ANNA UNIVERSITY MADURAI Regulations 2008 Syllabus

BE EEE-I/ SEMESTER II

10133EE205 CIRCUIT THEORY

Prepared By:

B. Devi Lect/EEE

10133EE205 CIRCUIT THEORY ( For Branches under Electrical Faculty) LTPC 3104 UNIT I BASIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 12 Ohms law, Kirchoffs laws DC and AC circuits Resistors in series and parallel circuits Mesh current and node voltage method of analysis for DC and AC circuits ( AC circuits at elementary level only) UNIT II NETWORK REDUCTION AND NETWORK THEOREMS FOR DC AND AC CIRCUITS 12 Network reduction : Voltage and current division, Source Transformation Star, delta conversion Thevenins Theorem and Nortons Theorem- Superposition Theorem Maximum power transfer Theorem. UNIT III RESONANCE AND COUPLED CIRCUITS 12 Series and Parallel resonance their frequency response Quality factor and Bandwidth Self and Mutual inductance Co-efficient of coupling Tuned circuits single Tuned circuits and double Tuned circuits. UNIT IV TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF DC AND AC CIRCUITS. 12 Transient response of RL, RC, and RLC circuits using Laplace Transform for DC input and AC sinusoidal inputs only. UNIT V ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE CIRCUITS 12 Three phase balanced and unbalanced voltage sources analysis of three phase 3 wire and 4 wire circuits with star and delta connected loads, balanced and unbalanced phasor diagram of voltages and currents power and power factor measurements in three phase circuits. TOTAL: 60 TEXT BOOKS: 1. Electric Circuit Analysis, Sudhakar.A and Shyam Mohan.SP, 2nd Edition,2009, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publications, New Delhi. 2. Engineering Circuit Analysis, Gnanavadivel.J, Senthilkumar.C and Maruthupandi.P, 2nd Edition, 2010, Anuradha Publications, Kumbakonam. REFERENCES: 1.Engineering Circuit Analysis, W.H.Hayt & J.K.Kemmerly and Steven M.Durbin 7th Edition,2007, Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publications, New Delhi. 2. Circuit Theory, A.Chakabarthi, 5th Editio2006, Dhanpatrai & Co,

UNIT I BASIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 12 Ohms law, Kirchoffs laws DC and AC circuits Resistors in series and parallel circuits Mesh current and node voltage method of analysis for DC and AC circuits ( AC circuits at elementary level only)

The terms which are used frequently in circuit analysis : Circuit - a circuit is a closed loop conducting path in which an electrical current flows. Path - a line of connecting elements or sources with no elements or sources included more than once. Node - a node is a junction, connection or terminal within a circuit were two or more circuit elements are connected or joined together giving a connection point between two or more branches. A node is indicated by a dot. Branch - a branch is a single or group of components such as resistors or a source which are connected between two nodes. Loop - a loop is a simple closed path in a circuit in which no circuit element or node is encountered more than once. Mesh - a mesh is a single open loop that does not have a closed path. No components are inside a mesh. Components are connected in series if they carry the same current. Components are connected in parallel if the same voltage is across them.

Kirchoff's Law
Kirchoff's First Law - The Current Law, (KCL) "The total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as no charge is lost within the node". In other words the algebraic sum of ALL the currents entering and leaving a node must be equal to zero,

I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0.
This idea by Kirchoff is known as the Conservation of Charge.

Here, the 3 currents entering the node, I1, I2, I3 are all positive in value and the 2 currents leaving the node, I4 and I5 are negative in value. Then this means we can also rewrite the equation as;

I1 + I2 + I3 - I4 - I5 = 0

Kirchoff's Second Law - The Voltage Law, (KVL)

"In

any closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to

the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop " which is also equal to zero. In other words the algebraic sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This idea by Kirchoff is known as the Conservation of Energy. "The algebraic sum of all voltages in a loop must equal zero"

Starting at any point in the loop continue in the same direction noting the direction of all the voltage drops, either positive or negative, and returning back to the same starting point. It is important to maintain the same direction either clockwise or anti-clockwise or the final voltage sum will not be equal to zero. We can use Kirchoff's voltage law when analysing series circuits. **********************************************************
Example No1

Find the current flowing in the 40 Resistor, R3

Solution: The circuit has 3 branches, 2 nodes (A and B) and 2 independent loops. Using Kirchoff's Current Law, KCL the equations are given as; At node A : I1 + I2 = I3 At node B : I3 = I1 + I2 Using Kirchoff's Voltage Law, KVL the equations are given as; Loop 1 is given as : 10 = R1 x I1 + R3 x I3 = 10I1 + 40I3 Loop 2 is given as : 20 = R2 x I2 + R3 x I3 = 20I2 + 40I3 Loop 3 is given as : 10 - 20 = 10I1 - 20I2 As I3 is the sum of I1 + I2 we can rewrite the equations as; Eq. No 1 : 10 = 10I1 + 40(I1 + I2) = 50I1 + 40I2 Eq. No 2 : 20 = 20I1 + 40(I1 + I2) = 40I1 + 60I2 We now have two "Simultaneous Equations" that can be reduced to give us the value of both I1 and I2 Substitution of I1 in terms of I2 gives us the value of I1 as -0.143 Amps

 Substitution of I2 in terms of I1 gives us the value of I2 as +0.429 Amps As : I3 = I1 + I2 The current flowing in resistor R3 is given as : and the voltage across the resistor R3 is given as : -0.143 + 0.429 = 0.286 Amps 0.286 x 40 = 11.44 volts

************************************************************.
Example No2

Find the current in a circuit using Kirchhoff's voltage law

Solution:

NODAL ANALYSIS Nodal analysis involves looking at a circuit and determining all the node voltages in the circuit. The voltage at any given node of a circuit is the voltage drop between that node and a reference node (usually ground). Once the node voltages are known any of the

currents flowing in the circuit can be determined. The node method offers an organised way of achieving this.

Approach: Firstly all the nodes in the circuited are counted and identified. Secondly nodes at which the voltage is already known are listed. A set of equations based on the node voltages are formed and these equations are solved for unknown quantities. The set of equations are formed using KCL at each node. The set of simultaneous equations that is produced is then solved. Branch currents can then be found once the node voltages are known. This can be reduced to a series of steps:

Step 1: Identify the nodes Step 2: Choose a reference node Step 3: Identify which node voltages are known if any Step 4: Identify the BRANCH currents Step 5: Use KCL to write an equation for each unknown node voltage Step 6: Solve the equations This is best illustrated with an example. Find all currents and voltages in the following circuit using the node method. (In this particular case it can be solved in other ways as well)

R1 + V -

R2

R4

R3

Step 1: There are four nodes in the circuit., A, B, C and D Step 2: Ground, node D is the reference node. Step 3: Node voltage B and C are unknown. Voltage at A is V and at D is 0 Step 4: The currents are as shown. There are 3 different currents

R1 A

R2 C

I1

V
I2

R4

R3

I3

Step 5: I need to create two equations so I apply KCL at node B and node C The statement of KCL for node B is as follows:

VB R1

VC

VB R2

VB R4

The statement of KCL for node C is as follows:

VC

VB R2

VB R3

Step 6: We now have two equations to solve for the two unknowns V B and VC. Solving the above two equations we get:

VC

R1 R2

R1 R3

R3 R4 R1 R4

R2 R4

R3 R4

VB

R1 R2

R4 ( R2 R3 ) R1 R3 R1 R4 R2 R4

R3 R4

Further Calculations The node voltages are know all known. From these we can get the branch currents by a simple application of Ohm's Law:

I1 = (V - VB) / R 1 I2 = (VB - VC) / R 2

I3 = (VC) / R 3 I4 = (VB) / R 4

MESH ANALYSIS This is an alternative structured approach to solving the circuit and is based on calculating mesh currents. A similar approach to the node situation is used. A set of equations (based on KVL for each mesh) is formed and the equations are solved for unknown values. As many equations are needed as unknown mesh currents exist. Step 1: Identify the mesh currents Step 2: Determine which mesh currents are known Step 2: Write equation for each mesh using KVL and that includes the mesh currents Step 3: Solve the equations Step 1: The mesh currents are as shown in the diagram on the next page Step 2: Neither of the mesh currents is known
R1 R2

I1

R4 I2

R3

Step 3: KVL can be applied to the left hand side loop. This states the voltages around the loop sum to zero. When writing down the voltages across each resistor Ohms law is used. The currents used in the equations are the mesh currents. I1R1 + (I1 - I2) R4 - V = 0

KVL can be applied to the right hand side loop. This states the voltages around the loop sum to zero. When writing down the voltages across each resistor Ohms law is used. The currents used in the equations are the mesh currents.

I2R2 + I2R3 + (I2 - I1) R4 = 0 Step 4: Solving the equations we get

I1 V R2 R3 R4 R1 R3 R1 R4 R2 R4

R1 R2

R3 R4

I2

R1 R2

R1 R3

R4 R1 R4

R2 R4

R3 R4

The individual branch currents can be obtained from the these mesh currents and the node voltages can also be calculated using this information. For example:
VC I 2 R3 V R3 R4 R1 R4

R1 R2

R1 R3

R2 R4

R3 R4

UNIT II NETWORK REDUCTION AND NETWORK THEOREMS FOR DC AND AC CIRCUITS 12 Network reduction : Voltage and current division, Source Transformation Star, delta conversion Thevenins Theorem and Nortons Theorem- Superposition Theorem Maximum power transfer Theorem.
Theorem 1.Thevenins theorem: In circuit theory, Thvenin's theorem for linear electrical networks states that any combination of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two terminals is electrically equivalent to a single voltage source V and a single series resistor R. For single frequency AC systems the theorem can also be applied to general impedances, not just resistors. Example 3:
Find the power in the 2 resistor R6 using Thevenin's theorem.

Solution: Step One Remove R6 from the circuit

Step Two Redraw the circuit after finding the resistance, RA of the parallel branch R3||R4.

Redraw the circuit and calculate the voltage across the break AB which is the voltage across RA = VT. Remember that 20V is dropped across R1 and also across R2+RA. Since R2 = RA = 5 half of the voltage is dropped across each resistor VT = 10V

Step Three Remove V1 and replace it with a short circuit

This action also short circuits R1 out of the circuit

Step Four Determine Resistance looking into the break AB = RT

RT = (RAxR2) / (RA+R2) + R5 + R7 = 14.5 Step Five Determine the value of the current from the Thevenin equivalent circuit I = VT/(RT + R6) = 10/16.5 = 0.606A Power dissipated by R6 = I x I x R = 0.73 Watts

2.Superposition Theorem The superposition principle states that voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or currents through) that element due to each independent source acting alone. Steps to Apply Superposition Principle: Step 1:Turn off all independent source except one source. Find the output(voltage or current) due to that active source using nodal or mesh analysis

Step 2:Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to the independent sources.

Example 2: Use superposition to find the current ix

Current source is zero open circuit as I = 0 and solve iXv Voltage source is zero short circuit as V= 0 and solve iXv

iX
Example 3:

i Xv i Xc

v v1 v2
v1 2V ; v 2 8V v 10V
3.Nortons theorem: Nortons theorem states the following: Any two-terminal linear bilateral dc network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current and a parallel resistor. The steps leading to the proper values of IN and RN.

Preliminary steps: 1. Remove that portion of the network across which the Norton equivalent circuit is found. 2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network. 3. Finding RN: Calculate RN by first setting all sources to zero and then finding the resultant resistance between the two marked terminals. Since RN = RTh the procedure and value obtained using the approach described for Thvenins theorem will determine the proper value of RN. 4. Finding IN : Calculate IN by first returning all the sources to their original position and then finding the short-circuit current between the marked terminals. It is the same current that would be measured by an ammeter placed between the marked terminals. 5. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously removed replaced between the terminals of the equivalent circuit. 4.The maximum power transfer theorem: The maximum power transfer theorem states the following: A load will receive maximum power from a network when its total resistive value is exactly equal to the Thvenin resistance of the network applied to the load. That is, RL = RTh For loads connected directly to a dc voltage supply, maximum power will be delivered to the load when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance of the source; that is, when:

RL = Rint

Star-Delta Conversion: In many circuit applications, we encounter components connected together in one of two ways to form a three-terminal network: the Delta, or (also known as the Pi, or ) configuration, and the Star (also known as the Y) configuration.

Example 4:

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:

Question Bank Part-A(2 Marks) 1. Explain star and delta connection of impedances. 2. State Superposition theorem. 3. State Thevenins theorem. 4. State Nortons theorem. 5. State Maximum Power transfer theorem 6. State and explain KCL. 7. State and explain KVL. 8. Explain duality. 9. Determine the Missing Voltage across the elements in the circuit

10. Find total Inductance

PART B (16 Marks)

1.Apply KCL and KVL to the circuit shown in fig.

2.Find the current through branch AB by using superposition theorem.

3..Find the current through 5 ohm resistance using Superposition theorem.

4.Find the current through 10 ohm resistance using Nortans theorem

5.Find the Current (I) in 20 Resistance using Thevenins theorem

6.Find the resistance between A & B , A & C

7. Consider the following network as shown in figure. Determine the power observed by the 6 .

8.Find the total Current and total Resistance in the circuit given

UNIT III RESONANCE AND COUPLED CIRCUITS 12 Series and Parallel resonance their frequency response Quality factor and Bandwidth Self and Mutual inductance Co-efficient of coupling Tuned circuits single Tuned circuits and double Tuned circuits.

Series RLC Circuit:

The three basic passive components, R, L and C have very different phase relationships to each other when connected to a sinusoidal AC supply. In a pure ohmic resistor the voltage is "in-phase" with the current, in a pure inductance the voltage "leads" the current by 90o and with a pure capacitance the voltage "lags" the current by 90o. Reactance X is zero if the element is resistive, positive if the element is inductive and negative if the element is capacitive giving the resulting impedance values as:

Element Impedance:
Circuit Element Resistor Resistance, (R) Reactance, (X) Impedance, (Z)

R 0

0 L

Inductor

Capacitor

The series RLC circuit above has a single loop with the instantaneous current flowing through the loop being the same for each element. Since the inductive and capacitive reactance's are a function of frequency, the sinusoidal response of a series RLC circuit will vary with the applied frequency so the individual voltage drops across each R, L and C element will be "out-ofphase" with each other as defined by: i(t) = Imax sin(t)

The instantaneous voltage across a pure resistor, VR is "in-phase" with the current. The instantaneous voltage across a pure inductor, VL "leads" the current by 90o The instantaneous voltage across a pure capacitor, VC "lags" the current by 90o Therefore, VL and VC are 180o "out-of-phase" and in opposition to each other.

Phasor Diagram for a Series RLC Circuit

************************************************************** Example No1 A series RLC circuit containing a resistance of 12, an inductance of 0.15H and a capacitor of 100uF are connected across a 100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the total circuit impedance, the circuits current, power factor and draw the voltage phasor diagram.

Solution: Inductive Reactance, XL.

Capacitive Reactance, XC.

Circuit Impedance, Z.

Circuits Current, I.

Voltages across the Series RLC Circuit, VR, VL, VC.

Circuits Power factor and Phase Angle, .

Phasor Diagram.

Parallel RLC Circuit:

In a parallel RLC circuit containing a resistor, an inductor and a capacitor the circuit current IS is the phasor sum made up of three components, IR, IL and IC with the supply voltage common to all three. Since the supply voltage is common to all three components it is used as the horizontal reference when constructing a current triangle. Parallel RLC networks can be analysed using vector diagrams just the same as with series RLC circuits.

However, the analysis of parallel RLC circuits is a little more mathematically difficult than for series RLC circuits when it contains two or more current branches. So an AC parallel circuit can be easily analysed using the reciprocal of impedance called Admittance. Admittance is the reciprocal of impedance given the symbol, Y. Like impedance, it is a complex quantity consisting of a real part and an imaginary part. The real part is the reciprocal of resistance and is called Conductance, symbol Y while the imaginary part is the reciprocal of reactance and is called Susceptance,

Phasor Diagram for a Parallel RLC Circuit

Example No2 A 50 resistor, a 20mH coil and a 5uF capacitor are all connected in parallel across a 50V, 100Hz supply. Calculate the total current drawn from the supply, the current for each branch, the total impedance of the circuit and the phase angle. Also construct the current and admittance triangles representing the circuit.

1). Inductive Reactance, ( XL ):

2). Capacitive Reactance, ( XC ):

3). Impedance, ( Z ):

4). Current through resistance, R ( IR ):

5). Current through inductor, L ( IL ):

6). Current through capacitor, C ( IC ):

7). Total supply current, ( IS ):

8). Conductance, ( G ):

9). Inductive Susceptance, ( BL ):

10). Capacitive Susceptance, ( BC ):

11). Admittance, ( Y ):

12). Phase Angle, ( ) between the resultant current and the supply voltage:

Current and Admittance Triangles

Parallel and Series resonances

Resonance: Resonance in AC circuits implies a special frequency determined by the values of the resistance , capacitance , and inductance . Series and Parallel Resonance: Series Resonance: An RCL series circuit consists of a resistor capacitor connected in series to a voltage source. The overall impedance of the three elements is , an inductor and a

Inductive Reactance against Frequency:

The graph of inductive reactance against frequency is a straight line linear curve. The inductive reactance value of an inductor increases linearly as the frequency across it increases. Therefore, inductive reactance is positive and is directly proportional to frequency ( XL ) Capacitive Reactance against Frequency

The graph of capacitive reactance against frequency is a hyperbolic curve.

The Reactance value of a capacitor has a very high value at low frequencies but quickly decreases as the frequency across it increases. Therefore, capacitive reactance is negative and is inversely proportional to frequency ( XC ) Series Resonance Frequency Electrical resonance occurs in an AC circuit when the two reactances which are opposite and equal cancel each other out as XL = XC and the point on the graph at which this happens is were the two reactance curves cross each other.

In a series resonant circuit, the resonant frequency, r point can be calculated as follows.

The point corresponding to the lower frequency at half the power is called the "lower cut-off frequency", labelled L with the point corresponding to

the upper frequency at half power being called the "upper cut-off frequency", labelled H. The distance between these two points, i.e. ( H - L ) is called the Bandwidth, (BW)

The relationship between resonance, bandwidth, selectivity and quality factor for a series resonance circuit being defined as: 1). Resonant Frequency, (r)

2). Current, (I)

3). Lower cut-off frequency, (L)

4). Upper cut-off frequency, (H)

5). Bandwidth, (BW)

6). Quality Factor, (Q) At the resonant frequency, the ratio of the magnitude of the inductor/capacitor impedance and the resistance is defined as the quality factor

Example No3 A series resonance network consisting of a resistor of 30, a capacitor of 2uF and an inductor of 20mH is connected across a sinusoidal supply voltage which has a constant

output of 9 volts at all frequencies. Calculate, the resonant frequency, the current at resonance, the voltage across the inductor and capacitor at resonance, the quality factor and the bandwidth of the circuit. Also sketch the corresponding current waveform for all frequencies.

Resonant Frequency, r

Circuit Current at Resonance, Im

Inductive Reactance at Resonance, XL

Voltages across the inductor and the capacitor, VL, VC

Quality factor, Q

Bandwidth, BW

The upper and lower -3dB frequency points, H and L

Current Waveform

Parallel Resonance: A GCL parallel circuit consists of a resistor R=1/G, an inductor L and a capacitor connected in parallel to input voltage.

In this case, it is much easier to consider the conductance of the admittance Y=1/Z of each of the element. The overall admittance of the three elements in parallel is

In particular when

is at the resonant frequency

Impedance in a Parallel Resonance Circuit

Parallel Circuit Current at Resonance

The magnitude of the current is a function of frequency

The response starts at its maximum value, reaches its minimum value at the resonance frequency when IMIN = IR and then increases again to maximum as becomes infinite. As a parallel resonance circuit only functions on resonant frequency, this type of circuit is also known as an Rejector Circuit . At resonance, the impedance of the circuit is at its maximum thereby suppressing or rejecting the current whose frequency is equal to its resonant frequency. The effect of resonance in a parallel circuit is also called "current resonance".

Bandwidth of a Parallel Resonance Circuit

Quality Factor: The Quality Factor Q p of a parallel resonance circuit is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the inductor/capacitor susceptance and the conductance:

Example No4 A parallel resonance network consisting of a resistor of 60, a capacitor of 120uF and an inductor of 200mH is connected across a sinusoidal supply voltage which has a constant output of 100 volts at all frequencies. Calculate, the resonant frequency, the quality factor and the bandwidth of the circuit, the circuit current at resonance and current magnification.

Resonant Frequency, r

Inductive Reactance at Resonance, XL

Quality factor, Q

Bandwidth, BW

The upper and lower -3dB frequency points, H and L

Circuit Current at Resonance, IT At resonance the dynamic impedance of the circuit is equal to R

Current Magnification, Imag

Note that the current at resonance (the resistive current) is only 1.67 amps, while the current flowing around the LC tank circuit is larger at 2.45 amps. We can check this value by calculating the current flowing through the inductor (or capacitor) at resonance.

Question Bank
PART A (2 Marks) 1. What is significance of initial conditions? 2. Write a note on initial conditions in basic circuit elements. 3. What is time constant? 4. Write a note on under damped, over damped and critically damped systems. 5. Define (i) rise time, (ii) time delay in respect of step response of second order system. 6. What do you mean by resonance? 7. What is Q-factor? 8. What is anti-resonance? 9. Find the value of Q-factor for an Inductor & Capacitor. PART B (16 Marks) 1. Derive an expression for step response of series R-L circuit. 2. Derive an expression for step response of series R-C circuit. 3. Explain about current decay in source free series R-L circuit. 4. In how many seconds after t=o has the current i(t) become one half of its initial value in the given circuit shown in fig.

5. Explain the step response of RLC circuit. 6. Find the expression for the current in a series RLC circuit fed by a D.C. voltage

of 20v with R=8 , L=5H, C=1/8F. Assume the initial conditions to be zero. 7. Explain Series Resonance. 8. A series RLC circuit consists of R=50 , L=0.05H and C=0.05 F. Calculate the Frequency of resonance. A variable frequency sinusoidal voltage of value 50v is applied to the circuit. Find the frequency at which voltage across L & C is maximum.Also calculate voltages across L & C at frequency of resonance. Find maximum current in the circuit. 9. Briefly explain the parallel resonance. 10 A resistor & capacitor are in series with a variable inductor. When the circuit is connected to 200v, 50Hz supply, the maximum current obtained by varying the inductance is 0.314A. the voltage across capacitor, when the current in the circuit is maximum is 800v. find the values of series circuit elements.

UNIT IV TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF DC AND AC CIRCUITS. 12 Transient response of RL, RC, and RLC circuits using Laplace Transform for DC input and AC sinusoidal inputs only.

UNIT V ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE CIRCUITS Three phase balanced and unbalanced voltage sources analysis of three phase 3 wire and 4 wire circuits with star and delta connected loads, balanced and unbalanced phasor diagram of voltages and currents power and power factor measurements in three phase circuits.

University Questions

Reg. No. :

B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, JUNE 2010 Second Semester Computer Science and Engineering EC2151 - ELECTRIC CIRCUITS THEORY (Regulation 2008) (Common to Biomedical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Information Technology) Time : Three hours Answer ALL Questions PART A (10 2 = 20 Marks) 1. 2. 3. 4. State Kirchoff's current law and voltage law. State Superposition theorem. What is quality factor? Find the resonant frequency in the ideal parallel LC circuit shown in Fig.1 Maximum : 100 Marks

Fig.1. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Give the expression for transition capacitance and diffusion capacitance of a PN diode. Define avalanche break down? What is "Early effect" in CB configuration and give its consequences? Distinguish clearly the difference between N with P channel FETs. Give some applications of tunnel diode. What is meant by photovoltaic cell?

PART B (5 16 = 80 Marks) 11. (a) (i) State Thevenin's application. and superposition theorems, mention one (8) (8)

(ii)

Find the Thevenin's equivalent of the circuit shown in Fig. 2.

Fig.2 Or (b) (i) Consider the circuit in Fig. 3. (12)

Fig. 3 (1) (2) (3) If Rout = 3 k , find the power delivered to it.

What is the maximum power that can be delivered to any R out? What two different values of R out will have exactly 20mw delivered to them? (4)

(ii) 12. (a)

State maximum power transfer theorem.

In the circuit shown in Fig. 4, determine the complete solution for the current when the switch is closed at t = 0. Applied voltage is v(t) 400 cos(500 t / 4) , resistance R = 15 , inductance L 0.2H and capacitance C 3 F .

(16)

Fig. 4 Or 2

E 3070

(b)

(i) (ii)

Explain (using the relevant circuit) the double tuned circuit and derive the expression for A and M c. The tuned frequency of a double tuned circuit shown in Fig.5 is 104 rad/sec. If the source voltage is 2 v and has a resistance of 0.1 calculate the maximum output voltage at resonance if R1 0.01 , L1 2 H , R2 0.1 and L2 25 H . ,

(10)

(6)

Fig. 5 13. (a) (i) (ii) Derive the PN diode current equation. Explain how the depletion region at a p-n junction is formed and explain with relevant sketches for charge density, electric field intensity and potential energy barriers at the junction. Or (b) (i) (ii) Draw the Zener diode characteristics and explain the working of Zener diode. Draw the Zener regulation circuit and explain its function for input regulation and output regulation. (8) (8) (8)

(8)

14.

(a)

Explain the input and output characteristics of a common emitter configuration with a neat sketch. Or What is MOSFET? Explain the construction and working principle of enhancement mode and depletion mode MOSFET with a neat diagram.

(16)

(b) (16) 15. (a)

What is tunneling phenomenon? Describe the V-I characteristics and concepts of tunnel diode with application. Or Explain the negative resistance characteristics of Unijunction Transistor with neat sketch.

(16)

(b)

(16)