write a balanced equation for the synthesis of tracyl glycerol, starting from glycerol and fatty acids. b. Glutamate is important neurotransmitter whose level must be carefully regulated in the brain. Explain how a high concentration of ammonia might disrupt this regulation. How might a high concentration of ammonia alter the citric acid cycle. c. How activity of HMG CoA reductase is regulated during cholesterol synthesis. 4. 2+2+3+3 a. How sulpha drugs exterts their effect on bacteria. Why they do not effect humans. b. What is mode of action of Methotrexate, an anti-cancerous drug. c. Explain salvage pathway of purine metabolism. d. What would be effect on nucleic acid metabolism if folic acid is not available in mammalian cell. Explain.
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8. a. Citric acid cycle does not involve the utilization of O2, but TCA does not take place in the absence of O2. Why is it so? b. Enoyl CoA isomerase deficiency will effect which metabolism? Butter or olive oil metabolism? c. How is GTP synthesized in TCA converted to cellular pool of ATP? UNIT-28 1 2+5+3 In 1994, telomerase activity was discovered in human cancer cell lines. Although telomerase is not active in human somatic tissue, this discovery indicated that humans do contain the genes for telomerase proteins and telomerase RNA. a. Since inappropriate activation of telomerase can cause cancer, why do you think the genes coding for this enzyme have been maintained in the human genome throughout evolution? Are there any types of human body cells where telomerase activation would be advantageous or even necessary? Explain. b.How telomerase replication occurs? Explain c. The genome of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster consists of approximately 1.6 X 108 base pairs. DNA synthesis occurs at a rate of 30 base pairs per second. In the early embryo the entire genome is replicated in five minutes. While DNA Polymerase can not add nucleotides at the rate more then 1000 nt per sec. Then How was this possible. Explain. 2. a Distinguish between (i) Unidirectional and bidirectional synthesis and (ii) Continuous and discontinuous synthesis. (iii) Conservative and Semi-conservative synthesis of DNA 8|Page
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UNIT-32&33 Genetic Engineering 1. a. What is role of restriction endonuclease in bacteria? b. Lambda phage causes a plaque colony in a colony of E. coli but after mutation in lambda phage it was not able to cause plaque in strain A of E. coli while in strain B it still formed the plaque. Give reasons for differential behavior. c. Give method of direct gene transfer in plants and animals 2. a. What are characteristics of plasmid vectors b. Name the promoters of prokaryotes c. Name the expression promoter routinely used in prokaryotes and eukaryotes d. Enlist the selection based antibiotics in prokaryotes and eukaryotes 3. a. What is complementation of mutant alleles in bacteria? b. How will you use complementation to find out the number of genes involved in a pathway? 4. a. How could you clone a genomic DNA fragment greater than 60kb? b. Describe the essential features of a YAC vector necessary for its existence in yeast. c. What size DNA fragments could be cloned into these vectors and to obtain these fragments d. what restriction enzymes should be used and why? 5. a. Picogram of a plasmid DNA was used to transform E.coli by electroporation and 700 colonies were obtained. Calculate transformation frequency of the competent cells of E. coli used in experiment. b. A certain strain of E. coli could not be infected by many lambda phages tested. Give at least 2 possible reasons for this. c. I wish to clone a repetitive sequence of DNA into a plasmid vector. What mutation in the E.coli genome would ensure successful maintenance of this DNA sequence in E. coli. d. A researcher wishes to increase sucrose biosynthesis in plants through genetic engineering. Suggest a method. e. What strategies can be used to engineer plants to produce biodegradable plastics? 11 | P a g e
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a. Give method of direct gene transfer in plants. b. Name the expression promoter routinely used in prokaryotes and eukaryotes c. Enlist the selection based antibiotics in prokaryotes and eukaryotes d. How could you clone a genomic DNA fragment greater than 60kb? e. Describe the essential features of a YAC vector necessary for its existence in yeast. 2. Write 16 (i) the gene/protein responsible, (ii) mode of inheritance (iii) effect/symptoms of following genetic disorders a. SCID c. Cystic fibrosis e. Lesch Nyaan Syndrome g. Phenyl keton Urea b. Huntington chorea d. Duchene Muscular dystrophy f. Alzheimer disease h. Sickle Cell Anemia 2 X 8=
3. 3+3+2+2+2=12 a. Outline the steps involved in transferring glyphosate resistance to crop plants. 13 | P a g e
UNIT-37 1. a. Explain partition cofficienct b. How you can separate all m-RNA of cell for preparation of c-DNA library? c. Often mobile phase used in chromatography is a mixture of two solvents. Why? d. Differentiate Velocity and buoyant density centrifugation. 14 | P a g e
UNIT- 38 1. a. The quest to isolate an important disease causing organism was successful and molecular biologists were hard at work. The organism contained as its genetic material a remarkable nucleic acid with a base composition of A= 20 % C= 29% G=29% and U=21 %. When heated it showed a major hyperchromic effect and when kinetics were studied, the nucleic acid of organism provided the Cot curve shown next, in contrast to that phage T4 and E. coli. T4 contains 105 nucleotide pairs and exhibits cot1/2 of 0.5. The unknown organism produced Cot1/2 of 20. Analyze the information carefully and give answers i. What is genetic material in unknown organism ii. What is complexity if genome of unknown organism iii. What is nature of genome 7+3 2. Following reagents are often used in protein chemistryi. CNBr ii. Performic Acid iv. Urea v. Dabsyl chloride 15 | P a g e iii. Phenyl isothiocynate vi. Chymotrypsin
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Which one is the best suited for accomplishing of the following tasks? 1. Determination of amino acid sequence of small peptide2. Identification of amino terminal residue of a peptide (of which you have less than 0.1 g). 3. Reversible denaturation of a protein devoid of disulphide bonds. Which additional reagent would you need if disulphide bond is present 4. Cleavage of peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of aromatic side of aromatic residue 5. Cleavage of peptide bond on the carboxyl side of methione 6. Hydrolysis of peptide bond on the carboxyl side of lysine and arginine residue b. Why Sangers dideoxy chain termination method is preferred over Maxim-Gilberts chemical method. 3. a. If an protein was (i) treated with CNBR it yielded following fragments try-arg-met pro-gly-met pro-lys-gly-arg cys-phenyl ala-lys-met (ii) treated with Trypsin it yielded Gly-arg Met-trp-arg Met-pro-lys Pro-gly-met-cys-phenyl ala-lys Deduce the sequence of protein from N terminus to C terminus based on given data b. Differentiate between Anchored PCR and Reverse PCR. Q. 3 Following gel pattern was obtained after Sangers dideoxy chain termination method ddA ------ddG ddC ddT ------------------------------------------------a. What would be the sequence of DNA 16 | P a g e 2 x4
4. a. What is hyper chromic effect and how it is measured? b. What is Tm and how it is related to base composition? c. What is Cot Curve and what is its application
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5. a. How would you distinguish three DNA molecules of same length having 60%, 40% and 20% GC content using UV spectroscopy? b. Explain why a single stranded DNA has higher absorption in UV region compared to double stranded DNA of same composition.
UNIT- 39 2X4 a. Name the spectroscopy which can reveal the three dimensional structure of protein in solution with reasons. b. Which Atoms can utilize for NMR spectroscopy? c. What are application of ESR d. How circularly polarized light is produced in CD spectroscopy 2. a. What is application of plasma emission spectroscopy? b. What is the principle of X-ray crystallography? c. Explain the principle of CD spectroscopy. 3+3+4
3. a. How X-ray crystallography can be used for obtaining 3-D structure of proteins b. Define Lamberts-Beer rule c. What is fluorescence d. What are application of plasma emission spectroscopy e. Why the wavelength of emission is spectroscopy is always higher as compare to wavelength of excitation.
UNIT-40 1. a. What is the effect of radiations on organisms? 3+3+4 b. Can radiations prove beneficial for biological organisms? Explain c. What is liquid scintillation counter? How can they make use of Cerenkov radiations for measuring radiations from mixture of two radioisotopes? 2. Explaina. Radiation Dosimeter 17 | P a g e 2x4
3. Question 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
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Name some radioisotope which can be used to estimate the age of rocks What is order of wavelength of X-rays What is lamberts beer rule What is advantage of NMR in deducing 3-D structure of protein Which microscope will you use to study different events of mitosis Name DNA sequencing method based on competitive termination of replication Which microscopy uses ferritin tagged antibody Which radioisotope is generally used to label DNA Which pyrimidine analogue can be used to prove semi-conservative mode of replication 10. Which technique is routinely used to study the genome of protozoa
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