The outer ear consists of : Auricula (the pinna) meatus acusticus externus the eardrum (tympanic membrane)

1. The pinna piece of cartilage covered by skin The pinnas shape enables it to funnel sound waves into the external auditory meatus. The various folds in the pinnas structure amplify some highfrequency components of the sound. They also help in the localisation of sound from in front and behind and from left/right sound waves pass the pinna from behind they are diffracted around the pinna to the meatus whereas sounds from in front do not do this. A sound directly from the left reaches the left ear before the right. The sound is also quieter at the right ear because the head is between the sound and the ear the head shadow effect. It has intrinsic and extrinsic muscle And its inervated by nervus VII Vascularization from branch of a. Carotis externa : a. Auricularis pot, a. Temporalis sup., a. Occipitalis, for the vein same as the artery Lymph: anterior to nodus parotideus, post nodus mastoideus 2. Meatus acusticus externus This is a tube leading from the external auditory meatus to the tympanic membrane. The external auditory canal is approximately 2,5-3 cm long and its shape like letter s The canal is lined by skin throughout its length The outer one-third is a cartilaginous tube and the skin has ceruminous glands that secrete wax (cerumen), sweat glands and hairs. the inner two-thirds is closely adherent to the underlying bone and there is again very little subcutaneous structure. Inervation by N.VII 3. Tympanic membrane Separating MAE and middle ears Its round and concave, and have diameter about 1 cm the first part of the sound transducing mechanism. Vibrates in response to sound waves Changes acoustical energy into mechanical energy Its has 4 part : o pars flacida (above, has 2 layers the outer one is from the ephithelial of MAE and the inner one lined by cube cell with cillia, and has an area called atic which has aditus ad antrum that is a hole that connect middle ear and antrum mastoid) o pars tensa (below, has one layer in the middle consist of colagen fiber and small amount of elastic fiber which goes radier outside and sirkuler inside) o umbo is a shadow projection from malleus at TM. From umbo, theres a cone of light, it is the light from the outside that reflected by TM. When it shows like 5 oclock it means TM right, 7 oclock for TM left

o plica malleolaris ante and post Sensoric inervation: the outer part of TM by N.V, VII, X, the inner part by N.IX

Physiology : Acoustic energy, in the form of sound waves, is channeled into the ear canal by the pinna. Sound waves hit the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate, changing it into mechanical energy.