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Chapters 14-15
Common Acids
Sulfuric Acid Nitric Acid Phosphoric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Acetic Acid
What is a Base?
5 general properties were observed
Aqueous solutions taste bitter Change the color of acid-base indicators Dilute solutions feel slippery
React with acids to produce salts and water Conduct electric current
Brnsted-Lowry Acid
Brnsted-Lowry Base Brnsted-Lowry Reactions Whats the difference? Why have 2 definitions?
Strength of Acids
Strong acid Strength depends on polarity of bonds Acid strength increases with ____________ polarity and _____________ bond energy Weak Acids
Strength of Bases
Alkaline Strong bases Weak bases
Amphoteric Compounds
Amphoteric Most common amphoteric compound
Diprotic
H2SO4 + H2O
Triprotic
H3PO4 + H2O
This occurs all the time; water is a WEAK electrolyte So weak that the concentrations of ions are each 1.0 x 10-7 M
Calculating pH
pH is the negative of the log10 of the hydronium ion concentration pH = -log[H3O+] pOH = -log[OH-] pH + pOH = 14 Calculate the pH of a 1.0 x 10-3 M solution of HCl Calculate the pH of a 1.0 x 10-3 M solution of NaOH
pH Indicators
Acid-base indicators HIn H+ + In In acidic solution, what will happen? (think of equilibrium principles) In basic solution, what will happen?
pH Indicators
Each indicator has a range of values it will change over - __________________ Universal indicators
Neutralization Reactions
Strong acid and strong base neutralization
What happens when we add HCl and NaOH?
Titration Curve
Strong acid/strong base Neutralizes at equivalence point
27.4 mL of 0.0154M NaOH is used to neutralize 20.0mL of HCl. What is the concentration of the HCl?
27.4 mL of 0.0154M Ba(OH)2 is used to neutralize 20.0mL of HCl. What is the concentration of HCl?
Salt Hydrolysis
Anions of dissociated salt accept hydrogen ions
Copper(II) sulfate?
What happens when potassium fluoride is dissolved in water? What happens when ammonium chloride dissolves in water?
Buffered Solutions
Buffers Mixture of a weak acid and conjugate base or a weak base and a conjugate acid
Buffer Calculations
If 200mL of 0.1M HF is added to 200mL of NaF, what is the pH? (Ka for HF = 6.3 x 10-4)
Blood buffers
CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq) H+(aq) + HCO3-
Buffer capacity