1

Number

Exploring numbers

Working with numbers is an important part of our lives. We use numbers when we make calculations or when we shop. Numbers such as fractions are used in recipes and for labelling shoe sizes. Numbers are also used to record temperatures below and above zero. Numbers are used to store and pass on information, to solve problems and to help us in our daily lives.

In this chapter you will:

dene a rational number convert between fractions, decimals and percentages and order them identify signicant gures and round numbers to a specied number of decimal places and signicant gures estimate answers and use the language of estimation write recurring decimals in fraction form nd a fraction or percentage of a quantity increase and decrease a quantity by a given percentage express a quantity as a fraction or percentage of another apply the unitary method to fraction and percentage problems

Wordbank

integer An integer is any positive or negative whole number or zero. Any of the whole numbers , 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, are integers. -- means two fraction A fraction is a part of something. The fraction 2 7 parts out of 7. Fraction comes from Latin (a language used by the ancient Romans). The Latin word fractus means break. percentage A fraction out of a hundred. It has the symbol %. Percentages are used in many different applications, such as interest rates, unemployment rates, and the increase or decrease in the value of shares on the stockmarket. unitary method This method involves nding the value of one part, or one item, when given the value of several parts or items. rational number A rational number is any number that can be written in a - , where a and b are integers. So 3 -- , 0.6 and 37% are all the form 5 b examples of rational numbers.

Think!
A capacity crowd of 110 000 people, an Australian television audience of over 10 000 000 and 2.5 billion viewers around the world watched the Sydney 2000 Olympic Opening Ceremony. How precise are these gures?

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Start up
Worksheet 1-01 Brainstarters 1

1 Answer the following: a 6+43 d 60 5 2

b 12 4 + 5 3 e 48 3 4

c 24 6 18 3 f 44 3 7

2 Find the answers to the following, rounded to the nearest 5 cents: a the cost of 42 litres of petrol at $1.07 per litre b the cost of 18 kg of potatoes at 99 cents per kilogram c the cost of 23 pencils at 35 cents each. 3 Simplify each of the following fractions: a
35 -------100

16 ----40

135 -------120

18 ----15

4 Express each of these as a percentage: a

1 -5

b 0.7

c 0.08

-d 11 2

e 0.355

5 Express each of these as a decimal: a

3 ----10

b 15%

-c 13 4

13 ----20

e 2.5%

6 Find: a 10% of $84 d 4% of 300

b 2% of 800 e 5% of 560

c 15% of 120 f
-- % of 400 21 2

The magic of numbers

Numbers have always fascinated people. Numbers are used in everyday life, they are used to pass on information and ideas, and they are also used in puzzles and problems. There are odd numbers, even numbers, square numbers, triangular numbers, palindromic numbers, and many more types of numbers.

Example 1
Change 347 into a palindromic number.

Solution
To change any number into a palindromic number: reverse the digits add the new number to the original number repeat the previous steps until a palindromic number is formed. Reverse the digits: 743 Add the new number to the original number: + 347 = 1090 Reverse the digits: 0901 Add this to 1090: + 1090 = 1991 The number 347 has been changed into the palindromic number 1991.

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Exercise 1-01
1 a Copy and complete: 2+4= 2+4+6= 2+4+6+8= 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 = b Find a quick way to obtain the totals you found in part a. Explain your quick method. c Find the sum of the rst: i 8 even numbers ii 10 even numbers iii 18 even numbers iv 50 even numbers 2 a Copy and complete this pattern: 1+3= 1+3+5= 1+3+5+7= 1 + 3 + + 15 = b What is the pattern for adding the odd numbers? c Find the sum of the rst: i 10 odd numbers ii 15 odd numbers iii 40 odd numbers iv 100 odd numbers. 3 a b c d e f g Write down the rst ten triangular numbers. Write down the rst ten square numbers. Write down the rst ten cube numbers. Which number is both a triangular and a square number? Which number is both a square and a cube number? What is the result if you add any two consecutive triangular numbers? What is the result if you halve the product of any two consecutive whole numbers?
Worksheet 1-02 Find this number!

4 The rst ve Fibonacci numbers are 1, 1, 2, 3 and 5. a How are the Fibonacci numbers formed? b Write down the next 10 Fibonacci numbers, ending with 610. c Every third Fibonacci number is divisible by 2. Which Fibonacci numbers are divisible by:

i 3?

ii 5?

iii 8?

iv 13?

v 21?

5 a Divide the sum of the rst ten consecutive Fibonacci numbers by 11. What is the remainder? b Divide the sum of the ten consecutive Fibonacci numbers after 3 by 11. What is the remainder? c Divide the sum of any ten consecutive Fibonacci numbers by 11. What is the remainder? d What do the results from parts a, b and c show? 6 Which Fibonacci number is also: a a square number? b a cube number?

7 The German mathematician Christian Goldbach claimed in 1742 that: i Every even number greater than 2 can be writen as the sum of two prime numbers. ii Every odd number greater than 7 can be written as the sum of three prime numbers. a Write down the rst 24 prime numbers, ending with 97. b Test the rst claim on the even numbers 10, 24, 90 and 122. c Test the second claim on the odd numbers 33, 45, 57 and 95.
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8 Two primes that differ by 2, such as 11 and 13, are called twin primes. Find all eight pairs of twin primes that are less than 100. 9 A perfect number is a number that is the sum of its factors (excluding itself). For example, 6 is a perfect number because its factors are 1, 2, 3 and 6, and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6. a There is another perfect number below 50. Find it. b Verify that 496 is also a perfect number. 10 Palindromic numbers are numbers that read the same backwards as forwards. For example 3443 and 23 345 154 332 are palindromic numbers. a What is the smallest palindromic number larger than: i 1000? ii 1 000 000? b What is the largest palindromic number less than: i 1000? ii 1 000 000? c What is the only palindromic year this century?
Example 1

11 Construct a palindromic number from each of these: a 36 b 127 12 Figurate numbers (or polygonal numbers) are whole numbers named after geometric gures. a Draw a diagram showing the triangular numbers 1, 3, 6, 10, 15 and 21. b Draw a diagram showing the square numbers 1, 4, 9, 16 and 25. c The diagram on the right shows the pentagonal numbers 1, 5, 12 and 22. What are the next two pentagonal numbers? d Write the rst ve hexagonal numbers (draw a diagram if necessary).

c 79

Spreadsheet 1-01 Palindromes

Just for the record

The genius
Karl Friedrich Gauss, the son of poor parents, was born in Brunswick, Germany, on 30 April 1777. Evidence of Gauss genius appeared before he was three years old when, watching his father making out the payroll, he told his father that the gures were wrong. Gauss started school at seven, but it was another two years before he showed his extraordinary ability in mathematics. He was admitted to a class in arithmetic. As none of the students had heard of arithmetic progressions, the teacher gave them a long problem that would take some time to complete. The problem was of the following type: 1 + 2 + 3 + + 100. The teacher had barely nished giving the question when Gauss laid his slate on the table, indicating that he already had the answer. At the end of the lesson, the teacher looked at the answers and found that Gauss, the youngest student, was the only one with the correct answer. This proved to be very favourable for Gauss, and by the age of 14 he had come to the attention of the Duke of Brunswick. The Duke was very impressed by Gauss on meeting him, and gave him an assurance that his education would be continued. What is the answer to 1 + 2 + 3 + + 98 + 99 + 100?

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Skillbank 1A
Multiplying by multiples of 10
1 Examine these examples: a 64 10 = 640 b 37 20 = 37 2 10 = 74 10 = 740 d 300 32 = 32 3 100 = 96 100 = 9600 2 Now write answers for these: a 36 10 b 57 100 e 16 20 f 40 80 i 15 200 j 48 200 m 11 400 n 500 12 q 300 400 r 70 50

SkillTest 1-01 Multiplying by multiples of 10

c 18 200 = 18 2 100 = 36 100 = 3600 e 60 400 = 6 10 4 100 = 6 4 10 100 = 24 10 100 = 24 000 c g k o s 942 10 900 20 300 15 75 20 70 2000 d h l p t 862 100 800 20 8 50 500 40 3000 15

Rational numbers
When we add, subtract or multiply whole numbers, the answer is always a whole number. However, dividing any two whole numbers will not always result in an answer that is a whole number. For example, 15 4 will not give a whole number answer. This leads us to the notion of rational numbers. -- , where a and b are A rational number is any number that can be expressed in the form a b integers, and b 0. 3 6 -- , 24, 6, 1 -- , ---- , 0.2 and 27% are all rational numbers, since they can all be written in the So 1
-- , b 0. form a b 3 4 -7

Skillsheet 1-01 Order of operations Skillsheet 1-02 Integers using diagrams

Fractions, decimals, percentages and integers are all examples of rational numbers.

Fractions
The rational number
a -b

is also a fraction, where a is the numerator and b is the denominator.

Fractions in which the numerator is less than the denominator are called proper fractions.
3 -5 15 ----16

So

and

are proper fractions, since their numerators are less than their denominators.

Fractions in which the numerator is greater than the denominator are called improper fractions.
15 ----7 4 -3

So

and

are improper fractions.

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A mixed numeral is made up of a whole number and a fraction.

3 -- and 5 -- are mixed numerals. So 1 3 4 8

Fractions that have equal value are called equivalent fractions.

--, So 3 4

6 -8

and

12 ----16

are equivalent fractions.

An equivalent fraction can be obtained by multiplying or dividing the numerator and the denominator by the same number.

Example 2
What number could be placed in the box to make
----5

a fraction between 3 and 4?

Solution
Method A (trial and error): ----- = 13 5 Try 13: 13
5 -- which is smaller than 3. = 23 14 ----5 15 ----5 16 ----5

Try 14: Try 15: Try 16:

5 -24 5

which is also smaller than 3. which is still not big enough.

=3

= 16 5
-- which is greater than 3 and less than 4. = 31 5

The missing number could be 16. (By trial and error, we nd that the numbers 17, 18 and 19 could also be placed in the box.) Method B: The number of fths in 3 = 3 5 = 15 The number of fths in 4 = 4 5 = 20 The number in the box must be between 15 and 20, so the number in the box could be 16, 17, 18 or 19.

Exercise 1-02
1 Change the following to improper fractions.
-a 11 2 -b 34 5 -c 22 3 -d 57 8 -e 73 4

-23 8

2 Change the following to mixed numerals. a

7 -2

9 -5

9 -4

22 ----3

69 ----11

47 ----6

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3 Complete these pairs of fractions: a f

----16 72 ----- = ----10 80 7 -8

b g
----b 30 50

2 -- = ----5 10 48 ----- = ----56 7 36 ----44

c h

2 -3 ----7

----= 10

d i
100 -------300

27 -----

3 -7

e
9 -----

30 ----35

90 -------100

----36 7 -----

= =

11 ----12 21 ----27

4 Simplify: 9 a ----12

----e 45 55

96 -------144
Example 2

5 What number could be placed in the box so that: a c

----5 ----8

has a value between 6 and 7? has a value between 2 and 3?

----4

b d

----3 ----4

has a value between 3 and 4? has a value between 10 and 12?

6 a If

has a value between 5 and 6, the number in the box could be: B 25 C 15 D 27

A 28 b If
----9

has a value between 3 and 4, the number in the box could be: B 36 C 32 D 33

A 30 c If
----7 15 -----

has a value between 4 and 5, the number in the box could be: B 22 C 30 D 38

A 14 d If

has a value between 2 and 3, the number in the box could be: B 10 C 6 D 8

A 4 e If
21 -----

has a value between 5 and 6, the number in the box could be: B 3 C 4 D 2

A 5 f If
28 -----

has a value between 2 and 3, the number in the box could be: B 16 C 14 b d
23 ----28 -----

A 10 a c
17 ----49 -----

D 12 has a value between 2 and 3? has a value between 3 and 5?

7 What number could be placed in the box so that: has a value between 3 and 4? has a value between 4 and 5?

Comparing fractions
We can compare the sizes of fractions if they have a common (the same) denominator.
4 -5

1 -5

(since the denominators are the same and 4 1)

A common denominator can be found by multiplying the denominators of the fractions together. To rewrite two fractions with a common denominator, multiply each fraction by the other fractions denominator.

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Example 3
3 -- , --, Arrange the fractions 2 3 4 2 -5

in ascending order.
20 15 12

Solution
A common denominator is 60. 2 3 -- , -- , --. Ascending order: 2
5 3 4

2 -3

40 3 ----- , -60 4

45 ----60

and

2 -5

24 ----60

20

15

12

Exercise 1-03
1 Write , or = between the fractions in each of these pairs to make each of the following a true statement. a e
Example 3

3 -5 1 -2

7 ----10 4 -7

b f

7 -9 5 -8

7 ----11 3 -5

c g

11 ----12 6 -7 3 -4

7 -8

d h

4 -7 5 -6

2 -3 3 -4

2 Arrange each of the following sets of fractions in ascending order. a

5 4 2 -- , -- , -6 5 3

4 3 5 -- , -- , -5 4 7

1 1 3 4 -- , -- , -- , -2 3 5 7

3 Arrange each of the following sets of fractions in descending order. a

3 2 3 -- , -- , -5 3 4

5 2 5 -- , -- , -8 3 7

2 4 1 5 -- , -- , -- , ----3 5 2 11

Just for the record

Negative numbers in todays world
Negative numbers are used in many ways in todays world. For example, negative numbers are used by the stock exchange to indicate a downward change in the value of shares. So, if the value of shares drops from $9.00 to $5.03, the fall is shown in the newspaper as 3.97 and the percentage change is recorded as 44%. Similarly, if the share price increases from $2.18 to $4.25, the rise is shown as +2.07 and there is a percentage change of +95%. Negative numbers are also used to record temperatures. If the temperature is 10C below zero, we write 10C. 1 What is the lowest recorded temperature? 2 What is the highest recorded temperature? 3 What is meant by absolute zero when recording temperature?
Share prices are displayed on this electronic board at the Australian Stock Exchange.

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Operations with fractions

Simplifying fractions
When the numerator and denominator of a fraction cannot be divided exactly by the same whole number, the fraction is in simplest form or lowest form.

Example 4
Simplify
15 ----20 15 -----. 20

Solution
= =
15 5 -------------20 5 3 -5

Adding and subtracting fractions

When adding or subtracting fractions, the denominators must be the same. If the denominators are not the same, then the fractions need to be converted to equivalent fractions that do have the same denominator. A quick way to nd a common denominator of two or more fractions is to multiply their denominators together.

Example 5
a Find
2 -5 --. +3 4

b Find

7 -8

--. 2 3

Solution
a
2 -5

3 -4

= =

8 ----20 23 ----20

15 ----20

7 -8

2 -3

= =

21 ----24 5 ----24

16 ----24

3 = 1 ----20

Example 6
1 -- + 3 --. a Find 2 3 4 3 1 -- 2 --. b Find 4 3 5 3 3 -- 2 --. c Find 5 1 2 5

Solution
1 -- + 3 -- =5+ a 23 4 3 3 -4 9 ----12 13 ----12 12

1 -3 4 ----12

1 9 5 -- 2 -- = 4 ----- 2 ----b 43 5 3 15 15

3 5 6 -- 2 -- = 5 ----- 2 ----c 51 2 5 10 10

=5+ =5+

4 2 ----15

=3
10

1 ----10 1 ----10

----- = 2 10 9 = 2 ----10

1 = 5 + 1 ----1 = 6 ----12

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Exercise 1-04
Example 4

1 Simplify each of the following: a

18 ----30

Skillsheet 1-03 Simplifying fractions

Example 5

24 ----36

9 ----27

50 ----60

48 ----56

5 ----10

2 Simplify each of the following: a

3 -4

2 -3

4 -7

1 -2

4 -5

2 -3

7 -8

2 -3

3 -8

7 ----10

3 Simplify: a
Example 6

1 -2

5 -8

7 ----10

1 -3

2 -3

4 -5

3 -4

5 ----12

3 -5

2 -3

4 Answer the following:

2 -- + 2 -a 31 3 5 3 -- + 2 -b 23 5 4 4 -- 1 -g 21 2 5 7 13 - 2 ----c 13 ----10 20 1 -- + 4 ----h 63 4 10 1 -- 1 -d 53 5 4 1 -- 1 -e 72 3 2

Worksheet 1-06 Magic squares Skillsheet 1-04 Improper fractions and mixed numerals SkillBuilder 2-152-18 Mixed fractions

4 -- + 1 -22 3 5

-15 4 2 7 1 -2

3 -- 2 -41 2 4

5 a Jenny buys a roll of contact to cover her books. She uses and
1 -3

of it to cover her project book

to cover her science book. What fraction of the roll of contact is left?
4 3

2 -- . If the rst number is 1 -- , what is the second number? b The sum of two numbers is 4 3 5 -- m of material and then use 6 -- m for curtains, how much material is left? c If you buy 8 3 4 8

d Sok spent

1 -3

of the day working,

4 -8

of the day sleeping,

1 ----12 1 -3

of the day eating, and the rest of the video tape and the

of the day relaxing. What fraction of the day did he spend relaxing? e Clare recorded two TV programs. The rst program used second program used
2 -5

of it. What fraction of the tape was not used?

Multiplying fractions
When multiplying fractions, multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators. When multiplying mixed numerals, rst change them to improper fractions.

Example 7
Find: -- a 3
5 2 -7

b 5

3 -2

3 -5

of 12 L

Solution
a
3 -5

2 -7

6 ----35

b 5

3 -2

5 -1

3 -2

15 ----2 2

3 -5

of 12 L =

3 -5

12 L = =

3 -5 36 ----5

12 ----1

-= 71

-- L = 71 5

Example 8
Find:
-- a 12 3 5 -8 3 -- 1 -b 22 3 5

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Solution
-- a 12 3 5 -8

= = =

5 5 -- -3 8 25 ----24 1 1 ----24

3 -- 1 -- = b 22 3 5

= =

8 8 -- -3 5 64 ----15 4 4 ----15

Exercise 1-05
1 Simplify each of the following: a
3 -5
Example 7

2 -5

1 -3

3 -4

5 -8

7 ----10

4 -5

3 ----11

5 -6

12 ----20

2 Find: a
3 -5

3 -4

c 7

2 -3

5 -8

24

e 10

3 -8

SkillBuilder 2-19 Multiplying fractions

3 Find: a e
4 -5 7 ----10

of 60 of $85

b f

3 -4 5 -8

of 5 m of 20 km

c g

1 -8 3 ----10

of $76 of $15

d h

2 -3 5 -6

of 18 kg of 33 m
Example 8

4 Simplify: a f
-13 5 -55 7

2 -3

b 4 g
5 3 ----16

-23 8

c
-22 3

-11 2 -13 7

-25 6 3 ----10

d i

-52 3

-13 4

e j

2 --) (13 4

-25 7

-25 8

-11 7

5 a At a football match, 12 players are each given three-quarters of an orange to eat. How many oranges are eaten?
3 -- hours yesterday and -- of b Ken worked 5 1 2 4 that today. How long did Ken work today?

SkillBuilder 2-20 Multiplying and simplifying fractions SkillBuilder 2-242-25 Multiplying mixed fractions

c The cost of a car insurance policy for -- of the annual premium. 6 months is 5 8 If the annual premium is $500, nd the cost for 6 months.

Reciprocals
The product of a number and its reciprocal is 1. The reciprocal of 2 is The reciprocal of
2 -3 1 -2 3 -2

since 2 since
2 -3

1 -2 3 -2

= 1. =
6 -6

is

= 1.

To obtain the reciprocal of a number, write the number as a fraction and turn it upside down.

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Dividing fractions
To divide by a fraction, multiply by its reciprocal. When dividing mixed numerals, rst change them to improper fractions.

Example 9
Find
3 -8 --. 2 3

Solution
3 -8

2 -3

= =

3 -8 9 ----16

3 -2

Example 10
Find: a
3 -4 - 11 2 -- 3 b 51 4 3 -- 1 -c 21 2 5

Solution
a
3 -4 -- = 11 2 3 -4 3 -4 6 ----12 1 -2

3 -2 2 -3

-- 3 = b 51 4

21 ----4 21 ----4 21 ----12

3
1 -3

3 -- 1 -- = c 21 2 5

5 -2 5 -2 25 ----16

8 -5 5 -8

= = =

= =

= =

9 = 1 ----12 4 -= 13

9 = 1 ----16

Exercise 1-06
1 Find the reciprocal of: a
Example 9

3 -4

b 7

12 ----5

-d 33 8

-e 2 1 2

2 Simplify each of the following: a

4 -5

2 -3

7 -8

3 -4

2 -5

2 -3

3 -5

5 ----24

2 -3

Example 10

3 Simplify:
-- a 23 4 1 -3 -12 3 4 -5 -b 5 11 2 1 -- 2 -c 33 5 2

SkillBuilder 2-262-28 Dividing fractions

d 12 i
----4 13 20

1 -4

1 -- 2 ----e 51 2 10

-31 3

-53 5

-11 4

-43 5

-21 3

-22 3

7 1 ----10

4 a It takes

of a can of soft drink to ll a large glass. How many glasses can be lled from

20 cans of drink?
-- times its cost price. Find the cost price if the car was sold for $3000. b A car is sold for 2 1 2

c Ilses stride, when walking, is

2 -3

-- metres. Find how many metre. Her running stride is 1 1 4

more strides Ilse takes over a distance of 100 metres when she walks rather than runs.

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-- times the weightlifters mass. d A weightlifter is able to lift a mass of 210 kg, which is 2 1 2 Find the mass of the weightlifter.

e A driver-education course requires 20 hours of classroom instruction. How many lessons

-- hours? are required if each lesson lasts 1 1 4

Expressing quantities as fractions

Quantities can be compared by expressing one quantity as a fraction of another quantity.

Example 11
a What fraction is 8 of 50? b What fraction is 15 minutes of 2 hours? 15 minutes b 15 minutes out of 2 hours = ------------------------2 hours = =
15 -------120 1 -8

Solution
a Fraction = =
8 ----50 4 ----25

Exercise 1-07
1 What fraction is: a 9 of 27? e 12 of 30? 2 What fraction is: a 5 min of 1 h? d 300 mL of 1 L? g 50 m of 1 km?
Example 11

b 24 of 80? f 27 of 54?

c 10 of 25? g 42 of 70?

d 36 of 48? h 55 of 85? c $1.50 of $5? f 200 m of 1 km? i 40 min of 1 h?

b 10 cm of 1 m? e 20 min of 1 h? h 300 mL of 2 L?

Worksheet 1-05 Back-to-front problems

3 a In a test consisting of 50 questions, Matthew made 15 errors. What fraction did Matthew have correct?

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b Christine had $80 and spent $35. What fraction of the $80 did Christine spend? c In a class of 28 students, there are 12 boys. What fraction of the class are boys? d A football team won 15 of the 24 games it played. What fraction of games did the team win? e Dishas mobile phone bill for last month was $210, of which $90 was for SMS messages. What fraction of Dishas bill was for SMS messages? 4 In a school there are 950 students, of which 400 are boys. a What fraction of the students are boys? b What fraction of the students are girls? 5 Angela went to a restaurant with a group of friends. The total bill was $450. Her friends contributed $360 to the bill. What fraction of the bill did Angela pay? 6 A total of 300 vehicles were observed to pass a checkpoint during a trafc survey. Of these, 55 were Fords and 50 were Holdens. What fraction of the vehicles were neither Fords nor Holdens?

Decimals
Decimal numbers are based on powers of 10. The decimal point separates the whole number part from the fractional part of a decimal number. Decimals are also rational numbers because they can be expressed as fractions with denominators of 10, 100, 1000, and so on. For example, 75.436 = 7 10 + 5 1 + 4
1 ----10

+3

1 -------100

+6

1 -----------. 1000

Worksheet 1-03 Wheres the point?

Decimal places
The term decimal places refers to the number of gures (or digits) after the decimal point in a decimal number. The number 75.436 has three decimal places.

----10 -------100

= tenth = one decimal place (0._) = hundredth = two decimal places (0._ _) = thousandth = three decimal places (0._ _ _)

----------1000

Skillbank 1B
SkillTest 1-02 Collecting like terms

Calculating by collecting like terms

1 Examine these examples: a 87 35 + 13 35 = ? Think: 87 35 = 87 lots of 35 13 35 = 13 lots of 35 There are (87 + 13) lots of 35 87 35 + 13 35 = (87 + 13) 35 = 100 35 = 3500

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b 7 84 + 3 84 = 7 84 + 3 84 = (7 + 3) 84 = 10 84 = 840 2 Find the answers for the following: a 79 56 + 21 56 b 92 117 + 8 117 d 11 77 + 77 89 e 64 83 + 17 64 g 86 13 + 14 13 h 75 93 + 25 93 3 Examine these examples: a 123 17 23 17 = 123 17 23 17 = (123 23) 17 = 100 17 = 1700 b 17 87 7 87 = 17 87 7 87 = (17 7) 87 = 10 87 = 870 4 Find the answers for the following: a 12 63 2 63 b 142 39 42 39 d 172 38 72 38 e 13 157 3 157 g 68 1019 68 19 h 84 14 4 84 c 1013 16 13 16 f 27 102 27 2 i 378 116 378 16 c 6 39 + 4 39 f 91 352 + 9 352 i 8 793 + 793 2

Approximation
When counting the number of people in a room, for example, we normally give an exact answer. However, sometimes we need to use approximations, especially when measurement is involved. For instance, if Stacey jumps 4.276 m in a long-jump event, we may approximate the distance as 4.3 m or 4.28 m (which are both very close to 4.276 m), depending on the level of accuracy required.

Rounding using decimal places

Example 12
Round 54.3584 to: a three decimal places b two decimal places c one decimal place.

Solution

a 54.3584 = 54.358, rounded to three decimal places b = 54.36, rounded to two decimal places c = 54.4, rounded to one decimal place

The FIX function or mode on a calculator may be used to round an answer to a given number of decimal places.

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Exercise 1-08
Example 12

Spreadsheet 1-02 Rounding decimals

1 Round each of the following to the number of decimal places indicated in the brackets. a 39.056 (2) b 100.534 (1) c 7.3777 (3) d 0.0051 (1) e 0.0515 (2) f 15.086 (0) g 245.67 (0) h 2.198 (1) i 42.9995 (3) 2 Use your calculator to evaluate each of the following. Give your answer to the number of decimal places indicated in the brackets in each case. a 14.5 4.2 + 9.75 c 6.78 4.32 + 8.96 2.4 e 24.31 6.2 g 24.37 8.9 2.1 i 94 + 37 ----------------25 + 18 (1) (2) (4) (3) (1) (4) (3) b (9.74 3.456) 5.1 45 37 d ----------------97 + 24 f 5.73 2.8 + 19.7 (4) (3) (1) (2) (0) (1)

h 33 (15 + 12) j l (6.4)2 3.7 64.3 -------------------------------9.2 + 15 3.1

k 19.8 42.3 7 m 42.5 0.18 5.6

n (42.3 15.7) (18.7 + 2.9) (2)

Rounding using signicant gures

Another way of rounding is to give the most relevant or important digits of a number. For example, a crowd of 89 123 at Stadium Australia, Homebush, is usually written as 89 000, which is rounded to the nearest thousand, or correct to two signicant gures.

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We use signicant gures to indicate the size of a number by writing it to the nearest 1, 10, 100, 1000, , or the nearest
1 1 1 ----- , -------- , -----------, 10 100 1000

So, in the example above, 89 123 (which has been written to ve signicant gures) has been rounded to 89 000 (which has two signicant gures). When rounding to signicant gures: the rst signicant gure in a number is the rst non-zero digit. The rst signicant gure in 3 756 000 is 3 The rst signicant gure in 0.000 217 is 2 zeros at the end of a whole number or at the beginning of a decimal are not signicant. They are necessary place holders. The red zeros in 1 340 000 and 0.007 032 are not signicant. zeros between non-zero digits or zeros at the end of a decimal are signicant. The red zeros in 3 608 000 and 0.010 50 are signicant.

Example 13
Write each of the following numbers rounded to three signicant gures. a 47.658 b 91.49 c 273 200

Solution

a 47.658 47.7 b 91.49 91.5 c 273 200 273 000 (The zeros are not signicant but are placeholders necessary for showing the place values of the 2, 7 and 3.)

Example 14
Write each of the following numbers correct to one signicant gure. a 0.008 28 b 0.0035 c 0.998

Solution

a 0.00828 0.008 b 0.0035 0.004 c 0.998 1 (The zeros between the decimal point and the rst non-zero digit are not signicant. They are placeholders.)

Example 15
To how many signicant gures has each of the following numbers been written? a 63.70 b 0.003 05 c 7600

Solution
a The zero after 7 is signicant. 63.70 has been written to four signicant gures. b The rst signicant gure is 3, and the zero between 3 and 5 is signicant. 0.003 05 has three signicant gures. c The zeros after 6 are not signicant. 7600 has been written to two signicant gures.

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Exercise 1-09
Example 13

SkillBuilder 1-071-08 Signicant digits

Example 14

1 Round each of the following to the number of signicant gures indicated in the brackets. a 37.6 (2) b 9430 (1) c 68.39 (3) d 2.813 (1) e 15.99 (3) f 63 500 (2) g 1 769 000 (2) h 389 764 (4) i 189 371 (1) 2 Round each of the following to the number of signicant gures indicated in the brackets. a 0.0637 (1) b 0.703 (2) c 0.8455 (2) d 0.000 017 (1) e 0.087 62 (3) f 0.038 71 (2) g 0.7995 (3) h 0.000 04 (4) i 0.95 (1) 3 To how many signicant gures has each of the following numbers been written? a 457 b 0.23 c 15 000 d 4.0004 e 0.0005 f 5000 g 0.002 07 h 89 072 i 0.040 j 76 000 000 k 0.000 328 l 169.320 4 Round each of the following to the number of signicant gures indicated in the brackets. a 7.478 (2) b 5712 (3) c 367 (1) d 0.007 66 (4) e 0.5067 (3) f 10 675 (2) g 1856.78 (3) h 0.000 78 (1) i 56 000 000 (1) 5 A company makes a prot of $27 846 521.78. a Approximate this amount to the nearest million and state the number of signicant gures in your answer. b Approximate the same amount in millions, to the nearest 10 million, and state the number of signicant gures in your answer. 6 a Australias population in 2001 was 19 387 000. To how many signicant gures has this number been written? b A total of 14 352 people attended a local football match. Express this number to three signicant gures. c The population of Sydney in 2001 was 4 085 400. Round this number to two signicant gures. 7 Use your calculator to evaluate each of the following, giving your answer to the number of signicant gures indicated in the brackets in each case. a 45.6 8.7 2.75 78.32 (2) b 15.5 9.87 0.24 + 8.43 2.4 (1) 63.25 + 76.03 c (63.73 27.89) 5.82 (3) d -------------------------------(4) 55.89 89.24 e 95.34 4.7 2567.68 5.78 g i ( 3.567 + 12.67 ) ( 9.67 4.007 ) -----------------------------------------------------------------------67.23 + 56.873 9.732 + 2.765 -------------------------------12.27 15.8 (5) (5) (1) (3) f 15.013 5.78 -------------------------------6.45 2.254 (3) (4) (2) (4)

Example 15

6 h ----------------------------------13.67 5.6002 j l 78.96 (23.6 + 94.7) 84.3 0.0715

1 253 - + --------------k -----------0.976 0.0076

8 Write 5002 correct to each of these numbers of signicant gures: a 1 b 2 c 3

d 4

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Working mathematically
Communicating: Signicant gures
1 The numerical facts in the following passage would be easier to read and remember if they were rounded using signicant gures. For example, Australia has an area of 7.6 million km2 (the number has been rounded to two signicant gures). Round the other numbers in the passage and compare your answers to those of other students in the class. Australia in 2001: Some facts and gures Australia has an area of 7 682 300 km2. Its coastline measures 36 375 km. The population in 2001 was 19 386 740, of which 426 175 were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders. The median age was 35.41. The most populous state was New South Wales, with 6 532 010 residents, of whom 4 085 378 lived in Sydney. In 2001, there were 3 275 137 students enrolled in 9609 Australian schools, taught by 261 947 teachers. Of the 9 241 240 people in employment, 7 576 089 were wage and salary earners. Males worked on average 40.76 hours per week, earning $780.23. Females worked on average 38.14 hours per week, earning $520.57. There were 7 012 265 households in Australia, of which 4 891 840 were owneroccupied. There were 4 037 274 households that had a computer, and 2 680 240 that had internet access. The average weekly household expenditure on food and alcoholic beverages was $127.34. There were 12 476 767 motor vehicles in Australia, and their average age was 10.47 years. Australia is a multicultural country, with 4 507 800 of its citizens born overseas. A total of 120 888 people migrated to Australia in 2001. Tourism is one of Australias booming industries. In 2001, 5 061 270 overseas visitors contributed $25 205 781 450.13 to the Australian economy.

Estimation
Calculators enable us to compute answers quickly, but errors can be made if we accidentally press the wrong key. Sometimes a calculator is not available, or we may require only a rough answer. Whether we are shopping at a supermarket, budgeting for a holiday, or sharing the cost of a meal, we can mentally calculate rough answers by estimating. We can then use the calculator if we need a more precise answer. Note: The symbols , and all mean is approximately equal to.

Example 16
1 Estimate the answer to 15.7 + 12.8 6.9

Solution
15.7 + 12.8 6.9 16 + 13 7 = 22 (Actual answer is 21.6.) 2 Estimate the answer to 12.75 0.032

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Solution
12.75 0.032 = 12 750 32 (changing 0.032 to 32) 12 000 30 = 400 (Actual answer is 398.44 correct to to two decimal places.) 3 Estimate the answer to 57.63 22

Solution
57.63 22 60 20 = 1200 (Actual answer is 1267.86)

Points to remember when estimating Round to the nearest 1, 10, 100, etc. if this is easier to work with. First estimate your answer without using a calculator. Then compare the magnitude (size) of your estimate (say 6000) with your calculator result (say 6.21) to reveal whether you have made an error.

Working mathematically
Communicating and reasoning: Rounding numbers
Work in groups of three or four to complete these questions. 1 A number has been rounded to 9.36 a What is the smallest number that the original number could have been? b What is the largest number that can be rounded to 9.36? (Compare your answers with those of other students.) 2 Two students were asked to multiply 3.56 by 4.73 and express their answers to two decimal places. Their methods are shown below. Student A Student B 3.56 4.73 3.56 4.73 3.6 4.7 = 16.8388 = 16.92 16.84 Discuss the methods used by both students and decide which is the more accurate answer. Give reasons.

Exercise 1-10
Example 16

Worksheet 1-04 Estimation game

1 Estimate answers to the following: a 19.7 + 32.1 b 183.7 + 97.034 d 764.73 18.59 e 934 129 g 53.7 8 h 76 12 j 753.6 4.87 k 18.76 8.9 2 Estimate answers to the following: a
5.9 11.7 ----------------------2.45

c f i l

47.62 18.54 6.11 18.5 93.7 8.97 874 94.5

b 705.7 0.0019

c 0.38 0.21

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d 789 37 3.9 g (91.7 + 162.7) 48.1 j

34.7 + 56.9 -------------------------24.3 11.1

98.7

f i l

( 310.78 108.97 ) ------------------------------------------47.5

h 13.1 + 4.8 9.2 k (7.97)2

87.3 9 + 108.3 7 (4.85)2 23.756

3 Estimate which of the given answers is the correct one for each of the following: a 18 39 A 70.2 B 702 C 7020 D 70 200 b 5.32 198.2 A 10.544 24 c 141.2 0.21 A 672.38 d 6970 68 A 1025 e 215.72 9 22 A 0.5273 B 105.4424 B 67.238 B 102.5 B 5.273 C 1054.424 C 6.7238 C 10.25 C 52.73 D 10 544.24 D 0.672 38 D 1.025 D 527.3

4 Which of the given answers is the best estimate for each of the following? a 145.7 + 93.7 A 240 B 24 C 2.4 D 2400 b 33.8 4.8 A 1200 c 9.475 0.31 A 300 B 1500 B 3 C 150 C 3000 C 80 D 120 D 30 D 1200

d (27.9 8.4) 19.8 A 800 B 400

Recurring decimals
Some decimals repeat or recur. Other decimals terminate. Some decimals do neither. Recurring decimals Terminating decimals 0.777 777 7 = 0.7 0.7, 0.17, 0.005, 0.1777 = 0.17 Neither recurring nor terminating 7 0.171717 = 0.1 = 3.141 592 653

Expressing fractions as decimals

To change a fraction to a decimal, we divide the numerator by the denominator.

Example 17
Express as decimals: a
3 -8

7 ----11

Solution
a
3 -8

0.375 = 8 3000 = 0.375 (a terminating decimal)

7 ----11

0.636363 = 11 7.00000 3 = 0.6 (a recurring decimal)

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Expressing decimals as fractions

Example 18
Express these terminating decimals as fractions: a 0.2 b 0.34 c 0.235
17 ----50

Solution
a 0.2 =
2 ----10

1 -5

b 0.34 =

34 -------100

c 0.235 =

235 ----------1000

47 -------200

Comparing fractions and decimals

When comparing fractions and decimals, change the fractions to decimals.

Example 19
Which is larger,
3 -8

or 0.38?

Solution
0.38 is larger.
3 -8

= 0.375 and 0.38 = 0.380

Using technology
Skillsheet 1-05 Spreadsheets Spreadsheet 1-03 Recurring decimals
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Numerator 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Denominator 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Decimal =B6/C6

Patterns in recurring decimals

Step 1: Set up the spreadsheet as shown below. Step 2: Select cell D6 and drag down to copy the formula into cells D6 to D14. Step 3: Write what you notice about the recurring decimals in column D. Step 4: Print the spreadsheet and paste it in your book. To save time typing, use this link to go to a partly completed spreadsheet.
A B C D E F G

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1 Repeat the procedure described above for each of the following fraction families: a sixths b elevenths c thirteenths d sevenths e twelfths f fourteenths. 2 Write a few sentences about your observations of patterns in recurring decimals.

Exercise 1-11
1 Express these fractions as decimals and state whether they are recurring or terminating. a f
5 -8 -64 5
Example 17

b g

3 -7 5 ----12

7 -9 3

d i

-h 41

5 -6 5 ----11

e j d h l p

6 -5 7 ----20
Example 18

2 Express these decimals as fractions (or as mixed numerals): a 0.2 b 0.7 c 0.25 e 0.48 f 0.005 g 0.025 i 0.825 j 2.8 k 1.45 m 2.065 n 0.000 21 o 4.625 3 Which number in each of the following pairs is larger? a 0.52 and 4 a Arrange b Arrange
11 ----20 7 -----, 10

0.45 0.305 3.05 10.01

Example 19

5 -8

and 0.615
7 ----11 13 ----40

c 0.69 and

2 -3

7 -9

and 0.8

-- , 0.678, 0.68, 6 9

in ascending order. in descending order.

8 1 ----- , --, 25 3

0.34, 0.305,

Converting recurring decimals to fractions

To convert a recurring decimal to a fraction, we can use an algebraic method and solve an equation.

Example 20
Write each of the following as a fraction in simplest terms. 3 a 0.7 b 0.25

Solution
a

Let n = 0.7 n = 0.7777 . . . . (1) 10n = 7.777 . . . . . (2) 10n = 7.7777 n = 0.7777 9n = 7 n=7 -9

(one digit is recurring, so multiply by 10) [subtracting (1) from (2)]

(dividing both sides by 9)

7 -9

, 0.7 = Since n = 0.7

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3 b Let n = 0.25 n = 0.2535353. . . (1) 100n = 25.35353 . . . . (2) 100n = 25.35353 n = 0.25353 99n = 25.1 n= = =
25.1 --------99 25.1 --------99 251 -------990 251 -------990

(two digits are recurring, so multiply by 100) [subtracting (1) from (2)]

(dividing both sides by 99)

10 ----10

3 , 0.25 3 = Since n = 0.25

Exercise 1-12
Example 20

1 Express each of the following as a fraction in simplest form. a 0.2 b 0.6 d 0.38 1 g 0.3 j 32 0.8 3 m 1.7 e 0.724 4 h 0.62 k 0.03 n 2.02

c f i l

0.15 5 0.6 53 0.1 5 0.7

7 o 0.15

as a fraction in simplest form. 2 a Express 0.3 as a fraction in simplest form. b Use your answer from part a to write 0.6

Working mathematically
Communicating and reasoning: Recurring decimals
1 The fraction
1 -3

written as a recurring decimal is 0.333 .

2 -3

a Use this result to write

as a recurring decimal.

-- to a recurring decimal. Write the display shown by b Use your calculator to convert 2 3 your calculator. c Is there a difference between the results you wrote for parts a and b? Explain. ? (Hint: 1 ). -- = 0.3 2 What is the fraction value of 0.999 = 0.9 2 -- , -- , , 3 a Express 1 9 9 9 -9 3

as decimals.

b What do you notice about the ninths family when they are expressed as decimals. 4 Repeat the procedure used in Question 3 for the following fraction families: a sixths b elevenths c thirteenths.

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Percentages
A percentage is a type of rational number. A percentage is a fraction out of 100 and has the symbol %. For example 45 per cent, written as 45%, means 45 out of 100 or
45 --------. 100

Converting percentages to fractions and decimals

To convert a percentage to a fraction, divide by 100 and then simplify (if possible).

To convert a percentage to a decimal, divide by 100.

Exercise 1-13
1 Express these as fractions (in simplest form): a 35% b 72% c 95% f 80% g 18% h 120% k 140% l 48% m 155% 2 Express these as fractions (in simplest form):
--% a 12 1 2 --% 13 3 4 --% 66 2 3 --% b 21 2 --% c 81 3 --% 51 2 --% 62 3 --% d 41 4 --% e 10 1 2 --% 37 1 2 --% 41 2 3

d 8% i 325% n 675%

e 40% j 105% o 150%

Spreadsheet 1-04 Equivalent fractions, percentages and decimals Worksheet 1-07 Fractions squaresaw

f k

g l

--% 33 1 3 1 --% 2

h m

i n

--% 16 2 3 --% 11 2

j o

3 Express these as decimals: a 55% b 133% f 200% g 9.5%

--% k 12 1 2

c 46% h 5.25%
--% m 81 3

d 5% i 12% n 10.9%

e 2.4% j 0.3% o 350%

--% 25 1 4

Converting fractions and decimals to percentages

To convert either a fraction or a decimal to a percentage, multiply by 100%.

Ordering fractions, decimals and percentages

Example 21
9 -- , 78%, 0.75 and ----- in ascending order. Arrange 4 5 11

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Solution
Express each number as a decimal: 4 9 1 -- = 0.8 ----- = 0.8 78% = 0.78 0.75 5 11 = 0.80 Arranging the decimals in order, we have: 1 0.75, 0.78, 0.80, 0.8 The ascending order is:
9 -- , ----0.75, 78%, 4 5 11

Exercise 1-14
1 Express these as percentages:
Skillsheet 1-06 Fractions, decimals, percentages

a f

3 -8 7 ----11 5

b g l

9 ----20 8 ----25

c h

3 -4 1 -5 3

-d 21 2

e j o

17 ----20 -11 4 5 -8

i n

12 ----20 2 -3

-k 23

-m 21

SkillBuilder 4-04 Changing fractions to percentages

2 Express these as percentages: a 0.5 b 1.86 e 0.008 f 2.39 3 Express these as percentages: a f
31 -------100 7 ----40 5

c 0.35 g 0.2 c
13 ----20

d 1.7 h 0.25 d i
7 -8 5 -6

4 -5

e j o

14 ----25

g 0.72 l
-52 3

h 0.61
-m 47 8

1.3
29 ----40

-k 23

n 3.52

4 Which amount is the larger in each of these pairs? a 55% and 0.57 b
3 -5

and 57%

c 18% and

1 -7

5 Which amount is the smaller in each of these pairs? a 49% and

Example 21

12 ----25

9 ----20

and 40%

-c 130% and 1 1 3

1 -- , 55%, -- , 0.59 in ascending order. 6 a Arrange 4 7 2 -- , 0.79, b Arrange 72%, 3 4 17 ----- in descending order. 20 19 11 ----- , ----- , 7.95% in order from 25 40

c Arrange 0.764, 77%,

largest to smallest.

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Just for the record

Blood: It takes all types
The blood groups in Australia are as follows:
O A

+ 40%
B

9%

+ 31%
AB

7%

+ 8%

2%

+ 2%

1%
Blood donor at the Red Cross Blood Bank.

1 If Australias population is 20 million, how many people are in each blood group? 2 Do you know what your blood group is? How would/did you nd out?

Percentage of a quantity
Example 22
Find 15% of $8
Skillsheet 1-07 Mental percentages

Solution
15% 8 = =
15 -------- 100 -$1 1 5

$8

or 15% 8 = 15 100 8 = $1.20

or 15% 8 = 0.15 8 = $1.20

= $1.20 The

%
15

key on your calculator may also be used. To nd 15% of $8, press the keys

Exercise 1-15
1 Find: a 20% of 70 e 15% of 16 m 2 Find: -- % of $90 a 21 d
2 --% 81 3
Example 22

Skillsheet 1-08 Ratios

b 143% of $800 f 30% of 80 L

c 25% of $15 g 26% of 600 g

d 110% of 18 kg h 20% of 950 km

SkillBuilder 4-074-08 Finding the percentage of a quantity

b 3.5% of 24 m
-- % of 72 kg e 112 1 2

c 6.4% of $456 f i 14.2% of $550

-- % of 12 t 133 1 3

of 48 L

g 0.5% of $8000

h 4.5% of 20 km

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3 A total of 92 000 people attended the state-of-origin match between NSW and Queensland at Stadium Australia. If 72% of the crowd supported NSW: a what percentage of the crowd supported Queensland? b how many people in the crowd supported NSW? 4 Amanda scored 60% in a geography test that had been marked out of 40. What was Amandas mark out of 40? 5 Savuth started working three years ago on a salary of $22 000 a year. She now earns 160% of her starting salary. What is Savuths salary now? 6 A food company advertises 50% more chips for the same price per packet of sliced potato chips. What size packet (in grams) will you now get for the price of a 70 g packet? 7 A total of 75 000 copies of a novel were sold in the rst six months after its release. After a further three months, sales increased by 15%. a How many more books were sold in the later three months? b What were the total sales for the nine months? 8 House prices have risen by 4.5% over the last 12 months. What is the increase in value of a house that was bought 12 months ago for $385 000? 9 A 55 g serving of a breakfast cereal contains 8.4% dietary bre. What is the amount of dietary bre in the 55 g serving?

Percentage increase and decrease

The amount by which goods are measured or decreased in price is often given as a percentage.

Example 23
a Increase $80 by 15% b Decrease $126 by 12% b Decrease = 12% of $126 = 0.12 126 = $15.12 The new amount = $126 $15.12 = $110.88 or The new amount = 88% of $126 (100% 12% = 88%) = 0.88 126 = $110.88

Solution
a Increase = 15% of $80 = 0.15 80 = $12 The new amount = $80 + $12 = $92 or The new amount = 115% of $80 (100% + 15% = 115%) = 1.15 80 = $92

Exercise 1-16
Example 23

1 Increase: a 60 kg by 20% d $2400 by 2.5% 2 Decrease: a 90 L by 8% d 5.2 km by 50%

b 40 km by 12% e 80 kg by 7% b $650 by 12.5% e $142 by 25%

c 72 by 15% f 56 L by 14%
--% c $165 by 33 1 3

$950 by 8.75%

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3 Merediths weekly wage of $765 is increased by 9.25%. Find her new weekly wage. 4 Matthew buys a BMX bike for $365 and sells it, making a 20% prot. a How much prot did Matthew make? b For what price did he sell the bike? 5 A clothing store offers discounts of 40% off marked prices on its winter stock. Find the discount price of a jumper marked at $170. 6 A car dealer is offering new-season sales. What will you pay for a car marked at $18 700 if a discount of 15% is given? 7 A CD player usually sells for $295, but a discount warehouse offers it at a 12% discount. Calculate the warehouses price for the item. 8 Due to heavy rain over a period of time, the price of fresh fruit and vegetables increases by 15%. How much will cauliowers cost, if the price before the increase was $2.99 each? (Round your answer to the nearest cent.) 9 Marias annual salary of $55 680 is increased by 6%. What is her new annual salary? 10 A store owner buys a TV for $600 from a supplier. The store owner applies a mark-up of 70% to calculate the retail price, but then offers a discount of 30%. a Find the price of the TV after the 70% mark-up. b Find the price of the TV after the 30% discount is given. c What prot did the store owner make on the TV? 11 A hardware store offers a trade discount of 15% to plumbers, builders and tilers. a If goods to the value of $480 are bought by a builder, calculate the discount price. b If goods are paid for in cash, a second discount of 4% is given on the discount price. What is the nal amount paid by the builder if she pays cash? 12 Jumpers priced at $165 are reduced by 15% at a July sale. At an end-of-season sale, this price is reduced by a further 40%. What is the nal price of the jumpers?

Spreadsheet 1-05 Percentage increase and decrease SkillBuilder 4-18 Percentage increase or decrease SkillBuilder 4-19 An application of percentage increase/ decrease

Expressing quantities as percentages

Quantities can be compared by expressing one quantity as a percentage of another quantity.

Example 24
1 Jason buys a CD player for $250 and sells it for $425. Find: a the prot b the percentage prot (on cost price).

Solution

a Prot = $425 $250 = $175 profit - 100% b Percentage prot = ---------------------cost price =
175 -------250

100% = 70%

2 A pair of jeans marked at $140 is sold at a discount for $84. What is the percentage discount?

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Solution
Discount = $140 $84 = $56 discount - 100% Percentage discount = -----------------------------marked price 56 - 100% = -------140 = 40%

Exercise 1-17
SkillBuilder 4-13 Two quantities as a percentage

1 Express each of the following as a percentage: a 24 out of 30 b 76 out of 80 d $4 out of $60 e $24 out of $400

c 42 out of 60 f $30 out of $90

2 Express each of these as a percentage. (Remember to make the units of both quantities the same.) a 20 min out of 1 h b 600 ml out of 1 L c 115 m out of 800 m d 75c out of $2 e 25 s out of 2 min f 72 cm out of 5 m 3 Which is the better mark: 17 out of 25 for a science test, or 28 out of 40 for a history test? 4 A TV costing $500 is sold for $850. Find: a the prot b the percentage prot (on cost price). 5 A car costing $7000 is sold for $6200. Calculate: a the loss b the loss as a percentage of cost price (correct to one decimal place). 6 Alanas watch gains 2 minutes every 3 hours. What percentage gain in time is this (correct to two decimal places)? 7 Edmonds wage increases from $460 a week to $512 a week. Find: a the increase in Edmonds wage b the percentage increase in Edmonds wage (correct to one decimal place). 8 At a sale, Garrett and Katie paid $200 for a cutlery set marked at $350. Calculate: a the amount of the discount b the percentage discount (correct to one decimal place). 9 Dwayne scored 31 goals last season. This season he has scored 43 goals. What is his percentage increase? (Give your answer to the nearest whole number.) 10 In 1996, the most popular second language in Australia was Italian, with 367 300 Italian speakers. If Australias population at the time was 15 969 000, what percentage of the population could speak Italian? (Give your answer correct to one decimal place.) 11 Jenny earns $680 a week. She spends $42 a week on fares for buses and trains. What percentage of her wage does Jenny spend on fares? (Give your answer correct to one decimal place.) 12 At the supermarket, packets of bread rolls marked at $2.79 are discounted to $1. What is the percentage discount?

Example 24

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13 At a sale, a jumper priced at $180 is marked down to $120. A further discount of 15% is then given. Calculate: a the selling price of the jumper b the total discount c the discount as a percentage of the marked price. 14 A tennis racquet is bought for $75. If a prot of $90 is made when it is sold, calculate: a the selling price of the tennis racquet b the prot as a percentage of the cost price. 15 A bedroom suite is sold for $8400, making a prot of $3600. Find: a the cost price of the bedroom suite b the percentage prot.

Using technology
PowerPlus breakfast cereal
A popular breakfast cereal, PowerPlus, lists nutritional information about its contents on the packet, including the masses of nutrients in a 50 g serve (about 1 bowl). Set up a spreadsheet as shown, containing these details. To save time typing, use this link to go to a partly completed spreadsheet.
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Nutrients Protein Fat Complex carbohydrates Sugars Dietary bre Sodium Potassium Other ingredients Total Mass (grams) 10.8 0.3 2.6 7.5 1.4 0.25 0.1 Percentage (%) The masses of various nutrients in a 50 g serve of PowerPlus cereal are shown in this table. B C D E F

Spreadsheet 1-06 PowerPlus breakfast cereal

1 The total mass of nutrients in cell C16 is 50 g. What is the mass of the other ingredients not listed? Put this value in cell C15. 2 Calculate the amount of each of the nutrients as a percentage of a serve. What formula will you use in cell D8? (If you use =C8/C16*100, then you are correct!) 3 Check to see if your calculations are correct by adding the values in column D. What should the values sum to in cell D16?

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CH APTE R 1

The unitary method

The unitary method involves nding the value of one part or item when given the value of several parts or items.

Example 25
1 If
3 -4

of a number is 81, what is the number?

Solution

3 -4 1 -4 4 -4

of the number = 81 of the number = 81 3 = 27 of the number = 27 4 = 108

1 -3

The number is 108. 2 A watch has been reduced in price by of the watch? so that it now costs $180. What was the original price

-- , then If the price has been reduced by 1 3

Solution

The original price of the watch is $270.

2 -3 1 -3 3 -3

of the price = $180. of the price = 180 2 = $90 of the price = $90 3 = $270

Example 26
6% of Vimilas weekly wage is $30. Calculate her weekly wage.

Solution
6% is $30 1% is $30 6 = $5 100% is $5 100 = $500 Vimilas total wage is $500.

Exercise 1-18
Example 25

1 Find the number if: a d

2 -3 2 -5

Worksheet 1-08 The unitary method

of the number is 72 of the number is 52

b e

4 -5 5 -8

of the number is 88 of the number is 160

c f

3 -- of the number is 48 4 3 ----- of the number is 36 10

-- , so that it now costs $6000. What was the original 2 The price of a car has been reduced by 1 4 price of the car?

3 The price of a ring is reduced by 4 Sean pays wage.

3 -8

1 -5

and it now costs $1800. What was the rings original price?

of his weekly wage in rent. If his rent is $240 per week, calculate Seans weekly
3 -8

5 In a basketball game, Anita scored 15 points, which was total number of points scored by the team?

of the teams score. What was the

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NE W C E N T U R Y M A T H S 9 : S T A G E S 5 .2 / 5 .3

6 A new car loses

1 -5

of its value in the rst year. If its value is now $25 600, what was the
Example 26

original price of the car? 7 If 35% of Ramys mass is 21 kg: a what is Ramys mass? b what is 95% of his mass?
Spreadsheet 1-07 Percentages and the unitary method Worksheet 1-09 Percentage problems

8 An 8% discount represents a saving of $50 on the marked price. a What is the marked price? b How much saving does a 15% discount represent? 9 Find (to the nearest whole number) the complete amount in each of the following if: a 11% is 45 b 25% is 165 c 2.5% is 80 mm d 7% is 56 e 55% is $20 i 18.5% is 24.5 f j 12.5% is 48 120% is 60 m g 82% is 425 kg k 225% is 44
-- % is 24 h 33 1 3

135% is 78 km

10 In a game of cricket, Chris scored 42 runs, which was 21% of the teams score. How many runs did the team score? 11 Last year Ha paid 32% of her salary in tax. If her tax was $13 341, what was her salary? 12 If 15% of Shaheids weekly wage is $72.75, what is his weekly wage? 13 A jeweller charges $55 for valuing a diamond ring. Find the value of the ring if this charge represents 1.5% of its worth. 14 When pottery is red, it loses 35% of the weight it had as clay. Find the weight of clay that was used to make a bowl weighing 780 g.

Power plus
1 The fraction
3 -4 3 -4

can be written as the sum of reciprocals of whole numbers as follows:

3 -4

=
3 -5

1 -2

1 -4

or

1 -3 4 -9

1 -4

1 -8

1 ----24 2 -5 3 -8 15 ----32 7 ----10

Write each of the following fractions as the sum of reciprocals of whole numbers. a b c d
2 -3

2 Write down four possible ways of expressing

as the sum of reciprocals of whole numbers.

3 Consider Pythagoras theorem for this right-angled triangle:

17 8

82 + 152 = 172
15

The sum of the reciprocals of the consecutive odd numbers 3 and 5 is

1 -3

1 -5

8 ----15

The 8 and 15 lead to the Pythagorean result 82 + 152 = 172 a Show that the Pythagorean result is also true for the consecutive odd numbers 7 and 9. (Hint: Find
1 -7

1 -9

and then state the Pythagorean result that follows.)

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CH APTE R 1

b Give two other examples. 4 Consider the rectangle below, which is made up of 12 small squares.

We can shade
1 -2

1 -2

of the rectangle in one colour,

1 -3

of the rectangle in a different colour, and

1 -6

of the rectangle in another colour, writing the result as +

1 -3

+
2

1 -6 3

= 1 whole
1 -6

1 -- , --, Note that 1

are the reciprocals of the integers 2, 3 and 6.

In how many ways can you write the one whole as the sum of different reciprocals of integers for a rectangle made up of: a 12 squares? b 18 squares? 5 An irrational number is a number that is not rational, so it cannot be expressed in the form
a --, b

where a and b are integers and b 0.

Points to remember about an irrational number when expressed as a decimal: It is not terminating: its digits run indenitely. It does not have a repeating group of gures (it is non-recurring). It can never be written exactly as a fraction. State whether the following are rational or irrational: 1 a 7 b 4 c 3.4 d 11 e 0.9 f 0.3434526

6 a Explain why you cannot nd the square root of a negative number. b Explain why you can nd the cube root of a negative number. 7 Explain why 7 must lie between 2 and 3.

8 a To obtain a better approximation for 7 , nd the average of the 2 and 3. b Average this approximation with either the 2 or the 3 (whichever is closer in value). This gives a second approximation for 7 . c Use the same method to nd a third approximation for 7 . 9 If a unit fraction is dened as a fraction with a numerator of 1 (e.g. unit fractions whose sum is 1.
1 ----- ), 12

nd seven different

10 The product 5 4 3 2 1 can be written as 5! This is read as ve factorial. 6 factorial = 6! =654321 = 720 a Evaluate: b

i 4! ii 5! i Does 7 6! = 7! ? Why? ii Given that 8! = 40 320, nd 9!

iii 10!

iv 7 6!

v 7!

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NE W C E N T U R Y M A T H S 9 : S T A G E S 5 .2 / 5 .3

c Evaluate:

i 4! + 3!

ii 6! 4!

iii 4! 3!

iv 8! 7!
1 F 1 E 1

v
D

10! --------------6! 4!

11 Using a scale of 1 unit to 1 cm, draw an accurate diagram based on this sketch. a Use Pythagoras theorem to calculate the lengths of AE, AF, , AI. Which answer is a rational number? b By measuring the lengths AE, AF,, AI, nd the approximations to the irrational numbers obtained in part a. c Check the accuracy of your approximations by using your calculator.

1 3 2 1 unit A 1 unit B C

G 1 H 1 I

12 Accurately construct a square with an area of 10 square units. (Hint: You will need to accurately construct an interval of 10 .)

Language of maths
accuracy compare decrease equivalent increase numerator rational signicant gures approximate convert denominator estimate integer operation recurring simplify ascending decimal descending fraction loss prot reciprocal terminating cent decimal place discount improper fraction mixed numeral ratio round unitary method

Worksheet 1-10 Numbers crossword

1 Select ve words from the list above and write their meanings using your own words. 2 Find a non-mathematical meaning for: a reciprocal b recurring 3 What is a mixed numeral? Give an example. 4 Which word means to determine roughly or to calculate approximately the value or size of something? 5 a In the number 12.075 count the number of: i decimal places ii signicant gures. b What is the difference between decimal places and signicant gures? 6 From the list above, write as many pairs of words that have opposite meanings as you can. 7 Per cent means per hundred. Can you think of any other cent words that mean a hundred of something? 8 What is the difference between rounding up and rounding down? c terminating

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Topic overview
Worksheet 1-11 No calculators

Write in your own words what you have learned in this chapter. Write which parts of this chapter were new to you. Copy and complete: The things I understand about exploring numbers that I did not understand before are The things I am still not condent in doing in this chapter are Give an example of each difculty you still have. Copy and complete whichever applies to you: The steps I will take to overcome my problems with this chapter are The sections of work that I found difcult in this chapter were The sections of work that I found easy in this chapter were The sections of work that I enjoyed doing were Copy the overview below into your book. Use bright colours and, if necessary, add further information to complete your summary of this section of work.
find 15% of $60 increase by a % decrease by a % one quantity as a % of another profit loss

Unitary method 80% = 80 100 = 0.8 0.52 = 0.52 100 = 52%

4 4 = 100 5 5

Unitary method

= 80%

75 75% = 100 3 = 4

37%
Percentages

5 8
Fractions

Types

3 proper 5 7 2 improper 2 4

0.374
Decimals
3 7

1 3 ordering,

four operations
1 + 1 3 4 3 1 5 2 2 1 3 2 1 3 2

rounding terminating recurring

decimals

EXPLORING NUMBERS
0.56
3 100

6 2.7 8

7, 81, 5
Integers ordering, 5 3 four operations Estimation 64.3 7.6 ?

Order of operations ( )2 power ( ) brackets , +,

Ordering 0.95 5%, 3

5

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NE W C E N T U R Y M A T H S 9 : S T A G E S 5 .2 / 5 .3

Chapter 1
1 a Copy and complete:

Review
5 ----10

Topic test Chapter 1

Ex 1-02

15 -----

----2 ----4

b What number could be placed in the box so that c The expression

26 ----12 + ------------------ , 5

is a fraction between 7 and 8?

where ?

is a whole number, has a value between 7 and 9.

What is a possible value for d The fraction 2 Simplify: a d g

5 -6 4 -5

has a value between 3 and 5. What is a possible value for

?
Ex 1-04

3 -4 2

-21 4

+
2 -3

-32 5

c f

-12 3 2 -3 4 ----2 -3

3 -4

-33 4 --) (1 1 2

Ex 1-05 Ex 1-06

- 21

e 6 h
4 -- 5
2

+ +

3 2 -- -4 3 ---------------------------2 -- -1 + 3 4 3

1 -2

4 -5 ----8

3 Evaluate the following, giving your answers to the number of decimal places indicated. a 15.5 3 9.78 0.023 c 2.13 (1.8)3 a 8.752 34.5 (2) (3) b b
23 17.2 --------------------------56 2.3 2

Ex 1-08

(1) (4)
Ex 1-09

d 0.0043
5.76 + 7.96 3.2 -----------------------------------------2.7 3 112.45 37.8 ---------------------------------48.5

4 Evaluate the following, giving your answers to 4 signicant gures. c

1 -----4.8

3 -----2.7
Ex 1-10

5 Estimate answers to the following: a 450 63 + 23 4.6 b

6 Express each of the following as a fraction in simplest form: 17 a 0.15 b 0.8 c

--%= 7 31 2

Ex 1-12

3 0.25
Ex 1-13

A 3.5
7

B 0.35
2 19 ----50

C 0.305

D 0.035
Ex 1-14 Ex 1-16

1 -- , 43%, 0.48, --, 8 Arrange 3

in descending order.

9 In a school of 970 students, 8.7% of students receive nancial assistance. a How many students receive assistance? b How many students do not receive assistance? 10 A clothing company offers a discount of 10.5% to its employees. How much will a jacket marked at $264.50 cost an employee? 11 a There are 14 g of nitrogen in 63 g of nitric acid. What percentage of nitrogen is this? b Increase $1.50 by 12% and then decrease this amount by 12%. Calculate the gain or loss as a percentage of the original amount. Explain your answer. 12 In a cricket match, John made 57 runs, which was 22% of the team total. How many runs did the team make?
E XP LOR I NG NUM B E R S

Ex 1-15

Ex 1-17

Ex 1-18

39

CH APTE R 1