PROCEDURES AND DATA

GLOSSARY
WELDING/ METALLURGICAL TERMS
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Abrasive Wear Abrasive wear is caused by foreign materials rubbing against a metal part and is the most frequent reason for hard surfacing. Abrasive wear is usually broken down into three main categories: 1. Low-stress scratching abrasion Normally the least severe type of abrasion, metal parts are worn away through the scouring action of hard, sharp particles such as sand sliding down a chute. 2. High-stress grinding abrasion This results when small hard abrasive particles are forced against a metal part. The surface becomes scored and surface cracking can occur. The drilling action of an auger is the best example. 3. Gouging abrasion This occurs when massive objects are forced with pressure against a metal component. A good example of this is a dragline bucket digging into the earth. AC (Alternating Current) Electricity which reverses its direction periodically, e.g., for 60 cycle current, the current goes in one direction and then in the other direction 60 times in the same second, so that the current changes its direction 120 times in one second. Adhesive Frictional Wear (Metal-to-Metal Wear) Metal surfaces, regardless of their finish, are composed of microscopic high and low areas. As metal surfaces slide against each other, the high areas are broken and tiny fragments of metal are torn away. The continual removal of metal roughens and wears the working surface. In some applications, adhesive wear can be minimized by proper lubrication. Adhesion also lessens when the sliding metals are different, or when the metal is extremely hard. Alloy A substance that has metallic properties and is composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal. Alloy Steel Carbon steel with the addition of other alloying elements like chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten and manganese. Generally the chemical makeup of alloy steels contains greater than 5% of some combination of these elements. The additional elements are added for the definite purpose of changing the hardenability or response to heat treatment. When properly heat treated, alloy steels provide varying degrees of hardness, strength, ductility, machinability and impact resistance that cannot be secured in plain carbon steels. Since they are heat treatable, special precautions are usually required for welding, e.g., preheat and postheat. G .1
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Aluminum One of the most commonly used light/white metals. Symbol Al, obtained chiefly from bauxite. This metal is light weight (about 1/3 the weight of steel) and has a relatively low melting point at 1220F. Aluminum is non-magnetic, highly reflective, soft and ductile in the annealed condition. It can be cold worked to moderate tensile strength (about 16,000 PSI). It also has a high coefficient of electrical and thermal conductivity. It resists corrosion in many environments due to the presence of a thin Al oxide film. It is readily weldable and can be alloyed with various elements to improve mechanical properties, primarily strength, with a slight sacrifice in density, thus increasing its strength to weight ratio. Amperage A measure of the electrical units which indicate the amount of current traveling through a circuit. Annealing Softening of metals by heat treatment. This most commonly consists of heating the metal up to a critical temperature and then cooling slowly. For steels, annealing consists of heating the steels to slightly above the recrystallization temperature, holding for austenite to form, then slowly cooling to produce small grain size, softness, ductility and other properties. On cooling slowly, the austenite transforms to ferrite and pearlite. Anodize A reverse plating process. This process is used on aluminum to remove a thin film of material to allow the aluminum to oxidize evenly giving a dull satin finish. If a colored finish is desired, the oxidized surface may be treated with a dye solution. Arc Welding Fusing two metals together using an electric arc as the source of heat. Filler metal may or may not be added. A.S.T.M. American Society for Testing and Materials Atomic Hydrogen Atomic hydrogen welding is an arc welding process wherein coalescence is produced by heating with an electric arc maintained between two metal electrodes in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Shielding is obtained from the hydrogen. Pressure may or may not be used, and filler metal may or may not be added. Austenite A non-magnetic cubic structure that occurs in carbon steels above the critical temperature range (~1350F to 1750F depending on carbon content). The 300 series stainless steels are austenitic at room temperature, as such they are non-magnetic & relatively soft with good corrosion resistance.
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Back Step Welding A method of controlling welding heat, by making a long weld in a series of short increments. It is, for example, welding from left to right, by going right to left in short increments. Each weld causes a minimum of warpage, since the heat travels ahead of the weld, into a segment which is already welded. Direction of Welding 1 2 3 4 5 Deposit Sequence Base Metal The metal to welded, soldered or brazed. Bevel Angling the metal edge where welding is to take place. This is generally required to achieve full penetration when welding heavy sections. Typical bevel shapes are V, U, J grooves either on one side of the joint or both. Bond Line The transition zone between the weld deposit and base metal. Sometimes called interface. Brass Brass is a copper zinc (Zn) alloy whose zinc content ranges from 5% up to 40%. As the Zn content increases in these alloys the melting point, density, electrical and thermal conductivity and modules of elasticity decrease, while the coefficient of expansion, strength and hardness increases. Work hardening also increases with higher zinc content. The color of these brasses range from reddish brown (like copper) for the low zinc alloys, through bronze and gold colors, to the yellow of high zinc brasses. This will affect the selection of a filler metal when joint appearance is important. Brazing A joining process where the filler metal is non-ferrous metal or alloy whose melting point is greater than 800F but lower than the metals to be joined. Brinell Hardness The hardness value (BHN) of a metal expressed in three digits. For steels, the first two numbers are a close approximations of the Rockwell C hardness number, e.g. BHN 500 is approx. equal to Rc 50. Brinell Hardness Tester The Brinell Hardness Tester consists of a rigid framework with an adjustable anvil on which the specimen is placed. By hydraulic pressure a small steel ball is forced into the surface of the specimen with a definitely controlled load. The size of the impression varies with the hardness of the metal. The diameter of the impression is read with a small microscope which is calibrated by fine parallel measuring lines so that the diameter of the impression can be determined in millimeters. This figure is converted to a Brinell hardness number by reference to a standard table. G .3
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Generally speaking, hardness bears a direct relationship to tensile strength. The Brinell hardness number of steel when multiplied by 500 will approximate the tensile strength in pounds per square inch. Bronze The term bronze is generally applied to any copper alloy that has as the principle alloying element a metal other than zinc or nickel. Originally the term was used to identify copper-tin alloys that had tin as the only, or principle, alloying element. Most commercial copper-tin bronzes are now modified with zinc, lead or other elements to alter physical and mechanical properties. Bronzes containing more than 90% copper are reddish and below 90% the color changes to orange-yellow, which is the typical bronze color. Butt Weld A weldment formed by placing the edge of two plates together and depositing a weld down the joint. Buzz Box Slang term for a small alternating current (AC) arc welding machine. Capillary Action The combination force, adhesion and cohesion, which causes liquids, including molten metals, to flow between very closely spaced solid metal surfaces even against gravity. Carbide Precipitation A chemical reaction sometimes occurring in chrome-nickel steels, e.g., austenitic stainless steel, in which the chromium, near the boundaries of the grains, flows to the boundaries and unites with carbon, thus forming the chrome carbides and depleting the chromium supply in the metal near the grain boundaries. This makes the steel susceptible to intergranular corrosion when brought into contact with various acids or alkalis. Carbon Arc Cutting Carbon arc cutting is a method for cutting or removing metal by melting it with an electric arc and then blowing away the molten metal with a high velocity jet of compressed air. The air jet is external to the consumable carbon-graphite electrode. It removes the molten metal immediately behind the arc. Carbon Arc Welding Carbon arc welding is a process in which an arc is established between a nonconsumable carbon (graphite) electrode and the work, or between two carbon electrodes. The latter is a variation known as twin carbon arc welding. Two other variations known as shielded and gas carbon arc welding no longer have commercial significance.
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Carbon Steel Steel containing carbon up to about 2.00% and only residual quantities of other elements except those added for deoxidation, with silicon usually limited to 0.60% and manganese to about 1.65%. Also termed plain carbon steel and straight carbon steel. Carburizing Flame A flame in an oxygen-fuel gas system with an excess of the fuel gas. Casting (1) An object at or near finished shape obtained by solidification of a substance in a mold. (2) Pouring molten metal into a mold to produce object of desired shape. Cast Iron A wide range of iron-carbon-silicon alloys (ferrous alloys) containing from 2.0 to 4.0% carbon and 0.25 to 3.00% silicon. In addition, other alloying elements, i.e. nickel, chromium, molybdenum, etc., are added for special applications. Common types of cast iron include gray, ductile (nodular), white and malleable. Gray and ductile are most frequently used in the manufacture of machinery. White cast iron is used primarily in wear resistant applications and is generally considered unweldable. Cast Steel Steel castings can be made from any of the many types of carbon and alloy steel produced in wrought form. Such castings are produced by pouring molten steel of the desired composition into a mold of the desired configuration and allowing the steel to solidify. Steel castings produced in any of the various types of molds and wrought steel of equivalent chemical composition respond similarly to heat treatment, have the same weldability, and similar physical and mechanical properties. Cast steels do not exhibit the effects of directionality on mechanical properties that are typical of wrought steels. Chamfering Removing an edge from material so it becomes an angled flat surface like one side of a Vee (see Beveling). Chipping A method for removing seams and other surface defects with chisel or gouge so that such defects will not be worked into the finish product. Coefficient of Expansion Is the amount a given material will expand when subjected to a certain amount of heat. Contact Welding The use of a welding electrode with complete contact of electrode end to base metal, rather than using an arc-gap. Continuous Weld A weld which extends without interruption for its entire length. G .5
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Convex A surface that is rounded outwardly, i.e. curved like the outside surface of a sphere. Copper Copper and copper alloys constitute one of the major groups of commercial metals. They are widely used because of their excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, outstanding resistance to corrosion, ease of fabrication, and good strength and fatigue resistance. They are generally nonmagnetic. They can be readily soldered and brazed, and many coppers and copper alloys can be welded by various gas, arc, and resistance methods. Corrosion Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal by atmosphere, moisture, or other agents. Corrosion Resistance Ability to resist oxidation such as rust or deterioration and loss of weight by chemical action. Cover Glass (Plastic) A clear glass or high impact plastic used to protect the shaded lens in goggles and welding helmets. Cracking (Metals) Fracturing or fissuring of a material. Cracking (Gas Cyl. Valve) Term applied to the action of opening a valve slightly and then closing the valve immediately. Cross Checks (Relief Checks) Small transverse cracks that occur naturally in some carbide bearing hard facing products. Cushioning Layer A relatively soft deposit on a metal to be succeeded by a harder layer. DC (Direct Current) Electricity which flows in one direction only as opposed to AC which periodically reverses direction. There are two kinds of direct current depending on the direction of the electrical flow (see Straight and Reverse Polarity). Dense Deposit A weld deposit which is free from holes, slag, inclusions, cracks, or other imperfections. Dendrite A crystal formed by solidification of metal which has a pine tree or fir tree like pattern with many branches. Deoxidized Special processing to remove harmful oxides from metals.
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Deposited Metal Metal that has been added by a welding process. Depth of Fusion The distance that fusion extends into the base metal from the surface melted during welding. Die Castings These metals are injected under pressure into heat-resistant steel molds. The method is used for making inexpensive small parts where small dimensional tolerances are required. Die Castings (Aluminum) Aluminum die castings differ from zinc die castings by their light weight. Aluminum die castings also have clean, sharp edges compared to zinc castings. They can be welded, using the same methods as for aluminum sand castings. Direction of Travel Is the direction in which the deposits are going. The angle at which the electrode is held, in relation to the direction of travel, is the angle between the electrode and the surface of the part to be welded. Discoloration Darkening, staining, or discoloring by oxidation caused by hot metal exposed to air. Distortion Loss of dimensional tolerances from twisting and bending due to welding expansion and contraction stresses. Drag Technique Using an electrode by maintaining complete contact with base metal, i.e., dragging electrode in contact with base metal. This is performed with electrodes having coating which cups over the end of electrode to insulate electrode from base metal. Ductility The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing, being measured by elongation or reduction of area in a tensile test, or by other means. Electrical Conductivity Ability to conduct electrical current. Electrode Coating The flux coating on the outside of a stick electrode which is used primarily for cleaning and protecting the hot weld metal from exposure to air. In some cases alloying elements are added to the deposit through the flux. Electrode Holder A device used for mechanically holding the electrode and conducting current to an electrode during welding or cutting. G .7
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Elongation The mathematical measurement of ductility usually expressed as a percentage of the original gage length after fracturing in a tensile (pull) test. The higher the percentage elongation the greater the ductility (ability to stretch). The lower the percentage elongation the lower the ductility (more brittle). Embrittlement Reduction in the normal ductility of a metal due to a physical or chemical change. Exothermic Marked by the liberation of heat opposite of endothermic. Extrusion Shaping metal into a chosen continuous form by forcing it through a die with the approximate shape of the final product. Face of Weld The exposed surface of a weld, made by an arc or gas welding process, on the side from which welding was done. Fatigue The tendency for a metal to break under conditions of cyclic stressing considerably below the ultimate tensile strength. Faying Surfaces That surface of a member which is in contact or in close proximity with another member to which it is to be joined. Ferrite Is practically pure iron (in plain carbon steels) existing below the lower critical temperature. It is magnetic and has very slight solid solubility for carbon. Ferrous Metal A metal which is primarily iron bearing (such as steel or cast iron). Filler Metal The wire or electrode used to make the weld deposit. Fillet Weld A fillet weld is a weld applied to the joint where one plate is placed perpendicular to another. Finger Nailing The action when the end of the electrode arcs to one side causing an uneven deposit and poor operability. This is usually caused by an excentric coating. Flame Hardening This process consists of heating the surface of a hardenable steel to its recrystallization temperature with an oxy-fuel or induction system, followed immediately by a rapid quench (usually a water spray). This case hardens the steel to a certain depth which is usually predetermined by making some mock-up tests.
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Flame Straightening Correcting distortion in metal structures by localized heating with a gas flame. Forging Plastically deforming metal, usually hot, into desired shapes with compressive force, with or without dies.
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Frictional Wear (see Adhesive Wear) Fusion Welding A group of welding processes in which metals brought to the molten state at the surfaces to be joined are welded with or without the addition of filler metal and without the application of mechanical pressure or blows. Galvanized The coating of steel with zinc to prevent rust. Gamma Iron A non-magnetic complex cubic structure found in carbon steels at elevated temperature and in 300 series stainless steels at room temperature (see Austenite). Gas Cutting The process of severing ferrous metals by means of the chemical reaction of oxygen and iron in the base metal. Gas Pocket A cavity in a weld deposit caused by entrapped gas (air). Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding (GTAW) An arc-welding process wherein coalescence is produced by heating with an arc between a single tungsten (nonconsumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained from a gas or gas mixture. Pressure may or may not be used and filler metal may or may not be used. (This process is frequently called TIG welding.) Gas Welding Welding of metals in which the fusion is accomplished by and oxygen/fuel flame. Globular A mode of metal transfer in gas metal-arc welding in which the consumable electrode (wire) is transferred across the arc in large droplets. Usually the droplets are larger in diameter than the electrode wire itself. Gouging The forming of a bevel or groove by mechanical or thermal removal of metal surfaces. Gradient Rate of change in a variable quantity (slope). G .9
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Grains Individual crystals in metals. Gray Cast Iron A weldable grade of cast iron with linear shaped graphite uniformly distributed in an iron matrix. Groove Weld A weld made in the groove between two members to be joined. The standard types of groove welds are as follows: Square Groove Weld Single-Vee Groove Weld Single-Bevel Groove Weld Single-U Groove Weld Single-J Groove Weld Double-Vee Groove Weld Double-Bevel Groove Weld Double-U Groove Weld Double-J Groove Weld Ground Connection See preferred term, welding ground. Hard Surfacing Application of wear resisting welding deposits to the surface of a metal to improve its wear resistance and service life. Heat-Affected Zone The portion of the base metal next to the weld deposit whose structure and properties has been altered by the heat of welding, brazing, soldering or thermal cutting. Heat Treatable A material which can be hardened by a heat treatment process. Heat-Treatment of Metals Metals are usually heat-treated to impart certain desirable mechanical properties such as hardness, toughness, softness, or intermediate stages of these properties. This is accomplished by heating a metal to a high temperature, followed by a controlled rate of cooling, and then tempering by reheating. Heliarc Welding (TIG Welding) (see Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) Helmet (Shield) A protective headgear with shaded filter lens used in arc welding processes for shielding the face and neck from harmful infra-red and ultra-violet radiation. G .10

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High Alloy Steel Steels with a high percentage of alloying elements like chromium, nickel, molybdenum etc. These steels are heat treatable and require special procedures for welding. High Carbon Steel Plain carbon steel (no alloying elements) with 0.60 2% carbon content. These steels are normally heat treated to a high hardness. To avoid cracking during welding special precautions are required e.g. preheat, postheat, etc. High Speed Steel A tool steel formulated to maintain a high hardness value at elevated temperatures (>1000F). High Thermal Energy Energy produced by heat. Hot Shortness Brittleness in metal in the hot forging range. Hydro-Flo A trade name for special gas welding alloys developed by the research teams of Cronatron especially for maintenance welding applications. They produce higher strength and greater application ease than ordinary welding rods. Impact Wear The forceful impact from a foreign object onto a metal part that deforms the metal permanently. Some alloys can withstand high impact loads, while others are too brittle and cannot withstand severe blows. A good example of impact wear is rotary hammers becoming deformed by crushing rock. Inconel A group of nickel base alloys formulated for excellent corrosion resistance and high temperature properties. Induction Heating Induction heating is a process in which heat is generated in a metal part by placing it in an alternating magnetic field. The reversal of this magnetic field rapidly generates a high degree of heat which can be used very effectively for metal joining. This process is readily adaptable to mass production. Infra-red & Ultra-violet Rays The two forms of harmful radiation given off by an electric arc. Intermittent Welding Welding wherein the continuity is broken by leaving recurring unwelded spaces. G .11
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Internal Stresses (see Residual Stresses) Ion An atom or group of atoms bearing an electric charge. Lap Welds A lap weld is used where two plates are allowed to overlap and the edge of the one plate is welded to the side of the other by fillet welding.
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Low Carbon Steel Iron with added carbon in the range of 0.05 to 0.29%. This steel cannot be heat treated so it is soft and has excellent weldability. Commonly called Mild Steel. Low Hydrogen Electrode The removal of moisture from an electrode by long time baking. The maximum moisture content for a given electrode is given in the AWS specifications. In general, the higher the tensile strength the lower the moisture limit. Machinability The ability to remove metal using machine tools like a lathe, milling machine, shaper, etc. Machinability varies with the metals hardness value. If metals are too hard, either from heat treatment or cold working, they may not be machinable. In these cases they would have to be ground. Magnesium A light/white metal which has little industrial value in its pure state. It can, however, be readily alloyed with other metals like aluminum, zinc, etc. This produces alloys comparable in strength to aluminum, yet having only 65% of the weight of aluminum (0.06 lb./cu.in. vs. 0.09 lb./cu.in. for Al). CAUTION: In its fine form (like powder or machining chips), magnesium will burn in an uncontrollable manner and is very difficult to extinguish, so proper precautions must be taken when welding or processing magnesium. Manganese Steel (Austenitic Manganese) also called Hadfields manganese steel after its inventor, is an extremely tough nonmagnetic alloy which will work harden to a high degree (approx. Rc 50). This steel is characterized by high strength, high ductility and excellent resistance to impact wear. Because of its novel composition (typically 1.2% C and 12-14% Mn), it is particularly useful for severe service that combines abrasion and heavy impact. Manganese is readily weldable, but should not be overheated (500F maximum interpass temperature). Manual Weld A weld made by an operator unaided by mechanically or electrically controlled equipment.
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Martensite A metallurgical phase in ferrous metals which forms during cooling from elevated temperatures (above the critical temperature). As quenched martensite is extremely hard and brittle, it usually requires reheating or tempering to impart toughness for usability. Meehanite Refers to a group of gray cast irons whose chemical analysis conforms to a given specification to obtain certain properties. These cast irons are readily weldable. Melting Rate The weight of electrode consumed in a unit of time. Metal Arc Welding See preferred term Shielded Metal Arc. Microstructure The structure of a polished and etched metal as revealed under a microscope. Examples: ferrite, austenite, martensite, etc. Mild Steel (see Low Carbon Steel) Monel Alloys composed of approx. 60% nickel & 30% copper with traces of other elements to affect mechanical properties. Monels are primarily used for industrial applications that demand high strength and good resistance to destructive chemical action and galling. They are readily weldable with the standard welding processes. They also can be soldered and brazed. Nickel Nickel (Ni) in its pure form is a relatively soft, ductile metal. It is magnetic and displays good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Commercially pure Ni is sometimes used in welding electrodes designed for cast iron. It is very valuable when alloyed with other elements. When added to steel it dramatically increases strength and toughness at low temperatures. Nickel base alloys (greater than 50% Ni) are very useful for applications requiring good high temperature properties and high corrosion resistance, e.g. inconels, hastelloys. Nonferrous Metal A metal that does not have iron as its primary element (such as copper & aluminum alloys). Outgassing The loss of certain elements during brazing and welding by volatilization from a solid phase to a gas. Overhead Position The position of welding wherein welding is performed from the underside of the joint. G .13
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Overlay The deposition of filler metal on a metallic surface to obtain desired properties or dimensions. Oxides A chemical reaction where oxygen in the atmosphere combines with a metal to form a metallic oxide. E.g., in steels, iron combines with oxygen to form iron oxide (Fe2O3) more commonly known as rust.
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Peening The mechanical working of metal by hammering the surface with a peening tool or hand held hammer to develop compressive surface stresses to eliminate cracking. Penetration Depth of fusion of a weld into the base metal. Pinholing Small holes in a weld (see Porosity). Pearlite A microstructural phase with alternating layers of ferrite and iron carbide. In some cases, with special heat treatment, the iron carbide phase can be spheroidized to soften for machinability. Generally speaking pearlite is a soft structure and is readily weldable. Porosity Small holes in a weld deposit caused by entrapped gas. Plastic Deformation Deformation that remains permanent after removal of the load which caused it. Position Welding The four positions for welding: flat, horizontal, vertical and overhead. Pot Metal Slang term for white metal, or zinc die castings. Preheat Broadly Moving the preheat torch over the entire structure being heated, rather than heating just one spot. Preheating Heat applied to base metal prior to welding or cutting. Heating of a metal before welding to cause controlled uniform expansion & slower cooling rates after welding. P.S.I. Pounds per square inch. A standard used in testing materials. Puddle In welding language the molten metal consisting of melted filler rod and/or melted base metal.
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Pyrolysis Chemical decomposition of substances by the action of heat. Reducing Flame Same as carburizing, or excess fuel flame. Refractory Metal A metal having an extremely high melting point. In the broad sense, it refers to metals having melting points above the range of iron, cobalt and nickel. Residual Stress Internal stress resulting from thermal or mechanical treatment which remains in a structure or member after all fabrication has been completed and the part has cooled to a uniform temperature. Reverse Polarity The arrangement of direct current arc welding leads with the work as the negative pole and the electrode as the positive pole of the welding arc. A synonym for direct current electrode positive. Rockwell Hardness Tester The Rockwell Hardness Tester has an adjustable table on which the specimen is placed and a sharp penetrator point through which the load is applied to the specimen by a system of weights and levers. A light or minor load is used to seat the penetrator in the specimen, the major load is then applied. The additional depth to which the penetrator is driven by the heavy load is indicated on a dial in terms of Rockwell Hardness. For testing softer materials, a rounded ball penetrator is used and hardness number is read on the B scale. For material having greater hardness, a diamond point penetrator is used with a heavier load and the hardness is read on the C scale. Root of Joint The location of closest approach between parts of a joint to be welded (see Fig. 1). Root Opening The separation between the members to be joined at the root of joint. Searing A surface treatment by flame of a metal. Usually an oxidizing torch flame is used to decompose and remove surface impurities.
Groove face Root and groove face

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Root face

Root of joint Root and groove face Groove face

Root of joint

Root of joint

Root of joint

Fig. 1 Root of Joint

Shear Strength The stress required to produce fracture in the plane of cross section, the conditions of loading being such that the directions of force and of resistance are parallel and opposite. G .15
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Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) An arc welding process which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a covered metal electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained from decomposition of the electrode covering. Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode. Shim A thin sheet of metal. Short Arc A term applied to gas metal arc welding when the current and voltage are held to a low level making it suitable for joining thin metals. Size of Weld Groove weld: the joint penetration (depth of bevel plus the root penetration when specified). The size of a groove weld and its effective throat are one and the same. Fillet weld*: for equal leg fillet welds, the leg lengths of the largest isosceles right triangle which can be inscribed within the fillet weld cross section. For unequal leg fillet welds, the leg lengths of the largest right triangle which can be inscribed within the fillet weld cross section. When one member makes an angle with the other member greater than 105, the leg length (size) is of less significance than the effective throat which is the controlling factor for the strength of a weld. *Fillet Weld A weld of approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other in a lap joint, or corner joint. Skip Welding Skip welding is, as the name implies, welding intermittently. Each pass is applied as far from the last pass as possible. The unconnected beads are finally joined with other series of passes. Slag A hard glassy type covering on a weld deposit resulting from the action of the electrode flux and the molten base metal. Slag Inclusion Non-metallic material entrapped in a weld. Slag Removal This is a term given to loosening and removing the slag adhering to weld deposits. The deposit is struck with a needle descaler or pointed hammer and then brushed with a wire brush. This removes the slag and exposes the weld deposit. Slot Weld A weld made in an elongated hole in one member of a lap joint joining to the surface of another member which is exposed through the hole. G .16
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Soldering A joining process wherein coalescence is produced by heating to suitable temperatures generally below 800F and by using non-ferrous filler metals (solders) having melting temperatures below those of the base metals. The solder is usually distributed between the properly fitted surfaces of the joint by capillary attraction.
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Stabilizing Heating austenitic stainless steels that contain titanium, columbium or tantalum to a suitable temperature below that of a full anneal in order to inactivate the maximum amount of carbon by precipitation as a carbide of titanium, columbium or tantalum. Stainless Steel Steels with 12% or higher chromium content. Used primarily for corrosion resistance. Stinger Slang term for electrode holder. Stringer Beads A type of weld bead made without appreciable weaving motion (see also Weave Bead). Straight Polarity The arrangement of direct current arc welding leads in which the work is the positive pole and the electrode is the negative pole of the welding arc. An alternate term is direct current electrode negative. Stress Relieving A heat treatment process used to eliminate internal stresses set up by welding. Generally, the weldment is placed in a furnace set at 1100F to 1200F and held for 1 hour per inch of thickness. Striker Plate A piece of metal which is placed near the weld area for the purpose of striking the electrode on it, to avoid scarring or damaging the work piece by striking the arc on it. Strip Form A welding alloy made in a strip rather than a wire form. Also known as ribbon or shim. Submerged Arc Welding An arc-welding process wherein coalescence is produced by heating with an electric arc or arcs between a bare metal electrode or electrodes and the work. The welding is shielded by a blanket of granular, fusible material on the work. Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode wire(s). Surface Checking Transverse cracks on the surface of some hardfacing products that usually contain some type of elemental carbide phase. G .17
Printed in U.S.A. (Rev. 9/97) 6/97)

PROCEDURES AND DATA

GLOSSARY WELDING/METALLURGICAL TERMS

Continued

Surface Tension Interfacial tension between two phases one of which is a gas. Tack Weld Small scattered welds made to hold parts of a weldment in proper alignment while the final welds are being made. Tee Joint A welded joint at the junction of two parts located at approximate right angles to each other to form a tee. Tempering Reheating hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the critical for the purpose of decreasing the hardness and increasing the toughness. Tensile Strength Tensile strength or ultimate strength is the maximum stress per unit of area, which can be sustained without fracture. Any load in excess of the tensile strength will cause the specimen to break. Tensile Testing A tensile test consists of applying a steadily increasing pull or load to a standard sample and recording the results as the sample is pulled and ultimately broken. The tensile testing machines may be either of a hydraulic or mechanical type. Thermal Stress Stresses in metal, resulting from nonuniform temperature distribution. Thin-Flowing A fluid alloy which flows by capillary action when heated. Transformer A device used to transfer electric energy from one circuit to another. Undercut Groove made in base metal along bead edges by heat of the arc and left unfilled by deposited weld metal. Underbead Crack A crack in the heat-affected zone not extending to the surface of the base metal. Volt Measure of potential causing flow of electric current. Warpage Synonym for distortionloss of dimensional tolerances as a result of welding contraction and expansion stresses. Weave Bead A type of weld bead made with transverse oscillation.
Printed in U.S.A. (Rev. 9/97) 6/97)

CONFIDENTIAL MATERIAL, REPRODUCTION, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, PROHIBITED

G .18

PROCEDURES AND DATA

GLOSSARY WELDING/METALLURGICAL TERMS

Continued

Weaving When wider beads are required, the electrode is moved from side to side in a weaving motion. The greatest efficiency results from a weave of not more than 2-1/2 times the diameter of the electrode. Weld A localized coalescence of metal produced by heating to suitable temperatures, with or without the application of pressure or the use of filler metal. Welding Ground An electrical connection from the welding machine frame to the earth for safety. Welding Leads Conductors furnishing an electrical path between source of welding power and electrodes. Wetting Action The ability of a filler material to flow freely into tight gaps. Usually associated with brazing and soldering (see Capillary Action). White Cast Iron A form of cast iron that is used exclusively for abrasion resistance. It is very hard, brittle, magnetic and considered unweldable. White Metal A general term covering low melting alloys that are based on tin, zinc, lead, or antimony. Work Hardening Hardness developed in metal as a result of cold working. Yield Point The point at which a metal begins to deform permanently under a given load.

CONFIDENTIAL MATERIAL, REPRODUCTION, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, PROHIBITED

G .19

Printed in U.S.A. (Rev. 9/97) 6/97)