Capacity Analysis of GSM Systems using Slow Frequency Hopping and Multiple Beam Smart Antennas

Mohamed H. Ahmed and Samy A. Mahmoud Department of Systems and Computer Engineering E-Mail: [mhahmed, mahmoud]@sce.carleton.ca

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I. Introduction

A. GSM Basic Features

1- GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the European standard and the most popular cellular radio system allover the world.

2- TDMA (or more accurately) Hybrid FDMA/TDMA

Time Frame (4.614 msec) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Frequency

200 KHz Time 0.577msec

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3- 8 time slots per carrier, 200KHz carrier spacing, 270.833 Kbps aggregate bit rate per carrier.

4- Modulation scheme: GMSK with a BT product of 0.3.

5- Coding and Interleaving: Cyclic block code (with a minimum free distance dmin=2) + 1/2 rate convolutional coding (with constraint length K=5) + 456 data bits are separated into 8 blocks and then spaced 8 bits apart within the interleaved block.

6- FDD at 900 MHz and 1900 MHz.

7- The raw data rate is 13 Kbps (full rate coded speech), 7 Kbps (half rate coded speech).

8- Slow frequency hopping is optional.

9- Power control is used with 20 dB and 30 dB dynamic range in the uplink and downlink respectively and with a 2 dB power step size.
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B. Slow Frequency Hopping

0 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 0 1

2 3 4 5 6 7

0 1 2

3 4 5

6 7

........ fi No Frequency Hopping fi

fi

0 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 0 1

2 3 4 5 6 7

0 1 2

3 4 5

6 7

........ fj Slow Frequency Hopping

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fi

fk

 Slow since the hopping rate is much slower than the symbol rate

Cyclic or Random

Frequency Diversity:

It combats the frequency selective fading since the frequency is changing every

time frame (4.614 msec)

Interference Diversity (Averaging):

A different set of cochannel interferes is encountered every frame with different

displacement and propagation parameters

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C. Fractional Loading

A tight frequency planning (e.g. 1/3) is used

Only a certain FRACTION of the assigned channels to each cell (sector) can be used

simultaneously to preserve the signal quality.

A Call Admission Control (CAC) algorithm is employed to control the cell loading.

Less blocking and dropping rates compared to those of the conventional frequency

planning (e.g. 4/12 or 5/15).

System Capacity Interference limit Blocking limit System capacity with fractional loading 6/20 Blocking limit Interference limit

System Capacity

System capacity with conventional frequency planning

D. System Capacity

The maximum system capacity (C) is given by C = Nch . LFmax

Where Nch is the number of channels per cell and LFmax is the maximum cell loading factor.

The maximum loading factor is determined from the blocking limit using the Erlang-B formula (for the blocking-limited capacity) and from the outage probability (for the interference-limited capacity).

The average system capacity (Cavg) is given by Cavg = C . (1-Pb) . (1-Pd)

Where Pb is the call blocking probability and Pd is the call dropping probability
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E. Smart Antennas

Switched-Beam Antennas with 12 beams (30o beamwidth each) are utilized

90 1 60 0.75

120

20
0.5 30

150

40
0.25

Gain dB

180

60

80

210 330

100

240 270

300

120 4

0 Angle

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II. Simulation Description

A wireless simulator has been developed with the following features and characteristics:

It is designed as a time-driven simulator to include the dynamic behavior of the wireless network.

It includes 16 Macrocells (each consists of 3 sectors) with width W=12 Km and length L=14 Km.

To avoid the boundary effect a wrap around grid is employed.

Mobiles are generated uniformly through the covered area.

The time resolution of the simulation is the frame duration.

The hand over criterion is based on the absolute received power (the distance or CIR can be also used).

Discontinues Transmission (DTX) and Power Control (PC) are included in the model.
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A snapshot of the simulator output

16

14

12

10

Y (Km)

0 Blocking probability=0.013 Dropping probability=0.009 Macro Base Stations x Mobile Station

6 2 0 2

6 X (Km)

10

12

14

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III. Analytical Solution

A. Without Power Control

The cochannel interference from the BS in jth cell at the MS in cell 0 j ----10 n I j = A j P l j 10 g ( i, bj ) t

(1)

Because of the frequency hopping we are interested in the average interference which is given by j ----N - 10 n b I j = E ( I j ) = qP t E 10 l j g ( i, bj = k ) f ( bj = k ) (2) k=1

It is straightforward to show that

j ----- 10 ( ) 2 E 10 = exp --------------- 2

(3)

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Sector 1
MS
rm m j l j ( r m, m )
bm

Cell 0
Dj

MS
i rj ij

bj

Cell j

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Then total interference is given by I tot ( r m, ) = m N int

Ij

(4)

(5)

i=1 While the carrier power from the BS to the MS at cell 0 is given by ----n 10 C = P t r m 10 g ( m, bm ) Thus the CIR can be expressed as ---- n 10 P t r m 10 g ( m, bm ) CIR = --------------------------------------------------------I tot

(6)

After some manipulations the outage probability can be given by 2 ----3 R - f ( r , ) r dr d P ( CI R < ) = 1 Q -m m m m m 0 0 I (r , )rn tot m m m - where =10 log ----------------------------------------- , Pt g m bm

(7)

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B. With Power Control

Here the transmitted power is adjusted such that the received power at the BS from each MS is constant S. Thus the interference from the BS at jth cell at the MS in cell 0 is ( j jj ) ----------------------- g( , ) r j n 10 i bj ------------------------- 10 I j = A j S ---g ( , ) l j ij bj

(8)

Thus the mean value is 2 ----3 R

g ( i, bj ) n 2 n - r dr d I j = E ( I j ) = q l j S exp ( ( ) ) r j f ( r j, ij ) ------------------------g ( ij, bj ) j j ij 0 0

(9)

After some manipulation the outage probability can be expressed as 2 ----3 R S P ( CI R < ) = u I tot ( r m, m ) -- f ( r m, m ) r m dr m d m 0 0

(10)

Where u( ) is the unit step function

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IV. Results
10
0

CDF(CIR) at 20% loading

10

10

10

10
CDF

10

CDF

10

10

10 SCSimulation MBSimulation SCAnalysis MBAnalysis

10

SCSimulation MBSimulation SCAnalysis MBAnalysis 10

5

10 8 CIR (dB) 10 12 14

16

18

10 CIR (dB)

12

14

16

18

Without PC

With PC
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CDF(CIR) at 40% loading

10
0

10

10

10

10
CDF

10

CDF

10

10

10 SCSimulation MBSimulation SCAnalysis MBAnalysis 10 CIR (dB) 12 14 16 18

10

SCSimulation MBSimulation SCAnalysis MBAnalysis 10

5

10

10 CIR (dB)

12

14

16

18

Without PC

With PC
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CDF(CIR) at 60% loading

10
0

10

10

10

10
CDF

10

CDF

10

10

10 SCSimulation MBSimulation SCAnalysis MBAnalysis 10 CIR (dB) 12 14 16 18

10

SCSimulation MBSimulation SCAnalysis MBAnalysis 10

5

10

10 CIR (dB)

12

14

16

18

Without PC

With PC
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10 MB+No PC SC+No PC MB+PC SC+PC

10

10

Outage Probability (CDF(CIR=9dB))

10

10

10 10 15 20 25

30

35 40 45 Loading Factor LF%

50

55

60

65

70

Outage Probability versus Loading Factor

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Table 1 Outage Probability (CDF(CIR = 9 dB)) for uplink at different loading factor values CDF (CIR = 9 dB) LF = 10% 2.9x10-02 7.5x10-03 1.0x10-05 1.0x10-05 1.0x10-05 1.0x10-05 1.0x10-05 6.0x10-02 1.3x10-01 2.5x10-01 1.9x10-02 3.3x10-02 4.5x10-02 5.6x10-02 4.1x10-01 1.0x10-05 5.7x10-02 8.1x10-02 9.0x10-02 1.0x10-01 LF = 20% LF = 30% LF = 40% LF = 50% LF = 60% 1.2x10-01 6.7x10-02 6.3x10-01 2.0x10-02

Antenna Type

3 sectors

no PC

Multiple Beam

3 sectors

with PC

Multiple Beam

Table 2 Maximum loading factor for the uplink with various outage probability requirements Maximum Loading Factor (LFmax) pmax=2% with PC 18% 60% 7% 20% No PC pmax=4% with PC 19% 70% No PC 15% 36% pmax=10% Outage with PC 26% 100% No PC 40% 90%
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Antenna type

3 sectors

Multiple Beam

V. Conclusions

1-The Network Capacity of FH-GSM can be determined analytically with a high degree of

accuracy and with less computational time compared to the simulation approach.

2-The dependence of the signal quality (in terms of the CDF(CIR)) on the loading factor is

derived analytically and by simulation

3- The dependence of the CDF(CIR) on the loading factor shows the importance of the

CAC algorithms to enhance the system capacity without degrading the signal quality.

4-The use of multiple beam antennas in FH-GSM systems can enhance the system capac-

ity by 100-150%.
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