Grammar Through Tips (MBA) A4 (Booklet) 2011-12

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GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION

The Sentence : A group of words which makes complete sense is called a sentence. The different kinds of sentences are (1) Assertive sentence (!) "nterrogative sentence (#) "mperative sentence and ($) %&clamatory sentence. A sentence 'egins with a capital letter. 1. Assertive sentence : A sentence in the form of an assertion or a statement is called an Assertive sentence or a (eclarative sentence. An assertive sentence can 'e either affirmative (positive) or negative. An assertive sentence ends with a full stop. %g ) 1) (r. Sara'hai was the first chairman of "SR*. !) The audience liked his speech 'ecause he had stressed the greatness of all religions. #) Chandrashekhar made his test de'ut in 1+,$. $) -alpana Chawla did nearly a 'illion "ndians proud when whe em'arked on her first space mission on .ovem'er 1+ 1++/. 0) The kin gasked the farmer what mischief he was up to. Interrogative sentence : A sentence that asks a 1uestion is called an interrogative sentence. An interrogative sentence ends with a 1uestion mark. "t 'egins with 1uestion words like what why when who where how etc. or with non 1uestion words like am is can could has have do did etc. Eg : 1) 2ho was .arayan 3 !) 2here was he going 3 #) 4ave you 'rought you 'ook 3 $) (o you understand 3 0) Can you do this sum 3 I !erative sentence : A sentence that e&presses a command or an order or a re1uest or an appeal is an "mperative sentence. "t ends with a full stop. Eg : 1) 4ave an aim in life. !) 5ring that 'ook here. #) State .ewton6s laws of motion. $) 7lease come home. 0) 2ork hard with dedication determination and perseverance. E#c$a ator% sentence : Sentence e&pressing strong feelings of wonder admiration sorrow etc. are called %&clamatory sentences. Eg : 1) 2hat a 'rave 'oy he was 8 !) 4ow 'rilliant he is 8 #) 2hat a 'eautiful sight 8 $) 2hat a shame 8 0) Alas 8 4e is no more 8 delight
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PARTS O& SPEEC'

2ords is sentences are classified into eight parts of speech. This classification is done on the 'asis of the function of the word in the sentence. The eight parts of speech are ) .oun 7ronoun Ad9ective :er' Adver' 7reposition Con9unction and "nter9ection. 1. NO(N : A noun is a word used as the name of a person place animal or thing. %g ) 1) " am going to tell you so ething a'out the early civi$i)ation. !) ;any stories are told a'out *esai$s of +ain,r- an aristocratic .a i$%. #) Saro/ini Nai0, was one of the most dependa'le !ersons. $) The clever $a0% deserves the highest hono,r and the richest !ri)e. .ote ) The 1or0s in 'old types are all no,ns.
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4in0s o. No,ns : .ouns are mainly classified into two kinds i.e . 7roper .ouns and Common .ouns are further classified into Common .ouns Concrete .ouns A'stract .ouns and Collective .ouns. A 7roper .oun is the name of a particular person or place. "ts always 'egins with a capital letter. A Common .oun is the name used in common to every person or thing of the same class or king. A collective .oun is the name of a num'er of persons or things referred to as a whole. An A'stract .oun is the name of a 1uality action or state. %g ) 1) The cro10 was very 'ig. !) Always speak the tr,th #) 2e all love honest%. $) The e$e!hant has great strength. 0) So$o on was famous for his 1is0o . ,) *ut tea won the atch. /) Ne$son is famous for his victor% at Tra.a$gar. =) The Ni$e overflows its 'ank every %ear. T%!es o. No,ns : (i) crowd > collective (ii) truth > a'stract (iii) honesty > a'stract (iv) elephant > common (v) Solomon > proper (vi) wisdom > a'stract (vii) team > collective (viii) match > common (i&) .elson > proper (&) victory > a'stract (&i) Trafalgar > proper (&ii) .ile >proper (&iii)'ank?common (&iv) year > common. 2. PRONO(S : A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. 15 Persona$ Prono,ns : The personal pronouns in first person second person and third person are as follows ) @irst person ) " we my mine out ours me us. Second ) Aou your yours thou thy thine thee person Third person ) 4e she it they his her hers its their theirs him them. 25 35 Re.$ective !rono,ns : myself ourselves yourself himself herself themselves. E !hatic !rono,ns : %mphatic pronouns are pronouns like myself himself herself etc. used for the sakes of emphasis. "5 Re$ative !rono,ns : Relative pronouns are pronouns which refer or relate to some noun appearing 'efore it in the sentence. 65 Interrogative !rono,ns : 2ords like who which what etc used to ask 1uestions are called interrogative pronouns. &in0 o,t the !rono,ns in each o. the .o$$o1ing sentences : (i) 4e and " are great friends. (ii) She herself sang the song. (iii) .one will 'elieve his words. (iv) Some are 'orn great. (v) The 'oy who got the first rank is my frined. &i$$ in the 7$an8s 1ith s,ita7$e !rono,ns : i) BBBBBBB you say is not true. ii) 2e always like 'oys BBBBBBBB.. speak the truth iii) 4e plays the game BBBBBBBB.. he likes 'est. iv) ;ost people get BBBBBBBB.. they deserve. v) (ogs soon known the persons 'y BBBBBBBB.. they are kindly treated. vi) This is the house BBBBBBBB.. <ack 'uilt. Ans : (i) 2hat (ii) who (iii) which (iv) what (v) whom (vi) that.
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A0/ective : An ad9ective is a word which adds more meaning to the noun with which it is associated.
Eg :
1) !) #) $) 0) .ote )
4e maintained c$ose relationship 'etween the employers and the employees. 4is parents were genero,s. They started a school where children found a ,ni9,e way of learning. The teachers were 8in0 and a..ectionate. The .o,r spinners could destroy the ightiest of teams on a s!inning pitch . The words in 7o$0 types are ad9ective.
Co !arison o. A0/ectives : Ad9ective change in form to show the comparison. There are three degrees of comparison. There are three degrees of comparison. They are the 7ositive (egree the Comparative (egree and the Superlative (egree. The comparative degree is used when two things are compared. The superlative degree is used when more than two things are compared. Co !arative an0 S,!er$ative 0egree .or s o. so e a0/ectives : Positive Co !arative S,!er$ative Creat Creater Createst Small Smaller Smallest *ld *lder *ldest Tall Taller Tallest 5rave 5raver 5ravest Darge Darger Dargest .o'le .o'ler .o'lest 4appy 4appier 4appiest %asy %asier %asiest 5ig 5igger 5iggest Thin Thinner Thinnest Sad Sadder Saddest 5eautiful ;ore 'eautiful ;ost 'eautiful (ifficult ;ore difficult ;ost difficult Cood 5etter 5est 5ad 2orse 2orst ;uch ;ore ;ost Dittle Dess Deast ARTIC3ES The ad9ectives Ea6 Ean6 and Ethe6 are called the articles. Ea6 and Ean6 are indefinite articles. Ethe6 is the definite article. The article Ean6 is used 'efore a word 'eginning with a vowel sound. %g ) an orange an um'rella an island an hour. The article Ea6 is used 'efore a word 'eginning with a consonant sound. %g ) a 'oy a girl a 'ook a city. The indefinite article Ethe6 is used when the reference is to particular person or thing. %g ) %nglish is the language of the people of %ngland "t was the proudest moment of my life. Det us discuss the matter seriously. " like the fellow ". :ER2 A ver' is a word that tells or asserts something a'out a person or thing. "t predicates a person or a thing. "t is a word which denotes Edoing6 or E'eing6 or Ehaving6. %g ) 4e sings well. She ;or8e0 hard. 4e is strong 'oy. They are new to this place. " have no money in my pocket She has two sisters.
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The underlined words in the a'ove sentences are ver's. :er's like is was are am are called E'e6 ver's.
Present- Past an0 Past !artici!$e .or s o. so e ver7s : Present Past Past !artici!$e Read Read Read 2rite 2rote 2ritten 5uy 5ought 5ought Sell Sold Sold Sing Sang Sung 5rings 5rought 5rought %at Ate %aten (rink (runk (runk @all @ell @allen @ly @lew @lown @low @lowed @lowed (o (id (one Come Came Come Co 2ent Cone TENSES :er's can 'e e&pressed in two tense forms i.e present tense and past tense :er's do not have a E@uture6 form of their own while they have Epresent tense form6 and Epast tense form6. The @uture time is e&pressed using Ewill6 or Eshall6 and the future time such as Etomorrow6 Ene&t week6 etc. this future time e&ists 'ut @uture tense does not. %ach of these form i.e. 7resent tense 7ast tense and @uture time can further 'e e&pressed in four different forms i.e simple continuous perfect and perfect continuous. Eg : :er7 < ;rite Simple present 7resent continuous 7resent prefect 7resent perfect continuous Simple past 7ast continuous 7ast perfect 7ast perfect continuous Simple future @uture continuous @uture perfect @uture perfect continuous ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) " " " " " " " " " " " " write a letter am writing a letter have written a letter have 'een writing a letter wrote a letter was writing a letter had written a letter had 'een writing a letter will write a letter will 'e writing a letter will have written a letter will have 'een writing a letter
MO*A3 :ER2S A modal ver' e&presses a'ility possi'ility re1uest permission offer to do things a wish inviting etc. %g ) 1. " can speak 4indi. !. A medicine taken without doctor6s prescription can 'e dangerous. #. Can you spare me your pen 3 $. Cal " help you 3 0. Could you lend me your 'ook 3 ,. Could " use your telephone 3 /. ;ay " come in 3 =. "t may rain this evening. +. ;ay Cod 'less you. 1F. 2ould you like a cup of coffee 3 11. 2ould you mind reading this for me 3 1!. Can " give you a lift 3 1#. Aou will 'e there won6t you 3 1$. 4e could run fast when he was young.
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10. Shall " help you to cross the road 3 A*:ER2 : An Adver' is a word which modifies the meaning of a ver' an ad9ective or another adver'. %g ) 4e works har0. (modifies the ver' Eworks6) 4e work ver% har0. (Every6 modifies the adver' Ehard6) "t is a ver% 'eautiful place. (modifies the ad9ective E'eautiful). Adver's may 'e further classified as adver's of time adver's of manner adver's of fre1uency adver's of place adver's of degree advers' of affirmation adver's of negation and adver's of reason. 7ick out the adver's in the following sentences ) i) 4e walked slowly. ii) " have heard this 'efore. iii) " am much reliever to hear it. iv) Aou are cordially invited. v) 4e runs fast. Ans : (i) slowly (ii) 'efore (iii) much (iv) cordially (v) fast. PREPOSITION : A preposition is a word placed 'efore a noun or a pronoun or noun phrase. "t shows the relation of the attri'utive 'efore it with respect to the word after it. %g ) The 'ook is on the ta'le. The preposition Eon6 tells us the position of the 'ook with respect to the ta'le. Si !$e !re!ositions : among amidst along around 'eneath 'eside 'etween inside 'eyond etc. Phrase !re!ositions : "nstead of inspite of in front of according to on account of owing to with reference to etc. &i$$ in the 7$an8s 1ith A!!ro!riate !re!ositions : The appreciationBBBBBthe eyesBBBBBfreedom fightersBBBBBthe Cowali Tank ;aidanBBBBB5om'ay is encouraging. " am not surprised BBBBBmy courage. " get strength BBBBB my desire to 'reathe free air. Ans : in of at in at from
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CON+(NCTION : A con9unction is a word which 9oins together sentences and sometimes words. %g ) i) Ram an0 Shyam are 'rothers. ii) 4e deserved the success .or he worked hard. iii) 2e can travel 'y land or water. iv) ;an proposes 7,t Cod disposes. v) ;ake hay 1hi$e the sun shines. vi) 4e will come i. you invite him. vii) 4e was sorry a.ter he had done it. viii) (o not go 7e.ore " come. i&) Rama is taller than -rishna. &) 2e will come 1hether it rains or not. .ote ) The underlined words are all con9unctions. INTER+ECTION : An inter9ection is a word which e&presses some sudden feeling or emotion. %g ) *h8 Ah8 Alas8 4urrah8 Cood Cracious 8 etc. The following inter9ections are used to e&press different feelings ) i) EAlas86 to e&press grief. ii) E4urrah86 to e&press 9oy. iii) E2hat86 to e&press surprise. iv) E5ravo8 to e&press admiration. Na e the !arts o. s!eech in the .o$$o1ing sentences : 1. 4e needed her car for two days for the use of his superior officer.
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) ) ) ) ) ) .*G. 7R*.*G. A(<%CT":% :%R5 7R%7*S"T"*. ART"CD%
Ans1er :
Car days use officer 4e her his Two superior .eeded @or of The
!. Aou have a very comple& pro'lem ) Ans1er : Aou ) 4ave ) A ) :ery ) Comple& ) 7ro'lem )
7R*.*G. :%R5 ART"CD%S A(:%R5 A(<%CT":% .*G.
GRAMMAR T'RO(G' TIPS

Dike it or not the fact is that students find the learning of grammar dull 'oring and monotonous. And they have 'een made to 'elieve that they can learn and ac1uire command over the language without going through the hassles of learning grammar which they find tedious. .othing could 'e farther from the truth. The fact is grammar is the very 'ase the foundation of a language and if the foundation 'e weak the structure can never have strength. To reduce the 'urden of the students and yet help them learn the 'asics and avoid pitfalls the author in the present chapter ETips to grammar6 has condensed the whole gam'it of grammar in a few pages. The students will not only ac1uire greater understanding they will even find the e&perience e&hilarating. %&amples illustrations and e&planations which have 'een given in an easy > to > understand and matter of fact language will help them remove dou'ts and misgivings of whatever nature they may have in the %nglish language.
Ti! 1) 2hen two su'9ects are 9oined 'y @as 1e$$ asA the ver' always agrees with the first su'9ect. No1 consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es to ,n0erstan0 the ti! : 1) The chairman as well as si& other mem'ers of the committee were present. ("n correct) The Chairman as well as si& other mem'ers of the Committee was present. (Correct) !) Students as well as the teacher was playing. ("n correct) Students as well as the teacher were playing (Correct) 2hen we consider the a'ove e&amples we find that in the first sentence the first su'9ect is singular so the ver' used should also have 'een singular. So in the corrected sentence we have used Ewas6. "n the second sentence the first su'9ect is plural. .aturally the ver' used in the sentence should also 'e plural. So in the corrected sentence we have used Ewere6.
Ti! 2 ) @2othA and @as 1e$$ asA cannot 'e used together in the same sentence.
Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$e to ,n0erstan0 this ti! : 5oth ;ala as well as Hia are 'eautiful. ("ncorrect) This sentence can 'e corrected as follows ) 5oth ;ala and Hia are 'eautiful. (correct) *r ;ala as well as Hia is 'eautiful (correct) Note : The change of ver' from plural to singular in the alternative solution will take place according to Tip 1. Ti! 3 ) @$estA is always followed 'y @sho,$0.A ;arning : 1. .ever use E.ot6 in the sentence where Elest6 has 'een used. !. Dest is never followed 'y E;ay6. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$e to ,n0erstan0 the ti! 2ork hard lest you may not fail. ("ncorrect)
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/ 2ork hard lest you should fail. (correct) .ote ) EDest6 is always used in the negative sense.
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Ti! ") "f two su'9ects are 9oined 'y Bnot on$% C.. 7,t a$soD- then ver' agrees with the second
su'9ect. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es a) .ot only Chander 'ut also you are to 'lame. ') .ot only you 'ot also " am to 'lame. E#!$anation : "n the a'ove sentences the second su'9ects are Eyou6 and E"6 respectively. According to the Tip the ver' must agree with the second su'9ect. So we have used Eare6 in the first su'9ect and Eam6 in the second.
Ti! 6 : @S,!er$ative 0egreeA in any sentence is preceded 'y @theA

.ote ) Superlative degree means Ethe third form of ad9ective6. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es a) The Canga is longest river in "ndia. (incorrect) The Canga is the longest river in "ndia. (correct) ') 4e is a'lest man of the town. (incorrect) 4e is the a'lest man of the town. (correct) c) "ndia is most 'eautiful country of the (incorrect) world. "ndia is the most 'eautiful country of the (correct) world. E#!$anation: "n the a'ove sentences longest a'lest and most 'eautiful are the e&amples of the superlative degree. .aturally they will 'e preceded 'y Ethe6.
Ti!
=) The use of dou'le superlative and dou'le comparative should 'e avoided in any sentence. a) 4e is the most a'lest man of the town. (incorrect) 4e is the a'lest man of the town. (correct) ') The 'ook is more 'etter than that. (incorrect) This 'ook is 'etter than that. (correct) E#!$anation : "n sentence (a) E ostA and @a7$estA are two superlative degrees. As per tip , two superlative degrees cannot 'e used together. 4ence after removing most from the sentence we have corrected the sentence. "n sentence (') @ oreA an0 7atterA- are two comparative degrees. As per Tip , use of dou'le comparative is not allowed. So 'y removing @ oreA we have corrected the sentence.
Ti! >) 2hen a proper noun 'ecomes a common noun
it is preceded 'y @theA.
Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) Shakespeare is -alidas of %ngland. (incorrect) Shakespeare is the -alidas of %ngland (correct) ') (elhi is Dondon of "ndia. (incorrect) (elhi is the Dondon of "ndia (correct) E#!$anation : "n the a'ove e&amples -alidas and Dondon cease to 'e proper nouns. They play the part of a common noun. 7lease keep in mind that in such sentences it is the second noun which is common noun.
Ti!
? ) "f pronouns of different persons are to 'e used together in a sentence provided the sense in the sentence is good or normal the serial order of persons should 'e) Second I Third person I Third person person ! # 1 ) 9448830571 : 9972260102
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5ut if a fault is to 'e confessed while using the different persons together the order of the persons should 'e) @irst person I Second I Third person person 1 ! #
Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es a) " you and he has common interests (incorrect) Aou he and " have common interests. (correct) ') Aou he and " are to 'lame. (incorrect) " you and he are to 'lame (correct) E#!$anation : "n sentence (a) the sense is normal. So the order of pronouns used should 'e ! # 1 as given in the Tip. "n sentence (') there is a confession. 4ence the order of the pronoun should 'e 1 ! #.
Ti! E : The pronoun of One is OneAs and not him or her.

Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$e: *ne must do his duty. ("ncorrect) *ne must do one6s duty. (Correct) ;arning : *ne should not 'e confused with Eeveryone6. *ne is used in the general term. The pronoun of everyone is his and not one. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$e : %veryone must do one6s duty. ("ncorrect) %veryone must do his duty. (Correct)
Ti! 1F ) A sentence containing tooC to is always of negative sense. As such this com'ination
cannot 'e used to e&press a positive sense. 2hen we say E4e is too week to walk6 we mean to say that Ehe is so weak that he cannot walk6. %rror in the use of Etoo6 is committed when it is wrongly used for Every6. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$e " am too glad to see you looking so well. ("ncorrect) " am very glad to see you looking so well. (correct) E#!$anation : "n its incorrect form the sentence would mean. J" am so glad that " cannot see you looking so well.K This sentence conveys no sense. "n its corrected form the sentence would conveys that the su'9ect in the sentence feels very happy to see you (some one) looking so well. So ething ore : EToo6 means Emore than enough.6 As such even when Etoo6 is used without Eto6 in a sentence it does not give the sense of very. Consider the following e&amples) She is too 'eautiful. (incorrect) She is very 'eautiful (correct) ') "t is too hot. (incorrect) "t is very hot (correct) @rom the a'ove two e&amples it 'ecomes clear Etoo6 does not mean very. Ti! 11 ) No sooner is always followed 'y than and never 'y 1hen. "t should 'e kept in mind that the use of .o sooner Bthan is possi'le in present and past tenses. .o soonerBthan is in fact the negative of As soon as. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) .o sooner did he see his father when he took to his heels. .o sooner did he see his father than he took to his heels. ') .o sooner do the children 'egin to sing when many people gather
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(correct)
round them. .o sooner do the children 'egin to sing than many people gather round them.
Ti! 12 ) @2,tA and @An0A are con9unctions. They are used in 9oining together two statements or
clauses of e1ual rank 'ut with a difference. a) And merely 9oins one statement to another. ') 5ut denotes E*pposition6 or Contrast6 'etween them. 2e can say that 'ut is used to 9oin two statements or clauses when negative sense has to 'e conveyed. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) 4e worked hard 'ut got first class. (incorrect) 4e worked hard and got first class. (correct) ') 4e worked hard and failed. (incorrect) 4e worked hard 'ut failed. (correct)
Ti! 13 : Any sentence starting with @'ar0$%A or @Scarce$%A is followed 'y 1hen and not @thanA.
4ardly (Scarcely) B..when gives the sense of @as soon asA or .o soonerB.than.6 ;arning : The use of tense in this sense should 'e made carefully. "t should 'e as follows ) 4ardly (Scarcely) I 4ad I Su'9ects.. (o not use did in place of had in such sentences. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) 4ardly had he left the house than it started raining. (incorrect) 4ardly had he left the house when it started raining. (correct) ') 4ardly he had left the house than it started raining. (incorrect) 4ardly had he left the house when it started raining. (correct) c) 4ardly did he see his father than he stopped smoking. (incorrect) 4ardly had he seen his father when he stopped smoking (Correct) .ote ) "n all a'ove sentences EScarcely6 can also 'e used in place of E4ardly6.
Ti! 1" ) @As i.A is used to convey the sense of prevention. 2hile using Eas if6 in a sentence
should see that even the third person singular su'9ect gets were. Consider the following e&ample 4e talks as if he was mad. ("ncorrect) 4e talks as if he were mad (Correct)
we
Ti!
16) E(nti$A e&presses @ti eA. "t means Etill not.6 EGntil6 is in the negative sense. So not should not 'e used in the sentences where until has 'een used. Consider the following e&ample 2ait here until " do not return. ("ncorrect) 2ait here until " return. (Correct)
Ti!
1= ) "n the reported speech (i.e. indirect speech) do not use @thatA 'efore when where why what who whose whom and how. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) The teacher asked Sudha that why she made a noise in the class. (incorrect) The teacher asked Sudha why she made a noise in the class. (correct) ') 4e asked me that what " was doing there. (incorrect) 4e asked me what " was doing there. (correct) c) The lion asked the hare that where he had 'een so long. (incorrect) She asked me who taught me %nglish. (Correct) e) ;ohan asked Sohan that how he had fared in the e&amination. ("ncorrect) ;ohan asked Sohan how he had fared in the e&amination. (Correct) Consider the following e&amples
Ti! 1> : Teacher gives e&am or test. 4e never takes e&am or test.
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1F *ur teacher will take out test tomorrow. ("ncorrect) *ur teacher will give us a test tomorrow. (Correct)
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Ti!
1? : @S,!!osingA and @I.A cannot 'e used together in the same sentence 'ecause 'oth convery the same sense. 2e can use either Esupposing6 or E"f6. Consider the following e&ample Supposing if she fails what will she do 3 ("ncorrect) Supposing she fails what will she do 3 (Correct) "f she fails what will she do 3 (Correct)
Ti!
1E ) Since 5ecause As @or all mean E'ecause6. 4owever there is a difference in their degree. Since and 2eca,se- are used for strong cases whereas E AsA an0 @&orA are used for weak cases. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) " respect him as he is my father. (incorrect) " respect him 'ecause he is my father. (correct) ') " could not go to college 'ecause it was raining. (incorrect) " could not go to college as it was raining. (correct) E#!$anation : "n sentence a) E'ecause6 has 'een used 'ecause the case (he is my father) in the sentence is very strong. *n the other hand in sentence. ') The case is not strong. "t is weak. The student could go to college if he were willing to go so we have used as in that sentence. they convey the same meaning. The use of E7lease6 and Ekindly6 is as follows) a) E7lease6 is used for the people inferior or 9unior to us. ') E-indly6 is used for the people superior or senior to us. 4owever if it 'ecomes difficult to decide whether the person addressed to 'y us is 9unior or senior to us we can use either Eplease6 or kindly6. Consider the following e&amples) 7lease kindly help me in my work. ("ncorrect) 7lease help me in my work. (Correct) -indly help me in my work. (Correct)
Ti! 2F ) P$ease and 8in0$% cannot 'e used together in the same sentence. "n fact
Ti! 21: "f there is an idea of two actions
'oth taking place in the future one after the other the se1uence of tense should 'e !resent In0e.inite and &,t,re In0e.inite. Mar8 the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es a) "f " shall go to Culcutta " shall 'ring a 'eautiful (incorrect) watch for you. "f " go to Calcutta " shall 'ring a watch for you. (correct) (7resent "ndefinite) (@uture "ndefinite) ') "f it will rain " shall not go to college. (incorrect) "f it rains " shall not go to college. (correct) tense of the action happening first should 'e Past Per.ect and that of the happening secondly should 'e Past In0e.inite. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) The patient died 'efore the doctor arrived. The patient had died 'efore the doctor arrived. ') The train steamed off when " reached the station. (incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) ) 9448830571 : 9972260102
Ti! 22 : "f two actions in a sentence are shown happening in the past one after the other L the
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(correct)
The train had steamed off when " reached the station.
E#!$anation : "n sentence a) There are two actions in the past one after the other i.e. i) The patient had died ii) The doctor arrived. So the first action is in past perfect (i.e. had died) and the second action is in past indefinite (i.e. arrived). 7lease consult the corrected part. Similar is the case with sentence
Ti!
23 ) Two actions of the past pro'a'ility one depending on the other should have the following arrangement ) 7ast 7erfect I @uture perfect 4ad I :# I 2ould I 4ave I :# Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$e: "f you had taken tea " would also taken. ("ncorrect) "f you had taken tea " would have also taken. (Correct) (past 7erfect) (@uture 7erfect) Note) The sentences of past pro'a'ility can also 'e started with 4ad. Consider the following e&ample) 4ad you worked hard you would have passed (Correct) The a'ove sentence can also 'e written as follows "f you had worked hard you would have passed.
Ti!
a) ') c) d)
2" : A past tense in the principal clause is followed 'y present tense in the su'ordinate clause if the latter denotes a universal truth or a ha'itual truth or if it contains some 1uotation scientific statement or historical fact. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: .ewton said that for every action there is an e1ual and opposite Mscientific reaction. statementN 4e said that he is an early riser. M4a'itual truthN 4e said that the earth moves round the sun. MGniversal truthN The teacher said that "ndia 'ecame free in 1+$/. M4istorical factN 7lease note the constitution of the a'ove sentences. Aou will find that the principal clause is in the past tense whereas the su'ordinate clause is in the present tense.
Ti! 26 ) .o preposition should 'e used with the following words)

<oin shriek fear discuss attack emphasis resist accompany. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) She resem'les with her mother. She resem'les her mother. ') 2e reached to our destination in time. 2e reached our destination in time. c) 4e will soon 9oin to a college. 4e will soon 9oin a college pervade resem'le reached
(incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) (Correct)
Ti! 2= ) The following nouns are plural in form 'ut are used in the singular sense.
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;athematics "nnings 7olitics .ews %conomics Summons 7hysics Callows. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) ;athematics are a difficult su'9ect. (incorrect) ;athematics is a difficult su'9ect. (correct) ') These news was 'roadcast from All "ndia Radio. (incorrect) This news was 'roadcast from All "ndia Radio. (correct) c) 7olitics are a dirty game. (incorrect) 7olitics is a dirty game. (Correct)
Ti!
2> ) Gse of @sinceA and @.orA as prepositions should 'e made very carefully. 5oth are the preposition of time. ESince6 is used for a point of time whereas Efor6 is used for a length of time. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) "t has 'een raining for ;onday last. (incorrect) "t has 'een raining since ;onday last (correct) ') "n have 'een waiting for you since the last three hours. (incorrect) " have 'een waiting for you for the last three hours. (correct) E#!$anation : E;onday last6 denotes a point of time and as per the tip we can use only since to e&press a point of time. EThree hours6 denote a length of time and we can use for to e&press the length of time. 3oo8 at the .o$$o1ing Chart 7oint of Time (Gse Esince6) Dength of Time (Gse Efor6) Since ;onday @or three days Since 0 A.;. @or two hours Since 1+/= @or five years Since evening @or two months Since ;orning @or ten days Since that day @or four years 2? ) Some prepositions agree with certain words to give different meanings for different purposes. A Ready > Reckoner (on the correct use of prepositions) is given 'elow. 1. Agree 2ith a person To a thing upon a policy !. Angry 2ith a person At a thing for some reason #. Appeal To a person @or a thing $. Apply to a person @or a post 0. Attend on a person To a thing (lesson etc.) ,. 5eg pardon *f a person @or something /. 5lind *f one eye To one6s faults etc. =. Call At a place *n a person +. Care @or a person *f a thing 1F. Compare 2ith (similar things) To (dissimilar things) 11. Compete 2ith a person @or a thing 1!. Complain To O against a person *f something 1#. (eal 2ith a person "n a thing 1$. (ie *f a disease for a cause @rom overwork with hunger 10. (iffer 2ith a person @rom a thing 1,. (isgusted 2ith a person At a thing 1/. (istinguish 2ith one thing from another 5etween two things 1=. %n1uire "nto a matter of a person After one6s health
Ti!
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1# 1+. !F. !1. !!. !#. !$. !0. !,. !/. !=. !+. #F. #1. #!. ##. #$. #0. #,. %nter %ntrust @ire Crateful Dean ;eet 7art 7lay 7ut up Puarrel Retire Slow Stare Suffer Supply Sympathise Thankful Gseful A place A person with a thing At a man To a person Against a wall A person @rom a person something At cricket At a place 2ith a person @rom 'usiness *f speech At a person @rom fever etc. A person 2ith a person To a person To a person
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"nto an agreement etc A thing to a person Gpon a mo' @or a thing *n a stick 2ith an accident 2ith a thing Gpon harmonium etc 2ith a person *ver a thing *ver a thing At a 'usiness A person in the face @or follies Something to a person "n his sorrows etc. @or a thing @or a purpose
with
Ti! 2E : Gse of 1i$$ and sha$$ should also 'e made very carefully. 2rong use of will and shall
can change the meaning of a sentence altogether. The following chart will help you in understanding the sue of Ewill6 and Eshall6 properly ) "st person (" we our mine etc). Shall 2ill Simple future Tense (Time) Threat O 7romise O (efinite Command O (etermination things O !nd and #rd 7erson (you your 4e she "t Rama etc.) Threat O 7romise O (efinite things O Command (etermination Simple @uture Tense (Time)
a) ') c) d)
Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: " shall visit Calcutta soon. " will not allow him to go against his father. She will sing a song at the function. 4e shall face the dacoits
(A case of simple future tense) (A case of determination) (A case of simple future tense) (case of determination or position)
definite
Ti! 3F : The use of @Co,sin 7rotherA
or @Co,sin sister is s$ang. 2e should use only cousin. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) ;ay cousin 'rother deals in iron. (incorrect) ;y cousin deals in "ron. (correct) ') ;ay cousin sister liver in 5om'ay (incorrect) ;y cousin liver in 5om'ay (correct) : "f the superlative degree is preceded 'y a noun in the possessive case or possessive ad9ective (my our your his her their) @theA is not used 'efore it. (incorrect) (correct)
Ti! 31
Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: ;y the eldest sister is a lecturer. ;y eldest sister is a lecturer.
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Ti!
32 : Seven Datin Ad9ectives of the comparative ending in Eor6 i.e. in.erior. S,!erior/,nior- senior- !rior- !osterior- anterior are followed 'y Eto6 and not 'y Ethan6. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) ;y coat is inferior than yours. (incorrect) ;y coat is inferior to yours. (correct) ') 4e is senior than me 'y five years (incorrect) 4e is senior to me 'y five years. (correct) Similarly Eto6 should 'e used with other comparatives.
Ti! 33 ) ECasitive :er'6 is used for giving parallel meaning in a sentence when we talk of parallel
meaning we mean that the su'9ect itself is not active in an action. 4e gets the work completed 'y some other person or agency. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) 4e married his daughter. 4e got his daughter married.
("ncorrect) (Correct)
E#!$anation : The sentence in its incorrect form would mean that he made his daughter his wife. 5ut the sentence in correct form would mean that he got his daughter married to some other man. ECot6 in the correct form is the casitive ver'. a) 4e got ;ohan dismissed. (Correct) E#!$anation: "n this sentence we find that the su'9ect (4e) himself has not taken the action. 4e got the action completed 'y someone else. ECot6 in this sentence is Castivie ver'.
Ti! 3" ) E;hat to s!ea8 o.A is s$ang. The correct term is Not to s!ea8 o..
Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: 2hat to speak of %nglish he cannot speak even 4indi .ot to speak of %nglish he cannot speak even 4indi. (incorrect) (correct)
Ti! 36 : 2hen we use the word repeat in a sentence

'ecause repeat means say or tell again. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: 7lease repeat the lesson again. 7lease repeat the lesson.
we need not use again in that sentence
(incorrect) (correct) and Eword for word. (incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) (correct)
Ti! 3= : Cent !er cent an0 1or0 7% 1or0 are 1rong ,ses. Gnfortunately these terms are
fre1uently used 'y the students. The real terms are E4undred percent6 Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) ;any students secure cent per cent markers in mathematics. ;any students secure hundred per cent marks in mathematics. ') " have learnt this lesson word 'y word. " have learnt this lesson word for word.
Ti! 3> ) @TheA should 'e used 'efore comparative degree of comparison when there is a sense
of proportion. "t means when two comparative degrees are used in a sentence for proportion the is used 'efore 'oth of them. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) (eeper the well cooler the water. (incorrect) The deeper the well the cooler the water (correct) ') 4igher we go cooler it is. (incorrect) The higher we go the cooler it is. (correct)
Ti! 3? ) "f two singular nouns 9oined 'y

used should 'e singular.
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(incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) (correct)
Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) Rice and Currey are the favourite food of the 7un9a'is. Rice and Currey is the favourite food of the pun9a'is. ') 4ard > work and honesty are needed for success in life. 4ard > work and honesty is needed for success in life. c) The collector and (istrict ;agistrate are away. The collector and (istrict ;agistrate is away.
Ti!
3E ) "f two su'9ects are 9oined 'y EitherC..or- NeitherCCnor the ver' agrees with the su'9ect near to it. E.ear to it6 means the su'9ect immediately 'efore it. To narrow the discussion the su'9ect agrees with the second su'9ect. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) %ither my 'rother or " am to do this work. ') .either he nor they are prepared to do this work.
E#!$anation: "n sentence a) 2e find that the ver' (i.e. am) agrees with I 'ecause this su'9ect is immediately 'efore it. Similarly in sentence ') The :er' (i.e. are) agrees with @the%A 'ecause this su'9ect is immediately 'efore it. Note : Either CC..or is used for two persons or things and conveys a positive sense. NeitherCCCnor is used for two persons or things and conveys a negative sense.
Ti!
"F : @NeitherA- @EitherA- @Ever%A- @EachA- @Ever%oneA- an0 @Man% aA are followed 'y a singular ver'. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) %ither of the plants are to 'e adopted. (incorrect) %ither of the plants is to 'e adopted. (correct) ') E.either6 of the two 'rothers are sure to pass. (incorrect) E.either of the two 'rothers is sure to pass. (correct) c) %very student are e&pected to 'e o'edient. (incorrect) %very student is e&pected to 'e o'edient. (Correct) d) %ach of them are capacitated to do the work. ("ncorrect) %ach of them is capacitated to do the work. (Correct) e) ;any a person were drowned. ("ncorrect) ;any a person was drowned. (Correct)
Ti!
"1 ) The use of .e1- a .e1 and the .e1 should 'e made carefully. They are denote num'er. @ew is negative and is the opposite of ;any. "t means Enot many.6 EA few6 is positive and means Esome at least6. "t is the opposite EThe few6 means Eminority6 and suggests Ewhatever there is.6 Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) 4e is a man of a few words. 4e is a man of few words. ') *nly few 'oys will fail in the e&amination. *nly a few 'oys will fail in the e&amination. c) A few poems that he wrote are very popular. The few poems that he wrote are very popular.
(incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) (Correct)
Ti! "2 ) 2e should also 'e very careful in the use of 3essA an0 @&e1erA.
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1, i. EDess6 denotes E1uantity6. ii. E@ewer6 denotes Enum'er6. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) .o less then fifty soldiers were killed. .o fewer than fifty soldiers were killed. ') There are no less than fifty 'ody in our class. There are no fewer than fifty 'ody in our class. c) There is no fewer than five litres of milk in the <ug. There is no less than five litres of milk in the <ug
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(incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) (correct)
Ti! "3 ) Collective nouns
when used to convey the sense of @togethernessA or @,nani o,s actionA take singular form of the ver'. 5ut when they are used to convey the sense of @se!arationA they take plural ver'. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) The <ury are unanimous on the issue. (incorrect) The <ury is unanimous on the issue. (correct) ') The crowd was seen setting the house on fire. (incorrect) The crowd were seen setting the house on fire. (correct) So e e#a !$es o. co$$ective no,ns. !. Committee #. 7arliament $) Crowd. the ver' used must 'e 1. <ury
Ti! "" ) 2hen EOne o. @ is used for the purpose of selection or choice
plural. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: ;ohan is one of those 'oys who has secured first class. ;ohan is one of those 'oys who have secured first class.
(incorrect) (correct)
E#!$anation : "n the a'ove sentence ;ohan is not the only student to get first class. There are more students who have secured first class and ;ohan is one of them. .aturally the ver' should agree not with ;ohan 'ut with those 'oys.
Ti! "6 ) @2eA
is e1ual to isGa GareG1asG1ere and should 'e used in a sentence according to the tense and num'er of it. @or %&ample ) E4e talks as if heBBB.('e) mad6 will 'e changed as follows )
4e talks as if he were mad. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) "f youBB..('e) hungry you can eat. "f you are hungry you can eat. E5e6 has changed into Eare6 depending on the re1uirement of the sentence. ') 4ard workBBB('e) the key to success. 4and work is the key to success. E5e6 has charged into Eis6 according to the re1uirement of the sentence.
Ti! "= ) Gse of E(ou'le 7ossessive6 must 'e avoided. "n other words
(i.e.6s) should 'e avoided. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing sentence: ;y uncle6s friend6s son is a doctor. The son of my uncle6s friend is a doctor.
use of dou'le apostrophe
(incorrect) (correct)
Ti! "> ) "f there is the sense of dislike
hesitation risk etc in a sentence we should use gerund instead of ver'. Cerund is that form of the ver' which ends in Eing6 and does the work of a noun. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: a) She hesitates to sing in the company of her (incorrect) friends.
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(correct) (incorrect) (correct)
')
She hesitates singing in the company of her friends. " dislike to read cheap novels. " dislike reading cheap novels !$e:
Ti! "? ) @or the purpose of comparison Eany6 is followed 'y Eother6.
Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a -alidas is greater than any dramatists. -alidas is greater than any other dramatist. (incorrect) (correct)
Ti! "E : Sometimes an error

a)
is committed due to wrong use of an idiom. Consi0er the .o$$o1ing e#a !$es: The %nglish have left "ndia with 'ag 'aggage. The %nglish have left "ndia 'ag and 'aggage. ') " will fight with tooth and nail. " will fight tooth and nail. (incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) (correct)
An 'onest A0vice ) @or avoiding errors in the use of idioms you are advised to read the use of idioms carefully.
Ti!
6F ) %rrors are also committed due to the use of slangs distortion of the language and incomplete understanding of certain rules of grammar. 2e$o1- a $ist o. s$angs an0 is,ses is given. 1) E7roudly6 is no word. "t is Eproud6. !) The plural of Escenery6 is Escenery6 and not Esceneries.6 #) E(o the needful6 is wrongly used. "t should 'e E(o what is necessary6. $) .ever say E7assing marks. ESay E7ass marks.6 0) E@ast enemies6 is wrong. "t should 'e Esworn enemies. ,) 2rite E.o alternative6 in place of E.o other alternative.6 /) .ever say E@amily mem'ers6 Say J;em'ers of family.6 =) 2e make or deliver a speech we do not give it. +) ;oney is Emisused6 and power is Ea'used6. 1F) .ever say ) 4e is our %nglish teacher. Say ) 4e is our teacher of %nglish. 11) (on6t say ) ;y father is in the teaching line. Say ) ;y father is in the teaching profession. 1!) (on6t say ) ;y foot is paining. Say ) ;y foot is aching. 1#) Amount paid 'y the customer is called Eprice6. Amount paid 'y the shopkeeper is called. Ecost6. 1$) ECause6 produces Ea result6. EReason6 e&plains or 9ustifies Ea result.6 10) E(eny6 means Erefuse to acknowledge6. ERefuse6 means Ere9ect.6 1,) E7lay6 means Eentertainment6. ECame6 means Ea particular type of sport.6 1/) E4ard6 means Edevotedly6. E4ardly6 means Epractically nil.6 1=) EAll6 conveys num'er. E2hole6 conveys 1uantity. 1+) 2e speak Ethe truth6 and tell Elie6. !F) @ish sheep doQen deer have the same form in singular as in plural. !1) (on6t say ) ? 4e is very miser Say ) 4e is very miserly. !!) (on6t say ) 4e is a coward man. Say ) 4e is coward.
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1= !#) (on6t say ) 4e has resigned from his post. Say ) 4e has resigned his post. !$) (on6t say ) 2e discussed a'out the female education. Say ) 2e discussed the female education. !0) (on6t say ) Aou should avail of the opportunity. Say ) Aou should avail yourself of the opportunity. !,) (on6t say ) 2e went there and en9oy. Say ) 2e went there and en9oyed ourselves. !/) (on6t say ) Seeing worth. Say ) 2orth seeing.
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P'O2IAS
A !ho7ia is the ,nreasona7$e- ,nrea$istic an0 e#cessive .ear to a !artic,$ar o7/ect- o7/ects or stit,ation. Ach$,o!ho7ia : (arkness Acro!ho7ia : 4eights Agora!ho7ia : *pen spaces Ai$,ro!ho7ia : Cats An0ro!ho7ia : ;en Arachno!ho7ia : Spiders Arith o!ho7ia : .um'er At%chi!ho7ia : @ailure A,ro!ho7ia : Cold Caco!ho7ia : Ggliness Carcino!ho7ia : Cancer Cera,no!ho7ia : Thunder Chaeto!ho7ia : 4air Chro eto!ho7ia : ;oney Ci7o!ho7ia : @ood C$a,stro!ho7ia : Confined spaces *ento!ho7ia : dentists *i!so!ho7ia : drinking *o ato!ho7ia : houses E$ectro!ho7ia : %lectricity Enoch$o!ho7ia : Crowds &e7ri!ho7ia : @ever Gerasco!ho7ia : growing old 'e$io!ho7ia : The sun '%0ro!ho7ia : 2ater 4eno!ho7ia : empty spaces 3achano!ho7ia : vegeta'les Meth%!ho7ia : alcohol Motor!ho7ia : automo'iles Nocti!ho7ia : night Nosoco O e!ho7ia : hospitals 7ro!ho7ia : rain aco!ho7ia : medicines
O!hi0io!ho7ia : Snakes Phar :en,stra!ho7ia : 'eautiful women Heno!ho7ia : Strangers Ioo!ho7ia : animals
INTRO*(CTION TO ;OR* PRO23EMS ANTONJMS & SJNONJMS

2ord is the 'asic of language and indispensa'le to understand it. Therefore all competitive e&aminations for ;5A entrance give an e&tra emphasis on word related pro'lems. The main types of word pro'lems in these e&aminations are 1) !) #) $) 0) ,) Synonym Antonym Sentence Completion (@ill in the 'lanks) Analogy *dd 2ord *ut Choosing a correct word from a pair of similar sounding words
"t 'ecomes desira'le that the taker of these e&aminations start 'uilding hisOher vaca'ulary at an early stage. A good vaca'ulary is very important for success in these e&aminations. "n the course of discussing the a'ove types of word pro'lems we will 'e suggesting you the ways to improve your voca'ulary The first and foremost method of improving voca'ulary is reading 'ooks magaQines and newspapers. A word is complete and meaningful only when it is used in a sentence. The sentence. The sentence 'rings forth the complete meaning of a word. Therefore we will start our discussion of synonym and antonym with the conte&tual use of these words. "n such 1uestions you are re1uired to find a synonym or antonym to an underlined or a 'old word in the sentence. 5efore we start our discussion of such 1uestions we would like to remind you that whenever a difficult word comes in the way of your reading a newspaper a 'ook or doing reading comprehension passages first guess the meaning of the word in the conte&t then conult a
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dictionary and note down the word and its meaning in a note pad for vevision. 5y practice you can guess accurately and less and less use of dictionary would 'e re1uired over time. The most important thing in such e&ercise is to first guess the general meaning the sentence conveys and then replace the underlined word with another meaningul word in the conte&t. Aou need to look for a similar word in the option. Aou wil 'e re1uired to eliminate those choices which are clearly different. 5efore you tick your answer finally check your choice 'y putting it in place of the underlined word and reading the sentence. The word should 'e meaningul in the sentence. The idea of choosing a correct word for a conte&t can 'e 'etter understood if we consider some e&amples. S%non% in Conte#t : %&amples *irections : Choose the synonym from the four options for the underlined word in the sentence. 1. Caco!hon% : Puarrelling people created a lot of caco!hon% and so no'ody was a'le to hear us. (a) fighting (') hearing (c) noise (d) 'itterness E#!$anation 2hat 1uarrelling or fighting or arguing people produce or create that makes hearing impossi'le 3 They created what 3 The correct answer is (c) noise. 7roficiency in %nglish Danguage R Danguage Comprehension ) "ntroduction to 2ord 7ro'lems ) Antonyms R Synonyms 2. &a$$ac% : (on6t live under the .a$$ac% that luck will do everything for your. (a) right 'elief (') weakness (c) pleasure (d) wrong 'elief E#!$anation "s depending on luck for everything right or good 3 Aou can re?read the sentences as E(on6t live under the wrong or 'ad idea thatBBB The correct answer is (d) wrong 'elief. 3. *esiccate : The washed and wet wheat was spread under the sun to 0esiccate. (a) to dry (') to shine (c) to pack (d) to 'reak E#!$anation 2hy do we spread washed clothes and grains under the sun 3 The correct answer is (a) to dry. ". E#acer7ate : (rinking more and more e#acer7ate0 his already poor health. (a) improved (') worsened (c) killed (d) checked E#!$anation "s it advisa'le to drink when some'ody6s health is already poor 3 2hat will it do to his health > improve or make it further 'ad 3 Aou can read it as E(rinking more and more deteriorated. ..6 The correct answer is (') worsened. 6. A 7ig,o,s : 4e changed his statement to many times that entire his message 'ecame a 7ig,o,s. (a) clear (') impressive (c) unimpressive (d) unclear E#!$anation
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2ill not changing statements again and again confuse the listeners and make it unclear to them 3 Aou can re?read the sentence as Ethat entire his message 'ecame confusing6. The correct answer is (d) unclear. Str,ct,re R,$e : At times you may not 'e a'le to guess the meaning in the conte&t 'ecause of (a) unfamiliar idea or language (') unusual usage of the word "n such cases you are advised to take help of the root of the word prefi& > suffi& or other such devices that we are going to discuss further. Anton% in Conte#t The e&ercise on synonyms has made this clear to you how to locate a correct answer. "n case of antonyms you have to first replace the underlined word with an easier word and them make negative of the word 'y adding Eno6 or Enot6 to it. Read the sentence again with the negative word. Then look for the word in the choices that can fit in the sentence without changing its meaning in the negative sense. @ollow the procedure e&plained 'elow in finding antonyms to a word in a given conte&t. E#a !$es : *irections Cuess the meaning of the underlined words in the conte&t and choose the antonym for the same. 1. *i$igent : The student6s constant and 0i$igent efforts 'rought him great success. (a) lucky (') constant (c) laQy (d) slow
E#!$anation EConstant and diligent6 can 'e read as Econstant and la'orious6 and converted into negative as Econstant 'ut not la'orious6. Another word for Enot la'orious6 is laQy. The correct answer is (c) laQy. 2. 2e$$icose : The 7e$$icose countries finally stopped fighting. (a) friendly (') fighting (c) peaceful (d) hateful
E#!$anation E@inally stopped fighting6 suggests that the countries were fighting. 5ellicose means fighting. Therefore you need Enot fighting6 as opposite and another word for the same is peaceful. The correct answer is (c) peaceful. 3. A,0acit% : %ncouraged 'y success the soldier moved with a,0acit% and killed the enemy. (a) courage (') 'oldness (c) timidity (d) strength E#!$anation *'viously the soldier move with confidence or courage or 'oldness as he was encouraged. Therefore for Ewithout courage6 there is only one option. The correct answer is (c) timdity. ". Garr,$o,s : She had to listen to her garr,$o,s guest for hours in courtesy. (a) taciturn (') talkative (c) funny (d) interesting E#!$anation "f the host is forced to listen for hours if means the guest is talkative. 2ith Enot talkative6 no option matched 'ut one. The correct answer is (a) taciturn. Taciturn is a person who prefers to remain 1uiet. 6. Sting% : The sting% old man despite 'eing rich never spent a penny on his own well 'eing. (a) miser (') generous (c) careful (d) narrow > minded
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E#!$anation "f one does not spend money even on urgent needs despite having enough such a person is called miser and opposite to miser is generous. The correct answer is (') generous.
SJNONJM AN* ;OR* ROOT
The 'ig words that we read today are developed from very small parts of them. These small parts are still there in the word and are called roots. @rom one common root many words have 'een derived over time and all these words 'elong to the same root family. These words are not e&actly simpler in meaning 'ut they have some common hidden similarity. This similarity helps us to known the meaning of the words and remem'er them. Therefore knowing the roots of words of the same family is a very effective way of learning and retaining words for long. As the conte&tual understanding and elimination of options is helpful in solving synonym and antonym 1uestions knowing the root of the word is also very helpful especially when the 1uestions are without conte&t. The very 'ig words like intimidation congregation circumam'ulate or incontroverti'le are reduced to their roots such as time greg am'le and contra. Aou need to know their meaning such as time means fear as in timid that is fearful. Another similar word is timorous. Similarly the root greg means group or gather and the word congregation means to gather together. Am'le means to walk or move and contra means opposite or against. The word circumam'ulatory means to take or walk through a very long or indirect path and incontroverti'le means the one that cannot 'e contradicted or disputed. Aou need to known the roots of certain words 'efore you can use the skill effectively in synonym and antonym e&ercises. "n the following e&amples first see how the root makes a relation among all the words of its family and then understand the special meaning of the word. @inally notice how the knowledge of root words is applied in synonym 1uestions. E#a !$es : *irections : "n the following e&amples learn the words 'efore you go through the solved 1uestions. 1. Cognosc G gnosi K 8no1 RecogniQe S to know again to identify L to recogniQe a very old fried. "ncognito S not known in disguise spies remain incognito Acknowledge S to confirm knowledge to confirm L please acknowledge the receipt of the letter. (iagnosis S to know 'efore to forecast L diagnosis of the disease was accurate 7rognosis S to know 'efore to forecast L treatment depends on a correct prognosis of a disease 2. Cor0- cor- car0i K heart Cordial S hearty heartfelt L a cordial invitation Concord S put heart into harmony and friendlliness L a'sence of discord among people. (iscord S 1uarrel lack of harmony L a noisy discord 'etween the neigh'ours Core S central part L from the core of my heart Cardiac S related to the heart or heart disease L died 'ecause of cardiac arrest Cre0 K 7e$ieve Creed S a particular 'elief or sect L no discirimnation on the 'asis of colour caste or creed Credence S 'elieve something " don6t give credence to such gossip progress S to move forward regress S to move 'ackward and egress S to go out. *'viously revert is to go 'ackward. The answer is (') Revert. an0 O00 ;or0 O,t :
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*dd word out is another category of word pro'lem which the e&amines may face in an ;5A entrance e&amination. "n a cluster of four words one word is odd. "t means three of them are alike. "n a synonym pro'lem three will 'y synonyms and one will 'e odd. Therefore if a candidate can identify at least tow alike or synonymous words it would 'ecome an easier task for him. 4e needs to esta'lish the relation 'etween the two words and check which one of the remaining does not follow the same relation. "n the following cluster of words identify two similar words ) (a) amusing (') hilarious (c) humorous (d) dull E#a !$anation Det us assume you know that amusing and entertaining are similar and their relation is that 'oth mean something pleasing to mind. "n such a case you have to check the word out that does not mean pleasing to mind. @or sure you can say it is dull that does not please your mind. Aou can go for this choice even if you don6t know the meaning of hilarious and humorous. Thus the answer is (d) dull. E#a !$es :
*irections Choose the word that is not synonymous to the rest of the three in each group. 1. (a) amity (') animosity (c) harmoniousness (d) amica'leness E#!$anation Aou can make a relation either 'etween amity and amica'leness or 'etween harmonious and friendliness or any other you like. Det us consider the second choice. 4armonious and friendliness 'oth give peace and pleasure. (o amity and amica'leness also give the same 3 Aeas they do. 5ut for our purpose one pair is enough. Check what does not give peace and pleasure. Animosity is enmity or hostility. "n case you find this 1uestion difficult consider their sounds. Amity and amica'leness are similar sounding whereas animosity is close to enemy. The re1uired odd word is (') animosity. 2. (a) 'east (') 'rute (c) animal (d) divine
E#!$anation Aou might know 'east and animal to 'e same. They are against divine. The re1uired odd word is (d) divine. 3. (a) cacophonous (') dissonant (c) content (d) raucous
E#!$anation Aou already know the relation 'etween cacophonous and noisy. They are unpleasant discordant confusion of sound. Content is of course not a sound and not unpleasant either. The re1uired odd word is (c) content. ". (a) dirty (') filthy (c) soiled (d) disa'led E#!$anation (irty and soiled are easy to relate. 5ut disa'led is neither dirty nor soiled. The re1uired odd word is (d) disa'led. 6. (a) enhance (') grievance (c) strengthen (d) 'oost E#!$anation 2e have already learnt the words strengthen and fortify. "f you remem'er they are same. They 'oost or make strong. 2hich one does not have the same element > enhance or grievance 3 The re1uired odd word is grievance. "t means a reason for complaint or protest. Str,ct,re r,$e
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2e need to use shortcuts to cope with the high difficulty levels in these e&aminations. 4owever it is always advisa'le that 1. (on6t forget to check other options 'efore ticking you answer finally. !. Take the tips and enough e&ercises to improve your voca'ulary as thereT
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;OR*S CON&(SE* L'OMONJMS- PARONJMS- SJNONJMS5

1) !) #) I. 1. 2ords similar in form of derivation 'ut different in meaning of use. LParon% s5. 2ords similar in their sound or pronunciation 'ut different in meaning. L'o on% s5 2ords apparently identical in their meaning 'ut possess su'tle shades of difference. LS%non% s5. ;or0s si i$ar in .or o. 0erivation 7,t 0i..erent in eaning o. ,se. Aca0e ic- Aca0e ica$ 0. A0a!t- A0o!t : Aca0e ic ) of teaching studying A0a!t : to fit to inure. 2e should adapt scholarly. ourselves to the circumstances. 2hat are your academic su'9ects. A0o!t : to take to choose. The Academical ) of a college or university 4e candidates who adopted unfair means 'oasts of his academical training. were de'arred from the e&amination for three years. Acce!tance- Acce!tation : ,. A0 ission- A0 ittance : Acce!tance ) The act of accepting a A0 ission : acceptance. 4e was allowed thing. admission in their fraternity. 4e sent his acceptance of e&aminership Admittance > letting in. 4e was not 'y the return post. allowed admittance into the 7rincipal6s office. Access- Accession : /. A..ecting- A..ection- A..ectation : Access : Approach. "n democray even a A..ecting ) pathetic touching. ETess of common man may have an access to the (6ur'ervilles6 is an affecting novel. 7rime ;inister. A..ection : love. 4e has got great Accession : Actual coming to. affection for his younger 'rother. There were great festivities held at the A..ectation : false display. 7arents6 love time of the present king of .epal6s to their children is always true L there is accession to the throne. no affectation a'out it. Accessar%- Accessor% : =. A ia7$e- A ica7$e Accessar% : 7erson having an association A ia7$e : lova'le. She has got an or hand is some action. She was an amia'le temperament. accessary if not 'rain 'ehind the crime. A ica7$e : friendly peaceful. The two Accessor% : Something e&tra helpful countries came to an amica'le settlement and useful 'ut not an essential part. The of their dispute. accessories of his scooter cost his Rs. Three hundred 1/. Cas,a$- Ca,sa$ : A$ternate- A$ternative : A$ternate : 'eing 'y turns or of things of two Ca,sa$ : accidental or occasional. " had kinds coming each after one of the other kind. 9ust a cosual meeting with him. " used to teach him not daily 'ut on alternate Ca,sa$ : due to some cause or reasons. days. There is definitely a causal connection 5oys and girls stepped forward alternately. 'etween hard work and success.
A$ternative : another choice. 2hen 7akistan attacked "ndia there was no alternative for "ndia 'ut to fight to the finish.
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Artistic- Art.,$- Arti.icia$ : Artistic : 'eautiful having aesthetic power. Tennyson is famous for artistic achievements in poetry. Arti.icia$ : opposed to natural. The 'eauty of most of the cinema actresses is artificial. Art.,$ ) cunning clever she achieved success 'y artful means.
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*eci0e0- *ecisive : *eci0e0 : definite. The tri'unal give its decided opinion on the 1uestion. *ecisive : that which ends a controversy or discussion finally. The first 'attle of 7anipat proved decisive in that it paved the pay for ;ughal rule in "ndia.
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*e.ect- *e.icienc% : *e.ect : some shortcoming fault. There is some defect in this machinery. *e.icienc% : lack want. "t is the deficiency of :itamin C that causes colds and coughts. *e.inite- *e.iaitive : *e.inite : clear having set limits. 4e has no definite opinion on the su'9ect. *e.initive : decisive. The dictionary gives definitive meaning of words and idioms. *e!en0ent- *e!en0ant : *e!en0ent : relying on. *nly those who are dependent on their mettle gather laurels in life. *e!en0ant : *ne who depends on others for one6s maintenance. 4e has a large num'er of dependants to look after. *ivers- *iverse : *ivers : Several or sundry. (ivers opinions are held 'y people on this 1uestion. *iverse ) markedly different or unlike. There are diverse views a'ove the solution of this pro'lem.
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2ene.icia$- 2ene.icient : 2ene.icia$ : useful advantageous. 4ard work is 'eneficial for good students. 2ene.icient : kind generous doing good. 2e should 'e charita'le and 'eneficient to the poor. Chi$0ish- Chi$0$i8e : Chi$0ish : used in a 'ad sense and mean sily trifling. " do not like his childish ways. Chi$0$i8e : used in a good sense meaning simple and innocent like a child. 4is childlike innocence is praised 'y. Co !$acent- Co !$aisant : Co !$acent : well satisfied L pleased. *ur complacent attitude to our strength proved to 'e our undoing at the time of Chinese attack on "ndia. Co !$aisant : polite o'liging. 4e is very complaisant in his 'ehaviour towards others.
Co !rehensive- Co !rehensi7$e : Co !rehensive : e&tensive including all aspects. Cunnar ;yrdal6s EAsian (rama6 gives a comprehenisve survey of the economic and political condition of the countries of south > east Asia. Co !rehensi7$e : capa'le of 'eing understood. Aour strange 'ehaviour on some occasions is not comprehensi'le to me.
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Con.i0ent- Con.i0ant : Con.i0ent : to 'e certain sure. 4e is confident of this success. Con.i0ant : one who is entrusted with a secret. As he is a treacherous fellow he does not deserve to 'e any'ody6s confidant. Contin,o,s- Contin,a$: Contin,o,s : implies a'solute and uninterrupted continuity. 4e worked continuously throughout the night. Contin,a$ : Continuity 'reaks. "t has 'een raining continually for three days. (i.e. raining with occasional 'reaks now and then. Cor!ora$- Cor!orea$ : Cor!ora$ : relating to 'ody. Corporal punishment of children is now 'anned in schools. Cor!orea$ : material tangi'le having 'ody. The fairies are not corporeal creatures.
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Econo ic- Econo ica$ : Econo ic : refers to Eeconomics6. *nly hard work 'y each and everyone of us can 'ring out economic amelioration of the country. Econo ica$ : frugal thrifty. Aou can 'e happy in life if you are economical in ha'its. E0,cative- E0,cationa$ : E0,cative : instructive. There are many educative values of ho''ies. E0,cationa$ ) pertaining to education. There is a definite deterioration in the educational standards of the institutions.
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element of pride and haughtiness.
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E$icit- I$$icit : E$icit : to draw out. The police used every possi'le coercion to elicit the secret information from the culprit 'ut failed. "llicit ) illegal unlawful. "f prohi'ition is clamped in the country there will go on illicit distillation of li1uor. E$igi7$e- I$$egi7$e : E$igi7$e : fit to 'e chosen having necessary 1ualification. Aou are not eligi'le to apply for this post 'ecause 5.A. is the minimum 1ualification re1uired for it while you are only "ntermediate. I$$egi7$e ) that which cannot 'e read. 4is handwriting was so illegi'le that " could not make head or tail of it.
E igrate- I igrate : E igrate : to go out of one6s country and to settle in another. ;any educated youth have emigrated to the G.S.A and o'tained its citiQenship. I igrate : to come into a country to settle. Aryans are 'elieved to have immigrated into "ndia from Central Asia long ago.
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E#ce!tiona7$e- E#ce!tiona$ ) E#ce!tiona7$e : o'9ectiona'le. 4is speech was uterly disliked 'ecause it was full of e&ceptiona'le remarks. E#ce!tiona$ : rare unusual. 4e is a man of e&ceptional power of memoriQing. E#ha,sting- E#ha,stive : E#ha,sting ) tiring. The 9ourney on foot to the hill was very e&hausting. E#ha,stive : comprehensive detailed. *ur teacher gave e&haustive notes on the su'9ect.
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E#!ense- E#!anse : E#!ense ) 'elonging to e&penditure. The life has 'ecome so costly so costly that it is difficult to meet the e&penses of lu&ury. E#!anse : wide space. The e&panse of the universe is 'eyond description.
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E inent- I inent : E inent : distinguished. The framers of the constitution of "ndian were eminent statesmen. "mminent ) near a'out to happen. The danger of #rd 2orld 2ar is imminent. Enve$o!e- Enve$o! : Enve$o!e : a letter cover (noun). Sealed envelopes are used in correspondence a'out cofidential matters. Enve$o! : to cover (ver') the whole incident is enveloped in mysterly.
E9,a$- E9,a7$e- E9,ita7$e : E9,a$ : of the same length siQe status 1uantity etc. "s he your e1ual in strength. ;i& with your e1ual or 'etters. Det & 'e the e1ual of y. he speaks 4indi and %nglish with e1ual ease. E9,a7$e : steady regular not changing much. 4e maintains an e1ua'le temper. E9,ita7$e: 9ust reasona'le. The pro'lem of "ndian economic position is not one of gross production 'ut that of e1uita'le distri'ution 'etween different people of the society. Es!ecia$- S!ecia$ : Es!ecia$ : particular as opposed to the ordinaryL to an e&ceptiona'le degree. 4e has 'een especially kind to me.
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&orce.,$- &orci7$e ) &orce.,$ ) possessing force. The speech he delivered was indeed very forceful. &orci7$e ) done 'y force or compulsion. The police made a forci'le entry into the li1uor shop. &aci$it%- .e$icit% : &aci$it% ) ease convenience advantage. "t is not ease 'ut eftort not facility 'ut difficulty that makes a man perfect. &e$icit% ) 9oy happiness. True felicity liesin the reduction of wants. &ata$- &ata$ist- &ate.,$ : &ata$ ) deadly. "n an encounter 'etween the ro''ers and the police many persons received fatal wounds. &ata$ist ) one who 'elieves that everything depends on fate. Some people are temperamentally fatalists. @ateful) important producing important results. 2hat can 'e more fateful event in the history of the world than 2orld 2ar "". &aci$it%- .e$icit% : &aci$it% ) ease convenience advantage. "t is not ease 'ut eftort not facility 'ut difficult that makes a man perfect. ) 9448830571 : 9972260102
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S!ecia$ : particular as opposed to the general. The headmaster made a special announcement after the prayer. Esti ate- Esti ation : Esti ate : appro&imate valuation of a thing. The %ngineer gave a rough estimate of the money to 'e spent in the construction of the 'ilding. Esti ation ) 9udgement opinion Date Dal 5ahadur Shastri was held in high estimation 'y the pu'lic.
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&e$icit% : 9oy happiness. True felicity lies in the reduction of wants.
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&orce.,$- &orci7$e ) &orce.,$ ) possessing force. The speech he delivered was indeed very forceful. &orci7$e : done 'y force or compulsion. The police made a forci'le entry into the li1uor shop.
Me ora7$e- Me oria$ : Me ora7$e : worth remem'ering. "ndo > 7ak 2ar of 1+/1 is a memora'le event in the history of the "ndian su' > continent. Me oria$ : something serving to commemorate. The fittest memorial to Candhi9i6s memory is the implementation of the ideals he lived and died for. Neg$igent- Neg$ect.,$- Neg$igi7$e ) Neg$igent : careless in particular things. She is always negligent a'out her dress. Neg$ect.,$ : one who is careless as a matter of ha'it. 4e is so negiectful that he nerver cares even for his personal interests. Neg$igi7$e : insignificant something so small and unimportant that it may 'e disregarded. There is a negligi'le difference 'etween your writing and mine O..icia$- O..icio,s ) O..icia$ : pertaining to officer an officer holding high post. There is something official secrecy. "t was made incum'ment on the part of every official to contri'ute his mite to the success of the family planning programe. O..icio,s ) too forward in offering service he was officious to his 'oss. Po$itic- Po$itica$ ) Po$itic ) sagacious prudent wise. "t was not politic on his part to have 'ehaved like that. Po$itica$ : pertaining to politics. 7olitical independence has meaning only when it is accompanied with economic independence.
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&or a$is - &or a$it% : &or a$is : ha'itual o'servance of rites or rules. @ormalism is not religion as 'ody is not the soul. &or a$it% : ceremony show. Among friends who are true and sincere we need not o'serve formality. &,nera$- &,nerea$ : &,nera$ : a procession to the place of 'urial or cremation. The funeral procession of Candhi was attended 'y lacs of people. &,nerea$ ) Solemn sad gloomy dismal. She entered my room with funereal e&pression on her face. Go0$%- Go0$i8e : Go0$% : pious. 4e leads a very godly life. Go0$i8e : resem'ling Cod. "t is indeed godlike to pardon the wrong doer.
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'istoric- 'istorica$ : 'istoric : famous or likely to 'ecome famous in history. The 9udgment setting aside the sitting ;.76s election was a historic one. ', an- ', ane : ', an: 'elonging to mankind. To err is human to forgive divine. ', ane ) kind merciful. Gnder the Ceneva convention the prisoners of war should 'e given a humane treatment. In0,strio,s- In0,stria$ : In0,strio,s : hard working diligent. "ndustrious people are always happy. In0,stria$ ) pertaining to some industry. -anpur is an industrial town. Inte$$igent- Inte$$igi7$e: Inte$$igent : 2ise sensi'le. 4e is an intelligent 'ody. Inte$$igi7$e : clear and understanda'le. The pronouncing of %nglish words 'y "ndians is often not intelligi'le to people a'road.
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Pr,0ent- Pr,0entia$ ) Pr,0ent : wise intelligent the only prudent course left to him is to run away from her at once. Pr,0entia$ : ideas or motives which leas a man to prudent action.
Rationa$- Rationa$e : Rationa$ : that which can 'e tested 'y reasoning. ;an is a rational creature. Ratioan$e : fundamental reason logical 'asis of something. 2hat is the rationale 'ehind according de9ure recognition to the insurgents.
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Regret.,$- Regretta7$e ) Regret.,$ ) full of regret or sorrow. 4e was regretful for what he had said in a fit of anger. Regretta7$e : causing regret or sorrow. 4is conduct in the meeting was infact very regretta'le. ) 9448830571 : 9972260102
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Res!ect.,$- Res!ecta7$e- Res!ective : Res!ect.,$ : showing respect. 2e must 'e respectful to our parents and teachers. Res!ecta7$e : deserving respect. 4e 'elongs to a respecta'le family of Agra district. Respective ) relating to a particular person or thing. The college 'eing over the 'oys went to their respective houses.
+,0icia$- +,0icio,s : +,0icia$ : pertaining to legal 9ustice or to a9udge. <udicial en1uiry as ordered into the Samastipur 'om' case. +,0icio,s ) wise prudent. ;y father is a man of kind and 9udicious nature. 3i it- 3i itation : 3i it : 'oundary e&tent. There is a limit to everything. 3i itation : restriction or ina'ility. After all " work under human limitations. 3o,0$%- a$o,0 : 3o,0$% : in a loud voice. She spoke loudly. (i.e. she made a great deal of noise). A$o,0 ) in an audi'le voice. 4e spoke aloud so that everyone present in the room might hear him.
3ova7$e- 3ove$% : 3ova7$e : worthy of low. 4is nature is indeed lova'le. 3ove$% : charming 'eautiful. 2hat a lovely face this child has got.
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Seasona$- Seasona7$e ) Seasona$ : dependent upon the seasonsL changing with the seasons. The sugar mills provide only seasonal employment to workers. Seasona7$e : coming at the right time. 4is seasona'le help me much trou'le.
S!ecia$it%- S!ecia$t% : S!ecia$it% : the 1uality of 'eing special. There was no speciality a'out he character of <awahar Dal .ehru e&cept that he never wasted a minute of his time. S!ecia$t% : an article in which one specially dealsL an employment o which one is especially devoted. 5engali Sweets are the specialty of this confectioner. Te !erance- Te !era ent ) Temperance ) moderation so'riety. The wise always practise temperance. Temperament ) .ature disposition she is a woman of sharp and hot temperament
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Te !orar%- Te !ora$ : Te !orar% : short > lived. 4e was appointed to a temporary post. Te !ora$ : worldly as opposed to spiritual. Temporal progress is hollow without spiritual progress. To$era7$e- To$erant : To$era7$e : 'eara'le of things and conditions. The food that was served to the marriage party was tolera'ly good. To$erant : applied to a person or institution li'eral enough to put up with different opinious. A good democrat is always tolerant of pu'lic criticism. (nion- (nit%- (nison : (nion : act of uniting. Gnion is strength. (nit% : oneness harmony. Gntil there is national Gnity "ndia cannot make any progress. (nison : agreement of sounds will etc. They succeeded in achieving their goal 'ecause they acted in unison. :ocation- Avocation : :ocation : chief occupation or calling. Authorship is his vocation in life. Avocation : diversion from usual occupation. The writing of poems is his pleasant avocation.
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&orce.,$- &orci7$e ) &orce.,$ ) possessing force. The speech he delivered was indeed very forceful. &orci7$e : done 'y force or compulsion. The police made a forci'le entry into the li1uor shop. ;ait- A1ait : ;ait : (is often intransitive in use and is followed 'y preposition). " am wating for his arrival. A1ait : (is always transitive and is followed 'y an o'9ect). " am awaiting the reply to my letter. ;i$$ing- ;i$.,$ : ;i$$ing : ready having no reluctance. 4e was willing to lend him Rs. *ne thousand without interest. ;i$.,$ : deli'erate conscious. EActs of wilful negligence are punisha'le 'y law.
;o an$%- ;o anish : ;o an$% : used in a good sense meaning affectionate tender and modest. ;rs. "ndira Candhi possesse all the womanly 1ualities yet she was a woman with a difference. ;o anish : used in a 'ad sense meaning weak and cowardly. 4e is a man of womanish temperament L nothing great can 'e e&pected of him.
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#F II. 1. ;or0s si i$ar in so,n0 or !ron,nciation A7ate- A7et M ,. A7ate : to make or 'ecome less. The ship sailed when the storm a'ated. A7et : to encourage (in vice crime etc). 4e a'etted him in starting the communal not in the city. Acce0e- E#cee0 : /. Acce0e : to agree to. At last he acceded to his re1uirest. E#cee0 : to surpass going 'eyond a limit. 2rite an essay not e&ceeding si& pages of your answer 'ook. Acce!t- E#ce!t : =. Acce!t : to receive to take. She accepted her presents with thanks. E#ce!t : save leaving out. %very 'oy of the class e&cept ;ohan was fined Rs.0 for having 'roken the furniture. +. Access- E#cess : Access : approach. " have no access to the Chief ;inister. E#cess : supera'undance more than enough. %&cess of everything is 'ad. A..ect- E..ect : A..ect : to pretend act upon. 4e affects too much. Too much work affected his health. E..ect : result to carry to practice. All my entreaties had no effect on him several reforms need to 'e effected " the tradition ridden "ndian society. Ascent- Assent : Ascent : going up. The ascent of %verest is not a child6s play. There is a great risk of life in it. Assent : agreement. The president has given his assent to the 5ill already passes 'y 'oth 4ouses of 7arliament.
Assa%- Essa% M Assa% : to attempt ) to test the purity of metals. 4e assoyed hard to win his 'oss6s favour. She assayed her gold ornaments when she purchased them. Essa% : a piece of composition. 4is essay is full of grammatical errors.
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Rock Study Circle

7,t 0i..erent in eaning : A$ter- A$tar ) A$ter ) change. .othing can alter my opinion a'out her. A$tar ) place of offering in a temple or church. 4e sacrificed his life at the altar of his country6s freedom. A$$,sion- I$$,sion : A$$,sion : reference. ;ilton6s E7aradise Dost6 is full of classical allusions. I$$,sion : deception. "n 4indu philosophy this world is regarded merely as an illusion. Ange$- Ang$e : Ange$ : messenger of Cod. A patriot is welcomed in heaven 'y angels. Ang$e : fishing hook a point where two lines meet. .inty degree make a right angle.
A!!osite- O!!osite : A!!osite : suita'le proper. ;rs. "ndira Candhi6s speech was full of apposite remarks. O!!osite : contrary standing in front. 2hat is the opposite meaning of Evirture6 3 4is house is opposite to the Canesh temple.
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Assign ent- Assignation : Assign ent : to give work. Aour teacher gave you an assignment to 'e finished at home. Assignation ) an appointment. They did not present themselves at their assignation. Canvas- Canvass : Canvas : a kind of rough cloth. ;y shoes are made of canvas. Canvass: to solicit vote. Canvassing is prohi'ited twenty four hours 'efore the election. Cast- Caste : Cast : to throw (ver') a list of actors taking part in play (noun). The die is cast there is no going 'ack now. The cast includes the name of distinugished actors. Caste: 'reed. 2hat caste does he 'elong to Cease- Sei)e : Cease : to stop to discontinue. All of a sudden hislife ceased. Sei)e : to catch hold tightly. 4e is seiQed of the pro'lem. 4e seiQed him 'y the neck. ) 9448830571 : 9972260102
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A,ght- O,ght : A,ght : anything. E" apologiQe to you for aught " have done said the 'oy. O,ght : in the sense of must. 2e ought to o'ey our parents and teachers.
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Cession- Session : Cession : yielding "ndia had to make a cession of a good deal of territory for the creation of 7akistan. Session : the time when a pu'lic 'ody or a court sits. (uring the monsoon session of the parliament several pieces of legislation were taken up and put through.
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2each- 2eech : 2each : shore. They stood on the 'each and watched the waves. 2eech : a tree. The rows of 'eeches all along the road presented a fascinating sight. 2erth- 2irth : 2erth : a sleeping seat in a train or a ship. 4e has got a 'erth reserved for Calcutta 'y paying an e&tra sum of Rs.1FO? 2irth : coming into life. 7lease let me now the date of your 'irth. 2o,gh- 2o1 : 2o,gh : a 'ranch of tree. Cut is the 'ranch that might have grown full laurel 'ough. 2o1 : to 'end. 4e 'owed and touched the feet of his Curu.
2ra8e- 2rea8 : 2ra8e : an instrument to stop a wheel. The 'rakes having failed the car wollided with a rickshwa. 2rea8 : to make apart. Can you 'reak this stick into five parts 3
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Career- Carrier : Career : profession ) professional or any other term. (uring his student career he never participated in de'ates. Carrier : one who carries. ;odern cinema films are the carriers of corruption. Co !$i ent- Co !$e ent : Co !$i ent : respect regards. 7lease pay my compliments to your parents. Co !$e ent : that which completes or makes full. @ruits serve as complement to food. Conscience- Conscio,s : Conscience : the inner voice. 2e should never ignore the voice of our Conscience. Conscio,s : sensitive to 'e aware of. *ne should always 'e conscious a'out one6s duties.
Cei$ing- Sea$ing : Cei$ing : of a room L limit. Ceiling fan gives pleasant 'reeQe in the heat of the rainy season. Degislation has 'een enacted in almost all the states imposting ceiling on land holdings. Sea$ing : with wa&. The sealing of the 'allot 'o& was done in the presence of the candiate6s agents.
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2orro1- 2,rro1 : 2orro1 : to take on loan. 4e 'orrowed from his friend Rs. one thousand at the time of his son6s marriage. 2,rro1 : a hole in earth. As the cat came the rats ran into their 'urrows.
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2ri0a$- 2ri0$e: 2ri0a$ : .uptial pertaining to marriage. 4is wife 'ought many 'ridal presents when she came to her hus'and6s house. 2ri0$e : reins used to drive a horse. "t is difficult to control a horse without 'ridle. Ca$en0ar- Ca$en0er : Ca$en0ar : Chart showing the months and days of the year. 7lease consult the calendar and tell me what data falls on the ne&t Sunday. C$en0er : as ver' Eto press or give finish to a piece of cloth6. 7lease calender my shirt.
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Cor!ase- Cor!s : Cor!se : dead 'ody. The corpse was smeared with 'lood all over. Cor!s ) a 'ody of troops (pronounced as kore) 2e have the senior division of .ational Cadet Corps in our college.
Cite- Site- Sight : Cite : to 1uote. To prove his point he cited an e&ample from history. Site : the local condition or situation. *ur office 'uilding has a good site. Sight : scene view. The waters of the sea with the rays of the rising sun presented a 'eautiful sight.
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Canon- Connon : Canon : principle. 2hat are the canons of ta&ation 3
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Co,nci$- Co,nse$ : 4is 'rother is a mem'er of the Degislative Council of the state.
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Cannon : a 'ig gun. Cannon and mortar fire came to 'e used in Ehe civil war in De'anon.
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Co,nse$ : advice. 2e should heed the counsel of our elders.
C,rrent- C,rrant : C,rrent : a stream. The swift current of the flooded river washed away everything that came in its way. Currant ) dried grapes. She is very fond of currants C% 7a$- S% 7o$ : C% 7a$ : a kind of musical instrument. 4e likes the sound of cym'als. S% 7o$ : one thing employed to represent another. The Ta9 ;ahal is the sym'ol of immortal love.
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Er,!tion- Irr,!tion : Er,!tion : 'ursting out. :olcanic eruptions in some parts of <apan are common occurrences. Irr,!tion ) sudden invasion. The irruption of the CaQni6s forces distur'ed the peaceful life of "ndia. &air- &are : &air : good a show 9ust. That act on the part of Covernment was a 'lot on the fair name of democracy. ;any countries installed their pavillions in the industrial fair held in (elhi. 4e achieved success 'y employing only fair means. &are : passage money L food provided at ta'let to progress to get. 2hat is the 1 st class Railaway fare from Agra to Calcuatta 3 4ow did your son fare in the e&amination.
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*ecease- *isease : *ecease : death. .ation wide condolences were offered for the deceased. *isease : illness malady. "nfectious diseases spread very 1uickly. *e.er- *i..er : *e.er : to put off. The 9udge deferred his 9udgement for a later data. *i..er ) to disagree. 2isemen always differ with one another. *ie- *%e : *ie : %&pire. 4e died in harness. *%e : colour (.oun and ver').4e dyed his coat in 'lack.
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&eat- &eet : &eat ) skill. The Apollo > SoyuQ 9oint mission in space was a wonderful technological feat of the modern age. &eet : the plural of foot. 2ash your feet 'efore entering the kitchen of an orthodo& 5rahmin. &ir- &,# : &ir : a tree. @ir trees are found in a'undance in 5undelkhand region. @ur ) soft hair of animals. 4is coat is made of fur. &$o,r- &$oor : &$o,r : ground grain. The wheat is ground into flour. &$oor : lower surface of a room (.oun)L to knock down (ver'). She is sitting on the floor. @loor a man in the 'o&ing match. &orego- &orgo : &orego: to go or happen 'efore L to precede. ;uch light on this pro'lem has 'een thrown in the foregoing chapter of this 'ook. &orgo : to do without. The mother forgoes her own pleasure for the sake of her children.
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*ose- *o)e: *ose : the 1uantity of medicine taken at a time. This 'ottle contains four doses of medicine. *o)e : sleep. 2hile witnessing the cinema show he doQed off 'ecause he had kept awake for two previous nights.
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*ra,ght- *ro,ght : *ra,ght : the 1uantity of li1uid drink taken at time. 4e drank a glass of apple 9uice in one draught. *ro,ght ) want of rain. The crops perished e&tensively on account of wide spread drought in 5ihar.
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Gage- G,age- Ga)a : Gage : pledge security. " cannot give you money without gage. G,age : measure. The interviewers guage the personality of the candidates within minutes. Ga)e : to look attentively or constantly. They gaQed at each other 'ut could not recognise.
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E$,sive- I$$,sive : E$,sive : escaping from grasp. 4appiness to most is elusive. I$$,sive : deceptive 'ased on illusion. The ways of destiny are illusive.
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ina$- ger
inate :
Ger ina$ : Ad9. 7ertaning to germinative. Such an idea is germinal L " am certain that it will influence thinkers and philosophers for many generations. Ger inate : : case sprout L sprout. After the seeds germinate and develop their permanent leaves the plants may 'e removed from the cold frames and transplanted to the garden.
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E!ic- E!och : E!ic ) poetic account of the deeds of one or more great heroes or of a nation6s history. Ramcharit manas is a great 4indi epic written 'y Tulsidas. E!och : period of time (in history life etc.) marked 'y special events or characteristics.
Goa$- Gao$ : Goa$ : aim. 2hat goal have you in life to attain Gao$ : 9ail prison. 4e has 'een to goal many time.
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Gi$0- G,i$0 : Gi$0 : to apply a thin covering of gold. 4er ornaments are not genuine. They are 9ust gilded with gold. G,i$0 : association of men 'elonging to a particular profession or trade. "n the middle Ages artisans organised themselves into guilds. 'ai$- 'a$e : 'ai$ : froQen rain drops L welcome. The down?pour of hails destroyed the ripe crops. 4e was hailed 'y all as a leader of men. 'a$e : healthy. All his sons are hale and hearty.
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3icense- 3icence : 3icense : 7ermission to keep a thing. *nly licensed doctors can practise. 3icence : li'erty of action. *nly great artists are capa'le of taking licence with grammatical usages. 3ose- 3oose : 3ose : To have no more. 2e can ill afford to lose our friends. 3oose : slack rela&ed not light. 4e is loose in morals. The knot is till loose. 3ater- 3atter : 3ater : comparative of late. ;r. 7illai came later than ;r. ;urti. Datter )opposed to Eformer6. *f drama and poetry the latter is more interesting.
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'oar0- 'or0e : 'oar0 : to store up. The grain merchant hoard enormous 1uantities of grains at the time of harvest and sell it at ar'itrary price in the lean months. 'or0e : tri'e a gang. A horde of invaders destroys whatever comes in their way. 'oo!- ;hoo! : 'oo! : 'and. The little children played with a hoop and rod. ;hoo! : the loud cry. There were heard whoops of 9oy.
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I0$e- I0o$ : I0$e : 2ithout work. A 'usy man dislikes remaining idle. I0o$ : image. 5ernard Shaw was a great idol > 'reaker. The 4indus worship idols.
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Mant$e- Mante$ : Mant$e : Cloak (fig. Responsi'ility). After the death of .ehru the mantle of guiding the destiny of the country fell on Dal 5ahadur Shastri. Mante$ : of fire place. The mantel piece was tastefully adorned. Metre- Meter : Metre : rhythm of verse (o you know in what metre Spenser wrote his E@airy Pueen6 Meter : a measuring instrument. The electric meter fitted in my house has gone ) 9448830571 : 9972260102
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+ea$o,s- Iea$o,s : +ea$o,s : envious. 4e was inveigled into accepting 'ri'e. Iea$o,s : enthusiastic. 4e is very Qealous a'out his new assignment. 4nott%- Na,ght%: 4nott% : intricate. "t is too knotty a pro'lem to 'e solved. Na,ght% : mischievous. 4e is a very naughty 'oy.
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4nave- Nave : 4nave : rogue. 4e is not only a fool 'ut also a -nave. Nave : part of church central 'lock of wheel 'ud. The nave is loose so the movement is easy. 3ightening- 3ightning: 3ightening : make lighter. 4is assistance did a lot in lightening the 'urden of work. 3ightning : flash in clouds or electric discharge in clouds. Several animals were struck and killed 'y lightning. 3oath- 3oathe : 3oath : unwilling. Savitri was loath to give up following dead Satyawan even after 'eing granted two 'oons 'y Aama. 3oathe : to dislike greatly. " loathe to flatter a man.
Patro$- Petro$ : Patro$ : a detachment of guard (.oun) ) to keep guard (ver'). The police patrolled the riot affected town for a num'er of days. A patrol party soon arrived on the scene and arrested thero''ers. Petro$ : li1uid fuel. The price of petrol 'eing very high it is now very difficult to maintain a car.
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Minor- Miner : Minor : underage L lesser. ;inors are not allowed to see this film. "t is a minor mistake so you needn6t worry. Miner ) *ne who works in a mine. The life of miners is very tough Monetar%- Monitor% : Monetar% : relating to money. 4e is always guided 'y monetary considerations. Monitor% : giving or working advice. 2e shouldn6t neglect the monitory counsels of our elders. Na,ght- No,ght : Na,ght : nothing. All his efforts came to naught. No,ght : cipher. 4is telephone num'er is si& nought four eight (,F$=). Oar- Ore : Oar : used for rowing a 'oat. Dife without purpose is like a 'oat without oars. Ore : crude metal. "ndia e&ports iron ore to many countries. Ora$- An,ra$ : Ora$ ) spoken. The director sent an oral message to the (eputy (irector. A,ra$ : relating to the sense of hearing. 4e does not hear clearly his aural system seems to have developed some defect. S,r!$,r- S,r!$ice ) Surplus ) e&cess. The surplus land got after the implementation of land ceiling legislation will 'e distri'uted among the landless. S,!$ice : a loose white linen garment worn 'y officiating clergy. The clergy in surplice were seen moving a'out in the churchyard. St%- St%e ) St% ) pigstry the enclosure where pigs are kept. All the pigs were herded into the sty. St%e : inflamed swelling on the edges of evelid. 4e feels much pain 'ecause of stye in the left eye. Tea - Tee : Tea ) a party of players. The Ram9as College team has won the hockey match. ) 9448830571 : 9972260102
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Pe0a$- Pe00$e : Pe0a$ : worked 'y foot. The pedals of the cycle do not work well. Pe00$e : to trifle. 4e peddled with everyone that came in contact with him. Prescri7e- Proscri7e : Prescri7$e : to give directions. The medicines prescri'ed 'y the doctor had
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Rock Study Circle

Tee : to 'e full of to a'ound. ;y garden teems with grass.
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N,ite- N,iet: N,ite : altogether. "t is 1uite impossi'le to achieve greatness without work. N,iet : silent. 4e asked the 'oys to 'e 1uiet.
Root- Ro,te- Ro,t : Root : underground part of a plant. The roots of the neem tree are e&tensively stretched. Ro,te : way. 5y which route do you propose to go to (elhi 3 Ro,t : retreat or defect or flight. "n the 'attle of 4aldighati Rana 7ratap6s army was completely routed. The 7akistani armies were put to rout.
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Right- Rite : Right : claim L correct. @reedom of speech and e&pression is one of the fundamental rights guaranteed in our Constitution. 4e is on the right path. Rite: ceremony. Several rites are performed at the time of an "ndian wedding. Rein- Reign : Rein : 'ridle to drive and control the horse. "t is difficult to control a horse without reins. Reign : rule. Art and literature flourished during the reign of Samudra Cupta. Strait- Straight : Strait: narrow passage of sea. "ndia and Sri Danka are divided 'y the 7alk straits. Straight : direct opposed to curve. 4e drove straight to the office. This is a straight line. Stationar%- Stationar% : Stationar% : fi&ed not moving. The sun is stationary while planets revolve round it. Stationar% : writing material. 4e has recently started a stationary shop. Sooth- Soothe : Sooth : truth. Sooth to say he was a confirmed rascal. Soothe : to calm L console. 4is sympathetic attitude soothed my wounded heart.
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Tear- Tier : Tear ) li1uid discharged 'y the eyes. 4e shed crocodile tears at the death of his step mother. Tier ) a row. The ascent showed tiers of tall trees. Tenor- Ten,re : Tenor ) purpose etc. the tenor of his speech was that we should e&ercise our vote wisely. Ten,re ) holding of land etc. the land tenure system in "ndia during 5ritish days was not satisfactory and had to 'e changed after "ndia achieved freedom. Toe- To1 : Toe ) a part of the foot. 2e should not trad upon the toe of others. To1 ) a rope ) to draw 'y a rope. The 'oatman towed his 'oat ashore.
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( !ire- E !ire : ( !ire ) referee. %very player has to o'ey the 9udgement of the umpire. E !ire ) dominion. There was a time when the sun did not set in the 5ritish empire.
;eather- ;hether- ;ether : ;eather ) state of atmosphere. They went on a picnic in a fine weather ;hether ) it. " dou't whether he will get through or not. ;ether ) castrated ram. *ne fond pastime with the no'les and lords of the .awa'6s court was wether > fighting.
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;an0er- ;on0er ) ;an0er ) To roam. They wandered through the forest in search of Sita. ;on0er ) To feel surprised. 4e wondered at her e&ceptional charms. Je1- E1e : Je1 : a kind of tree. There was a yew standing close 'y his 'ut. E1e : female sheep. The ram is taller than the ewe.
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Avenge- Revenge : Avenge : to inflict 9ust punishement on evil doers L it does not imply the gratitication of personal grudge. 4amlet was goaded 'y his father6s ghost to avenge his death. Revenge ) to retaliate L to inflict pain or in9ury simply to gratify one6s resentment or grudge. 4e revenged himself on his enemy for all the wrongs done to him.
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LSJNONJMS5 ;or0s 1hich are a!!arent$% i0entica$ in !ossess s,7t$e sha0es o. 0i..erence.
A7stain- Re.rain : A7stain : keeping away from something. 2e should a'stain from drinking. Re.rain : keep away from doing some thing. 2e should refrain from oppressing the poor.
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Acci0ent Inci0ent : Acci0ent : a mishap. There was a railway accident in which over one hundred people had lost their lives. Inci0ent : occurrence event. This is the most memora'le incident of my A0 it- Con.ess : A0 it : to concede as true. 4e admitted that he was present when the crime was committed. Con.ess ) to acknowledge responsi'ility of a guit. 4e confessed that he had murdered him. A$$o1- Per it : A$$o1 : not to refuse a'staining from refusal. The teacher allowed him to enter the class. Per it : to give a decided assent. " permitted him to enter the class when he re1uested for it. Anger- Resent ent : Anger : a sudden feeling of displeasure. 4e could not control his anger when he saw his own 'rother 'eing insulted. Resent ent) more lasting feeling of displeasure. She har'ors resentment against his ha'it of criticiQing her in the presence of her relatives. Ans1er- Re!$% : Ans1er : a 1uestion is answered. 4e could answer only five 1uestions and of seven. Re!$% : a letter or charge is replied to. An early reply is solicited. Assent- Consent : Assent : relates to matters of 9udgement. The 7resident gave his assent to the 'ill already passes 'y the 7arliament. Consent ) relates to matters of conduct. 4e could get with great difficulty his father6s consent for marriage with the girl he loved.
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A$ter- Change : A$ter ) to make some difference in athing. 4e made little alteration in his plans. Change ) to su'stitute one thing for another. Change is the law of nature. 2att$e- ;ar- &ight : 2att$e ) a single contest 'etween two oppsoing armies. The 'attle of 4aldighati proved disastrous for the Ra9put power. ;ar : a series of contests 'etween opposing armies continued for a long time. The second world war started the process of decoloniQation. 2egin- Co ence : 2egin ) used on all occasions. The sooner you 'egin the work the earlier you finish it. Co ense ) used in official and formal language. The e&amination will commence on the !0th of ;arch 2ea,ti.,$- 'an0so e : 2ea,ti.,$ ) implies a certain degree of delicacy hence applica'le to women. She is a very 'eautiful girl. 'an0so e ) used for man. 4e is handsome young man.
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C,sto - 'a7it : C,sto ) refers to many persons a community a race or society. "t is an evil customamong the 4indus to give dowry. 'a7it ) applica'le to a person or a small num'er of persons. " do not like his ha'it of chewing the 'etel every time. Cri e- Sin- :ice : Cri e ) an offence against the laws of the state or society. 4e has committed the crime of murder. Sin : an offence against the law of Cod or religion. "t is a sin to commit adulter. :ice : an offence against morals. (rinking wine is a vice. ) 9448830571 : 9972260102
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Co !,$sion- O7$igation : Co !,$sion ) it involves force. 4e was compelled 'y the court to present himself on that day. O7$igation ) it involves imperative imposed on us a duty. 2e are o'liged to do something for out 'rethren.
Ancient- O$0 : Ancient : opposed to modern. "n ancient days "ndia en9oyed great glory among the comity of nations. O$0 : opposed to new and young. *ld people generally 'ecome conservative in their attitude.
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Attain- Ac9,ire : Attain : to get la'our or e&ertion. 4e attained full success in his plan of 'ringing a'out his downfall. Ac9,ire ) to have and hold permanently. The ha'its ac1uired early in life last till the end of life.
Coo$- Co$0 : Coo$ ) denotes a pleasant sensation. 4e offered him cool water with great hospitality. Co$0 ) denotes an unpleasant sensation. "t is too cold to go out.
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Cei$ing- Roo. : Cei$ing ) the inner part of a root. The ceiling of the room is decorated withoil painting. Roo. ) the entire covering of a room or house. 4e 9umped from the roof of his house and 'roke his leg.
', 7$e ', i$iate : ', 7$e ) 'eing low. She was 1uite hum'le in her re1uest. ', i$iate ) to lower the dignity of a person. The hypocrite was humiliated on several occasions yet he did not give up his haughtly attitude.
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Co !are to- Co !are 1ith : Co !are to ) comparing unlike things. 4er face can 'e compared to the moon. Rana 7ratap was compared to a lion in 'ravery Compare with ) comparing like things. "n respect of humanism -eats can 'e compared with shakespeare.
Co on- M,t,a$ : Co on ) something in which two or more persons have interest or participation. The marriage 'etween Sheela and -apoor was settled through their common friend Sharmila. M,t,a$ ) that which is freely interchanged. There was a mutual e&change of greeting when they 'oth met after a long lapse of time.
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'ar0$%- Scarce$% : 'ar0$% ) refers to degree. *ne can hardly imagine how much Candhi9i suffered for the sake of "ndia6s freedom. Scarce$% ) refers to 1uantity. Det alone lending he has scarcely enough for his own use. I$$- Sic8 : I$$ ) out of health. 4e is ill these days and cannot to any work. Sic8 ) feeling effects of some disease. 4e is a sick man and must take particular care of his diet.
+,stice- E9,it% ) +,stice ) 'ased on the laws of society. <ustice demands that one must get ade1uate compensation for the property ac1uired 'y the state for a pu'lic purpose E9,it% ) our consciousness of right or wrong. "t is the demand of e1uity to help the poor and the hoest.
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*ro1n- Sin8 : *ro1n ) it is applied to persons. Two real 'rothers were drowned in the Cange. Sin8 ) usually applied to things. The ship sank and all the passengers including the crew perished.
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*iscover- Invent : *iscover ) to find out a thing that e&isted 'efore. Colum'us discovered America. Invent ) to create something that did not e&ist 'efore. Television was invented 'y <.D. 5aird.
Eno,gh- S,..icient : Eno,gh ) 1uantity all that one wants. @or a
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M,r0er- 4i$$- Assassinate : M,r0er ) to put to death deli'erately. ;ac'eth murdered -ing (uncan. 4i$$ ) simply means to put to death. "n the Second 2orld 2ar crores of people were killed. Assassinate ) to murder 'y design surprise or secret assault. ;ahatma Candhi was assassinated 'y a man who was to all intents and purposes a mad man.
!0.
#$.
Notice- O7serve : Notice ) to o'serve in a cursory manner. The
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miserly fellow nothing is enough. S,..icient ) that much which is necessary for one6s need. *nly two pieces of 'read are sufficient for me.
!,.
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son noticed some improvement in the condition of his ailing father. O7serve ) to notice continuously. " have o'served him from close 1uarters and have found him a perfect gentlemen. Possi7$e- Pro7a7$e : Possi7$e ) that which can happen or e&ist or can 'e done. "t is not possi'le to finish the work within so short a time. Pro7a7$e : that which is e&pected to happen. "t is pro'a'le that he may get a 9o'.
Error- Mista8e : Error ) errors are caused 'y want knowledge. 4e committed several errors years in his paper. Mista8e ) taking one thing or person another. To think that every leader is opportunist is a mistake.
#0.
of of for an
!/.
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E#c,se- &orgive- Par0on : E#c,se ) used with reference to trifling matters. Aou will please e&cuse me for interrupting you in the middle. &orgive ) used with reference to grave offences. To err is human to forgive is divine. Par0on ) used with reference to simpler offences. " 'eg your pardon. 'ear- 3isten ) 'ear ) to perceive 'y the ear. She heard him talking to himself in a lonely room. 3isten ) to hear with attention. 4e listened to the speech and appreciated. See- 3oo8- ;atch- ;itness : See ) perceiving with eyes it implies no effort. " see the children playing in the field. 3oo8 ) to turn one6s eyes towards some thing to see it implies effort. Dook at the 'lack 'oard. ;atch ) to o'serve something closely. The tiger watched at the sleeping man. ;itness ) is used not of persons 'ut of events or incidents. " witnessed the 'us accident in which ten persons lost their lives.
#,.
Reco$$ect- Re e 7er : Reco$$ect ) call to mind after some effort. Can you recollect what he said the other day 3 Re e 7er : to 'ear in mind. 2e should always remem'er that virtue 'rings its own reward.
Sha0e- Sha0o1 : Sha0e ) a spot sheltered from the rays of the sun. he stopped the cart in the shade of a neem tree. Sha0o1 : dark figure pro9ected 'y a 'ody. "f you move your shadow moves with you.
#/.
#+.
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Tra0e- Co erce : Tra0e : "t is on either small or iarge scale within or without the country. Co erce : it is always on a large scale most often with foregin countries. "t was commerce which was at the root on much of colonialism in the wold .
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Sa.et%- sec,rit% : Sa.et% ) the a'sence of danger. Safety lies in his running away from here. Sec,rit% ) sense of feeling safe. All men desire security for in a'sence of it nothing great can 'e achieved.
Sa$,7rio,s- Sa$,tar% : Sa$,7rio,s : healthul. E;any people with hay fever move to more salu'rious parts of the country during the months of August and Septem'er. Sa$,tar% : 'eneficial wholesome tending to improve. The punishment had a salutary effect on the 'oy as he 'ecame a model student. Scener%- Sight- Scene : Scener% ) a view presented 'y nature a view of landscape. The scenery of -ashmir is very charming. Sight ) anything seen faculty of vision. The rays of the sun falling on the still waters of the lake present a 'eautiful sight.
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Tri.$ing- trivia$ : Tri.$ing : of small or no importance it does not imply contempt. "t is childish to fight for trifling things. Trivial ) something which is insignificant in itself small matter made too much of it implies contempt. Aou must not 1uarrel over these trivial things. Tr,ce- treat% : Tr,ce : 9ust a suspension of hostilities 'etween two armies. There was a truce 'etween the opposing armies on %aster day. Treaty ) a more formal and prolonged arrangement than truce. "ndia and the Soviet Gnion signed on August + 1+/1 a treaty of friendship peace and co > operation.
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Scene ) a landscape a place where an event or accident takes place. " like very much the charm of natural scene. 4e was not present at the scene of the accident. Si$$%- St,!i0 : Si$$% ) shows deficiency of intellect (denotes contempt). "t was 1uite silly of him to treat it so light. St,!i0 : one having a cloudy perception of everything. As he is a stupid fellow he cannot make a difference 'etween what is good tor him and what is not.
Rock Study Circle

E !t% : is used of thing which has nothing in it. This pot is empty.
#=.
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;eather. C$i ate : ;eather : the atmospheric conomon at a place t a particular time. "t 'eing a cold weather none dared to go out. C$i ate : the general condition of atmosphere (temperature humidity wind etc.) of a long period of time. The climate of SwitQerlana is good in health.
I. The in0e.inite Artic$e : @AA or @AnA EA6 and EAn6 are used 'efore singular Counta'le .ouns when we do not specify the person or thing we are referring to. "n other words the person or thing is not made definite or specially defined. " saw a girl running across the road (some girl > not definite) The children had not seen an elephant 'efore. (Any elephant > not specific).
ARTIC3ES
The use of these two indefinite Articles is conte&t 'ound 1. @AA is ,se0 7e.ore 1or0s 7eginning 1ith a consonanta$ so,n0 : a dog a 'oy a horse a yard a young man a historical place etc. 2. 2e.ore 1or0s 7eginning 1ith a @%A so,n0 : A university a european lady useful tip a unit etc. (.ote ) in these words u is pronounced as y which is a consonant) 3. Si i$ar$% M 1or0s 7eginning 1ith a @ A so,n0 ta8e the artic$e @aA. A one > day match a one > eyed man a one > man commission. (.ote ) "n the a'ove e&amples o is pronounced as w a consonantal sound) @AnA is ,se0 7e.ore 1. ;or0s 7eginning 1it a vo1e$ so,n0 : An um'rella an elephant an apple an eye an idiot an orange an ordinary man 2. ;or0s 7eginning 1ith a si$ent @hA. An hour an honest man an heir. 3. ;or0s $i8e M3A- NCC ca0et- MP- 3M3 scooter- MA- Msc 2hen pronounced in their a''reviated forms 'egun with a vowel sound and therefore take indefinite article an ) An ;DA and .CC Cadet an ;7 etc. 5ut a ;em'er of Degislative Assem'ly. A ;em'er of 7arliament ". the a'ove e&panded forms m n sound normal.
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4ence the use of Ea6 notan 'egun the words. "mportant .ote ) Remem'er a e i o u are .*T :*2%DS. They are sym'ols which very often represent vowel sounds. The vowels of a language cannot 'e identified through the eyes. They can 'e identified only through the ear. (se o. the In0e.inite Artic$e 1. A and An are weakened forms of one. They refer to singular counta'le .ouns ) ;e 7o,ght a .$at in a !osh $oca$it%. The 1or8 re9,ires at $east a 0o)en s8i$$e0 1or8ers. She sho,$0 have carrie0 an , 7re$$a. !. The "ndefinite Article is used as an introducing word *n my way to college " saw a man in rags. " was reading an interesting novel when you rang up. #. 5efore a noun used as Representative of a class A tiger 7e$ongs to a .ast < vanishing s!ecies. An e$e!hant never .orgets. $. "n the sense of any every ) 2reathes there a an 1ith so,$ so 0ea0 ;ho to hi se$. hath not sai0. BThis is % o1n % native $an0 OD 'e gets a sa$ar% o. Rs. 2F-FFFGP a onth 0. a) *ccasionally used 'efore a 7roper .ame to make it a Common .oun ) A *anie$ La 1ise an0 i !artia$ /,0ge5 co e to /,0ge ent. 'e is a 'erc,$es o. o,r state. LStrong an5 ') "n the following sentence a is used to denote unfamiliarity ) *a0- a Mr. +ohn has co e Lso eone ca$$e0 +ohn5 ,. EA6 is also used with few little to mean some ) @ew > nothing a few > some
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Dittle > nil a little > some 'e has .e1 .rien0s Lno .rien0s5 'e has a .e1 .rien0s Lso e5 There is $itt$e i$8 at ho e There is a $itt$e i$8 at ho e Lso e5 II. The ,se o. the *e.inite Artic$e The *e.inite Artic$e is ,se0 : 1. 5efore .ouns made familiar through earlier reference ) Aesterday " met a young 'oy. "n his 'lue uniform the 'oy > looked like a student of " St. <oseph6s School. Dast year Sachin 'ought a 'at and a 'all. The 'at is still with him 'ut the 'all is lost. !. 2hen a person or thing is particularised. The man we met yesterday has come to see you. The lady in pink saree is my elder sister #. 2hen reference is to a particular person familiar to 'oth the speaker and the listener) ;ohan your uncle is unwell Call the doctor (the doctor is pro'a'ly the family doctor) J2here is my 'lue shirt 3K "t is in the wardro'e. (The wardro'e is familiar to 'oth the persons) $. 5efore Singular .ouns Representing the whole class The lion is the king of forest. The leopard is the fastest running animal. The cow is a useful animal. 0. 5efore .ouns that are uni1ue only ones of their kind ) The sun the moon the earth the sky the .orth pole the South 7ole. ,. 5efore names of rivers gulfs seas oceans groups of islands mountain ranges. The Canga the Ara'ian Sea the 7ersian gulf. The 7acific *cean the Alps the 4imalyas The 2est "ndies the Andmans etc.
Rock Study Circle

/. 5efore names of well > known 'ooks ) The Ramayana the ;aha'harat the paradise lost. (.ote ) The isnotused when the author6s nameispref&ied L :almiki6s Ramayana ;ilton6s paradise lost etc. =. 5efore 7roper .ouns when used as Common .ouns -alidas is the Shakespeare of "ndia. ;um'ai is the ;anchester of "ndia. +. 5efore Ad9ectives in Superlative (egrees ) This is the 'est novel have ever read. The most prominent amongst the %liQa'ethan dramatists 2illiam Shakesphere. 1F. 5efore Ad9ectives that function as .ouns ) The rich should help the poor. The strong should protect the weak. 11. 5efore Comparative (egrees ) The more you earn the more you want. The more you drink the more you thirst for alcohol. 1!. 5efore the plural names of countries ) the G- The GSA the GA% etc. 1#. 5efore the names of .ews 7apers ) The 4indu The (eccan 4erald the :i9aya -arnataka etc. 1$. 5efore names of famous 'uildings ) The -utu' ;inar The Ta9 ;ahal the Dearning Tower of 7isa The 7yramids etc. 10. 5efore the famous historical events ) The "ndustrial Revolution The <alianwalah ;assacre. The American 2ar of "ndependence etc. 1,. 5efore names famous 'usiness firms ) The Reliance "ndustries. The 4industan Dever etc. 1/. 5efore .ationalities ) The "ndian the American the %nglish etc. III. Iero or NO Artic$e : @rom our school days we have 'een taught that there are only Two Articles in %nglish. 5ut its is no true. There is one more Article i.e. Hero Article or .o Article. The contents in which the use of Article is to 'e avoided are 1. 5efore 7roper .ames ) of 7ersons Countries and Town O Streets +ohn CCCCCC. Not the +ohn. Mohan CCCCC.not the Mohan. In0ia CCCCCC.not the In0ia. 2anga$,r, CCCCC.. not the 2enga$,r, 2. 2e.ore A7stract No,ns : Aouth is hot Age is cold. ;en fear death as children fear going in darkenss. 4onesty is the 'est policy.
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"f wealth is lost nothing is lost. "f health is lost
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3. 2e.ore !$aces o. Asse 7$% 1hen visite0 .or their !ri ar% !,r!oses : 2e go to college O temple O market etc. (we go to study O pray O to sell or 'uy.) ". 2e.ore ho e 1hen its re.ers s!ea8erAs or the $istenerAs ho e. Co home and take rest. " am not well L " will stay at home. 6. A.ter a no,n in Possessive case : The 'oy6s uncle my sister6s hus'and =. 2e.ore a no,n !rece0e0 7% Possessive A0/ective : ;y 'ook our neighour. ;y 'lue shirt her pink frock. >. 2e.ore na es o. onths- 0a%s- .estiva$sL,s,a$5 ro,tine ea$s. ;onday Tuesday <anuary (ecem'er Christmas Ggadi Dunch (inner 5reakfast. ?. Man an0 ;o an ,se0 in genera$ sense : ;an is a social animal. 2oman is man6s companion. E. (sages $i8e Pre!ositiona$ Phrases LPre!osition Q No,n5 5y road 'y trian on foot under water at sunset at day 'reak at night ('ut in the morning in the evening) 1F. 2e.ore na es o. ga es : 4ockey is a popular game. Cricket is a game of chance. 11. 2e.ore na es o. co$o,r : Red is a 'right colour. Creen is a smoothing colour. M'utBBBthe red colour of his shirt attracted every'ody6s attention.N to the
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I*IOMS AN* P'RASES
1. A$!ha an0 O ega : ('eginning and end). The alpha and omega of his life was the service of the nation. 2. 2ag an0 7aggage : (with all the possessions or goods). 4e has left Agra 'ag and 'aggage. 3. &$esh an0 7$oo0 : (human nature). To err is human 'ecause every man is made of flesh and 'lood. ". &ire an0 s1or0 : (destruction). The invasions of ;ahmud CaQni 'rought nothing 'ut fire and sword for "ndia. 6. Ga$$ an0 1or 1oo0 : (hateful L a source of annoyance). Recommendation of the worthless people is a gall and wormwood to me. =. Over hea0 an0 ears : (completely). 4e is in de't over head and ears. >. 'eart an0 so,$ : (with great sincerity and enthusiasm). 4e did his 9o' heart and soul and earned his employer6s praise for this. ?. 'o$e an0 corner !o$ic% : (an under hand or secret policy for an evil purpose). 4e adopted a hole and corner policy to achieve his goal. E. 3oaves an0 .ishes : (material gains). The politicians of today are after loaves and fishes of the office and not the service of the nation. 1F. ;ith ight an0 ain : (2ith full force). Aou have to work with might and main if you want to get selected in ".A.S. 11. Rac8 an0 r,in : (complete destruction). *n account of prolonged conflict .. :ietnam went to rack and ruin. 12. Rot an0 7ranch : (entirely). (owry system should 'e a'olished root and 'ranch from our country. 13. Tooth an0 nai$ : (with all the power that one can command). @oreign aggression must 'e resisted tooth and nail. 1". A$$ in a$$ : (most important L supreme). The people are all in all in a democracy. 16. A$$ an0 s,n0r% : (%very 'ody without distinction). 4e invited all and sundry to the party. 1=. Ins an0 o,ts : (@ull details of a thing). Aou cannot succeed in this 'usiness 'ecause you are not familiar with the ins and out of 'usiness activity. 1>. 'ar0 an0 .ast : (strictL definite). There are no hard and fast rules for writing appreciation of a poem. 1?. Might an0 ain : (full force). Aour success is sure only if you work with might and main. 1E. S!ic8 an0 s!an : (neat and smart). 5e spick and span when you appear for interview. 2F. O,t an0 o,t : (completely L to the fullest e&tent). 4e is a selfish man out and out. 21. A$$ oon shine : (altogether foolish or untrue). The charity of a smuggler is all moon shine. 22. A 7ro1n st,0% : (reverie). " startled him from his 'rown study. 23. 2$,e 7$oo0 : (royal no'le or aristocratic 'lood). Those who are proud of their 'lue 'lood forget that every 'ody dies one day.
Rock Study Circle

2". Croco0i$e tears : (affected hypocritical tears). She shed crocodile tears at the death of her step son. 26. &air !ro ise : (reasona'le ground for favora'le e&pectation). These fields give fair promise of a good harvest. 2=. &rench $eave : (leave without permission). The Covernment employee who en9oyed @rench leave was asked to su'mit an e&planation for the same.
2>. A sheet anchor : (the chief support). .on > alignment is the sheet anchor of "ndia6s foreign policy. 2?. A s$o1 co,ch : (a dull fellow who makes slow progress in everything). 4e is a slow couch and cannot get through the e&amination in one attempt.
2E. A 1i$0 goose chase : (The pursuit of a foolish pro9ect). To try to esta'lish world peace is a wild goose chase. 3F. An a!!$e o. 0iscor0 ) (a su'9ect of strife). This piece of land is an apple of discord 'etween the two 'rothers. 31. The a!!$e o. oneAs e%e : (:ery dear). %ach of her sons is an apple of her eyes. 32. A 7$essing in 0isg,ise : (really a 'lessing through apparently a curse or calamity). Adversity is said to 'e a 'lessing in disguise. 33. A 7o$t .ro the 7$,e : (a sudden and sad happening). The news of her failure in the e&amination came to her like a 'olt 3". A .eather in oneAs ca! : (a distinction L a triumph). 4is selection at the ".7.S. has added a feather in his cap. 36. A .oo$As !ara0ise : (false hopes). Aou are living in a fool6s paradise if you think that you can achieve any distinction in life without hard work. 3=. The gi.t o. the ga7 : (@luency of speech). Those who have got the gift of the ga' can easily influence people. 3>. The an in the street : (average ordinary man). The man in the street does not understand the intricacies of law. 3?. A an o. stra1 : (a puppet a person who has no will or independence of his own). 4e is merely a man of straw the real master of the house is his wife. 3E. Passing strange : (e&ceedingly strange) This news you have heard is passing strange. "F. A re0 rag to a 7,$$ : (a course of annoyance). Communism to the western democracies was like a red rag to a 'ull during the period 'etween the two world wars.
"1. A ro!e o. san0 : (a 'ond which is easily 'roken.) The support of an opportunist is merely a rope of sand.
"2. A sna8e in the grass : (a secret or hidden enemy.) 5eware of that man L he is a snake in the grass. "3. A stoneAs thro1 : (only a little distance). ;y house is not more than a stone6s throw from my college. "". The sa$t o. the earth : (the wholesome portion of a community). 4itler considered the Cermans the Salt of the earth. "6. Act ,!on : (on the lines). Acting upon the information received the 7rincipal turned the mischievous 'oy out of college.
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"=. 2ear o,t : (support confirm). The facts do not 'ear out your statement. ">. 2ear 1ith : (endure tolerate). A teacher often 'ears with the acts of mischief of his students.
"?. 2eat o.. : (to drive 'ack). The enemy forces were 'eaten off. "E. 2rea8 a1a% : (to free oneself from restraint). The 'ody has 'roken away from all discipline. 6F. 2rea8 o,t : (to start spread). Cholera has 'roken out in the city.
Rock Study Circle

!$. A lover of others. LA$tr,ist5. !0. A lover of oneself. LEgoist5. !,. (eviation or departure from common rule or standard. LAno a$%5. !/. *ne who a'andons his religious faith. A!ostate5
1. !.
#. $. 0. ,. /. =. +. 1F. 11. 1!. 1#. 1$. 10. 1,. 1/. 1=. 1+. !F. !1. !!. !#.
ONE ;OR* S(2STIT(TION An animal that is e1ually at home on land and water. LA !hi7io,s5 A person who renounces the world and practises severe self > discipline in order to attain salvation. LAscetic5 A person who does not 'elieve in the e&istence of Cod. LAtheist5 A person who is enterested in anti1uities. (Theist) A place where 'irds are kept. LAviar%5 A general pardon granted 'y the government to political of tenders. LA nest%5. *ne who can use either of his hands with ease. LA 7i0e#tero,s5 *ne who is out to destroy all government law and order. LAnarchist5 *ne who does a thing for pleasure and not as profession. LA ate,r5 That which happens once in a year. LAnn,a$5. That which happens once in two years. L2iennia$5. That which a happens once in three years. LTriennia$5 Covernment 'y one person. LA,tocrac%5. Covernment 'y the no'les. Aristocrac%5. Covernment 'y the few. LO$igarch%5. Covernment 'y the rich. LP$,tocrac%5 Covernment 'y officials. L2,rea,crac%5 Covernment 'y all. LPantisocrac%5. Covernment 'y the people of the people and for the people. L*e ocrac%5. The life > history of an man written 'y himself. LA,to7iogra!h%5 The life>history of a man written 'y some one elase. L2iogra!h%5 Commencement of words with the same letter. LA$$iteration5. To destroy the enemy completely. LAnnihi$ate5.
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!=. *f
unknown
o,s5.
or
unanimated
authorship.
!+. A'sence of government and law and order in a country. LAnarch%5. #F. A medicine to counteract the effect of poison. LAnti0ote5 #1. A person who is fond of fighting. L2e$$icose5. #!. %ngaged in war. L2e$$igerent5. ##. A person who speaks many languages. (3ing,ist5. #$. A lover and collector of 'ooks. L2i7$io!hi$e5. #0. A hater of learning and knowledge. LMiso$ogist5. #,. The practice of having two wives or two hus'ands at a time. L2iga %5. #/. The practice of marrying more than one wife at a time. LPo$%ga %5. #=. The practice of marrying more than one hus'and at a time. LPo$%an0r%5
LAnon%
#+. The
practice
%5.
of
marrying
one
at
time.
$F. (a) Tending towards the centre. LCentri.,ga$5. (') (eparting from the centre. LCentri.,ga$5. (c) DiQard that changes colour in different situations. LCha e$eon5 $1. A person who regards the whole world as his country. LCre0,$o,s5 $!. A person who easily 'elieves others. LCa$$o,s5 $#. A person who is stone > hearted. LCa$$o,s5 $$. An insect with many legs. LCentri!e0e5. $0. *ne who eats human flesh. LCanni7a$5 $,. @ine like hair. LCa!i$$ar%5 $/. Something which 'elongs to a person from his 'irth. LCongenita$5. $=. A place for 'urial of dead 'odies. LCe etr%5. $+. A person who thinks only of himself. LEgotist or Egoist5
LMonoga
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0F. A speech delivered without any previous preparation. LE#te !ore5. 01. A man wit a'normal ha'its. LEccentric5 0!. A statement that is a'solutely clear. LE#!$icit5. 0#. The science which deals with the derivations of words. LEt% o$og%5. 0$. A person who is hard to please. L&asti0io,s5. 00. Animals of a period or region. L&a,na5. 0,. A man who is devoted to the welfare of women. L&e inist5. 0/. Courage in misforture. L&ortit,0e5. 0=. *ne who can 'e easily duped or fooled. LG,$$i7$e5. 0+. ;urder of a human 'eing. L'o ici0e5. ,F. ;urder of a king. LRegici0e5. ,1. ;urder of an infant. LIn.antici0e5. ,!. Systematic killing of a racial or national group. LGenoci0e5. ,#. ;urder of mother. LMatrici0e5. ,$. ;urder of father. LPatrici0e5. ,0. ;urder of 'rother. L&ratrici0e5. ,,. ;urder of oneself. LS,ici0e5. ,/. A disease which spreads 'y contact. (In0ict ent5 ,=. 2orship of idols. LI0o$ator%5. ,+. A law that is not su'9ect to change. LI ,ta7$e5. /F. A person who loves women. LPhi$og%nist5 /1. A new word coined 'y an author. LNeo$ogis 5 /!. A medicine that induces > sleep LNarcotic5. /#. A man with an evil reputation. LNotorio,s5 /$. A person who looks to the 'right side of things. LO!ti ist5 /0. A person who looks to the dark side of things. LPessi ist5. /,. An imaginary name assumed 'y an author for disguise. LPse,0on% 5 //. %&pert in children6s diseases. LPe0iatrician5 /=. Situated along the coast. L3ittora$5.
=1. A government LRe!,7$ic5.
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with an elected head of state.
=!. A person who lives 'y himself. LRec$,se5.

=#. A person who is indifferent to pleasure and pain. Lstoic5.
=$. 2alking in sleep. LSo na 7,s$is 5. =0. Talking in sleep. LSo ni$o9,is 5. =,. The act of speaking aloud one6s thoughts when alone. (So$i$o9,%5. =/. To take place at the same time as another event. LS%nchroni)e5. ==. 7leasant e&citement. LE,!horia5. =+. Doud talk or speech. L'arang,e5. +F. *ne who is inspired 'y love of money. LMercenar%5. +1. 5elow the surface. LS,7terranean5. +!. The power of reading the thoughts of others. LTe$e!ath%5 +#. A style full of words. L:er7ose5 +$. A fault that may 'e forgive. L:enia$5
O3OGIES AN* OGRAP'IES

Aerogra!h% Aero$og% Aero anc% Aerona,tics Agrono % Anato % Ane o$og% Anthro!ogeog ra !h % Anthro!o$og% Astro$og% Astrona,tics A,0io$og% 2a$neo$og% 2ro ato$og% Cacogenics Cera ics Che othera!% Chorogra!h% Chro atics Civics C$i ato$og% Cos o$og% C%ro!genics C%to$og% E0a!ho$og% Etho$og% E,genics E#istics E#o7io$og% Geogra!h% Science of wireless telegraphy. Science of Air. 2eather @orecasting. Science of aerial navigation. Science of maintaining the a'ility of the soil to produce crops. "nternal structure of living organism. Science of wind. Ceography of the reces of man
/+. A society in which all are treated e1ually.

LEga$itarian5.
=F. A person who da''les in art and letters. L*i$ettante5.

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;ental and 7hysical states of mankind 7redicting future of human 'eings The science of space travel Science of 4earing. Science of using 'aths R 'athing in the treatment of diseases. Science of @oods. Science of deterioration of races. 7ottery Treatment of a (isease 'y certain Science of Ceography topography. Science of colours. Science of citiQenship Science of climates The science of universe as a whole 7roduction and application of very low temperatures (ealing with cells Science of soils Science of character. Science dealing with the production of fine offspring. Science of human settlement. Science dealing with life e&isting 'eyond earth Science of %arth.
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Geo or!ho$og % Gerento$og% 'ae ato$og% 'e$iothera!% 'e$i intho$og % 'isto$og% 'istorio$og% 'oro$og% '%0rograh% '%0ro$og% '%0ro!honics '%grosco!% Ichno$og% Iconogra!h% I ,no$og% 4inetics 4% ogra!h% Science of %&ternal @eatures of %arth. Science of old age Science of the 'lood Treatment using sunlight. Science of worms. Science of tissues. Science of worms Science of time measurement. Treatment of diseases with water Science dealing with water. Culture of plants without soil only in solutions. Science of measuring humidity Science of @ossil @ootprints Teaching 'y pictures and models Science of immunity. Science of action of force in producing or changing motions. Science of graphical recording of motion of pressure. Science of rocks as mineral masses. A techni1ue of 1uicker diagnosis of 'reast cancer among women Atmospheric phenomena Science of minerals. Science of clouds. Science of structure function R diseases of kidney. Science of study of nerves Science of names. Science of eggs. Science of light The study of 'ones. .ature causes and remedies of diseases Structure and function of animal and plant life @ruits Radiant energy Science of earth1uakes Science of using telegraphs. Science of using telegraphs. Communication of two minds at a distance with the help of thought feelings and emotions. Science of fermentation. Science or study of sound Study of functions and disease peculiar to men. Study of man6s origin. Study of geographical distri'ution of human races. Study of oneself. Study of 5ird6s nest. Study of whales. Study of shells Study of crystals. Study Study Study Study Study of of of of of trees R shru's. menses. menses. %pidemics "nscriptions Ethics
Rock Study Circle

7sychological Study of moral conduct and duty. Ethno$og% Study of mental and physical differences of mankind. Et% o$og% Study of the origin and history of words. Gnosio$og% 7hilosophy of knowledge. 'eorto$og% Study of religious feasts. 'i!!o$og% Study of horses. '%eto$og% Study of rainfall M%co$og% They study of fungi M%tho$og% A treatise on gods angles etc. M%tho$og% A treatise on gods angels etc. O0ontogra!h% Study of teeth Orchi0o$og% Study of orchid Ornitho$og% Study of 'irds Orogra!h% 5ranch of science that deals with mountains. Pe0agog% The study of %ducation Pe0o$og% The study of soil Peno$og% Study a'out penalties and punicshment ot management of prisons. Pesto$og% Study of Agricultural pests. Petro$og% Scientific study of rocks. Theo$og% Study of Cods R religions. To#ico$og% Study of poisons. Tricho$og% Study of 4air. T%!ho$og% Study of 'lindness and the 'lind. (.o$og% Study of unidentified flying o'9ects. (ro$og% Study of ultrasonic waves. (ro$og% Study of urine. :e#i$$og% Study of flags. 2OO4S AN* A(T'ORS Na e o. 7oo8 A,thor A 'end in the river :.S..aipaul A 'rush with Dife Satish Cu9ral A 'unch of *ld letters <.D..ehru A Ca'inet Secretary looks 5.C.(eshmukh 5ack A china 7assage <.-.Cal'raith A farewell to Arms %arnest 4emingway A Crammer of 7olitics 4arold Daski A 7air of 5lue %yes Thomas 4ardy A passage to %ngland .irad C. Chaudhury A passage to "ndia %.;.@orster A suita'le 5oy :ikram Seth A tale of Two cities Charles (ickens A train to 7akistan -hushwant Singh An "deal :iew of Dife S. Radhakrishnan Anand ;ath 5ankim Chandra Chatter9ee Arthashastra -autilya Asian (rama Cunnar ;yrdal Auto'iographical 2riting Da9pat Rai Auto'iography of an .irad C. Chaudhuri Gnknown "ndian 5ermuda Triangle Charles 5erlitQ 5etween 4ope and 4istory 5ill Clinton 5etween the Dines -uldip .ayar 5eyond 5elief :.S..aipaul 5i9ak -a'ir 5irth and %volution of the Annie 5esant soul 5unch of *ld Detters <awaharlal .ehru Caesar and Cleopatra Ceorge 5ernard Shaw Chaaitali Ra'indranath Tagore
3itho$og% Ma ogra!h % Meteroro$og% Minera$og% Ne!ho$og% Ne!hro$og% Ne,ro$og% Ona ato$og% Oo$og% O!tics Osteo$og% Patho$og% Ph%sio$og% Po o$og% Ra0io$og% Seis o$og% Te$egra!h% Te$egra!h% Te$e!ath% I% o$og% Aco,stics An0ro$og% Anthro!ogen%
Anthro!ogra!h %
A,to$og% Ca$iogra!h% Ceto$og% Concho$og% Cr%sta$$ogra!h % *en0ro$og% E eno$og% Ento o$og% E!i0er io$og% E!igra!h%
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Chandalika Coolie Crime and 7unishment (as -apital (eath and After (iscovery of "ndia @reedom at ;idnight @riends and @oes Citan9ali Climpses of 2orld 4istory Codaan Cone with the wind Cuide the 4alf A Dife 4arry potter 4ayavadana 4indu :iew of Dife "ndia (ivided "ndia of ;y (reams "ndian Summers "nsider the -adam'ari -amsutra -anyadaan -apal -undala -ayakalp Da99a Tow Tales of ;y Times ) .ew (elhi Times and ;aachis Na e o. 7oo8 Dife and 4a'it Dight of Asia Dost Child ;aha'harata ;algudi (ays ;arriage and morals ;eghdoot ;eghdutam ;ein -ampf ;en and 2omen ;idnight6s Children ;udra Rakshas ;y (ays ;y %&periments with truth ;y Dife .ational Song .atya Shastra *rigin of Species 7anchatantra 7aradise Dost 7aradise Regained 7assage to "ndia 7ride and 7re9udice 7rison (airy Raghuvansha Ra9atarangini Ram Charita ;anas Ramayana Satanic :erses Satyarath 7rakash Scholar %&traordinary Seven 7illars of 2isdom
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Rock Study Circle

Seven summers Shakuntala Song of "ndia The Sunny (ays Swami and @riends Sword of Tipu Sultan The @ist "ndian 2ar of "ndependence The Colden Cate The "ndian Struggle Gnhappy "ndia Gnto This Dast Gntoucha'le Gttara Rama Charita :illage The 2ake Gp "ndia 2ar and 7eace Gnaccustomed %arth 2orld is what it is (Auto 5iography) ;y Country ;y Dife The <apanese 2ife Dunatic in ;y 4ead "f 5etter is 7ossi'le Rethinking 1=0/ (ark Afternoons The @ar Side of @reedom ;y *ther Two (aughters ;uslims of "ndia Since 7artition ;ulk Ra9 Anand -alidas Saro9ini .aidu Sunil Cavaskar R.-..arayanan 5hagwan S.Cidwani :.(.Savarkar (r. :ikran Seth Su'ash Chandra 5ose Dala Da9pat Rai <ohn Ruskin ;ulk Ra9 Anand 5hava 5huti ;ulk Ra9 Anand Annie 5esant Deo Tolstoy <humpa Dahiri : S .aipaul D - Advani -unal 5asu An9um 4asan <ohn 5uchanan Sa'yasachi 5hattacharya 5ani 5asu (r. Dakshmi 7arasuram Sur9it Singh 5arnala 5alra9 7uri
Ra'indranath Tagore ;ahatma Candhi (ostoevsky -arl ;ar& Annie 5esant <awaharlal .ehru (omini1ue Dapierre and Darry Collins Sheikh ;u9i'ur Rahman Ra'indranath Tagore <awaharlal .ehru ;unshi 7rem Chand ;argaret ;itchell R.-..arayan :.S..aipaul <.-.Rowling Cirish -arnard (r. S.Radhakrishnan (r.Ra9endra 7rasad ;.:.-amath <ohn 2right 7.:..arasimha Rao 5ana 5hatt S.4. :atsyayan :i9ay Tendulkar 5ankimChandra Chatter9ee ;unshi 7rem Chand Taslima .asreen CulQar
A,thor Samuel 5utler %dwin Arnold ;ulk Ra9 Anand 7atan9ali R.-..arayan 5ertrand Russell -alidas -alidas Adolf 4itler Ro'ert 5rowning Salman Rushdie :ishakhadatta R.-..arayan ;.-.Candhi 5ill Clinton 5harat ;uni 5harat ;uni Charles (arwin :ishnu Sharma <ohn ;ilton <ohn ;ilton %.;.@roster <ane Astin <ayaprakash .arayan -alidas -alhana Tulsidas ;aharishi :almiki Salman Rushdie Swami (ayanand .irad C. Chaudhuri T.%. Dawrence
M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2
4EJ ;OR* P CON L;IT' G TOGET'ER5 Pre.i# CON: "t has various forms as you see in the list. The n is left out as in .os. , > + L n changes to l in .os. 1F 11 1! L n changes to m as in .os. 1# > 1= L n changes to r in .os. 1+ !F. "t is one of those assimilated prefi&es 'ut every form means 2"T4 T*C%T4%R.
1. !. #. $. 0. ,. /. =. +. 1F. 11. 1!.
4EJ ;OR*S
;OR* CON nect Lv5 CON nection Ln5 CON gress Ln5 CON gregate Lv5 CON gretgation Ln5 CO here Lv5 CO herence Ln5 CO o!erate Lv5 CO o!eration Ln5 CO3 $ect Lv5 CO3 $i0e Lv5 CO3 $ision Ln5
MEANING To link together L create a relationship The state of 'eing connected L union. The act of coming together L a meeting. To gather with others in one place. A gathering of persons. To stick together. A sticking together for a common cause To work together for a common cause. A 9oint effort or la'or. To gather into one place L to assem'le. To clash L as many interests collide A clash L a violent coming together.
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1#. 1$. 10. 1,. 1/. 1=. 1+. !F.
Rock Study Circle

1#. 1$. 10. 1,. 1/. 1=. 1+. !F.
PRO gression Ln5 PRO /ect Lv5 PRO $i.erate Lv5 PRO $i.ic La0/5 PRO ote Lv5
COM 7ine Lv5 COM 7at Ln5 COM 7atant Ln5 COM en0 Lv5 COM en0ation Ln5 COM !o,n0 Ln5 COR rect Lv5 COR re$ate Lv5
To mi& together. A fight L a 'attle L conflict. *ne who engages in 'attle. To entrust with L to mention with praise. An act of mentioning with praise. Something made of several parts. To remove faults or errors. To esta'lish a relationship with.
The orderly going forward. To throw forward L to create a plan. To 'ring production. forth 'y rapid
5ringing forth young or fruit. To move forward L to advance in station. (rawn out prolonged. L needlessly
;OR* ANA3JSIS Coo!eration CO Lco 5 < Pre.i# K 1ith OPERA Lo!,s5 < 3atin Root K 1or8 TION < S,..i# K act o. Practica$ e#ercises 1. S,!!$% the issing 1or0s : %nglish and Social Studies are BBBBBB.su'9ectsBBBBBB is a necessity in a large family BBBBB..has a 'ig legislative 9o' to do. 2. Ana$%)e No. 3 3. Se$ect the .or o. the Pre.i# CON 1hich is s,ita7$e to the roots o. the .o$$o1ing 1or0s : aBBBBB..nection fBBBBrelate 'BBBBB.mand gBBB..rect cBBBBB.plaint hBBB..pound dBBBBBoperate iBBBBpany eBBBBBlect 9BBBBlide
4EJ ;OR* P PRO L&OR;AR*G &ORT'5 Pre.i# PRO: which means @*R2AR( L @*RT4. "t is a vary simple key to learn and most convenient to use. "t opens doors to a variety of things from the 7R* fessional who is today called a 7R* all the way 'ack to ancient days in Rome when the meanest work was done 'y the lowest class citiQen called a 7R* letarian.
;OR*
PRO $i# La0/5 PRO .icient La0/5 PRO .$,ent La0/5
Showing skill L adept @lowing smoothly.
;OR* ANA3JSIS PRO*(CTION PRO < Pre.i# K .or1ar0 *(C L0,cere5 < 3atin Root K to $ea0 TION < S,..i# K act o. PRACTICA3 EHERICISES 1. S,!!$% the issing 1or0s : The %mancipationBBBwas a Bstep in civiliQation. A wiseBBBBB.willBBBB..himself with understudies so that no mishap will wreck hisBBBBBB. 2. Ana$%)e No. = 3. S,!!$% the 1or0s 1hich ost near$% e#!ress the !hrase : a. Co forward '. A move forward toward a higher grade c. The manner of going forward to a goal d. *ne who has reached certain skill or knowledge e. 7ut 'efore the pu'lic
MEANING To go forward L advance. ;ethod of going toward a goal. To 'ring 'efore the pu'lic. A notice officially declared. To get L to gain. To lead forward L as produce a play. The act of 'ringing forth. To take vows L to openly admit. *ne who professes L a teacher of high rank in an institution of higher education. Art or skill which is the result of study and e&perience. The act of going forward to a goal. Causing the going forward.
1. !. #. $. 0. ,. /. =. +.
PRO cee0 v5 PRO ce0,re Ln5 PRO c$ai PRO Ln5 c$a Lv5 ation
PRO c,re Lv5 PRO 0,ce Lv5 PRO 0,ction Ln5 PRO .ess Lv5 PRO .essor Ln5
1F. 11. 1!.
PRO .ession Ln5 PRO gress Ln5 PRO La0/5 (irector : gressive
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:OCA2(3ARJ 2(I3*ING TEST 7%RS*.AD"TA TA7%S Can %o, !rono,nce the 1or0s O 1) egoist 2) egotist 3) altruist 4) introvert 5) extrovert 6) ambivert 7) misanthrope 8) misogynist 9) misogamist 10) ascetic Can %o, 1) !) #) $) 0) ,ch the 1or0s O a) turns thoughts inwards ') hates marriage c) talks a'out accomplishments d) hates people e) does not pursue pleasure of the flesh f) is interested in the welfare of %goist %gotist Altruist "ntrovert %&trovert
+. 1F .
Rock Study Circle

2hose interests are turned inwards 3 2ho hates marriage 3 +. 1F.
Con %o, !rono,nce the 1or0s O 1) ego 2) egocentric 3) egomaniac 4) egomaniacal 5) altruism 6) altruistic 7) to alternate ) 8) alternate a!")9) alternative 10) alteration 11) to alter 12) altercations 13) alter ego Can %o, 1or8 1ith the 1or0s O LI5 Are %o, rea0% to atch 0e.initions to 1or0s O 1. %go a. *ne who is e&cessively fi&ated on his own desires needs etc. !. #. $. 0. ,. %gocentric Altruism To alternate To alter Altercation '. c. d. e. f. To change Argument *ne6s concept of one self To take one skip one etc
,) Am'ivert others /) ;isanthrope g) 'elieves in self > advancement =) ;isogynist h) turns thoughts 'oth inwards and outwards +) ;isogamist i) hates women 1F) Ascetic 9) turns thoughts outwards -ey ) 1? !? #? $? 0? ,? /? =? +? 1F > Aes the Aes Aes pay much Aes Aes Aes Aes the Aes Aes Aes +? 1F> *o %o, ,n0erstan0 the 1or0s O 1. "s an egoist selfish 3 !. #. $. 0. ,. /. =. +. "s modesty one of characteristics of the egotist 3 "s an altruist selfish 3 (oes an introvert attention to himself 3
.o .o .o .o .o
7hilosophy of putting another6s welfare a'ove one6s won -ey ) 1? !? #? $? 0? ,? Con %o, 1or8 1ith the 1or0s O LII5 1. %gomaniacal a. A change !. #. $. Altruistic Alternative Alteration Alter ego '. c. d. e. *ther possi'le "nterested in the welfare of others *ne6s other self A choice
(oes an extrovert prefer solitude to companionship 3 Are most normal people ambiverts 3 (oes a misanthrope like people 3 (oes a misogynist company of women 3 en9oy
.o .o .o .o .o
0. ,.
(oes an ascetic lead a life of lu&ury 3
1F (oes a misogamist try to avoid . marriage 3 -ey ) 1? !? #? $? 0? ,? /? =?

1. !. #. $. 0. ,. /.
Alternate f. ;or'idly o'sessively (ad9). wrapped up in one self -ey ) 1? !? #? $? 0? ,? *o %o, ,n0erstan0 the 1or0s O 1. "s re9ection usually a 'low to one6s Aes .o ego 3 !. #. Are egocentric people easy to get along with 3 (oes an egomaniac have a normal personality 3 Are egomaniacal tendencies a sign of maturity 3 "s altruism a characteristic selfish people 3 of Aes Aes Aes Aes Aes Aes Aes Aes Aes .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o
Can %o, reca$$ the 1or0s O 2ho lives a lonely austere life 2hose interests are turned outwards 3 2ho is supremely selfish 3 2ho hates people 3 2hose interests are turned 'oth inwards and outwards 3 2ho is incredi'ly conceited 3 2ho is more interested in the welfare of others then in his own 3 2ho hates women 3
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1. !. #. $. 0. ,.
$. 0. ,. /. =. +.
Are altruistic tendencies common toe egoists 3 "s an alternate plan necessarily inferior 3 (oes an alternative allow you some freedom of choice 3 (oes alteration imply things the same 3 keeping
=.
=.
1F.
M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2
(oe e&cita'le people often engage
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in altercations 3 11. "s your alter ego usually 1uite Aes similar to yoursel# 3 -ey ) 1? !? #? $? 0? ,? /? =? +? 1F? 11? .o 4EJ : 1 P 2P
Rock Study Circle

3 P "P 6P =P
:OCA2(3ARJ 2(I3*ER TEST

Pre.i#- Root- S,..i# Meaning 1. Cyne 2oman !. *'stetri& ;idwife #. 7aidos Child $. 7edis @oot 0. Agogos Deading leader ,. (emos 7eople /. (erma Skin =. 4ypos Gnder +. *phthalmos %ye 1F. *culus %ye 11. ;onos *ne 1!. 5i Two 1#. ? ician %&pert 1$. *psis optikos :ision sight 10. ;etron ;easurement (sing the 1or0s : Prono,nce the 1or0s 1) gynaecology !) gynacecological #) o'stetrics $) o'sletric 0) paediatric ,) paediatric /) pedagogy =) pedagogical +) pedagogue 1F) demagogue 11) demagogury 1!) demagogic Prono,nce the ;or0s 1) dermatology !) dermatological #) hypoderic $) epidermis 0) ta&idermist ,) ta&idermy /) pachyderm =) dermatitis +) ophthalmology 1F) ophthalmological 11) oculist 1!) ocular 1#) monocle 1$) 'inoculars 10) inoculate 1,) optometrist 1/) optometry 1=) optometric 1+) optometrical !F) optician !1) optics !!) optical CAN JO( ;OR4 ;IT' T'E ;OR*S 1. Cynaecology a. 7rinciples of teaching !. *'stetrics '. Stuffing of skins of animals #. 7aediatrics c. Speciality dealing with the delivery of new'orn infants $. 7edagogy d. Stirring up discontent among the masses 0. (emagoguery e. Treatment of skin diseases ,. (ermatology f. Speciality dealing with women6s diseases /. Ta&idermy g. Speciality dealing with the treatment of children 4EJ : 1 P 1. !. #. $. 0. ,. 2P 3 P "P 6P =P >P Can %o, 1or8 1ith the 1or0s 4ypodermic a. %lephant %pidermis '. %ye doctor 7achyderm c. Gnder the skin (ermatitis d. *ne who measures vision *phthalmologi e. *uter layer of skin st *ptometrist f. "nflammation of the skin
1. !. #. $. 0. ,. /. =. +. 1F. 11. 1!. 4e% :
*o %o, ,n0erstan0 the 1or0s (oes a treatise on o'stetrics deal with Child'irth 3 (oes gynaecology deal with the female reproductive organs 3 is paediatrics concerned with the diseases of old age 3 (oes pedagogy refer to teaching "s a pedagogue an e&pert teacher 3 "s a demogogue interested in the welfare of the people "s a lion a pachyderm 3 "s the epidermis one of the layers of the skin 3 "s dermatitis an inflammation of one of the lim's 3 "s a ta&idermist a medical practitioner 3 "s an ophthalmologist a medical doctor 3 "s an optometrist a medical doctor 3 1P ?P 2P EP 3 P 1F P "P 11 P 6P 12 P
O Aes Aes Aes Aes Aes Aes Aes Aes Aes Aes Aes Aes >P
.o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o
=P
1. !. #. $. 0. ,. /. =. +. 1F. 11. 1!.
CAN JO( RECA33 T'E ;OR*S O Speciality of child 1. delivery *UUUUUUUUUUU *uter layer of skin 7rinciples of teaching Thick > skinned animal Skin inflammation *ne who foments political discontent *ne who sells optical e1uipment Treatment of childhooddiseases 7ractice of stirring up political dissatisfaction for purely personal gain *ne who stuffs the skins of animals Treatment of female ailaments ;edical speciality relating to diseases of they eye *ne > lens eyeglass 7ertaining to the eye measures !. #. $. 0. ,. (UUUUUUUUUUU /. *UUUUUUUUUUU =. 7UUUUUUUUUUU +. (UUUUUUUUUUU 1F. TUUUUUUUUUUU 11. CUUUUUUUUUUU 1!. *UUUUUUUUUUU 1#. 1$. 10. *UUUUUUUUUUU 2P "P =< ;UUUUUUUUUUU *UUUUUUUUUUU %UUUUUUUUUUU 7UUUUUUUUUUU 7UUUUUUUUUUU (UUUUUUUUUUU
1#. 1$. 10.
*ne who vision 4e% : 1 P 3< 6P
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0F
>P E< 11 P 13 P ?P 1F P 12 < 1" P 16 <
Rock Study Circle

mouns and makes ad9ectives of them. *n the ne&t two pages you will have another simple key added to D%SS and almost the same list of words. Det6s see what happens 8 ;OR* 2ase 3ESS La0/5 Art 3ESS La0/5 Care 3ESS La0/5 E..ort 3ESS La0/5 &rien0 3ESS La0/5 Grace 3ESS La0/5 &ear 3ESS La0/5 'e$! 3ESS La0/5 'o e 3ESS La0/5 'o!e 3ESS La0/5 3ist 3ESS La0/5 Noise 3ESS La0/5 Po1er 3ESS La0/5 S$ee! 3ESS La0/5 Rest 3ESS La0/5 Tire 3ESS La0/5 Taste 3ESS La0/5 :oice 3ESS La0/5 Trac8 3ESS La0/5 ;eight La0/5 3ESS MEANING ,ithout a base' groun!less& ;IT'O(T ART M NAT(RA3 ,ithout care ' slovenly& ,ithout e##ort ' easily& ,ithout #rien!s ' alone& ,ithout grace ' clumsy& ,ithout #ear ' una#rai!& ,ithout help ' !e#enseless& ,ith a home& ,ithout expectation& ,ithout spirit& ,ithout noise ' -uiet& ,ithout po(er ' lac%ing strength& ,ithout sleep ' al(ays a(a%e& ,ithout rest ' uneasy ,ithout getting tire! ' never (eary& ,ithout getting tire! ' never (eary& ,ithout voice 's oun!less& ,ithout a trac% ' pathless& ,ithout (eight) light as a #eather&
4EJ ;OR*S
4EJ ;OR* P (N LNOT5 Pre.i# (N : is the 7refi& G. which means .*T. "t is the first of the negative keys which you will meet. "t is a very satisfactory negative. "t says .*8 and its means 9ust that and nothing else. ;OR* MEANING 1. (N a7$e La0/5 $ot having the s%ill to !o something& !. (N a7ri0ge0 $ot shortene! La0/5 #. (N c$othe0 La0/5 $ot !resse! ' na%e! $. (N a0vance0 $ot having gone #or(ar! La0/5 0. (N a$$o%e0 La0/5 $ot mixe! ' pure ,. (N a0orne0 La0/5 $ot #ancy ' simple& (N a 7itio,s $ot eager to get ahea!& /.
La0/5
1. !. #. $. 0. ,. /. =. +.
1F . 11 . 1! . 1# . 1$ . 10 . 1, . 1/ . 1= . 1+ . !F .
=. +.
1F . 11 . 1! . 1# . 1$ . 10 . 1, . 1/ . 1= . 1+ .
(N a..ecte0 La0/5 (N a$tere0 La0/5 (N a$tere0 La0/5 (N .inishe0 La0/5 (N h,rrie0 La0/5 (N 8no1n La0/5 (N $ove0 La0/5 (N rea0 La0/5 (N s!o8en La0/5 (N to,che0 La0/5 (N La0/5 (N La0/5 to,cha7$e 1e$co e
$ot touche! ' unconcerne!& $ot change!& $ot change! $ot en!e!) as an un#inishe! story& $ot in a rush ' slo( $ot recogni*e! ' strange& $ot cherishe!& $ot rea! $ot state! orally ' not sai!& $ot touche!& +annot be touche!&
;OR* ANA3JSIS 1eight$ess < No 2F ;EIG'T L:E'ERE5 < 3ATIN ROOT K ;EIG'T 3ESS < S,..i# K 1itho,t PRACTICA3 EHERCISES 1. S,!!$% the issing 1or0s : Toward morning the fever dropped and after aBBBBB.. night the patient fell asleep. "t must 'e a strange sensation to feel onseselfBBBBBB. 2. Ana$%)e No. 2 3. S%$$a7icate an0 in0icate the !$ace ent o. the accent ar8 L@5 : Tireless Rewrite 2eightles s Gnhurried :oiceless %&hi'itor Gnseless Gntoucha'le 4airy
$ot receive! graciously ' un(ante!& ;OR* ANA3JSIS ,nto,cha7$e < No 1? (N < Pre.i# K not TO(C'< 3atin Root K contact A23E < S,..i# K can 0o M a7$e PRACTICA3 EHERCISES 1. S,!!$% the issing 1or0s : J*f the BBBBBB.word thou art master. The spoken word is master of theeK. *ne who leaves 'ooks BBBBB is as one who is BBBBBB and cannot read. 2. Ana$%)e No. 1E 3. Match the 8e% 1ith its eaning : a. Gn 1. *ne who BBBBBB '. A !. .ot BBBBBB c. Ar #. 5ack BBBBBB d. Re $. Tend to BBBBBB 4EJ ;OR* P 3ESS L;IT'O(T5 3ESS : is the Suffi& D%SS which means 2"T4*GT. "t is a very simple key and much in use. "t is added to
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M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

Grammar Through Tips (MBA) A4 (Booklet) 2011-12

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1

Rock Study Circle

GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION

PARTS O& SPEEC'

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

Rock Study Circle

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

Rock Study Circle

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

Rock Study Circle

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

Rock Study Circle

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

Rock Study Circle

7R*.*G. :%R5 ART"CD%S A(:%R5 A(<%CT":% .*G.

GRAMMAR T'RO(G' TIPS

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

Rock Study Circle

Ti! 6 : @S,!er$ative 0egreeA in any sentence is preceded 'y @theA

Ti! >) 2hen a proper noun 'ecomes a common noun

it is preceded 'y @theA.

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

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Ti! E : The pronoun of One is OneAs and not him or her.

(incorrect) (correct) (incorrect)

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

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M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

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Ti! 21: "f there is an idea of two actions

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

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Ti! 26 ) .o preposition should 'e used with the following words)

(incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) (Correct)

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

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M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

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Ti! 3F : The use of @Co,sin 7rotherA

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

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Ti! 36 : 2hen we use the word repeat in a sentence

we need not use again in that sentence

Ti! 3? ) "f two singular nouns 9oined 'y

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

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(incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) (correct) (incorrect) (Correct)

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

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Ti! "3 ) Collective nouns

Ti! "6 ) @2eA

use of dou'le apostrophe

Ti! "> ) "f there is the sense of dislike

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

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Ti! "E : Sometimes an error

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

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M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

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INTRO*(CTION TO ;OR* PRO23EMS ANTONJMS & SJNONJMS

M Sc- M Phi$- 2 E0- 33 2

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7R.G. :%R5 ART"CD%S A(:%R5 A(<%CT":% .*G.

INTRO(CTION TO ;OR PRO23EMS ANTONJMS & SJNONJMS

;ORS CON&(SE L'OMONJMS- PARONJMS- SJNONJMS5