Professional Documents
Culture Documents
________________________________________
MLRT
LECTURERS BACKGROUND
Professional Experience
- 20 years with Mobil Oil Corporation
- 14 years in Research & Development in Refining and Petrochemical - 57 U.S. Patents and 6 Publications
Expertise:
- Refining Technology, especially in Hydroprocessing (HDT,HDC, ISOM) - Clean Fuels, Lube Production Technology, Zeolite Catalysis
Education:
- BS in Chemistry & Math at Illinois State University (1975)
- MS in Chem. Eng. at University of Massachusetts (1977) - PhD in Chem. Eng. at University of Massachusetts (1980)
At Present:
- President of US-based Pacific Energy Company (PEC),
Oil & Gas Technology Consulting Company (Hanoi & HCMC Offices)
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Introduction Lube Oil Technology Trends in Lubricants- Global vs Vietnam Markets Lubrication Science Chemical Composition of Crude Oil & Lube Fractions Lube Refining Technology Conventional Lube Production via Solvent Extraction - Propane De-Asphalting - Furfural Extraction and MEK Dewaxing Catalytic Lube Dewaxing Technology using Zeolite Catalysts - Wax Cracking (MLDW), Wax Hydroisomerization (MWI) Advances in Catalytic Lube Processing Lube Product Development Process Additives Synthetic Lube Base Stocks Petroleum Wax Orientation Environmental Effect of Used Lubricants
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I II III IV V
< 90 > 0.03 > 80 to <120 90 0.03 80 to <120 90 0.03 120 All Poly Alpha Olefins (PAOs) All other Base Stocks
NOTE: American Petroleum Institute (API) classifies Base Stocks in 1990 Hydroprocessing has emerged as preferred technology for high quality Hydrocracking/Hydroisomerization produces VHVI or XHVI high paraffinic Group II-III Group V contains Alkylated Aromatics, Naphthenics, Ester Synthetics, Silicons and Polyglycols
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* LUBRICANT WORLD 4th ANNUAL Edn. 2002, BPD= Barrels Per Day
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Metric Ton/yr
200000 150000 100000 50000 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
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LOCATION
Nha Be Dong Nai Cat Lai Dong Nai HCMC Nha Be HCMC Vinh Long
CAPACITY, MT
50,000 25,000 30,000 25,000 15,000 25,000 10,000 10,000
Van Dao
12/11-APP Capacity in the North
Ha Tay
Quang Ninh
4,000
4,000 (73,000)
268,000
9
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Preservation
Lubrication
Lubricant Functions
Cooling Power Transfer
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Maintain Physical Properties - Pour point, Volatility, Flash Point, Compatibility - Emulsibility/Demulsibility, Foam Control Cope with Contaminants and Deterioration - Dispersancy, Ash Level, Carbon Residue - Anti-microbial, Oxidative and Thermal Stability Machine Preservation - Detergency, Corrosion Inhibition, Seal Compatibility Human Preservation - Toxicity Cosmetic - Color, Odor, Taste
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Physics
- Viscosity (T,P and Shear Rate) - Shear Strength (high P) - Shear Strength (grease) - Pour Point (wax form)
Lubricants are segmented into Automotive, Industrial, Marines & Specialties (60% volume for global Automotive Lubricants) Products are blended to qualities established by SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) and OEMs (Original Equipment Manufactures). Important application in internal combustion engines, vehicles and industrial gear boxes, compressors, turbines or hydraulic systems. Complex tasks to balance the Lube Base Stocks and Additives. Between 5,000-10,000 different lubricant formulations.
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TRIBOLOGY
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Viscosity Measurement
Dynamic Viscosity
(cP)
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Viscosity Units
100 VI
0 VI
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Importance of Composition
o
Refining Processes - Separation Processes: Distillation, Solvent Extraction, Solvent Dewaxing - Conversion Processes: Catalytic Dewaxing, Hydrotreating, Hydrocracking Base Stock Physical and Chemical Properties - Viscosity, Viscosity Index, Pour Point, Thermal and Oxidative Stability
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Complex Mixture of Hydrocarbons with Varying Amounts of Compounds Containing Nitrogen, Sulfur, Oxygen and Metals. Components Contain from 1 to over 100 Carbon Atoms. No Two Crude Oils Exactly Alike from All Aspects. Range from Light Liquids to Semi-Solids with API Gravities from 5 to 40
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Carbon Atoms 10 25 40
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LN & HN
BS
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Higher Ring Structures with partial Saturation Less Desirable as Lube Base Stock Components due to Very Poor Oxidation Stability
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Asphaltenes
-Precipitated from Crude Oils by Aliphatic Solvents (C3-C5). Soluble in Benzene, 1000-3000 MW -Very High in S, N, O, and Metals (V, Ni).
Asphaltenes Structure
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LUBE FRACTIONS
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API Gravity Viscosity, SUS at 100oF Pour Point, oF Viscosity Index (VI) Flash Point, oF ASTM Color
28 100 - 45 45 340 1
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Quality
Turbine (Spec 4,000 Hr TOST)
150 SUS
300 SUS 450 SUS 700 SUS Regular
(Spec 1,000 Hr TOST)
Auto
2700 SUS
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2700 SUS
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LIGHT FUELS
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NEUTRAL DISTILLATES
1 2
FURFURAL SOLVENT EXTRACTION
WAXY RAFFINATES
MEK SOLVENT DEWAXING
DEWAXED OILS
CLAY OR HYDROGEN FINISHING
1 2
1 2
LN
2
ATMOS. RESID
FURFURAL
EXTRACT
WAX
HN
3 3
BS
Propane De asphalt
DE-ASPHALTED OIL
Light Hydrocarbon
CATALYTIC DEWAXING
ASPHALTS
VACUMM RESID.
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Block Operation- Requirement of Many Storage Tanks High Operational Cost- Combination of Several Solvent Extraction Technology Energy intensive- Requirement for refrigeration, high Volume of Solvent, Solvent Recovery, Separation
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10000
RESID 1000
75
EFFECT
REMOVED BY
- Refining
Sulfur
- Refining
- Refining
- Selective Precipitation
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Propane De-Asphalting
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VACUUM DISTILATTION
NEUTRAL DISTILLATES
1 2
DEWAXED OILS
CLAY OR HYDROGEN FINISHING
1 2
1 2
1 2 3
ATMOS. RESID
FURFURAL
EXTRACT
(FOOT OIL)
WAX
Propane De asphalt
Light Hydrocarbon
CATALYTIC DEWAXING
ASPHALTS
VACUMM RESID.
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Asphalt
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PARAFFINS
NAPHTHENES
AROMATICS
RESINS ASPHALTENES
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VACUUM DISTILATTION
NEUTRAL DISTILLATES
1 2
DEWAXED OILS
CLAY OR HYDROGEN FINISHING
1 2
1 2
1 2 3
ATMOS. RESID
FURFURAL
EXTRACT
(FOOT OIL)
WAX
Propane De asphalt
DE-ASPHALTED OIL
Light Hydrocarbon
CATALYTIC DEWAXING
ASPHALTS
VACUMM RESID.
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Liquid-liquid extraction of Lubricating Oil Distillates Production of Waxy Raffinates Removal of Aromatics Removal of other Undesirable Constituents Suitable Extractants are Furfural, Phenol, SO2, N-Methyl Pyrrolidone (NMP), Aniline, Nitrobenzene
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High Selectivity for Desirable Components Good Solvent Power Low Solvent to Feed Ratio High Extraction Temperature for Good Mass Transfer Easy Recovery by Simple Distillation Low Vapor Pressure Avoid Use of High Pressure Vessels High Density Rapid Separation of Oil and Solvent Phases No Emulsification Rapid Separation of Oil and Solvent Phases Stability No Chemical or Thermal Degradation Adaptable Effective for Wide Range of Feed Stocks Available Reasonable Cost Non-Corrosive to Conventional Metals of Construction Non-Toxic Environmentally Safe
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Furfural is preferred because of: - High Selectivity - Moderate Toxicity - Low Cost - Availability
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RAFFINATE PHASE
furfural
RAFFINATE recovery furfural furfural Rotating Disk extractor Extract Recovery furfural RAFFINATE
DISTILLATE FEED
Extract phase
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VI Paraffins 1-Ring Naphthenes 2+ Ring Naphthenes 1-Ring Aromatics 2+Ring Aromatics Excellent Good Fair Good Poor
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84
100
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Effects of Dosage
a. Solubility in Furfural b. Extraction Products
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Effects of Temperature on
a. Solubility Furfural b. Extraction Products
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Unit Construction Throughput Viscosity/Gravity of Oil/Solvent Solvent Dosage Temperature, Temperature Gradient Deposits Degraded Oil or Solvent Rotor Speed
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Packed Tower 53 54 50
5 5 4
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Recover Furfural from Product Mix Streams Purify Furfural for Recycle Maximize Energy Efficiency
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Solvent Contaminants
Contaminant Water Source Steam Stripping in Solvent Recovery
Incomplete Solvent-Oil Separation (Usually Extract)
Oil
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VACUUM DISTILATTION
NEUTRAL DISTILLATES
1 2
DEWAXED OILS
CLAY OR HYDROGEN FINISHING
1 2
1 2
1 2 3
ATMOS. RESID
FURFURAL
EXTRACT
(FOOT OIL)
WAX
Propane De asphalt
DE-ASPHALTED OIL
Light Hydrocarbon
CATALYTIC DEWAXING
ASPHALTS
VACUMM RESID.
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Main Sections of Plant - Solvent Dilution and Wax Crystallization - Filtration - Dewaxed Oil Solvent Recovery
Auxiliary Systems - Solvent Decantation and Water Removal - Refrigeration - Inert Gas Circulation
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FILTRATION
WASH.
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Solvent Dewaxing
Process Principles
Solvent Dewaxing Overview Charge Stock Solvent Composition Solvent Utilization Repulping / Deoiling Dewaxing Trends
Laboratory
Lube Slack Wax Yield Oil Content
% Vol. % Vol.
BASE STOCK 100 SUS Auto/Turbine 300 SUS Auto 300 SUS Turbine 700 SUS Auto 700 SUS Turbine Bright Stock
Note: 200 F = -70C
oC
% Vol.
-18 -9 -7 -7 -7 -7
78 79 76 78 74 77
15 20 15 35 35 30
83 86 83 86 83 86
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Yield Loss
%Vol of Charge 1.0 1.0
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Arab Light
Pour Point
oF/oC
Statfjord
Lube Yield
% Vol.
Lube Yield
% Vol.
100S US Auto* 300 SUS Auto* 700 SUS Auto Bright Stock
76 78 75 79
0.25 0.45 40 30
70 74 68 69
0.2 0.3 38 28
35
1.95
45
1.55
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Solvent Dewaxing
Process Principles
Solvent Dewaxing Overview Charge Stock Solvent Composition Solvent Utilization Repulping / Deoiling Dewaxing Trends
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Preferred Solvents
- Ketones (Di-Methyl Ketone, Methyl Ethyl Ketone,
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone) - Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (Di Chloro Methane, Di Chloro Ethane) - Toluene - Blends of the these Compounds
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MEK - Selectively rejects Paraffins from Solution - Reduces Crystallization Refrigeration Duty - May Cause Oil Phase Separation TOLUENE - Maintains Oil in Solution - Inhibits Oil Phase Separation
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--
+43
+200
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Primary Secondary Tertiary Recirc. Filtrate Cold Wash Total Fresh Solvents
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Lube Yield
Wash Ratio
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69 2.7 -3.0 16
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VACUUM DISTILATTION
NEUTRAL DISTILLATES
1 2
DEWAXED OILS
CLAY OR HYDROGEN FINISHING
1 2
1 2
1 2 3
ATMOS. RESID
FURFURAL
EXTRACT
(FOOT OIL)
WAX
Propane De asphalt
DE-ASPHALTED OIL
Light Hydrocarbon
CATALYTIC DEWAXING
ASPHALTS
VACUMM RESID.
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Viscosity at 100oF, SUS Viscosity Index Pour point, oF Sulfur, Wt % Nitrogen, ppm ASTM Color Neutralization. No. Demulsibility, Mins to Break Processing Conditions Reactor Temp., OF LHSV, Hr-1 H2 Pressure, psig H2 Circulation, SCF/B Catalyst
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VACUUM DISTILATTION
NEUTRAL DISTILLATES
1 2
DEWAXED OILS
CLAY OR HYDROGEN FINISHING
1 2
1 2
1 2 3
ATMOS. RESID
FURFURAL
EXTRACT
(FOOT OIL)
WAX
Propane De asphalt
DE-ASPHALTED OIL
Light Hydrocarbon
CATALYTIC DEWAXING
ASPHALTS
VACUMM RESID.
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CoMo /Al2O3
500 600oF 500 1500 SCF/B 50 75 SCF/B
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100 SUS 300 SUS 700 SUS 165 SUS Distillate / Resid Propane Deasphalting - Deasphalted Oils - Tar Furfural Extraction - Raffinate - Extract Solvent Dewaxing - Dewaxed Oil - Slack Wax 84 80 56 165 69 96
51 33
41 10
47 33
37 10
29 27
23 6
50 19
39 11
177 112
140 37
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Performance of MWI-2
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