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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES — A MATRIX DEFINITION 48 giva\\ Lis 5 \—) BASICS —\qolul Y—4 Unity Matrix [ 34> 9) 3 yiaa \—Y-\ Null (or Zero) Matrix O ¥ yual\ 3 yivali Y—Y—) Inverse Matrix 48 gial\ 4 Sa ¥-¥-Y Equality of Two Matrices (2 sia g us t-Y— Addition and Subtraction of Matrices O18 yisal ¢ yb y a= 8-Y—\ Matrix Multiplication 3 giali 2 p20 \-Y-' Division of Matrices 2 sali 4a5 Y-¥—) Partitioning ts px) A-¥—- Matrix Transpose % yiual! j ya 4-Y-\ Symmetric Matrix Ula) 3 yia\\ \.—-¥~)it yialt xii dnie 9 ‘Skew-Symmetric Matrix Judy itleds ib yiall 1\-Y-) 9 Hermitian Matrix Ages yA\ Ub yal) \Y-Y-4 10 Skew-Hermitian Matrix Melty dg yA\ ib ginal \Y-¥—4 11 Trace of a Matrix 4 ynali 4 ¢-¥- iW Commutation 2) yial\ Jiu) des \0-¥-1 11 Idempotent Matrix 4, 4N\ a sivall \\—-¥—) 12 Nilpotent Matrix ial) 45 9\\ a yiall \Y¥—¥—) 13 Involutary Matrix 42° yi) 45 y\\ 3 gall \A-Y- 13 Apa ab pinay dy jedi Hb ydnall 4-1-1 Diagonal Matrix and Triangular Matrix 15 Inner Product (ged\ ( pal\ ¥+—Y—\ 16 Orthogonal Vectors idole) igrcli ¥\—-Y—) 16 Independent Vectors Wizu\\) O\grcli ¥¥Y-Y¥— 18 Orthonormal Vectors (64? g\') sJa\el\ bu> i Gigs YY-Y-1 18 Celt — al yr May gay Agar YE-Y—Y Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization Process 20 Orthonormalization 842 $\ igus ¥O—Y—\ 21 Orthogonal Matrix sda\xh\ i) yal) ¥4—Y—) 22 Unitary Matrix 4yy1> $\ OU) gual YV-¥—-) 23 Ob pall JalSsy Jols YA-¥-1 Matrix Differentiation and Integrationxii ups! 25 Matrix and Vector Norms 42\\y 4 ginal) pluie Y4—Y¥—) 25 Vector Norm 4x\\ tle V-Y4-Y=) 30 Matrix Norm % yiva\\ plas Y-¥4-¥-) 39 Kroncker Product Siy,S 2 po ¥+-¥-\ 41 Determinants 2\245\ ¥\-Y—\ 53 aM tdl dle ple lyf WY-Y-4 . Aa UN de file Y-4 . © Ghd sMhslegll: gti Oui LINEAR SYSTEMS OFEQUATIONS SOS 69 RANK AND INVERSE y+ sah\ dex yl) \—¥ 69 Al) OM yully PSS V-y—7 Equivalence and Elementary Transformation 1 Rank of a Matrix 4 yina\\ 2-9 Y-\-¥ 2B W yirall ie > all Gb \-Y-\-¥ 76° Inverse of a Matrix a yia\\ Sane Y—\—¥ 16 daa MB pial Sar V-Y-N-7 BE Ce Sally I Sally yard B ginal Sar PTV -Y (Right and Left Inverses) 85 (GeaIEI de = OYotall ote) ALE! YUL > Y-¥ SOLUTION OF LINEAR SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS (m =n)ob yial! xiv oA 85 Fendt Abd! OYoul! fo 1-1-9 System of Linear Homogeneous Equations . 88 Fandom! pb Abd Youll f> Y-Y-¥ System of Linear Non-Homogeneous Equations 88 (p(4)= p(A|b)=n) + SgYi SLI y-y-y-y 99 (p(4)= (|b) 4% 6 \-%-Y-¥ 104 Gauss-Jordan Method 0'>y- ~ _ysler tix pb Y-£-Y-¥ 106 Ax=b OYotal JF GSU pb) dey) SG bi o-y-¥ Iterative (Indirect Methods) 109 Jacobi Method giz tix yb \—0-Y-¥ 14 Gauss-Seidel Method Jame — yp gx idx pb Y-9-¥-¥ 117 Relaxation Method .*\3)\ G yb ¥~0-Y—¥ 123 men ibd) Nota b> YY 126 pA) =n Y-t-¥ (E-1) jadi de dle oF oy 4 bb OS of Aw! yiall = hE A DIAGONALIZATION - DIAGONALIZABLE MATRICES Independent Eigenvectors Wiz 4\D\ Olt! \-1-¥ (Aides pb) Garr gle pian Socal 251 Olgrell Y-1-1 Dependent Eigenvectors JORDAN FORM 03) = JS» Y- CS GUI le ile A-ttXVi OU yhall bea pe) pe Pe || Jigs 3 aul,ll Lill MATRIX FUNCTIONS 185 dadde \—£ 186 (Ages det A) slain! alc) Y—£ USING DIAGONALIZATION (A is Semi-Simple) 191 (lige det A) Oglala — LIS’ dy bi plan’) YE USING CAYLEY-HAMILTON (A is Semi-Simple) 192 Oglala — Gui ay Bi ils aay V1 196 MINIMUM POLYNOMIAL (5 jh.a\ 423 y3\ £—¢ 205 Ags Ad ped Ue GO gilela — LIS bi Slow! 0-€ Arce y 214 Dyplt op lk V-€ 230 es dl de fle V-£ APPLICATIONS sildsabi: yao lll aLall 234 = Ax + Bu 3) gall de Soe! Daler fo : Jy! jected! 1-0 234 daais 1-1-0 235 Time Invariant Systems ¢ )\ go 6 péch\ yo phd Y-\—0 246 Time Variant Systems (4 3\ ao 3 yoch\ glass ¥—)—0xvii 251 253 260 267 267 268 275 278 279 283 284 284 287 295 295 307 Matrizant dled! Geeks! 1-0 6X Sa de yt ys Doll 1-4-0 Generalization past Y-\-9 ibd Be OVS oye lt fo: yell Gedasll £-0OB yall xviii ie 307 Newton Method 9 j3 4 yb \-V-0 310 Broyden Method 029 » 4 yb Y-V-8 oe APPENDIXA 1 gallo REFERENCES al yoll 320 INDEX ia yu1 Sughll gad .2 — crib ybalt yt tt INTRODUCTION TO Dt ped Yorke gil LLM JS (Lily 25 of yesh Liaw pals OU Le g CAB pial. pe gldl Lis ye ot GN antl dy Wily SU ple yay Matrices oi sinall ple Sas OF CE Uy | LAN pe 9) Linear Equations Yad) Dou Jo 9 ple ye « Vector small y 3 ginal a% gi) Norms patil 242 Oty Rank tor ply Inverse Salt ABUL Li ghall ya Siyy alg Lia fyy0 ca egal op Lely Bai of Ley AU ols le of Lube y Hermitian Matrices ge ph i inal y Symmetric Matrices BS cl atl yy Inner Product Hed) pial Las y Determinants i218 casted oy Creal pb g Leb loygget dis of te tal ley. Ul Lia Q yates ell ce ag U LY ge tab Obes, anti age oe OUI pT A MATRIX DEFINITION 48 sina Ay 95 \—\ Wylie | 3 samy le ge aa sbasl oe Jeal.. Dial Gy ad tab op ST ary + Linear Algebra Jad\ ph\ gle op til Je toe Y de> [1975 2 yhaall Cis ya LS folate a gh (1m by mn) m X Ady ye i ginal my Rows Dy tual ps mb Field \e Sam Sh gest Bp SN By dL W yiall O55 L Bae) Columns 348% Med. Capital LettersOU yall tase 2 Row Matrix or aby Sehy che cp BS Dye goals Dye Arty aynl pe BigSt Ugualt gamely « Row e Vector igaws ld We isley « Comte Matrix or Column » age gS cdall gle Bhd om = my Dyke 20e ga bel aie lain hy emg Square Matrix 1m)\ Lib phsall good galt et BU te At Dye J = 12,--.n) 0, pote BASICS Spats ¥-\ Unity Matrix I 34> 3\ 4b yiae \-Y-1 OSS & bal o polwi Uf (1 =) jas gi Lots bbs aco day Bi yinan ay tatagh.. ict 2 Of AUS deyOU yhalt td! Of AUIS. Sey 0 ' 1 J i] * fd Two gah j,i Elementary Vectors WJ 38) Lgl ga od lah yall + clgrell gant Lanly . Dimensional Space 0 0 1 0 i i c 0 0 0 tdi AUS Gley . Three Dimensional Space 2x5! ce) £1! 3 WV) yall 1 0 0 nt 3h 3 ary SEY EN ayn Dimensional Space Ww) cp n go E13 Sif me 1 pe Ste ool J Jnl 9 Lila Tyo Gaby 9 Al labs Galt SU op eee ent at GT OU ial Oo te Gai d Lil pe yy 1 AVS be J wal a ae Ae Null Matrix or Zero Matrix O 4 da)! di yivall ¥ rot gt. Uwel lapel ll tb yiall 2, a ry) DW ete eles OnsnAnst = Omer + Ant Ohan = Omen Ann * Onan = Anxn 2 A-A=O RY SU stealth 3c Aly abl Gall othe Gea gheyob yiall fdas 4 Inverse Matrix 48 yinal\ (9 Sas Y-¥—) Lb oy S abr A a yiel at PMU pay d op trae yee ny + dW Sie y Right Inverse A, EN) ySabl candy ad) ye daly | OSs OLD pian aaa bnsen Ann = mem 2 BY! aie y Left Inverse Ay pu) psSall cody sla op dtolyy Gea h OSS oN Sue er Syl pall Le See OP (im =n) ta pW yinall AIT 1Y 1 AW GA AT, Joly Sue Byes Anon nin = Amin Anan = Of te AN ya Raby W538 She by bp OS Soll tle of J ath Sey BL BA pS on By. (eal glee VA aay [4] 40 of ob tut Singular 33\b W yan Ue A VSS yo sSae Ub od A Ob [4] =0 IS 135. Nonsingular : CU a lg BU pial ut at hey. Equality of Two Matrices 34 gas 5 3 Y-' cst yhall gS btal pola JS ols bi) B= [by] 5 A=|a,] dtd yell Gps rol gi. 2 LAD ca pbeall 6 glad ye Gla) DU « La ley Addition and Subtraction of Matrices 3 sua\\ c by — 208 B=|b,| 5 A=[a,) 0 13) aes >) Gy =a, tb, , Wij D=ldy]= Ann ~ Ben My = Ay ~ by WEGUd yall SF 0S, Lacey. abel pai D 9 CT OSS y ae a By A Sls cy HD Wn ley Conformable for Addition A (c+ Cpa) gh gle gant! UG Wyil BS dle A ale! 8 B Not Conformable for Adiition or ¢ jal sh aamld U5 0 555 Y L3 sey « (or Subtraction) « Subtraction ais ta) Seas apt. a7 4 518 _ op -_. ceave-[0 3) pea-p= ° 329 =3 40 «7, PAD ol pill tee ye IST Sey i A+(B+C)=(A+ B)+C| A+B=Bt+A Matrix Multiplication i yinals yo -Y~\ 1 OW B= By = [by] 3 A= Anam = [ay] 20S 13) C= Cpu = Ley ]= Ann Bm = ABs Cy =) audy Vij fa Conformable for Multiplication jlo jp A 3 pA WG OSG Bo pM a ley Ea Ls ps OB pball poy. BS pie ou (yl d Sal ate 01S Li from Left ails @ yiaw abd pall OP hae. sll oe Oey cmd oy oe Sig. «(EUS SAT ISN) endl oe Spall ge + OWS ta} Seas 236 : als : ‘| ,. B=|3 4OU gia J dase 6 . 1 Op 1 =c,. cap. af? 3 9]3]_[OO+@G)+O@] _[35 2 -[ 1 st -(eesem so) f + EI) St pe Byer Aygs pall of ie 2 Aa ost gilt Samy AB +C)= AB + AC (A+ BYC = AC + BC A(BC) = (ABYC = ABC AB + BA (in general) ta=[ta)] A(A+ B)=KALKB (hy th)d=hAtigd (hha) = ky) 1AzAT=A 0-A=A-0=0 ae ky ky hy ee © C=Cyne = ley] 3 B= Bua = by] © A= Apem = lay] HLS BY . (i) e-8 Leo 2 ob (B+ Oma = by +64] dehy Set sssf[For fa] fl kel il [Sus] -[Eas]- AB+ AC ro LD gl yall Li OL] Dye Go LW Se pul Lin ley OLS LS. eka SI po ye SI) SIAN Lia U5 Udi) dade of Gey a ta pe Bayer O55 ot Ce BLA cei pial oye ost Of oles J Migs AB =O 1 Alt 131OU gia =|-2 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1 wn wr op 00 0 AB=|0 0 0|=0 000 pee te le chee OS tel» pty. BHO oly 420 ot yp pe ph AS op pall yl ALN ln Jy La ah aly op all oe 6 9S nl a Updos gt otal Division of Matrices 3 yia\\ 4.5 Y-Y—4 Lit Sly Sapp ab S lanl. Wyse eM yicar Led apy Y al $ cts] Uy pW a ley otiyinall BBall ge Bla gt ABT Aba Op dopey BT Cae dg eA OL a 6 dap ye AT IIT IL Gb x J yee dx = b Wold > bof ATS Slarely AT 3 OLS) Spall Partitioning (5 ze)\ AN-Y- Rs Al Li ginal op te pet J! Wyieall 5S of pen YX Ip Nhle IE » Wed « SubmatricesCb yball 3 tenia 8 2 AVS 0G opal ales ole LS Sb jbl Gand OL clad gf at aged ts pr Hla Jet LL Lig on Matrix Transpose 4 yiva\\ y 54a 4-¥—\ jaeei By ball few op ALN pial go Wiad 64 OB 4,,,, =[a, | 2 pial gl. Gye bey of gh. AY ai as heyy at OS Op Y eld ode of a wh Cay PANS ail ylerwe pe ASW Sc QUIS. te At yet UD, (i) (4B)! = Al eB! (ii), (4 =A iii) G&A! = kal k= scalar Hiv) (4B)! = BT a Symmetric Matrix Usa 4% yiall 1 .-¥-1 wb pl se J. Ba! Sp psi ys sylhe gil eM) Beall Ub sgh lad be OB Vs ley (A= a" tay se sss gh yal 2 Beall ob Sul fw dey 2 Whe oo SULy A= AT OS Ye9 i yh Skew-Symmetric SoS, Uste\ a yall 14—-¥—1 Lal, Plat bt op hia ley . ( =A") iE gt Gen) Byieall LUG 4, =-4, => 2a,=0 > a,=0 , Vi 6 E1U) SLY le Cad Hermitian Matrix 4. yo\ 4a pial \Y-¥—\ bot gindy (SU suc te pey C9 (Wels) ew tu pW yinas A=A™ 1 of gst .. Conjugation gipll ELae iad (4) cae =a, Vij ay 2 Ol gu WayOU ginal! J dete 10 1 bse R ioe 04S Of GH day pl WD yinall J bill pole + abd 214891 6 ged rol te dee US CLL a,=a, > eR, Vi 1B yinall Seas 5-148 W2-i As|-1-i 6 143i v2+i 1-3) 7 + i> OG of Ge hill polis of LY. deen Uyiee Skew-Hermitian Matric Joly dares yh Ub gual \Y-Y-4 2G cae FB] NY ne Yl ta, yin Ge lly A=-A"| oY Jue, ral gf 1 Bae] 1 Byieal Seas REALE OLS de Ct pt J Ubi Of dae. ILL dag ByieeOU yi Trace of a Matrix Wyiali iY thE Ur A fl Ld pg) tele aed” ge nxn dad old ty Mi yiall jf 1 BS ir A= Seb. get ll hil pole ¢ yet ost 56 7 A=|0 -5 3] > wA=(5)+(-5)+@)=3 4 12 3] Commutation O18 yua\\ Jiu! des 1o-¥-) CALLS 151 5.. Commute ridin) USGA, B OY AB = BA Gt A, BCS G13) + Anti-Commite SoS, siSiou) USS Lagi) AB =- BA Ob pial : Sed 5 0 520 A=|0 3 0], B=[0 1 1 .. _ OLS pial! LUIS. Olu! cla b oe cd ba dc © B.C, d pod aga Lgl ted! Idempotent Matrix 4) ylS\ a giall \N-¥—-1 Ade AHA OT LB Gp Yl A wyeall 2 1 ey meee ek Alb yall § trie 12 = 1 OY ayo Aa 0 1oajl a|_|t a a 0 0f0 0 00 A= A=AA=A =A A =A A=AA=A =A vol Sh gop eoph May pial! HUIS. Say 2-2 -4 B=|-1 3° 4 1-2 -3 (thats Gi) B? = BB= BOY uy yo Nilpotent Matrix yivald 43 5A) dd giali \V—Y—-1 OS BL (aye pees as) hy deal) pe Byard te N Wyeall Qt A420 B ical JULI Jom LS. bial Byiall 2 Oe 2 0 0 0 Se =| |ol | a313 eb yiualt Involutary Matrix 84> gl) 5 j\\ ib gall \A-Y-) a ee... asl WD yisall JUN feo dads. dbo Wyte ale 1 100 : o] sf 4=]0 01 0 010 Aa GED te DU Up Byes Of SU yirall ob Gal ony eee Al Oy Amel OY 3 y Cory Qeme e ne MAA Ral, MeM A aL al, B=2A=1A=A , A =A A RILABA , Epis givali— a dll ab gioliy 4—¥—) Diagonal Matrix jangular. Mae TS yes (a, <0 vie 7) shill pole late (jlscl La pole Goat gpl ty ld ynall tgs (a, =0vi> J) ius Pal CF W pole Qe Ci 13] Ul .. Diagonal Matrix ¥y sai Pail GB pole Ge CAT 1315 .. Upper Triangular Matrix We ies Wb yee 5 chs .. Lower Triangular Matrix hie igles WB yaar 5 lei (a, =0Vi< j) Wwel s 8 | 500 dike Byer B=|0 1 9) Byably ae Lo wyiee 4=/0 1 0] Byiali: Juli 002 002 50 0 vie Hale Dyke gh C=[8 1 0] ayia Ue Ue 192OU gia j dati tga «Gaal Gol At yams Lb (Aad y ay ball AGL Old yinallly CA = Be BA CAB OLS La ads Ld ont jh Cth gine A, B CAS 134 pole CAS Va} 2 yy O55 AT Op WIS. Li Ur pier OSG AFB Ligh ip Wi pots Lf bb AT 0 Soy LUE Leet pads jail 1 Wad A Ayia 5 tall pot 500 to A=|0 6 0f @ At=/0 L 007 00 © BA CAB OL — 3 ala) puis Lab (glitey WE outlin out yin A, BCI 19} Op $5 A! OL IS. (gitey Ub Rabe Oye OSG A+ BEA-B a ie. s Wad A yea) S,bLAN pole ob lds a Ls poliry Lanl (LiL) ak oo 589 a, A=|0 6 4) @ At= 07 eo oor oor 8 an 8 hey [Al Bydeall ose OF (da gT Lb) tale fab yen A Cult 1} POt Sh. eat SN hl pole po frole ya (old! hin O18 3 dizi TIL ols 3) bal poe oe gh Ole pe yf LE A Of GUESU a ley 2 eed. (dat 89 6 0} < |4/=(5\(6)(7)=21040 07 - BLE pb OS A Ob JULy Q) a“ “ 1415 cli gialt Inner Product Wo pall Ye-¥—9 sed) de Cay) pedb jay) abel pa op WY Ontos One ged pall on 2 gis (uv)auy a Sob gr OS pall gil OW m= v OWT NB. alae LAST pall test Oy TOF gt. (endl Ld wy 4) (wa) =a = fa ay (ett gat ed GL By) Norm of the Vector nel! he gant ful GY fie fad B tol Ay a a PANS alla cell G pall Giney 2 Relde BS SV yu,v,m2,%4,¥) Clee od + (aur)=a%(ur) (nen)=atuy) Gi «(ur ty) = (4%) + (4%) Gil) + (uy +1) = (sv) + (uy) vy » wveR Is 3 (uv)=(yu) (wv) +i 2 rob u=| 2 |,v=/0 i 3 2 (urv)=u'Tv=[1-7 2 oe = A(2) + (2)(0) + (13) = 2 - Si 3 OWS 15t : Sead aa (uP =7uefl-i 2 “f 2 = (1-0 + i) + (2)2) + (-) =7 i 2 AT well J pb o3tib yiall J dase 16 Orthogonal Vectors sdala\\) oigreli Y1—¥—1 Gah Ld yell Opal ole 01S" 13] Ole Lagil (Cu pie sé) u, v cgmth JU ol gt. Lie (uv)=0 > Ohta, v « Mutual Orthogonal go 2 Babes &18 ghd ASM Clgrett Seas a 2 : a a Olea toler SI a de bs aegis Je 3 3 — > et 2 1 3]jo =2a°+9=0 => 2a°+9=0 3 1 OS (Olga weer Sy Sey a” ay - fay OW a= ay + ia, HIS 13 lay =-2 2a" 4+9=0 => Aa, -ia,)+9=0 => (2q+9)+{-a,)=0 = a, =0 Independent Vectors Ua=u\) Sigredi ¥¥-Y—) Cig bet pe gl lige en fy} Lege te J 2G gash OS 13} Leds 5 13 Linearly Independent Sree, =aya tape to gt pF Get = 0 hy cg, Reball ASN gd plas) ee laine bad OI L1H) jie) Lyle a7 8 yah he ad ab Olgas ot £13 GY ALT clyrall of eat: dite OWN OF cle) Jul 71d) Gil Lp * OP ote Se EL all Ul Le 3} ly * {lethal ES ao thas ab Uy gy Ling oS pp Lge Ela GY LS Olga of oof. E19 ool Wiel L Ia Say + ee 2 Ob st. Gam de Ugaes Bteledll olganll yo de yet fx} p> UB OLY, (x.x,)=0 Vey 5 Qpn)=bP 40 wi Stall & atl Ob July Oxy + yxy Hoe + O_Xy=O 2 PW SL Gi? @ clas & 1) daw +0=0bya! Ga 18 Laks yp nb |x} Slr OSG SUey pd at @,=0 pte sl JOS duly oe do ib ple got Wiad Satabece fr} Colgan CAS Na) of ae. Gee ab LI Jal Gyles Se Leg ayy salle gas V Migh Gace thas pe ub fay} clgenl Cats Ua Ufc ase ala ne gil cplelace Led egy Lhe cubes ab Fs] gall Heb. sles (BAR ght Slgrelly Susbell B> St Olgas YY-Y-1 Orthonormal Veo _ i i... sss ob gh... suey tv «Ea SUN Clg. lpn ole gel yy —,rrt~”r—.—.UCdsSisOCsiC(C“i‘iUCSCOCOC‘(CN..CiCiCtN ols 131 ' : -()] = = = == 43] Be pat SI ele lpn oy te ae sh Jot LK wb LAI Lhe ley cfy,ff=1 af 3} 2 Barbas Bey ge oy dye? = pl pr My play Leos YE-Y—1 Gram-Schmidt Orthonormalization Process ptt) gle i fay} len (at — ple pep eel QL ola dd Pgh ode le ll pay. bales fy,} lyme (hae ths» * ee19 ib yinalt nam want By Bw B, Gié of ayy (yan) =0 1 ob July (ant AQin=0 > B= (e2.m) bal ay ee OSS! 72 GF OY, Qnn)=0 , (vn%2)=0 1 Ob Siwy 0=(y5,91) = (25.91) +7001) + 72(¥2091) = (3094) +A pe) bl : = (¥3,¥2) = (x3592) + 7101092) + ¥2(¥20 92) = (X52) + Falah 5,92 _ be = Babel lgreall ope {y,} de yest le frat > taal) ps Say ig Bales Clg Ugur Jeol ¢ Uae alias olyare : et Frere ears |) soOU yi! dada 20 2 0 2 * n=nthn > faethe 3 => y=fol+Ca}if= bl 3 1 3 Gm) eo = 1 bal? z * weBtMNthh > _ (x) y= : bf 7 fleets Pade Lam Le dome ope AST SV she W el pel iW Sey 2 (»)=[0 1 "t -}|=0-3+3=0 2 (ys)=$10 1 ne (0+10-10)=0 -10 Gn») =#R Anne = «aad ae le Mules lene 4, 92575 Clea! of gl Orthonormalization 842 9\ las ¥o-Y—) alll + 0,5 Gal Gf c bala olga oy de pat ce fry} de past CHIT Le BLL I ae, Le oe ge yo Babel Be I olgente oye Me pat ll Lele gt cE da oka gid. Ble Brey lyme I eeu Lee ost .. Orthonormalization x pile o-S oe ET OS Sly. pif Alyb de x, ere JS ed Gb «baw sll Olga op dept fy,} pd Oy- i gia Orthogonal Matrix bda\n\\ yal) Y4—-Y—1 Mutual Orthogonal (ass) \piany cle) Stebel lyon ope de yet {x,} CIS Le 13} ah ghee ged (A Bi pica) S59) B yin sf BEIT lpn oda gaia gpl tb yinall Of . 2 =f 0 BaP Obs dal bal ---baP) 0 0 bP Bae Olga! polis Olan 8 Dole bb Byer OS. AAT I ATA Sidley + AB yiall 3 (Gsiall shi yi toads 22 Sh) gies CaS U 15) Orthonormal Matrix 14> 2 i ginal! O55 ON SM yy ATA=AAT 21 Ob WLI ode 34 « Orthonormal Vectors 342 4 Olgnca (Up see Unitary Matrices tsgio- g\ ld gall YY-Y—) Wyirall pond Urey ATS AT Ob AAT =I GIF inp gia A CIS LI! 2 Mab. Unitary Matrix 4 y3> 5 3 yin A 02 a= |r -3 8 te og ith Am BS idly (VERTH1 a g JE fi baer lyase ayaiay OB or 2s AAT = diag 2 28) call LBB B=[y, » vl [ iy iW il pol gt bam ye Slane yyy yy Cem 15 4 ° i Ta p-j|L 2 2 ye te A oa Vas 2 OB Stuy (BB‘T =7 of 3i#) 1 1 4 ae : 2 2 pep) ee Oe alg Tay ie ae Sth Vas Yas Jas23 ib yial Ub hall LolSry Lola YA-¥-1 Matrix Differentiation and Integration oN a t= ty aid te dew O55 4,,,(0)=|a,(0| da Bydalt + tH ty dee dace a, (1) Wee JS iis 13} LY Gays Aas) ee Joli U0 055 4,,,(0=[a,(0] dat yea 1H fy die Joli) ALU a,(1) pole JS Gil 13! 1 = 19 OSs aay, _{ day() dt dt ots 13) Head G i A=A=| 0 sint ef Int We et ol 4. 3? cose e op "ue <1? -e* 2 OU pial! fous ool ye d dA, dB “(4tB)=S+— at Gta da aA Ue ES a Ce S(ad)= ol S BU Lee acm 7 ) f#) ” a a> Lg-(% cy «Opie tol SB te S(a)-( Pao 4) wr) a aA aB S(a0)-( a+ f 2) (&) SIT Gaal oe ae ld! ol dt OU of Leybya § aie 24 Yay PSU WG 4,10 =a, 0] Bybal pots JS cits" 13 pet be fled) AYU 055 4D HB yack OW Integrable » £ ysl x0) Op xn = nf a 134 bbs el ple Lome ree 2ha)ec (ey x 2 lee Byte Be ame Ee Za)=20x a x25 Sib yhalt Matrix and Vector Norms 4ze\\y 4 giall wlio Y4—-Y—1) Vector Norm sxh\ pide \-¥4-"-1 | i gs samt) Jyh of Ce eli pail ye Length of the Vector dow Jb sary . ancl! 4 el op sed Sealy eR” co (fader) xe An, bee i (14- Shi] do Dee Sink sl peal en pote tn all choy gl (of=maxfal babel) + QU Gy pall pas OW Leo tee BE were perk! Sexual “1 gg pits Norm ofx Ade wo dts | He on - x=0 bate bald fxf=0 «20 JS ff>o « bhealdle iS JS Jol =[ilp] Trlangle C18 ales gooey [+9] s+ bf - Inequality PASE poll yo Glow Maylb yall bide 26 : oy DY phd dy * © phe dbl>o tar b=9 = |#[-0vi => x=0Vi = x=0 Gi Woh = sl = ibs sla Gi Bes oh= Stole DbalslaD= Sl + bl bh +b © He ]Zisf >o f,=0 = #-0vi = Gi Mek = PSs? = SUH =I Gi) feta QT ty fet ylerTe+x Ty tye yy =p + pe + ("y+ yx) DY olde Gedy * BBL ghey Schwarz Inequality 5142 tyler (otek y Ft ek pte (hts Jet i Schwarz Inequal F>0 bL=9 = |el-0ve > x50Vi > x=0 Gi Peal, = max fe }=|e]maxf = lel, Gi) fet of =mars +} smaxfe|}+ max} ba, + Di, + Syl talent lee oy x,y ome Shy a tele eS GY O<|x+ aye =(e+ay)"e+ay)=x x+axT y+a'y"x+a'ayTy =p taxTy+a'y'7x + lal", Leys) WN ola 9 oY deine OSG ULshl OF (y'TX=O oy) xT y=0 OD Laney 10S (a=1 Osb tanh -bf +l bh > fetal =yeh “bh shh +b een Vy xy era tals etteape : Va elyOb pial josie 28 ao = bibie >) = ksh bl, 1+ odeepee 5d tyler of gf sa sob, ofa: J] ows I= Dslemecbsl= bb I= Distsemaxtell= a, ~ Pele i4,=m( lek) a= Hvar) | =m YN & pot Uys Maximum Absolute Column Sum | yb @ gab ade dad gail gl Maximum Absolute Row Sum Lig ps pat f tal DL @ (Deif AS, 1982,.23) AS J] SULYY gral tah anf, at — Lky ley Bed ti ell ge Oller J] enter ws, Jaf, I Seer BS gia LY SI OL pol LY J gle of Lal pagll ti ley 5. (LU GU + A= Anan ' 1 @ [a sml4l., Fel stl Vola, aL 7 1 Gi) Fell, sil, sell, IAL, s 4h sllyal) J iia 32 2 dle abode vt LI oe olde Gf STL a] af gay UL ees JI go LI OUD of Ley 5 OV Us y panalt Sp Lal Sy gee SM ala ofp jdeall Sct pinall oo {4} >A, 2 $ ath nmaxlay|>(4j,,>maxla,| —¢ U) Jap A pele ex pais JS OIF 3) Lady 8 tall Si yp ob dal tales oof LE ob |B yall clwtel Qylis) Lee Bae Klay eal ~ Mas stale of a: Ses OW + cll Ga ai oy Jax] max =|4 ms py 2 OS (reC", AcC™") x GY ob Que, well = basta + (we C) te le Sg Cm feel =lafal of 21: ies oust ax 2474 Bd lal mo eal =m =|a|max Fy = lal fl as ais |als fa of as des out M44 Byx|=]4x + Bef sax] + [8] [4b + 12H = (Al + 2D op dws33 ol yall K4+ Ba cig “as @ Mel Ay (a+ ax] |4 + Bl = max. Q) 4+ B= max rol he [a] + |B] 43 Bas VA +B] Be 2) Wor 4+ 3] <4] + [2 - [40s fal of |48)x{ = [40] sabes [4] 2H c43)a{ bl = [Al] 424 |AB|| = max sala ||43| = max A (bl «jan of eat: Ju 2 oly! Yoh-=max ll mactet “hl [ep et 0 POY! 1=til-| sell] = beepgetb gical 9 inaie - [A Well s4- a of eats ee 2 OWyt e A=A-B+B OS tery lAl=KK4- 8)+ Bhs |4- a] +[3] => fA] -Hals|4- 3] oO His OS ery [=~ 4)+ 4]<|B-4]+]4] = af-[als[B-4l-[4-2] 1 CAS 13) YI] Lae Otis Y (2) « (1) OF idbyy [Il Vell sl ~ 4 ab pb tof key l4- Bhs 4+ 14 2 of Siduy [Lal tell sL4— asta] + 1 AIS Genk Wp aL OUD LY, i) (lass A (i) |e df=lala} Gi) [4+ Bl sla] + [3] Gy) [4a] fail Heo) i= wi fer Joviiy fa a} [ [2] wii) Alla) Dal35 Ub yialt sory gowe ode kh cm [At] sap of oa: Jee 1 OY! MAsdhAven A (Olt yb [| sll 44-14 a + lar spb tala Gilde Geo yall all yeh Jul ke Le tay AH 90 of ay Ng [Afc1 os 13 * sk Wae Ady AP oe of asp ¥ Lis of ape ols 15) * 2&9 +. (Nen Noble & el , 1977 , p.167) Ji Juli dels y (ts | A= 03 0.4 I-05) fd =07 2 op AF SD y any AUS ye as ly af to pti ey (¢ 13) jim a* =0 of |, <1 oy a[% ra 0.1 12 f4,=17 0, Al =13 C2 Oy AAA op Lex baly (83 ST ts WU ey Jaall Gig ya Lay) Ae 0 of ase legy (i 3] A= -0.18 12 Mh=17. [al,=138 oy «ARO as a Mode fee Ah 00 Ob Geol ofeb yiall Jie © 36 seo fs TA 1-/P| Lowy 2 =O ft ye (14 P)x=0 Vole ae ph Lt tS 13) daddy 13) BLE ne OSG + PY Of x=—Px oly (4+ P)x=0 of Lops boo Mls] = Pte e Oy. orbs A! sae [PI <1 Sy B=(1+Py! 2 op 1=B(l+P)=B+BP => 1=|B+ Bp|s|allr +P} <|aLa+|P)) 2 ob idly 1 \B| > —— qa) eT ob wis B=1-BP = |al=[7- BP] <1 +|aP]si+ [ay] ob iL (ai - [ps1 ai gi Lo |B] <—— 2) re | of eee (2) 9 (I) ry mks37 OU ghuall e2 Mead gat! ~96 08 09 oY anrerely thee 4 o 1|* fos -o1 of aes ey \Pl,=09 = [plYIa VEL AY Giz Lely nx nian yp yer A of pits Site rm Bale pe « Diagonally Dominant jail\ tage UL) ods JAB yicall le glia: Ob yale ouy A=l+P a P=A-I 3 Py 24, 1% j, py =a, -1Vi op Suey (a, =lan — + Dlas| tai _ ja Shop Bye Ng PI <1 the bp0 galt a, -1]+ )°|a,| <1 lau -1+ hoy] ia Jet Shalt “1 ot gt 4 Jet 1=1-a, +4, >>I] =|(1-a,)+a,|s|1-a,|+ at gt Des By 7 4] e Sead opOt gia jae 40 1 4 a 4 -1 4 -2 8 We leo aia 93 4 6 (49 Ba = ee) fa 7s Ho) 2 ~-3} L2 -3]} Le -9 8 -12 his’ y f 2] ; ‘| -1-2 4 8 |" [3 4} ‘[3 4} |_[-3 -4 12 16 (B® Aya = 12] fi 2 2 4 -3 -6 3 4] 3 4|] [6 8 -9 -12 1 SS ore oly Ws LV) A@B pola Sj dale] Val BOA pole Jy A@B4BOA (i) © By, all Spay opal non-commutativity SLY! ALB pas o% Bib y ¢ (any 2 ey Gyiali Gey pe SS Gye Gores Se aL CaN a ES Op (488)! #4" @B" (4@B)" 247 @B" A@(B+C)= A@B+ AGC A@(B@C)=(4@B)@C srt Spl os p85 (0) Se (yon, @ Byag)# (Cyar @ Dyas) = (42 C)@(Be D) OU pial! D=A@I,, +1, QB" ols 13) Sead 2 @ 1, +2488" +1, 0(8") ob (ii) Aili) (iv) ) (vi) 2 gYS Kroncker powers Sis 5s 8 Se (vii) fe =A@A Hl. 4@4@4= 404% = load (Anan ®CyarJ l= AMlecll op gb yay UKay - (Barnett $,, 1979 ted SE) AALS Gol dt ods OL! J sé of wa bya gals : Determinants D\248\ ¥\-Y—\ PAs Gs pilly « determinant 2424 (geod Apel AS Ub oa ti yinan JS © ( Deif AS,. 1982 SLAY J» de bil ) permutations uate! 5 pb ye jen donald oe tia ade cg eally yedigald Lobe CULL g Yee Gad iu pall hia Sy ey het Wee pe Lens ST eal fa out Ob Gaal Fa HUW, [deo Yeo) fag A=|1 2 3) = |dl=0 4-5 6 . dB ay9 LS Gay per Ls ost Gates! sh) Bybee def a1 13) [iS pene ale A aalydll dyeSI oka det WSs WA dee ee a ed oa ia = j=) 40 ay an ay a = (days Nana) ~ (Aaa Nani) = A(iia22 ~ ar2421)= A] 4] ni GV eal byl. A=[ayh § 4 we nieOU gall J daae 46 Pout ee feat Wily Gee JS op pte Sule deb WSs (4) Gell Jleeol OLY + {Al cea Seed 60 2 310 | A=|8 4 -=(Q)/4 2 -1=280 -2 6 2 32 ee) pole b Gtee YN) Byte tot pole fale Ope fol HLS 13} aol col. Tpke og glans Le 2 oy (2408) Gee oY ale, z att = 4 aun =[4) Ob mak cil 13} tat 1M gy. FUS ye BLS My HLA WY ay Jae Leo ay ayy nm (e-1)1 Man =| M, Aes esr Havin] Fn %n—H2 yy 42 4%n-1| sees Gn Lhe L BY47 i yialt M,=a, , r#k OP tbh y (Ob glase Otero Mea of gly A Bye op Lie Lisa! Ll ayy Ud of Venan=0 , ek i 4=leihe + B=Bihen by = Oy + Ady =, by saith ASN ke all [| ott i ind [= Soucy = Slo + Agr btu = 3° uty + 9 Aan =A i 7 a + (6) Hoth OLY! Q Lac! Lil key Head 10 ] 1 0 1 1 0 1 7 = = 4 =/2 3 4=0 14 3 6 |(2X1I)+2 (2)0)+3 (2)1)+4] [2 3 4 » @ WUUb yield bra 48 sLely (ij Galt Jp Hilly [4} a4 03) B= [yJ= a? City A= ay] I £12 pad dm ayy [af =|4"] = Sod = Saute =A ie i=l l= Daven 18) kel » Bbdast 3 BUI poll Jule pi WA Syie Y pola! OY Uy Dt) tae ‘2 A=|2 0 6} = B=A’=|4 0 1 310 560 Ngeny [4] = 1(-6) - 4(-18) + 5(2) = -6 + 72+ 10 = 76 210) dole OP ci dely tal ay =, +b, CaS 15}4 lb yialt pyAjr 2{ aa, 6 4| o+6 143} Jo 1] |6 3 Co ES 4 i 4 + (Deif AS. , 1982, p16) 3 SY! I) fay of ts tdi bey Head a{x 2x] [1 2] [x 2x a - = ing—22? +1-2xe* delet inx| eX na a x- 26! +1 2x6 at = Ea e a a 2 rma ae © x l=l0 ef x7]4]0 ef 2x]+/0 eF x? eX 0 In le* O In le* 0 In ler 0 ~ WiKay t ONdAH le Uglt oy sé OF (GU Op) CE (1) la r | ibs ie t g Oy 259M) 2 yas ge EIU 3 yall jb (a+x)-x r-x x| Ja r-x x (b+y)-y s-y y=\b sy jc t-z 2 (c+z)-z t-z Z| la+x r-x b+y s-y ye | lo+z 1-2 atx r-x b+y s-y y= ere i-e @Ad giall J dose bg de CII > pall ato la (r-x)tx a] lar | Jb s-y y=\b (s-y)+y y=) s yy lc t-z 2] le G-2tz 2 |e ¢ 2 la r-x x| OF HO pdy) GB) (N) 22 oe = 4b 6s 2y|=(-12) I-2c -3t -2| lar ae let be :Ouy (2) Spe Jobe pb gil a yaalt + (3) Spee foley JyVl o peal 2) Spee ble Lb PSU Gall yo -) Spte foley gt) Gal + 2a 3 ao 4b 6s 2y|=(2)2b 6s 2y -2c -39 -2 [-c - aor x ct51 yen of ab opey a () la-36 r-3s x-3y] la r lb-2c s-2 y-2z}=5)b s oe 5: oe bos OW 2 ES Gall yo (5) Apt fate do, * a-36 r-3y x-3y) |a-30 r-3s x-3y) 2:}=5|b-2c s-2 y- me glad gee JS) Gell Sy tS Galt Jt 0 eae Cpe a-36 r-3s x-3y far jo sy l=5b s c t = ce oe BB pols o> fol yp NG all ve ole (£) > OW 1S yprall dle Atle W yivae A p> fol el ee Aint) a 0 ay Bn) On 4=|0 0 = o o 0 AHu-1yvi—1)— Un=tn 0 0 0 a 2 Gall op Slyib ginalt State ayy ip ynaty in lan ai A n-1) 4% Oa Ayn-ty an 0 ay Fx¢n-1) Ay {4=[o0 0 we ‘ec |0 6 . 00 nryneiy nt 0 Ov aiy.2¥n-2) An-2Xn-1) 0 0 0 nn 0 0 0 n-ayXn-1) 2 eS eal cp Ly ob | ion—1) Fin Oe Fyn) an 1Al= Sindn-ixn-nf® 0 a e 90 anaayne3) An-3Kn-2) OO 0 n= 2Kn-23 2 SE abe a eat aM Gall oe al Sry \4=T [a tl ot ey. Letts SS) al ye Si Ie ge id) SAN yield dl, WIS pele Lat yp i ail i yicall sue OS « HAAN Wyicall go Lobe Whe dy pall Mb ginal! + el pole Spe 10 -6 -9| 6 -5 -inses (0) I-10 9 12 2 fe! 5 SU SN all se 3) pte foe Le ot ett Gaal gle JV eal eat * 10-6 - oe eee 6 -S -7=|6 -5 -H=36 -5S -7F -10 9 12) JO 3 3 a 2 EHH yo gt 3 peal ¢ phy ol *Ub yiaalt 10 -6 -3 6 -5 -7 ott oO : le -6 -3 lo =3)6 -5 als 7 -3(-20 + 18) =6 Sg US! gle Dyke Oty ft YY-¥-4 1 Lal ai calla) By A cals i al wosdly] BSS BT yA" Gi) sosedlaal USS BT y AT (iy woudl USS B yA“ (iv) day GSS BT yA iil) 2h yp deeee scl m yn kee josdl) USB” yA" (v) POwy guy AB=BA 03) ¢ OLS! By A () (4B) =(BAy) => BAT = AT BT oes} BP 4 AT of sf Gi) (4By'=(BAy' => Bat = ABT dts! BT y AT of ost ii) = B 4 = B4BB" = BBB" = AB" desu} Bly 4 of gf era Ce plasty Ug 2 (vy J desley Gi) Jee gad Gv) J tly Uf 1b tonpeall door sll ab ged LS) AB = BA” Of OL] (Mathematical Induction + game liny AB= BA: n=] Ae * 5A 3 Obed dee on) pall A"B= BA" i nk bs all 9 i Ap 2 AB AY = BAA! = BA! =BA ds Lee OS Lg nek whe tee § ba CIS 13) Gs Sty de the OS Jidb Iplb n=l te ee Ebloleey . n= k+l Of gh. toll reall ob geyall J da :) A"B = BA + hel dxpeall nod Qk 1B (dl tem oo) Opal. ABE = BEA" * mak ds al oy gly AB! = 4"B* B= BE A"R = BEBA" = BO 4? ae as =Bk A" =BA" ee ee OS Lg mak 6 tapes § BS CAS 13) as JUL ne tee OSS JL LGB mal as ee a blofeey. maktl OF GE. dor gh tall m od Qe A"B™ =B"™ A” sho MW exseall nm pb ek J oss] obser BA on JF CAS Babes} (¥) GE H = A+B laf =la"|r + (ta) . AS Sr op pe :ouy OP Shy HT =H O38) eae Byiee HOt Le (44iB)" =44iB > AT -iBT = A+iB Wye BO! sly B=-BT oly Le Byard of ly a= A? of St gop gdall ny b Aithy . (Hwy wus HHT =(4+iBY4+iBY =(44iB\A" +iB")=(4+ iB) 4-iB)= 2 +.B? +(B4— AB) = A? +B? (8 3M) Jehyib yialt [ua| =|a? + 2?) @ Wy |e | = aer"| = Loa =a 2 (lesa) A! y B ellis’y otal Ay A OV) Laat BB =A Hef B= a(n +(etfe) = ar +(es}) soll U) hei 1) g arnt: 03 + (eta) laf =l4" Pee AP STD,T! OC TAT = Dy = diag’ ayy Dy = diag Aha) vydn) OS Wp af cot} MY 2b 1 Sd T'AT=Dy > A=TD,T Bohs at gt A‘ 27D TID, TID To ----TD,T' =TD,D,Dy- DT! = T(D, FT" BBE eee ktimes times cou) (ay =(ay' OB Cn oy pene ale Gly A tay Hiyier GV al ot] (f) Poy! ol te (4" Yay! slgist dase 58 ey BLS op pall) O51 letaley ley > (eye) (er) gltly . Cokels at yA oY) (e'} le)" 2 Wha Last 9455 (eter OL) AE Op Mae A Hi yiall Cl Bf of et} (0) Attar > (afar = (ea )=r 2 (AY! 3 aed pe orally (Frey 7 = (e'f Wy <4 las Lad act of gsi + ALL wi pica Dg Sal Sb > bee op ASW fens oy all La: Ab pele + (Apsn® Brom) = "(Burn Anan) FES A) > oly @ Ayn = [ay] 5 Bran =] + Cun =4B= ley] + Donn = BA= [dy] 1 ot f= Diaby + dy = Dba dy 2 judy tr(AB) = (C)= Sa = SY cube qa i= ist kalSb yall tr(BA)=tr(D) = ya, = ban (2) iat te bel FQ) g ick kei gs r(84)=17(0)= 5° bu = 5 ub ® ‘al kal fa bat tr(4B)=1r(BA) 233) 3 (ory (real g—ii> 4a shy A (skew-symmetric) SJh Was Byer Vales) (vy » x Ax=0 Ob cx vector) :Ouyl e x"Ar=a @ ot ap Hata YLy (1) WA op. Ce Gogh Up OL) Gylhh) LLL S e pol gees (AM =-4 ) SLY Ut ("axl xd x=amx" Ax =-a Q) 2 of 42 2) 91) ty ax"arJ=0 , x7 Ax=0 - (44 BY =a +B" ola (Ay oust 4=la]-, 8=[y] e A+B=la, +6,| 3 SBhy (4+ af by +6Y os bulLedebul= a 2yhaall J duis - A= RPA, OW eh late aS” oly my oe A tarp diyiner GV af (4) oy! 03 A= [ay] ¢> tele] > eA =[ey] = eke fly] =H" antimes Aer gad Kd] UL GA di yinall pole Qe Bk gelill CL Ope te os Ad Of de + [A oat duel of Gite of gk WI Ce ie af lti + (normalize it) bA> y senza 3 > pb soll Jb sor sh (V0) 0 cna asjcr=] | go: ga 1 ail 0 1-i 1+i [xP =x7x=(4i W 1 0 =2+241+0=5 > =J5 0 dues a-a/v5 1? x _|d+aiv5|_ 1] li "RE | ous | vs} a 0 Lo sxe" sae JS faxf=lalfe] of 4 (1%) al Plave feaf= verve = Yara lal}ON yall dims w Le orthonormal 34% $2 Wb yias 055 G=1-2ww" Wyiall of 3) (VY) + (fad) best db : ouy G=1-2w0 =a" =(1-20w"} =1-2ww"} =1-2(w" fw? = 7-200" =G 2 githy Go? =|) -2ww? |r -2ww" |= 1 2w0? 200" + aww" ww =1—4ww! + duff? = 1 Aww! + dow? = «BAR ga Wye G O34 nonsingular diagonal matrix 33\> pb % jab Byiar » D=(I+A)'A cs (VY) Ss Byte 6AM ge ened SS A Byisall deb at pl rl D=(I+4)'A => (I+ AD=A > D+AD=A = D=A-AD > A(I- D)=D => A=D(I-by" 1 fidhy« D=[d] @> Sy 1-D=[1-d,] LS y dehy of1-py'-[ 4] a= af gf eT ped Gtk Udy di, #1 OS Ot Ce Uhh Byes A OSS SI Sitlybya! J nie ry 9 . qed Au | Aa Ay Ag, SS 3 Bape ye AT! GAIT 13] AWS y yee by | An “Aida ~ Adal dip » Commute gel) 9 1 0 ' 0 0-4 | a ' i 10 0 OT —— 1 (p-l)columns TNS space ly = (NOG): OOOO (p—Dtimes ee ANS! [442] Byiall JE UKs (ii6 Ob yall + of gas (i) oA gle plumeelyy ) q-l4-t4 Fast [ aa ii) An | 2 cai hl oad Lely « Sully. vy =Hal -! 132] = Malte ~ AA | 4a, Lendarsel L131 Go glball le Jat WB e [= 1 Sy. (fi) 2 At git pliner Ady + yb ll by th 2 Of (A Oyu) ea} (V0) la, a 1 bed| f a i ss ec 1 abd| a d 1 abe] :ouwy (BH = Uy gt Gaal (gH Gall - JY! ead) SY) Galt Jue * gl st Gall de ela Yly (Qt! — EIU) SIU Gasly 1 bed| |a?-b? a-b 0 bed-acd| 1 acd|_|b?-c? b-c 0 acd-abi 1 abd |e?-d? c-d 0 abd-abe 1 abel | & Ot Gs a-b bed-acd| |(a-bXa+b) a-b -cd(a-6)| b-c acd-abd\=-\(b-cXb+c) b-c -ad(b-o)| e-d abd-abe} \(c-de+d) c-d -ab(e-d) Ro eeOU yiaalt J nie a+b =(a-b\lb-le-db+e lo+d 1 ed 1 ad| 1 abl 6 LL BYly (CS — Sty sty (st — SW) S58) Galt Jel gt ja-c A =(a~b\(b-c\(c-db-d lc+d = a b\(b— ce -d) la-c lo-d Se Gall 0 -d(a-c) 0 -a(b-d) 7 ab -d(a~o)} -a(b-d) dl =(a—-b\(b- ce - dia - cXb- a { = (a-ha - cha - db - eb - de - d) fe a a atb a a a ath. a a : o nxn :owWy 2 (ete tly gl Gall Jeol . a+b a asa a 0 6 -b 0 0 a a athoa a Ne au 4a ath a Qa 6 | a+b] 2 (QtN ety CI) Gall Jikan gS *— wl Nya! a+b a a a a 0 b -b 0 0 0 0 6 ob 0 a a a a+b a @ G4 a a+ hs Gerald Sheedy Way ee Ch = Cl Sly Qt Gall Jace fh * 1 (hy Gall ~ (11) ob) Geally la+6 a a 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 b -b Ga Ga ae + (SIM = pV) (ry) pM Gall July * atb a a a 0 6 -b oO 0 0 0 5b -b 0 © 0 0 6 al -b 0 0 0 6 2 py ge2W 2 yaad + JV ayaa) Sy opel Sluzely * - a+b a aoa a@ 0 6 -b 0 + 0 0 0 6b -b + 0 7 oo 0 0 0 0 + b 1rd 95) eM Sa a gaall + ll ayaa!) sll spall JMeeky *0 b -b 0 Oo 6b A -b : °° | b 0 0 0 0 LS a MI 2 py ayer + EN 2 past) CI opal Sides * «he Jad ma+b ao @ ais oa 0 b-b 0 0 i. 0 = 0 0 6b - 0 0 0 0 ot. ee Pal pole Go Jolt gs subi ae OSS ob gay He Byker ry ral A=(na+bp"! + UG] yl yay D(C a=Lb=-Ana4 ) ll yw del ILS : db ple =(4-al-af + CEU OWN jit) glad! ocd Jeb ALU ill Ole Fad Ley65 tb yiall Ia UI gle fae F-4 1A te p iim Byiar SY Sl od ANY Ula pie (4-47) i). Whe yi (444") .rt~—~—C.UUuCW.._—CidséSCSOSCa‘COC¥COa CU + A ARAL By MU yie CISL plas e bly Pld edi to sf AIS Nie MB yaa) SSG see Ale bly er Ale Bl dol RR AS OSG xT Ax OF tap A CIS 13} ol CL 2 Uae OU gies ATA 9 AAT OSG A Bytes CY af OSH NY hace gf aac A i pled GUIS L 13} ae OSG 4? of oy «Pyar SY 3s tenes LOS Pap ol etl tenga A CAS Ut LC P=N=T ) teege HA CAS LE ILL ene OSG 4 of oy (B- KI) 3 (A= KI) LS La thy 1 I SG A, B ox pall of ok Rell ll eek AUS y lu » BA=B yAB=A OS We '3} Okay yo A, Bot a mee as JS Sy (FAY! = T+ R= 1) OP cay yo A CS UL wl CL Ln orgs «(P= ANT + A)= O OS Lad 131 13) He UP A OG 4 oT Ly ep uss SUA) p (+ A) OB c Bae sh St Bip A CIS 13 al oot POP mAs) oe de Byer VIS 13) ( (14h laf Vee geet ly oO) a” a“ (ty ) o ) A) a as) OY) ayy ayy (ve) vo)Ub yaad of ais 66 r Ail eat (9) w{t'4T)= 0A (ii) tr(A+B)=«r(4)+0r(B) (i) + (ABy' = BA Ob e GLE pe A, BAS 1 of CSI (VY) esl USS (Pa) AY! Of ooh doy ye (14 Ay! CaS 13) (VAY OL syed | BE > (4+ B)4'(4-B)=(4- BJA (4 +B) of (VAY + BL pb A yinally Oke Pole SW 6 B= PMP SSS y f(A)=agl + aA to + aA" =O AIS 3h (Vey J(B)= aol + aB+-----+a,,B" =O 0 A Vy TT cp JS he sa yaa bum Nt ance ae gl (V1) i} {0 ole (FY) bP bf +b - Ny nell Ge byl Oy wyeR® Cm ! “hh 2 Bam ye Lge Sf ye od Lae diene |= 11,10], )-— YK] olga of 22) (VT) 4} iy 3 rlfv|.cos@ - orthonormal Gabete Gaul OSS AB OL ¢ ital Cy pine A, B CAS 1B) at CL (VE) O8 ¢ orthonormal 34% yo % yinae A CIS 13! al o) (VO) «lee USS AT A (il) ja/=41 Gy67 ib yinals cal 13} (WA) sind 0 cos@ 0 a-[ se rae pu| ° smd 0 cos -sind cose} ” cos@ 0 ~sind 0 0 cos@ 0 -sind «bales Clb pine 055.4, B, AT, BT Op ss [Bis] |. O!D 5 3.0 Ox] fi 410 Ofx] [1] ox = DAY abd Youll 00 2 6 fxs fo] et ee cv) 003 7hx,} [5 VA Ron xt ax Vandermonde V i il Bi yinar V,=]1 A, Bo at eal 13 (VA) 2 nt a roledhen ag, hle(e-4) Al=(-AYa-adh] Gi + Wal = Bn ~ Anat Men ~ naa Xen Anes) (Ay “AW # cle ores Gili) Wal= T]@-4) iy nep>i2l C4 slah, et [al <1 ot ao 0 of ey (ts) lat ol” fa nat! Sanat? Layee oence fo a ip s]o 2 ni | of oat OY) = 0 0 fylb yhal! J desis « olbyiall Qand (PT) 3 4 1 1 2 3 io Y-23))-1 2 04 0 AO las . 1 4 = 0 042 44 304 Lge GH! Ls sicall ccf) Hessenberg Matrices ¢ pumneh OD yivas —, 2 LE pb Lats OU yall ode of OA}. ( ay <0, viz J+ 2 oF UB Ope eS} YD na +b, na, +b, na, +b, a ay nb +c, nby +c, nds +cy|=(n+ fn? —n+1]b, bd Inq, +a, ney +a, ne, +4 le, cy rohedt CH pst Ax, b pole te Ax =b oS 13} (4) x, = Ap Ay (4, + Ayden) (bm - AAs", 4;'b, ss gdp He A, x, b Ob yLaal real parts ARH sh je oe A,,x,.b, em + OU sirali oid imaginary parts iglpe\ 6l eV 2 Ags Xp sO + pala x, y OS LB 131515) fet yP =faP +P of 2 (rey hell EB pil Smee y Gy 6 km gl EM oo Be pet MQ MESH, G2 CPN) + Mild + fu} olga le satel ( war daw, By pall 3) vy md anf =69 Sesh gat 2 — OU yall ott oO bel feats, te « BE lpr y Bde oe EEE OYoLal dF gy OUI a All ote sly Yoball suey Laat ate syle SYolall sue ¢ OY Gam slr! Anni col aaj oe gay SOR 4 gett LA cole lt Be cg gL Goue LUIS". : bose Yat! lai > Gg aya! et Sal LEY tinh ope ST cb ee ew verse» Sall eyes crt lll fas Toby rank dex yA 6 spin CA ot WY OS LUIS 2. Sol day jb ad! Wotall > + Byiall to LY tb op» 37 RANK AND INVERSE . sSall 9 dex yl \—¥ Flo OM prdly ISI 1-1-7 Equivalence and Elementary Transformations = SOS by) AUS Sy) A al yal Equivalent WK Bi yinan le J pabl iS, - ezz««a«C.C6=C.«uOO(...fkss 5 eo ds SLL! obey Simple Row Operations eH G Sst of Goo eat Gg eatel sf gd Ope te pT ee le GO yinall Jol ae 6 2 els 13) MabAled! OYotalt 70 pk A=|0 2 4 10 2 123d) Gall Ope ob 246 B=|0 2 4|~4 10 1 BUI ge le A cy JJM! eal erty 123 By=|1 4 7/~A4 102 2 ENS pce ce Ace SM Gall ary 123 By=|0 2 4 |~A 0-2 -1 2A gp BUly JW) Guat Stubs 024 By=|1 2 3|~A 10 2 Slag .. agile diy jl Simple Column Operations azmS\ bas Y\ gles si >! Sey PEN Wa ye Qe A oe SyVi 2 pas By= veo oun 1 O|~A 1 Og ghd i" Be ly Equivalence PS UE (~) LW oT ake Ee .. Sey Saec Ng) al all oles Le] Sy 6 Bed GHA Bybeall 9 Sue pat bs «BWA de jad Une (danninm ib yialt Sab yall Je 55 LN) be inal blew |... Lote 192 tpbaall ole Cabby. Sune le SF LIS] dapedl BEY Shaw peed ow 1p Ram yy gs ke] Jes a liga Gary RELI Yala fo «Inverse + sah) Rank of a Matrix iW yiali i 9 Y-\-¥ Lyall & Independent Vectors ize! lyr se Yb di yinall o> Ga 1 OBC A Byball de 59 a p= p(A) CIT y mxn Bi, or A Byiali CIS 13} Sblby p(ASnsm 3 A(A)Smsn Bits 3S Sly ¢ Bc sf Gill Yelp dL lpm op Sher of obine Lay i ll Le ay. Dependent Vectors tinal olgrclt 3+ (m- p) si (a-p) 4 7 POW C nxn ty yp Wes Byer oJ, TH (i) plin)=n Ci pd ak d, 40 CIS yc nxn By Bye 2 D, S13 ii) 2 ob eo cert mp #0 CIT yc nxn By op Le Ake Dyas 2 U, iS I Gli) Oped PU, )=n pd cect | 20 SIS yc nxn BS) or gli Rae Bye oo 1, CIT (iv) Doped Pll n)=7 1 OD hie Byier 2 OCT 1 (v)Ada! Oot! TA Byiar BY (vi) 1A Wyner BY (vii) iia 2 ASE ul pill Ae pre OL] Wyle Uc jldl dey (A) Ss min{nn} OP 6 A= Ags IT By p(4+B)< p(A)+ p(B) BS ye 245 gain Ser p(AB)2 p(A)+ A(B)-n Ait) are oe) (AB) < min{p(), p(B)} Oe mon OLS A= Agen B= Baz CaS 131 CERN feed © gk phil) 35t4 0555 BA Ui giall Tpeilgle dea ce Car pad) = p(A) | BLY OST AAT Oe mon WS 9A= Agen CAS 13} J BSLD pb OST AAT Oe pA l= mn Calf AS} | P(AB) = p(B) OP BBs pb 4 CAS 134 (16) p(A~B)2 p(A)- p(B) (1%) (AB) + p(BC) < p(B) + p(ABC) (V¥) | JOD © AB=O OLS 3A = Agi B= Burp CMS WY ATT P(A) + p(B) Sn | deta) 0)73 ct pluazel — 1 ALY Uaball Jt Gly min {nm} a,x; =0 iI hee oe Bias SIE ey dB ytsall (net sty phe ot fx} Cee chal) VS Ay gle dor yall OSG Ae past ode Y Uli! 1 3 7 -1-s} Vos 7 WS ydvall doe yo do gh s Se 4 1 ~ Tas = P(A) S3 OB ¢ n(=3) Bans one oy ST ml= 4) G pial! ous of ta boy 1 OYoLLI Jey 1 3 1) (0) a 2 +a: Vea ' ° No3f 712)" 1 8 | lo 4 1 -7) lo @=2 , @=-l , a=l of ag (bbl ae Cd) aysety.aty SS ed tle of gst. CSL Gia gly asta UKE «lA #3 ob sh SOL SL gall oy dolece Slyd Sty aaLI Wold Gad i. 1 aL gtdby (fy . eos de sy Y : ent ell Jee Ley Sy L ae » pA) =2 Be sey tec HUH ay a, Clits 9 CYaudI fp de teen aL! dy bly = ApS ale gdab! Yat! Minors 2 ual 5a, gg ti yiall tn )3 214) — & Hee ANN Gade oye daly GV de DIS 13] p de pil OS Uybrall pb A Ui pina bel OS pt iy op te AI YIde IS Lae dal gs PB yy 123 : of 3 1 Wyiall de yo pool: Sle 7 fet + P(A)<3 OB ey |Af=0 Gi) 1 ASL gut de dl olssdt J el Gi) EAL ab dh A + A= OP ey cline glen Uyer ely aN de sa of ad 12 -3 4 2 Aa] -1 2 1] yield yo tor sls Ste] 1-5 8 -7 et Dial oe Of ad (PSL. ty sf Lasse SALI aDDIT wbadt JS jel i) + pld)<3 ob Sly ( WS Cut) » A)=2 anf Zoo geal gis oad Be Ss GH fal OW pull Gb ge Ui yiall tj a4] — > A (iS B di yinan gle Jat LIN A Wi yhrall de tele OY pull gan el pe] oy CALS BES. p(A)= p(B) 5 Byiall ey ai tery ry ( B~A I ) ty Bad) > pak gra dad Se tte y Dyin gh abi sf asks BASIS Bill Adie & > ™75 Sb yialt 12 -1 4 2 A=l2 4 3 5 | Byivall depo to gh: ite! 5-2 6 -7 se + SUM Galt gle acibaly (2) 9 dy! eal par 221 4) il 2 ia 43 5 |~ 0 5 -3|=B -2 6 -7| |-1 -2 6 -7 1 Ses all de JY! Gall lab © oe 12-1 4 B=|0 0 5S -3/~|0 0 5 -3 ee 00 5 -3 =C 2 ENS Gall le acdLaly C1) Bgl Gall pay 6 2 12-1 4 C=|0 0 S -3|~|0 0 5 -3]=D 00 5 -3 000 0 A~B~C~D af gf » p(A)=2 dp GdLy ($1) p(D)=2 of Lo jet 2 mes Sy 1 Ob W pial o> oy pit Y zero vector (6 ine Ame Hilal (i) Pd ) Canonical Matrix (iqale!s) igeyilh D yinal cand LID Byiall Gi) B phar Ss Bytes ol ext Sty. phd oat pore ld Ss gl yiall Sp Spe GL Je 9 etal GL art al cand LB Gelly ay = D Byialt 1 OW BLE poy day Dyiae A CIT IS (ili)Ad) Yat! A~I = p(dj=n POP BLEy ty Byer A CAS 13 Uf -[f] => p(A)=p(B) Aaiy A} =e 4 Ayres A.,) go BB UY ele Sey (4) #0 ) BLE pe A Of yalpsl Edy = (1974340 © SH]0 3 2) Byirall See uot: Stee 010 i= 4 rs =-1040 : el 1 2p ST! Lge Ser OW pol cty BLE pb SH yall 03 2 Jal yl aif 2 aad 4 an=C fh Ja? a =Cart Jao. an-om Jae 0 2 _ aac Jo. an =Cirp =o. an=Co, 0 3]0 3 fs 4 3/5 ancy tao. a -CaPy as. an-Garrl Jas oO stlhy -2 0 8 sta 0 0 -10 “' 0 -5 15 wet (P41) gay elem Glad! cash ous 5S a Ui bl oe UK eay U6 oy oe Glad Cle Aggy Uyball 9 Sed. man Lp op tay Bball J 3 ely tae lr SP 38 BN oe he i tonal oo Pivoting Technique }S3)9! db — o ge Spat pa ALT] ypall ge Lie gl Bybat A Bybee) 1 a4 ok py Sone go Bignal) 9S (| B] iy pa gle [41 1] yinaad 2016 3 al (BaAT OS gly A yall + HSE Y) bib planiel HLS yield See aryl s Sie OU yallAbad) OY) 78 5 4 011 0 0 [sis]=]o 3 2:0 10 010/001 SM) pasally Pivoting Row j\S5y) HaaS [S| 1] Bill» JY) al et * pas de NSSjY) Gus tenis y « Pivoting Element $S3y) paisS Gadi Le op 1 ge fat ISY! Ol 0 os [si /J= 210 1 o|~jo 3 oo 0 1} fo 1 mae ir JI pally 1G] Gea AW Dyed » Jl dali dol t * 2 he fat IG Y pate gle SY Ge dy IS! 1% 0} [sin-]o 3 23 o 1 of eS ow es ae i WIS y NS a ecb 1) 9 gt GY! ee pry de head JyS) Gall sibaly(-%) 9 sth IY 01K 0 Of [tl 0 -¥%siK -YHs 0 [sil~jo 1 Xto0 Y% oj~-fo1 ZYto ¥% o 0 1 010 1] [0 0 -%!0 -¥% 1 ee ee EN aia y Gy] Gea AAU ti yall oe GN anal del * the feat ISG pase dle WY Ge Wy IS} oxe 10 -Ysi% -Ys 0} |1 0 -¥siK -¥s 0 [si-fo 1 % |0 Y% ol-fo1 Z!1o ¥% o 00 -x%10 -% i} joo 1 io ¥ -% Be pe Way SY! eal cibaly (5) G IW SY! ae pay * ble fad CN eral abl y(-%) GB CSU WGYI79 ib yinalt 2 Of oY el gh petal ped le Laan ISS Ge jel le aw IGS Ya LD = Ly) sli begs Fy ISLY! Byte oe sb ISGYI pole ove (ii) + (yeah! GLEE) pole Ce Le Y (aaah gh ppd SY roy oye (iil fH leh ie O ghia py Sayautl SLY cree BLS ead JI Ll le ale ISSY pote 0S of pes (iv) _ Partititioning (6 j7x)\ tdy yo — \ of Le pt LG Ai An | An Jos Lijiall 64 pa Li pieioy + dt gid of Ce AyBy 46 i) OW all Oo AT=B ap=1, = [41142] un} Po] _[f 1 0 Ay | An 1 Bn i Bo} [Ot lm GS! FeV WoW gag). rtman oly Opal obdad Coll tejaall ely eae pote g! AyBy + 2B =1, 5 Ay Biz + AB =O Ay By + ArBy =O Ay By + An By = InAge!) OYotal! {By} (OU pially Saale SU (pall old] del» @) Gi yirall a VI CYL Jey i yea LAL! y yall aed Ai Jal ode prcndy . By Sal le J pabl UK AS itd Tle) + 5 pS! ale] Ob AD+CB'=0 = AD=-CB" = D=-A"'cB™ (iii) CA'+BE=0 = BE=-CA' = E=-B"CA" (Spat ab lel GL Jul fs Sie we D=-sl4 of} ‘) 48 of-3f° T)-te -sleb -4] 2B ALS BG yhally Volt Gel! Slee! a MBL dll ad eu bay Je 6 nie 2 toa ff ‘| 7 4a tal ey 4 80w yall ob by |4/=a0-B #0 1 ola a, #0 ot byty Lal a bs «{2] Ob Ls Bie Ala] CIT! | Gi + Glin) Us tals Last OSG A"! OF Qin) Ue tae Byer A CIS 1 ii) JW Lat OSA! Ob Le Byer A CIS ISL (ili) A‘=A™ (AT AZT Ol SI) Unitary yy Bytes A CIS 13) (iv) tp sSably ANN egal) lard W yhall a sSen YT A-Y Right and Left Inverses (AAR =I, Sey nx Wasa) Ag OW mxn Yad, thr Byer A CIT L Id} Ay mm Wes) Ay Byduall HUIS © Right Inverse of AW shan) 6M Kall gud SS SUI ioe Glad. Left Inverse of A % yisaal) pu Sali geod (A,A=I, 110 Ang = [aa ol Up lesy a B 4A, =| Br a, Bs 2 AW Sf pei 03! af a+2h, B| {1 00 A,A=|a)-fP, @+2B, f,|=|0 1 0 @;~f; a%+2P, fy} [0 01 2 Jett oe Bg Yale ae I! fai Situy A=0 a ~ B=) a + 2h, =Abd You! 82 a8 5G +2=l, > fy a0 a-f » 42200, Bel OP SLs (a) =0,q,=1 = fp=0 df ad JW fee ley fo Ub a} DYotall olay sap at pM Sl Of zai Les QUIS A A AR=| A Pa yo v2 of Ae) Aes Cr Po) a= 7 -At+2hty -+%h+v} [0 1 t pat ee Goole aul SN soe ts At meal » At my=0 , -A +2 ty=0 , -A +2 +vy=1 PVN Ay y Bie ST US pene gi Sey. Sy oe SW sae dogs GU 2 Sf hei aL 3uy+yal , By ty=1 He bet (uy = uy =0 G2 Se) ae stlz vty RES SALE pe on yest LH eoyy het Shy (A= 1, 2p = 0) ApAy Jal eed oy Fy 2 1) oe AS lett t Ap Byes Sti ant de 10 Ap=|0 0 1a Se Gale Wyle gd Let Baye gly city BU Jo de Spratt Se July Mamyal > y=vy=-2 > 4=0A=-1 > dg=l| 1183 ob yialt + PW ony SUM Na oy ean y = SA at al See U ody metl Se Aen Bybee OS wd (i) O) Op Kt ty rp rye FO, SGC A, f dg ely) OB pS Gi) Lab Ory Gi A,A=1, a) AAg = In Q) OP Ap 3 ced ey (I) epary A, AAR = IyAg = AR (2) parcels Atlm = Ap ot gt A, = Ap OB} LS ope Any App Ole Sue WA of 2551 Oy. Geta Coy Lay Ay, = Ag of ad Gli tI Alp = Ap 1 WIS y Au = At 2 Of Gym ny «AM Sonal ay Jy Ab yah (lor OD) pap Sal af esAhh! oYoul! a atl ep See Ayn Lb phe OS of LL at MY gos a desl ode: dle OK ap Legh agry De By. bib Ay ssl See ff bd 4, Ay Ay O89 pe PUES gi le Warp y IE Gy. as 11 et SHY ote Uy oct Se Ud A=]0 -1] Byeell * 14 {' : he { a] shel Sat oe oae-[) 7 HeSe af) ‘] Baia * . for 1-2 . 1A, = Ay Ot ely (up Lal sayy dy (0 i | ol Say LS Le Ni okey pul See gl odl Sard De OS YG (iy) 7 : i ‘ Gs ap tel sina 1 SAIT SE Mead BLE y ty ical 1 de fad tli a-{e | ol Lazily Lay ay fy @+0a,=0 , ata,=1 , aytay=0 , ay 4a,=1 Al of Lait] CUS. nee all Ling a £ oe dae eh ay =| B+ h,=0 . B+hr=l , f+ By=0 , By+fPy=l coll Soph Sa Bd A Bi giall OF SUL). Jee Lan Liny 2 YT LS tell Jas Key85 Ol yall : i. Ly ot [mel ty ySne OY 3512 ob Maa Wiyhiaa 4, cals 13} 9S Th yall 0 Say cy sles 09S pl qa gSany JY uP Ld dep dion d,, CHS Bll 4 yb PLY ge pal sf cal esa eg 1 (paIB! ode = CYotall sus) ELA OYotall [> Y-¥ SOLUTION OF LINEAR SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS (m ): Sopa Q Abd) OYatll oad Ax=b Seal Lm Chel! Ge tony Mall Olek I Q UU QoL JI ISLE PAB Spey. call ane b tll tal cae BC ODUL Bae A Jbaly feat ope LUIS’ y Direct Methods 5 21 5 jl (5 sane le sean gr conlis ads Sule hl Wie . Indirect Methods 3 2\3\ pb 3 jal 5 ae de duniloall dbd1 SYotall f> 1-Y-¥ System of Linear Homogeneous Equations Phd Yat OYaLLI A (ar =0 ALI gg gly b=0 GT YL Eg Plan Obed OW U ALL olny. KsbeallAbt! oYouls 1 ol ga gd pd) =p E2 ald OU | 1 Or 1 1 Qn AL Ee alee 0101010! ogi87 OU yall x Xpat : aa 1}? |+1Q, & ~~ Q-p|"2?|=0 Xp. rs Of asdey. SA oe (rn) Udell OVI oy (p) Ay per 7-4 oa o eiliecs Jt Ja 4 co Y= LQ LOL! Oey ° =[6Q, | 22 1 | Gy-pQr-pl Q) Xp Sn-p dt hai iB 2) JI (1) Lops 2) |e neg 0 0 o 0 0 0 x= |. 0 =I 0 Xp 0 0 0 0 a} 1 2 3x] fo 2 0 3yx, |=] 0] youd Jo : Je 3.2 6|x] |o ar Wey BLE A OP Sey p(4)=2 of Os) dared 12 Bilt 3) ie 2 0 3|~|o -4 -3|~]o 1 3 2 6] [0 -4 -3] [0 0Ade! SYotalt es dehy of of Heiter ps dyed! OYoldl [> 1-1-1 System of Linear Non-homogeneous Equations Arab Wilma g2 Abd GYoly ga be} bei b#0 CAI BIL g 2h Ub epee OYE OO Shay ah i yea gd Lo] ce «p= ofA fb]an : Gye) Soya tp Salt OL UL tty Le gb A 0S WLI ode g . Extended or Augmented Matrix SiH de Pre ab ly py Sl La Je LY Shy lager ye oat LeU Hhiny Lig gle Lathes SLD pleses J} pend 1 Jes si Elimination Method Sat Gy SY! Ee By. Direct Methods + p>\k) G fall 5+ Ue sf Factorization = Unique Solution +> j> le : Inverse Method Sali ty -b —1 pdr y Gebel all oye ti pb gly At i pial San ant diy all ode 2 XAT By yall de JLI le frat ob Gilt fail g a 3.40 1Jx,| |2 =|7] oyaull fe Se 00 5-1fy|"fo) Peete oe 001 24x] [30 yal get ote SE # 2h JH OS Stby (I-Y=1-Y QW jp az -b ily : Elimination Method 30-\ 44, ,b — ALB) dace gl 2b yanall yi SS b aml, A coal 2d ydvae Aas Ady Jail oda oe pian 3 RU op SEE Wydiee le J par) Iagedl Gall OLAS Gian gd STD yey OYotat You fo: Jie xoytz=5 — x+2y+22=10 3x+z=1 2 et © QLD Spt ce 2 LS OYSUM ALS doleby Sb i pi) Hall Us, 13] 1 ge jadAdah oot oo HJO oO AJ anny -32=-19 By+2=5 x-y+z55 py oS, x) (1% y|=}-% z) \% ee te fe et ety ed tty GL gy GALI ab Gat ny pee ead 9 Dek OUI Lie gy baby OL daly Stay. dL Gy Gauss - Gaurdan 0'3) yr — 9 sr Ue plo y Gauss Method «9 sor ty pb jes eos - Upey Method tt yar pe fol —> JS} A OG pian pent pty diy pall ode Gg PB yall de A aby Sgt gl tL din tle 6 Vy U Ue ttle Lal} A=LU + JRA) oYotall 66 uly1 OV yialt Ax = LUx =6b Ux=y en ly=b oe at sey Aart de J padt Xe Forward Method pit) 4 ay Ly =b DYotal Jey se de J pad iS Backward Method & yp) tix jay Uy Yala Je oi 2X jt Li, U sb yheall J] A CMLL i pines peed Up Se ol diy BI oe UF Ft tall ti ally. 3S Gb SLigi J} B yivall pants * =e = | 0 uy — 0 0 yy ogy 0 0 0 Un OS Jilly My = ay My2 = 2 My = a3 > Ja! Guat Yin = Mn a, Ay = 43191) aa nt a, Jyyuy = ay, =>ly, = 2b = Sb ie en > JVI a yaalt Oy, _ On Int = Oy) =P, = = a my + my =a, 40 Tb tyAad otal 1 gd apeally itl Gall Y pola ay on gi * lay, + ¥an = @n2=9Hn = Ay ~ tia lay + tng = 3=ta9 = any ~ btn pith all pole tly Iaaty * Wan = 219g = ag latin sf Won = Fan —Iritin 5 N22 Fauttia + satan = ano = {en ~lutn) (og “lua) Tati + lagting = Alan i gl dyaall pole dy Fait + Iyatlrn = Myla af gf n>2 , um #0 PL > paally CN anal J poll Ad Gan * fairs + batts + ty3 = a3 ay = yy — (ls + ates) laa + lng + Hag =p > ty = aq ~ tg + tte) Jin + Laatlan + Wan = Bay = May = Ayn — (itn + artenn) (CSU Gall poke 44) at gt sn = ay ~ Caitin + Fann) 2393, OU gia! Caras +h latis +aalas +t =qy = yy = = lata + hatns)] i [as ~ te * bata) lass — (ls:tin + satan Boyes + Usptag + Usgtlys = 5 9 Igy = RAS San a 433 = +4, Fits + Inatins + bnatlss = Ang => Ins = tig + Lats) ae 2 (CI > pad! Lay att [,,la-Gm rio 53. uscd 33 GI ayaslly wll Gall 3 poll dais nt gd * tats Gall pele 4 Haas + Heaton + Laan + Hag = ay =Ptag = ay — (lars + apna + Lats) Farts + aatas + latlss + Was = das aas = das ~ (aims + leans + latss) atin + Lagan + Lagan + Han = O4n=Pttan = ay ~ (latin + Larton + Laston) of of tan = Gan — Caittn + Lertlan + Uaatan) > 224 + al oyasll pols 4 (lsyitg + Usatlng + log Pa ee at tat my (sites + eating +1 _ a4 Lens ~ Cnitig + Snatra + bysttsa)] Intna + Uaatae + yaaa + laaa = Oya => Iga Tena Gutta * latina + hasta] aa 2 VS ALS Ot bd Jarl Key .. Say ee n>4 , ugg #0ibd! Youd! ad a yee LOS Ct LU I} A COLI ghee pad 2 hs J ght + We tte B piven UW yically (f, =1, Vi) to geet JI ab pole polis slZ¥ Row - Column Algorithm > yos\ «5 oa aisle Qe 1 Aslll aydt 1 WSL, U oxbsiall Win = Ay» n21 . 4, Iya, m>1 , ay #0 i = [Yan = Gan —hritin 5 222 . 1, = Gn ~ lta) Uy n>2 Usp = an —(litn + Fatan) » m3 igen cats hata) n>3 , uy #0 33 Hay = Gay — (lait * Lenton + lastan) 5 24 gg = Se tn + ratty + bts] Mag n>4 ‘ Upp = Ip) — Dilytyy > nzk>1 r ks E - San io I = = , n>k>1 , uy #0 Max98 OU gialt Yai LU gle place) Jo: Se 2.0 IP] fi 1 2 0} x, |=/0 23 4}x} [o 7 7 2 :UG dM nal 2 0 a n= Gy, , N21 => U=|0 uy uy 0 0 ws 1 LQ dg aya 1 0 0 In=“2 5 nol, ay#0 > L=lK%.1 0 a ind 1Ug stl Galle 20 1 Uy = Ay, ~lyyh, , N22 => U=|0 2 -¥% 0 0 ws LQ gill aya 100 py = ent) , m>2 , wy#0 > L=|¥ 1 0 un 1 Ki + HSL ad UL Byiall OSG StL yAged! OYoult 96 :Ug SU Gall 228 Usy = O3y —(lg12yy + yntty,) » 223 => U=|0 2 -¥% oo ¥ 1 fled penis OSs ily 270 1) (1 0) 0120 41 12 Oj=|% 1 Ofo 2 -¥% 23 4/ [1 % ijoo0 ¥ Va 4 i U 1 OYobll fo: WE Av=b => LUx=b > ly=b =y of gf 1 0 Of») fi yl 1 % Of. f=]0] => [dy ty 0% =-F => yal-¥% 1% ify] lo. ¥ +43y2 + ys =0=y3 =F aA 4 es bd L y b 20 ial % 0 2 -¥ixnl=|-¥] = => x=|-¥; 00 {Ix} [-K 2x +33 = 195, = 8 - Hs LARS A w = nt 1 243.4 Aerie g Ue? ee Wyiall uw: Se Aly 9 og 1] Baars ie fg 0 097 ib gia! 2 et rUQ dN Gallo 20 0 3 eeu |e 2 33 34 0 0 0 wy 2 Lg JM 1000 y= 2, nel, ay #0 > Le % oo ay, Of 1 0 Ka ba las 1 TU gO all 6 20 0 3 2 Uy = yy — Lay, N22 => u-|° a2 0 0 uss Haq 00 0 uy 1L3 gtd 2 paso 10 00 (Ge) un nn) AA Ms 1 2UQ edu Gallo 200 3] O23 5 a | = .; 4 00 0 ty 1 LQ CNW ayaal o 1000 jg = Vaal totmll ss, uje0 2 Lej4 1 °° 433 o110 AKKN « JS aad fs L ti yeall OSG SitusAbb! OYoudi = We yin = en — sien + baton + lastan) + : Cramer's Method \S tb — > OS Updy SV gical py lous dle tarat diy pall oday 1 pF > yond! Slakseed dy |) cy atl ot ya [A] yA Oral Byte one sa [A] > 2 DCS oye 4b 1 ONLI Ae pt fo pS Ub plorcely : Sie x-y+z-3=0 2y+3z-5=0 x-42-16=0 2 Jet By yall 3 lgavy Ke HLS OYoUdI de ee 1-1 x] [3 0 2 3 ]yl=ls 10 ~4]z] [16 A = 5SU yall ot bat oh ens 1-1 1 3-1 I |a=lo 2 3)=-13 |Al=|5 2 3}=-124 1 oO = I6 0 Pa 1-1 3 |4,|=]0 5 3|=-64 |4[=[0 2 5)=21 1 16 = 1 0 1 OS Jbiuy = 124 _ 124) aes 2 lc pall 2h 20 4-13 13 A= p(Alb) ji» Jo doy V ob cay pret EAT p Sal OS UI oe 9 2 Sth gout de Uylhl oe Ip ote Shin aevary 1 0 0 3x] fi 01 1 2fe| fa =| DYobdl 4 yt ke Lott 54x) f2} O77 tens es Sty 1-1 -1 if] LoAdd! Youd 100 et (dey 1st) dees 1 0 3 14+3¢ 1 1 2 1+¢, +2c, xe|-|+qf-"|eal—| > x= 0 -1 0 -4 0 0 -1 -¢ le Cals G0) Cee P(A) # P(A} b)p(A) ay ¥ Sith ope nb JH Of gu Usd Se tee ay “0-14 Yo! aw Jb SG S Ope Slane! WH-Y Oke nC C,-\ |. 4%, be, | EX =ANC iy pall le OS Yl op pl(A)an Ue 9. Uygt Byer X=K,, Ge 1 QUIS Vector Form sgncll iolal 5, pall S! OVI byt Se wb LE, ee (401, )e=e BS wld op 4 Xnem =Cnem IS Vm a rr——“‘i‘C“SE—CiéCtzsCw en oa Som selina ie aL ano tag hg ta OWS 13, Mead a &)y ~)_fa o a ay fxs xs] Les ce op 4 0 a Of) fa 0 m@ 0 a}x| |e a 0 a Ofx|} fe 0 a 0 afr} [eg wa ony (A@h)r=c Fy Ger US cree (f, @BT fee HK HS OB © XpomBrnen = Crom OS 1h me oedad! Oot! 102 tL SL 5 OL 5 Agen Xe + Xpem Bren = Cre OLS 1 Oy — ae OW 15] Head. Yala oye (nn) ce ge BN « (1B Iq 41, BB eae pj) WS (4@ + OB" r= 6 MULE SeAXyg + XB, =h obs op 10 2 0} [2.1 0 O/fan] fou 010 2) ft 4 0 Olfen| Jar 0 0 3 OF [0 0 2 If fxn] fer 00 3] [0 01 4}hxe2} Len Yall dt pai UWky 3°12 Ofmn] fear 15 0 2]xn}_fen 00 5 I}xy} joy 001 7x} les «Ob sl tink We Ke gly Dr=c Ysa! J> ob (>) WL 9 D=(401, + 1,887) bass ll: bye I Le Bae Gill ole al as Elimination Methods 3is\ 3 yb ¢-Y-¥ Lb a gps Gb oy by gph GID! bb Gam al ately ppd Gy ail Lia + bd Youd b> gb USL + Gauss Method .p jor td yb \-¢-Y-¥ te Spe bel Gall olla [4 1b] pla 1S ale] psy ti bl ode ee ee ee yA! be Ipatl pa gl Ue tt yi Ue fy Ld] « Solving Backward € yx 3h Jt gant yay x (potty « 1dKay103 OW ginal ball clyde Pivot Row j\S3j) d—aS [41 6] c+ JyW! eal Lely yy #0 of acts * dpa Q pelea pats he 5 6A IVI yt OS WY MIS Gaus) + (ay We Lad jlinel J} dM! GS SL alt eel [4 fc] with ydeall 9 yy #0 of go stl * ii dint 3h) poll for 0 Pivot Element 155) painS yy paially IS) (aid INI Ge plcnznly 03.9) (biel ee fant men Wey gil te M daybed 9 OIA oy nel LS Abell St LaLad US ale Se gall Vata pls le ace oad cglly [yr |B] ISH pts » Si 11 1 IPx) [3 2-13 Ofx| [3 x SS : jer! Ndi AFYI oYotall ide oe SD et) ce eee eee -1 0 2 fx] [o 2 et OS) 6 DY Fd) Heald Ui, 13} To oti tiga : ' [tae]? 713 9 an sto -3 1 -21-3 m0 2 0311 a l0 2 0 3 ii io 2 110 =U 10 1 3 2 14 eet i: 2, |o -3 1-213 27a ' 2 10 0% Bi-1 foo yi as fl 1 a 13 —2, |o -3 1 -2!-3l poe 5, lo 0 x fife btal aaa 0 uidHab! OYott 104 oy dius => i=l 2,45 3x, +$x,=-1 Soe =3%,+%3-24=-3 > = xtxyptuytuy=3 > H=l PP OKs ala x |_| 2 x=|? x} [1 x4} [-1 1 Ob yp SS ill Ae oF UT y ALE IE ps le Iya Ke * creek gb xy arg gl hie a phew bce [LLB] gS pls Ge J pad ALS . Solving Forward peiehy Joy ba JI gery ox, (peily « Say pate ge SE) Gee JS deny ANS Gy =1 4 SIS ll le I padi Se (HS tee GALI bles Jed US Bu Gand OLLE ay KY Sala P [Uy ote Sh (gle Lai ait ery to Wl Se * SLB QSL A LA Byte ae ad ot [| Cm [l=] [by —— isl Gell 2 \4\ -0ae{ 2x7 Gauss - Jordan Method 0'3) yr — «ysl tay plo Y—t-Y—1 BaF poll Jer hy amy Le] pyle tb Ol pas de nai ti bil ole g Bia Dep 14] tBlS pla de ead Why lie! (abind 9 LS) KEY pace 2 LS ay Bygens JN Ge hat hc asOU yall pb plist: Gd! SUM > : Stee © Oy pr — yegle 2 ge de fad Gl! SUM g dealt Ol ghd) tt isk C Al Yala > 2a ft 2 BIOSAbd! OYoull 106 Fires) a) ee oe SoH a pl) ISG ope pole Jor g ghey Att of Leo * of pe cL Y) Pile Yate le Spat! ably Hest GIS,Y1 (xr ee KU ole geet WP aon etl yl IY! pole Uber L a] * Este cab (Woke 3) OSs [rf] SU past A=] [D, of ASUS (Olay pr — eyle Ue LS ale! sue GW oS * One (Cae — uy) > 5 Ged Jl Sed A SL yes sae LS Ge [4 Se l= 0)xC (2-7) j——+ Iterative (Indirect) Methods (8 y2\M yb) 51 SSI J jbl O-Y—¥ Ax=b OYotall be MS be Sally by) BL Spadl Blt Gl Sl ad Sued lb 5a GIS y Direct Methods 62 Gj) ( GALI by LU J! pil Bas sl Bb Ble Sy Sth op pylery ope ote ae JI le Gb indirect Methods 5 pi pé J Jali G Jal oda gant. J le Spad! 1 GY Jaw py ple JS . Merative Methods ¥y,\ Si HO OST AeH4G OSGLAH,G gigieell WA UW Byer ee SK mae! ax =b Yala pli Ob JUL GLE pe H Ol sl) py Ax=b => (H+G)r=b = Hx=b-GX x= H'b-H'Gx 3107 OU shalt BE parsh iLAN BI NG el Be apiy 2 So guess Cures ois * RIL 6G YW EY ie Gara pti gd xl Sal fo ML LGW OU ple JSary Say xO BE Je de fans tL) ; PRLS Yat pe Bey Ke xf) = H'b~ Hoax) OF Gabe y LS) geeeeall I! plas bas y Jims? =x - AUS de ol 3} aeleny de M8 ermal JES) Convergent dy )\4 ULI) OYolall 0 SG Tht wl Sy 2 go Spell a r=H'b , Q=-H"'G 2 By pall 41 Sol Yat det Judy, 2D og Qe 5 Ob dome MY oad ae Way 2 Fx Ab xO aye Ls tae x) (1,404 et Op + OO GS (SS Si jbadl cue be « Initial (First) Guess gtd ars) ya x o> y £ gSt Jee UKE 4H (1, -O)T dn Lb of Oly 149+ 0? +49" =(1,-OF'(I, 2") Seat GL SI EI te 3 ar pelyy (I, -) 3 od pall pia od UY HS OLY te x =(1, -O)"(, Of p+ Otx®Iga) Youd! 108 Lindel bp. xO Subst ge LU Se WI Oli OS of ay LG ae Uy OS TAG Le ABIL Jf Jy & Late alg lim Q =O, on of UB lps Ma OS LBB. dual Byhall Oo O, Se Him =(, -OY "Uy -O,¥ + Ox =(,-OF'r =(r, +47 'G)" x(w7) [le + HG)" |p =[a(,, +4#7c}"s =(H+G)"b =A'b=x of a4 Way SA costs byd =r + Ox A=H+G , Q=H'G , r=Hb Ory 1 een tim|r'ch =0, 3 «Sell by gaat a t gir Oey 2G pall ge apy (IOP! of ts) Se 1, -Q=1,+H'G=H"H+H'G=H"(H+G)=H"'A109 lb ginal + op fishy ln \=|44 tat jLacty [4] #0 of cae pie cUhis'y ( [H]#0 gl) opr HT of mosis Lol eeny Of es Lge |J,- Of #0 OP 3} (Ar=b pla wb) OI ne doy Jo ye Cod + bony (1,-O)" «Wala 1b ye 1 Qtil bail pai ale har gl (jim [etch =0,) tis be am Se Lin. peel eI op Yat 3S Of 4D Ge JS polis aul pal ¢ pat of gl sip y HT Wiss A=H+G oly Q=H'G ide Gl pe be + ( Steinberg, 1974 ) taxrl—» ts Ja) Sry i Jacobi Method gs tix \-0-Y-¥ 1 WS AW yiall pend Uy ll ole 9 A=G+H Oie; ayitj H=[y] . = » |@-le) a= ay 4 J oe! a,#0 , Wi Of yay Jae bd Ging af wy POUL! plas og di Jo soe gl og Sle tab plane : Slee 5 1 2 1 {0 6 4|x=/1 1 25 1Hab OYotalt 110 1 By pall EY a4 Ox yt Si You det Jttby oO) (My fo % HPA dey | (k) Y= ¥ I-10 0 KY xt % ah] ly} Ly x of at gl an} (hn 20 : 3.5 5 get) 1 _(2 6 ot -(2x 1 et (24 on 1 (1H 20 x) 22 [1 4 Fy gn 3 [Lam add 1 Yost Je eld ST ably U Jpeg Se (1) ow, FQ pull le xym1 OU yall + My #0 @) ee SS J pl ing 41S col ghee Bad JL! OB (2) JIL) OU Cruel clpey 1 OS cue n ea 0.1281 fx! —x8'|=0.17 107? <0.5%107 |x? =x =0.17 «107? <0.5%107 xt? =x] = 0.1610"? < 0.5107 P osteo gl JE ob Sits 0.12 x= 0.06 0.14Abed! OYoWI 412 lp bal ote up (eet JENN ote Get) LL eed. BSG Sybe 1) ae Udy dob Way WLU S af sta) eye 1 Sd 1 0.08 x =/1 J x =] 0,03 1 0.09 PULL, 2 ye sat ay (Lats Wi She y JI I) hai Lats tat best of adey Pte djl eV) ga Brot Lie (Ibs el 0.1273 x =| 0.0686 0.1471 + (Appendix A)! goudl) 3 BASIC 4b, og Ste ga jylp 3 i> nllles (5 Ui oSey 1g Slr dy pb oe of Lake OiF) Hela]. hy= ay t= iF otubpsy a, #0, Vi of Siby O- Fy w=] , 2,- — ij ay Ot eke QUIS413 cb yialt 0% Jil . 0 i=j IG=C= = HG=c=[y] , cy BA oy OP Q=-HNG Byball ge oli bd lal ey nib 7 1 QMS be WE y Sle tab de b tii ia el aby "lay Het yal un joi Of olin tay Sal i x, 4x) +x, =-2 > > xy + 2x5 ie 4) Sh Yall enat Sly x0 = 167-290) (.2- x{tt — xt») 6-22) (eel) xf = (eed - xf") = a 2iad! Youd! a cee bing 1 x=] 1 sla She Sa le Mab Gyle le Sp Vo Vel billing Ball oT * + gle Lib ys di tls Jue — pyle tab Gl tp CE pls baby Soler. Q=-H"'G eea 0 geal Jae — ylie tab 0 60g Gytall at Ya)<1 OS 13 af gf a Of ost. Gulag Y ay di BN Olas as GLI b sl Ging dy UP. tis - Sufficient but not Necessary \.33 p2 cy) S33 GIS b ys jibes b pss! LN SS BAS! ge Se Lal gay Gil bl) HS la pT bt due * Of yay. te Jy Ana jal © Q=-H"'G —S Lasse 5S eigenvalue 4313) Ma g5 Ay ES OF gn Nha. alah OUND ect oo gt Ugh bye SSL! gal ObLny ++ Distinct 8 jaz pail 04.8 0 SG EF 1 A513 pb Ub Q i ginal Op SG ise ( [dna] ) |A(Z,)2|w-1]] OY « SOR 131 [A(T )<1] Oss (7, Winall Spectra Radius gidals . P0 , Wx#0) + Cet Gerke — tt GU jail122 | Positive Definite Vanes dye yo A cal Ub glia cuts" IT, =D"(L+U),T, =(DLY'U} 4 3 0 wis pontotinns nt a A HT} Ca Gel Jt g Seas ee OP WC AL! GU Ta ae ald OLY Jory af 400 0 00 0-3 0 D=|0 4 0) , L=j/-3 0 0} , U=|0 O 1 004 o 1 0 00 0 oF Jey Y%o.0po -3 0 0 -075 0 T,=D"(L+U)=|0 Y% O}-3 0 t}=|-0.75 0 0.25 O 0 Vio 1 0 0 eh 0 YS T, SU dl A ry |r, ~ai|=-al@ - 0.625) = plr,)= V0.625 = max|a| y | we y+ v0.6523 ci yal! ily FAS Mallee C6 Sey. po SUM 9 w= 1.25 J tole ny Le Ley - (Appendix A) ' goull 3 BASIC 4d, SOR (in #n) Abed) YoU fo 1-Y DAe AL oe Uped Syl Yh CYL ad ok SI ISL oy 5” Spb y Rank tor yl ops ai an pai 16 STUN ode Jo obs LS. (men) YoU! = fam bd gil DW ULL y Elimination Methods 4541 abs me LH OU ot m gs Wes Ae = B] OF ws 13] : ali [o(4) = ofA 1B] =r] cals’ y feat Unique W243 J» «fax =b wbtt oO =n] os 13) * - Solution SH oe stg one al [Ax =] basi O [Fr] OI 134 * - Infinite Number of Solutions Poy! Ast ge Oy SG Yond! of Lins Ls Ob pd) = pfA | b]=7 als 13) aif p glad Li Git GU [4 |B] a yeell Ob SLs (me = DEW Lely oye pyle Min y) Consistent ee [a !é] Ss, eAdah! OYotal! 124 Grey ran: SdH OG boy C, WytaN rypryY IL oie g rf (Ax=b lal oF opy AE =b clad 43 > Sta ol cline Liny r Pebeonyr Pas SY oe BLATL Wa af obne We OB Sid C8, TDS ce GM peer Sas oe fa} pela ts 2 ue pe125 yi! 1 0 -1 2 -1 * 1 oii 7 . 2 O 1 2 3 2) =/-3] oYotdl Je: Je x 5 2 -1 4 3 1 x, “12 5 ~Bhee4 | 7 Sx 1 pi 10 1 2 x Loita * 0-1-2 3 os 5 2 -1 4 1 x Ol 2 15) 8) 1 |e 4 set Bsa 1 0 1 1 [4to]=| 0 -1 52 la ob Sily pA) = pl | b]=2<4 ES. (ag OF gee US) Syl oe Sle oe Lead iss =I -1 7 3 2 -3 x=] [tal_ |e 9 0 0 eal llr te Go aly UL Se Gat OYSLT ys (nir) Gaul of oli SYoUL! cy plist Lie * «dai WiLL YoU or UeAbd! You 126 pl EOS OVaball oy plat of ola a Ob ¢ p(A)# p[A |b] Ue GQ * + J> Sts 0S Y Stuy Inconsistent + gee he tS HY 13 OB msn weg * 2" all BI" Me go ode of p(A)= pfA | b]=n ols BY — "SAE oe RUBE "IL ode ob p(d)= [A | o]cn dif Wily — a" fe te pW" UE ode of p(A)# p[A | 8] OIF bly — v Gee L yasale aby ( Steinberg, 1974) ope saree SUSI Jytly atl yn GOV ym : Ax=b Ax=b Osa fo aA=r , pAtbl=— | ym iite eel remsn rep Sait ge ug ere ee ne IgE gp gl io roe oe try con rep SIF! oe Ug rem r=p m=n elua r=m=n r=p bet rsnem rep Ae op Rigi renem rep m>n any be rencm r=p pAy=n x ope a" ay A" 252 aoa OW Like BY [LI ye Lin . Optimal Solution Jas JH ge roy So Soy Oh ges bing (x(a? eo 0 ol gly Myad dey Whee Bytes AAT Byially + Spall gl oe128 1 oYotall OYobed be Be soe hs She plan SSIs StS) Opal Jp y Bane Vey 2 ped Gall bbe Panim Sone en-coo S7- Se mcoo7teso op Jitu, 4] n#plA} =3= P(A)i yials he ple lt fo le Spars Syl ye SUB ote sf ey fo ae yp 03 PY Hayle tll ey 36 2 -39 36-7 4 Az=|6 11 6] > (way = 36-19 3 _ -1 3 ¥ 3.88 = Xp = (474) ATH =| 0.68 0.34 Ya ubieg the Jit ay Bl OU le Wyle lk ty PBB oS Yeu SY (1) 2x, + hy +x; =0 (k =)xy —y + 2x3 = 0 4x, +x) + 4x3 =0 «Bd ib Me argh gt dtl oH 7 bake ste faf= 0 Lace sith JOU oe ae ile lad) Min 20 k-1 -1 3=0 => k=Lk=2 a1 Dk=lbwey * 1% ~2| (8 GS) A 2 Stahy10 dab! Osta Lasy * at 4 | sections k 4% Lxea|-¥ -1 rap) Youll > 6 a 2 3 1 tepaed Jacl wo Se sin a Ce 7 — _ AMES ae iso oom coolno 229! :_ Om ole om onalna ea elon dey wis qa) (2) Sh Se 8 el lbs Jey x ; Jt op a#8 de Gg * z | Say ye ne us v tai]131 yal! x ; ob a=8 Ug, * Zz £ AS Jy aleve d By ez as ee Arab CYabli fF) 2 -1 4 3 3 o 3 5 -2 10 6 7 8 4 A= > = > ent > a Os altel lol al fo 8 G 14 1 i et 2 Wola] ES 2-1 4 34} 8 1313] [1 00 0f3}4}-4 5 -2 10 6/17 !8!4| |o 1 0 of 614i 47 athe el ! Veale teed eee -5'-10'0'7|"|0 0 1 Of-1t-1! 4 1-2 3 6!14tiin{ [oo 0 1:411 118 toe Amy 3 4 —4 ea ie af gf eS ee ¢ 4 18 Le pial AD 2 yy132 Abad! Youll 2 fet of pa 34 1A ei lary 13 1 | spo > X,,=0 a 47° oY) 13 “5 3 fp Speer = mel 3] © XytXy at => Xyel 5-3 Xp +Xn=0 => ale) | al gf AB wyinali IDC mon OSs nxm 45) Id By men tO A CIT IL (0) BLE OS DOW Of pled yey. mm 45 13 0S COB C= ABE? p(A)Sn , p(B)sm AC) = pCAB) < min{p( A), p(B)} = min{p,, 22} Sy. min(p,,2,) p(A- B)> p(A)- p(B) lti 2 S48 , 2 Za] 2 24 B4i| OM wyiall - See aryl (A) S-i 341 3-1 2 et Bye ce Let yop ye Zt ot ails RX ERO Ce Z=RHK eoy O3,¢ Z*=G4iB RG-XB=1 (1) XG+RB=O (2) 1= 221 =(R+iX\G+iB) > { Of eer (2) Ualall G=-xX"'RB 5 YS CB aptly Bate Se Site CAT apy ot Sy) RG-XB=1 = -RX'RB-XB=1 = (Rx'R+x)B=-1 B=-(ex r+ x)" at gtAbd) CYoul! 16 peda title gy 125 Te O gi r-\2 23], x=}0 11 533 tie op Sint. Ga-x RB pS B=-(ax Re xy! QS) La lal ey - Z'=G4+iB jw) OUI Sle O—Y¥ gl ot 2 Bole tb oe SL WT pel fe (4) 124-1) [6 13-10) [es {13 5 0] |9 . 265 4| |4 as ital ee ali o1t of {2 30 0 7] Lo Set ol is 003 1 2 .. (0 401, |4 Sei te ot OG oo ileal: Bo lc to tials -2 104) [-1 110-3) [+s 1 i bale g Sle A je (Iii) DL 3 pad > + de gl My jay (Ieiv) TL y pal > 2 w hag (yak SOR Ady Jey (Ieiv) ULL g pba Jo xs DML+UE 4 Db , a) wv (ty ofesh (oy k= Sem 6 Shr iy J) 4 SS Wall135 Old yal OIL di yer a Aaa] 9 of ot x) =(D-Ly'Ue* 9 +(D-L)y'b , k=12 Bll Wye oA, DLL, Ue ¢ See — rsh diz a 41 SI dala (0) HLS W pial Sar do sh Oe aa) Z=| 3° 2+i 34i Se ee Matrix Inversion Lemma (1 sSal\ op )\e 2 Apoth xT Bx>0 RAISL Rola USA GS! ple Ke MRAM olny x Eke pb one GV Gyaay SBS fas HS py os die yer Lee Be LT poy Sy Stuy « Cholesky AxsALUx=LAlx = L'éx=allx => DALY Px allx Wat yolx eons claey'y =ay Aah Spal Le TY slates C= UCT gy, Gy=ay OSs r=()'y 1 BSLE ab Lula OSS Laad ta hl OW eall of aban Qs139 OU ginal de Lenlin|y Olas Obi yer A, B Se ABE = Ax Je Sah iped ype Shay HeLa ALA Sf ead of IS ed Silt JE Serb oe Sey «laa tor ye S59 «(Wad tem ye B CAS 13] Lis) D= ITAL E> Dy = dy (Gourlay & Watson , 1973, p.120) OS oe Ybal got tle ype She WIS be (4 + AA osestees ReLM by pel SL! Yaz Lat Ke iy pall ole. bey Al x + AA + + A, Ax + Ax=0 Al Bo ralhy Hb tA A tA Ay Aya tec Ag A, 1x + Ag A,X = 0 Sa oe ele oe =-B, =B, =B, =-8, oS ay AX) — BA x, g me By xg — B,xy = 0 gi Bx, + BX, toe + Bax + BX = Ax, Yok le fat Ying O17 0 0 OT % Xo ©1060 7 oO oO} x x 0 0 0 fowm oO} x x O10 0 0 oO} 5 =a] 0 0 0 Z Tyx2 Xr-2 (oe oe, Be alsal lsCb peel) AN po) US Need pall le dale ay Sy =Ay BENS Gb obi wy Sparse Matrix oY) Wpole de SE ibyiar So AS Lia) AIL J Sy Oy Lg Rat Cys ela USA Es ey yy (la La bed USI ee Sade pe ISLE oe lage ASIAN ell Sell USA | STANDARD EIGENVALUE PROBLEM gant Ving A= al] 2B) CL ek ae Ave Ax GD gel de Jb al Lele : Characteristic Equation ay EAE AD torre +a,4" =0 Ke AY Jy Sled, 45d A Jy. AA Age Ay opi on nb gly Abel! (4-a,Dx, =0 A, ASAI! ai Co ball x, gti coma ya J gL odie oe tly : [ the eli) USA AT lpm att ol dor yh lee 31 13 As bl i | ; are => #-22-8=0 > Aad, h=2 we s|4-all=0 => A=4 use144 yi veal TEL “=m (i ao ano{7i] op Jey + Xy = Uy (3) OpAp=—2 ae lhe | (Lin yet Oye ih) Ul Ub pstathy OL LoD SS obayl cailiy of ad gilts Jess g Sead At Age (4)+(-2)=2 0, (A) =14+1=2 Ayay=(4X-2)=-8 {4 =)@)-@)3)=-8 Li pineal Lieb ony (yay) =O af gl. Okeke asap of Up abst als Lely » Ula 1 oplll patted ode ye 5ST Gai Leo Theorems o\ 83 \—-¥-¥ A=0 => |O-all=0 > 2-0 > 2"=0 A=0 , WiFl2Qereyn dwCU yisaal) A1 oil! US ae 1 OWy A=I => |I-All=0 = |(l-Ayj=0 > (-a)"[]=0 = (1-ay'=0 Ayal, WIL didhy oOWy moO 0 ; 1 Da °°), [p-aj=0 = [[@-2)=0 ial 00 0 a, Aza, , Wi=l2 gts 2 (D-al)x, =0 OYouli J4 cA=a, Ley a-a 0 0 0 Ta] fo 0 a-a 0 oO || Jo 0 0 0 a,-a,}b,} [Lo 4 Yate le Jat Std (q-a,))=0 , Vi f=12.- 5m143 ob alt at gt 0 jei =I say)j =i aD Ba Cabell glill wnclt OS Jithy . Grey buh Eola ase ce +i pdy GV andl aa, 5 TIN god she] Cul Lad 13} 13) 35Lb 0455 4D yiral Nyko Ow 2 ey) EL Beet gil (il) Beh 4-T] + BL A OSS StL y ptey [Af oust op Lie ASD alll Gar] GAIT L 1° . ag el ont ted 4,47 Obs geal :oOuWy of UY GU g Gy all ob Jey |i ~ai|= [4 ~ar} | =|4~ai Logit Sf sage oy pu Wey Characteristic Polynomial 431i) ys yAd\ 8 LS AAT of gl 2 RR pall ats LAOU plata) ATI poll US 1 Oc Bs gb Mykea 7 CO bs] . aghit pel pnd bed AMAL GL mee fol a LAL itll Citgo (i) Amd ailic i A—J Ul tpl POY @ [eran - al] =|e4ae - ar'af-|"(4 - anu} =|E Ma — ale] =|z"L| 4 - al] =|4- 24] =I =A alll aad GIS ASU doyad as LATE af ost pv oly, LL Colall A Bye gle ual pas (ii) 3 CA AB AB aid Colall CUAL i yaaa 31 ancl Au=Au ay LlALy=av => ALv=Alv => A(Lv)=A(Ly) Q) of gems (1), (2) Blicy us=ly => v=Llu olin OL4 ¢ Real Matrix i—Aed> UB ghae 4 cil 13} CLS Nl y . Agi Oy SG Of Ct Ld Ast dio dt gal» PS yp LS a A= 0 + if, 13] Lied 4 Dyes tb LS Lal yw 4,=4, =a, -ip,Med OU yialt OP Ay ESM AZ del Gobel SN dealt yeu, OF GE ay Bye gh ay AN ag oral ag, A aaa Au=Au => adu=adu => A(au)=A(au) 1A AGS AagllS Golan A Byiaal I ance an of Jidhy Multiplicity %j\Sels : tags SB BD cm oy OL ge Koa 2 AND deg coy SFL +m AS SIONS TT dad go a of 1 Lb yale had (A-Al)r=0 SYotdI pL Jed Cm BSG Ib AB yield II UGA CIS I3} 2 Ma AN olga oo m le SU le CALS ym Lay SF NS A Dynal gtd dad ult 1]Cb yiaal) AI pelt US 148 :ouy 1a bd Gg Olde Au, = Au, Au = Ait, Ail, = Aly SN eat aad Say, BoM 2a BU, YL) Walall oper Alay, + anu, + + Gig tly,) = Aaah + Oty + + ayy) aed = cA ASL tail Leland Bi yisaal Ltd pms 0S poldy 1 gr gl donee oY de gat a Nt Gee ne Nt Cis 13} FAS (sed ge yy) Gall 05) ¢ Au sau of ee A’u = A(Au)= A(Au) = A(Au)= A(Au) = 2a PAS Cd ee oH) Opal Gola lyau yall Bua Bu Abu= du Ata Hu Tee HE Sam Sa STAI doch! aly A” Wi pivaal) 4513 5 OSGI" oY iuy ry 2 ASbelt dopualt el) ie pet a NO eae ne NO CAT 13} 0 Obs SLauy. AT op ry ot by puede Od ¢ AuaAu of ee BCS age oe) Spars. a AGI! a bee (5 51d ome At [ae Atu= Aaa) = arta l= 0 ata) = ata) = re DAT Coke ee) oral Bae ey Atu= Kou Aaa iy Am usau yA” La peal) 45 ad OSG 2" OF MUL (ory Gene ee mee) AT sypry pty She eee oe hem fu shill ancl rn=0 CIS IS} 1 SUI amell wid y A” piel) 45d ed OSA of Spi I Lob J La O51 AT syry bhi ple JS newe SM ad Qh tnereUi ghd) AT ool US 148 1 aD ys ye Seany Aaya cog A KAN Lo Ba Gaal URL adh LIS y AJ 21 gall ant a A A gp OL sof 13) Sea FD Ee (a4u) Boat OB ¢ (Au) UA CAS BB. BAL lye Byes A OLS : oy TCV 5 eB) MeL ay Bo ils Jeet, s100-[ Saab Sale (4'u)= > a,(2u) iE} fu a i i “TO - YAu) BOS sf(A) opoat sl AB gle Sony) A SASL pall ga byte (A=) aA! By pall le f(A) ve Ss ° i=l CV) CB ) LSI 4 Bd Of AU Ue oy Gedy. CQL Ol g EUS pals OLb 6 (Ayu) LA e5LS 15} SEY ee dey ULL! geal tall, OG (eu) A [e4) 5« GGin(au) U Gin(d)) « (22 +3445,u) UW (42 434457) 2 GALY! de iS ginal DU OLS del LI il bet of tg ld ley149 OU yall ad! Lge GF Distinct B jeeee TH Ugod CIS 15) LS yf ASS jell ple We by c (AeA) Vie | GIS Mp gly 2 OS ¢ (2,,u)) AWS y (4,,u,) BA of Lo bs Au =A, Ady = Ay ay be feA OWT yt glee bey wT Bed) UM Gay wi! Au, = Aus u, (a) (4u,)? =(4ju,)" > WPA? = aa’? Q) rhb beh ATS A plumed ue 3 (coed! ox) (2) Holl Cary uj Au, = Juju, @) (4-2;Xu,.m)=0 :@- Mees 2 AWS) gop Se dolly 2 (F=f) CAS tay 6 (,-a)uJP=0 = 4-4, vi the 254, al gl : (iJ, 4A) HS Ne (2, - a u,.a,) (u,,u,) =0 2 Olle wu, ai glOb yl) A pel! US | AB yale Ly 6. BL pily Apetihl obiadall oye ig Lia Tyo BL 6 ginal Gals « beelet S} obs oe £2 ¢ Skew Symmetric Slo Ase I yin A CIS 1h « Pure Imaginary th 33 4 gud * 13] ) Biorthogonal Ja\ ly dates 3453 USA Wglgres + Cjpace TN peg Cal La pS BU Dye OY! 131) Blorthogonal sally Beales 0453 AS gigs *) + (Bjpene AD ggill GOI? Sap GyU Iypes OW 10 yy) 2 OW © Skew Hermitian Sally Lie yh Ub yhas A CAS 134) . Pure Imaginary Idag 2565 Agi gad * \3] ) Blorthogonal J2.——lly bales 0465 ANN (gigas = Bpease AT pogllt CU eS GW Nye: OU!161 yi! G2 Ube. (4, #4, Wie j) HAA TAI pl od, ap, FH Gent G3) Cpl dle ASM pill old d>Lall Asti lent Au, = Au, Au, = Bu, Au, = Au, VislQeeyn A'u, = Au, Linear Combination to3\ 4, 55) oy Sy C4 + Cptty + CyUly Hoes + Cyl =O. a) 2 ge het CaN LEA ABA Bed oo Ley GyAgay + CyAguy + CsAgts +0000 + Cyndy =O @Q) Cada + CAR, + CyABus + o-oo + cyARy = 0 @) CAT + CA ay + CAT ag toes + GAN ty = (n) 2 By pall le Gals Xe (n) JS} (ce eYotlly 1 a oe 1 ast fem beats | eas Lot ety 1 A |=0 el IC i UR ec EL) F be = 1 ae T¥=0 i (LA fed — S98 UN ily SLE 22 OS (2, 2 4,) Lin ee SY Dyeally ' ob dillyi pial) AN ell Uta 182 AS 1B) YY Bae Y Ling ¢=0 , Wi OF gen Many. Td aan G=0 CAAT I} Ladd doers (1) Aad ST OS ot cay : tbe Wie uu eeu, Yell ce ele lal gh fan le Gated 0-1 Jail Jp ase of to al Say | i... © EET ail 9 US Bey Wilgmny LI pal par etl fraall — JW OU Sf oye of Gath pot gb cabs ON] goat! Jy SS :ouyt (49 Blu, @y,)= Au, @ By, = Au, ® w,y, = (Au, )u, @y,) Uy, dabar Ass Clr ydin, Ab pS UAGB Ov SULyOi geal ous O3) ¢ ALE] dele LT YS (i, +A) @(1,, +28" )= 1, © ly +6(4@ 1, +1, @ BT) + 524@ BT 2 pet g (1, +04) @(1, +2B")=1, @ 1, +D+e7A@ BT @ A) CAA de (4 et,), (Leen) or (Fred +8") cd he GIL gail Sy OF Sy (ts ui (+c, \i+eu)= 1+ e+ 4y)+ Am, (2) (+ ay) BD at OS of Ce D of ad 2) 4 (1) Byles OH AES C Sy Ve Jovo—all fo op aztdly Md bedi Ga ali Beak Os ¢ Bel OU db tgettin Gd 4x4 XB=C ED giall : The Power Method 5 s)\ 4 ,b \—¢—-¥ 2 AG) gee oye die i yt Ub Oty B pae ATL pall Of 4 bII ode G Upp . Laregest in Magnitude ois 3S) PUBL apy lal apaiyOU yaaa) Ati gill USE 164 $b ¢ [Aaya 2A, Cat AE R™ Byireal) ASU alll (ody Ay In &> O34 ¢ Ane VO V) oon Ve A Ua pda) AS Oly xR" OS + le ead Cal de 4, A?, A, A= Yaa a A Ps= Say, By =8Da a) yw Jl fl Vd ae ay Aedes By = ada, a A sa MA at gf a ae,aty OD = ak Sa :] VD bel 2yeoe of opt LS, lal>|a} » Vi H=2Breyn 03 ay jn( 2) =0 , Wik wool of Sides Jim A‘ Jim Hay () (fal

? pO], A gee cue Aal w Pg eUis 2 4M 42,0) LO _ AD ADS 2) (QQ) Qa oR WP yp 3h Ee gall os Haste Ga a UKE ple Jy. 20) SN hat gm. Sa os Lire lal LS yo Welny for, y= Ager os ay? HO = yin A ® ant, Rehytey P= fy] eae anne ote peel oe mall P, eae (ight JS Q) Oe WS gob NN pallul yi! oly 2 20 2 xO let by dag ComLall yO Pall nalts fme lpr! aytze of UY! Xe Lal + Ay agli het RAS Oye U Sy .. Power Method «5 gill ty Jah os jas LAY) ya Lin LAI Oly ASL alll lye Cad Il Ady bl Sa yue Wis’, x Byiall He ie lb ao gly -4 14 0 A=|-5 13 0 “[-1 0 2 gD) pill Ub A=6 , 33, A=? 1], . £03, Cf OL a1 of Ley) x =]1] G5 ssi as b duel, 7 10 y= Ax =| 8 1 Je itty fy], =10 ny p® =y0 =10 wey 0 We =| s “ ee Eeob gdaal A a US 188 2G Dp de fat Oe atts lanes fel =I oie) (er } fm) 0 fs 4 1 [Los 0.1] 10 2 (L075 1-011] 12 3 _{l_ 0.730769 -0.1888034] 65 4 0.722200 ~ 0.22085} 6.230769 5 0.718182 0.235915] 6.111 6 1 0.716216 ~ 0.243095] 6.054546 7 0.715247 — 0.246588] 6.027027 8 1 0.714765 _~0.248306] 6.013453 9 ee ~0.249157] 6.006711 10 I 0.714405 -0.249579]_ 6.003352 + x =[1 0.714316 — 0.249895], 4, =6 2 Bae y ance x) of bey OF Y} . (Burden & Faires , 1993 ) 3 elf Se WLAl pial pot gjyste Shay Taw g BASIC Ki Zo Sa BI Ming Cpe ule ew Gilet ge ighl = (Appendix A ) 2 QR 9 Householder 4} )\* Y-t-¥ Sy. JS Oyo oil ab J LS Li We A Bball OT UE Q 5 pall dbs gl \ Householder 2% x2 Slancal jMasll ey pod LS. P=l-2ww' , weR" 1 Olale Oko Ub lly Unitary % sim 5 P 3 yal! * Symmetric Utz P i yi.ali * 2 PPP aT Ao Ss PT OLS Deg Lgl] Xe OL oI obLay159 OU yall iyi J} nxn LG) old ALA wydeall Vol Sal Householder aisles yy (ASI pal ps U Ggl) Ub similar Wyle 4 Tridlagonal jail 1998 ASL. ( Burden & 3 p24! 5 i bag of YXe lly Mab OW] Op ei IAI ow La ast + ASL pall LAY OR jal Lan! go HU Bybdy . Faires, 1993, p. 525) : Householder *})\~ Vet 3 tna PUL) AR Aggy Bybally nag: coealt (A Wyiall de AY Ob gical oy F dale! Xe dyer JSG) AC) wyiall : or all (1) Fp op Si phd dai k= 1,2,-,0-2 poop ns JS 1 (Y) Sabet + (V€) dye 2 2 (Y) Syed p= Sef jake Ce 6 afl, =0 OIF 13]: (My Byatt ew ae ate 62 1 CE) Syl (k RSQ = a ~ aah, ( RSQ=2r? : ibd) 62 (8) dyed!0 psa AID ell USA ed Ciel ob pb yay sey <0 tabby k Meat = ha et fake2,- hy, =a) oy . a2 rab Cw PERSO" 2r ple) PROD= xy vat, shel ¢ PROD =v u=Tv! Ay ible y CP FAK HL se pall 2 (AYO gla PROD eh (seo) 2 ab pele 1 1 1 Tuy =u~— vl w su ww! u=— AM w— ww! = AM u-—— = 2RSQ ar r 2 ae. Ly (1 - 20" Ja (1 20") (Ae ge161 tb yi! SYN) 9 (Ve) Sbybd ba P= kA LKQ MAT weld 2 CM) Slab! pe Vey tla = vz, -¥,2) = = aft" ee jatsh at) =a) 22 (NY) bgt! 1) = al) ayo, aay = a = 22 22 (NN) bya a =o — 20, Ce Pak pei VN) Sgt alae ee ai) = a =0 22 (VE) yet ae) aa), Feel = Bee — Mie (eel) 2 ge) % Kat = Geek 15 BLN palin Lend 8 AY os aN! pot : 1b Ly cae BBG pF (be pall gay) AOD Bi pda ¢ teas (10) B ylabt al Sc Symmetric Blase AU LS eal: Lb yal) + (A Ab deal) Similar ip ley ¢ Tridiagonal E26 (P5286 Ged! ax Al oy debs See ) Householder 2 32 de Gals yOB pal) AAU gill US 162 41-2 2 aa 7. 0 -20 3 -2 2 1 -2 -1 O9f ¢ Wlase Bynes gay ‘ 9-2, =@? +27 +) =9 A O36 ay #0 lewy -3x1 ae i3 fl RSQ = (3) -(-3\(1) = 12 0 4 ve -2 2 a. 2 2 [0 1 yet} t 20 1 4p yy 12}-2 0 3-2-2] |-% 22 te PROD =6 1 z=| 4 ay 0 05 Sth 4-30 0 oes or 4 4 0 % -K -1 of deny163 OW yal! 1 0 0 0 oe oe a 9-4 KH (Appendix A) goull 3 BASIC tah, fade gojjipbl bia toll 1f Gy 1 (4-1) jad le Dye oF 0-7 Lt gh ea iy gle Ly FL pail! OSS Idempotent 4s) Byte alos} (Vy + all :ouy OP Sb y APA OSTA Ay yall W yield aif By all 5 Baa => #-A=0 => Afa-1)=0 > A=0,1 tle fad |A-al]=0 Wold Je ot #1522 +202 -516=0 => (a-16)@2 +4 +36)=0 sees1 gles) ASH ogi! US 164 2 uy suy Of asty ofy ayy; at of tc til ley pS OL ep Old pier A, Bem Mills OSG BA 3 ABS AU Qt ot ey AD) agile Cy BI! asf oy PBS (sd ie oy) Gpall .. ABU = Au go BABu=2Bu => (BAYBu)= A(Bu) => BAv=dv y a> OS v= Bu Sem (Av) BA J of « (Au) AB oS 13) ail yu Miny v= Bue a + AD Olga dept ii LSA, BOF eS CAB = BA OS 1] (€) :oOwy of gl. (4,u) WA gs Au= du () TB sled tem op (1) o pary BAu=ABu (2) TA sled gee oe (2) Opa ABAu = 2 ABu=ABAu => A(BAu) = A(BAu) BA eA al Ral eid Ag me Lal gp Bat onl Of ye Lig BAu= au CO) A) Sy. Role BS Ee Au=hu Bau=au => Bu= ({} a165 OU yall LS pial) Selb et ode ct Ley (a/a) Ags A BS gS ames u Of ign Lin ASI pall pe role ote cnt phen) AU) pall oy WON! Of LE] Sey. ALY! tof gh. cut Luts 5 bth (A) x A(B) = S24 NS sty Aal-2 22 | Bye AL Olpeally Ho! (0) 42 3 + deel AS ASI Olga 3 & SUN a yaad go Te TAT a AB yiael ASU ad ck} Jet —h—rt~—O.—.—CiaCOrCOUCrsCNCiC C‘COSOCOCOWCSCXSCNONONiCONCsCCsCzsésisON“ CC (88H thay oo US ge ee eo 11-275 -2 -471 4 -1 10 0 4 0 0 rlar=a2 ee eee ee eee ee Ol 24-4 2 S]j-2 1 2 0 0 10 004OW peal) AN pelt US 166 = paB foatll 9 AUS abi $a Bl (see SI dll ode G5 fe ARs gia AH lpn to yl A= Aye = diag(A, Ayy+54q) iE BL (AY LU A Se No Ay Apso yy Ea OU pho BD Olgnall DY, 7 5-2 -40 0 2 22 0 ~0 =|]-4 2 5 00 0 0 03 4 0 0 0 4-3 2 TAB yal wy A= Ayay = “” 2 AG! YotI lant oie y Ate) =A FHA,167 yal eM a el} A OL gemely {4,29 Ao} A peal WOK gly OB SLs. m, 15) yp A, Bydall aap We} AP ah AP AP dl a | 2 PVE ATU Stal Oy uf eR" 2 ile Cty SHaill il) Semi-Simple Ug 42 ti yiae A, OG yirall IS Cis ta} al * 1 Agee tds Laat OSS 4 OB « ( poli wi pina Sy UI IST pee AID gS ape y WU Le Ye Ulam hdmi of * A, By gall dle Yat” Se Staal! i yall OWyCU gical AS ell) US 1. Pt 4 SU ply bi}... ae (Ay Bi yiaald KHAN lgmally GL pally 2} = {5,3} ei] {a(A} = {1,1,10,5,-5} of Esl Llynsy WD ell AB ial OF SUL y FAN Olga {u(A)} = eolon- oomoe CALS 13) S35 Normal Matric toi Li yialy ga SA Liye (VW) Of cat WAS. ge at Byiall ode foe of oS. Ad? = ATA () Alaa?) =|acaP (i) alas a= a4) +2) «pe gh oy WAS all a A) ee Powy! O38} Badd G2: ge at Av! t B= (44°) = 44? =BUb yi! Tai gle oS gh. ge gh SUtby aeene Upiae Bo AAT ti ial! O51 CT Raa" sae gid poll frail jest) PBT =D, Whiali L paly tS oe Bile dolly — Se cpt bil y AS Olpndll de pee nd LD 05) ¢ Ot) AAT On yall of Bae (Au) BA CSS NY gay AI gi i LA AAT AUIS. ( reall Wa a bt o3}¢ (Au) WA ot oad. (Zu) Boat Oo Auziu => ATAu=AATu = (ATA = Adu =[aPu + AAP BGI pil OS ATA Byiall OF Siby po wis Auzdu => ATu=tu = (444 elaeah «(H+ Aa) & (4447) Ball op Jide Ah 0 55 OF AW! OU pial! -— hey DIAGONALIZATION - DIAGONALIZABLE MATRICES By alll) Dydd 4 yea) A lg le spk ll Ta pial! le Gilly 2 (Ayu) WA tap iyi GY ake Lule WS) aol Modal Matric: AT =D, hell ey EF dy AB yh G5 pill 8 Le bi pole 4 bb pier D, E> 2 bl TH yall 9A Biel UW : Independent Eigenvectors Uau\\ 4510) Olgrcli 1-4-1 OW Die AS AU Stgeeell CSIOU pisaad AIN pelt US wu ptT)=n OS Bey copy TOK, TAT =D, Lata dypult Gel Qn sf Diagonalization ¥y jail\ aod iS) teal! oe Le LW! LS ically ULI odin 9A Byirall pay . Similarity Transformation A Ol Slity . Lai Simple Ug ety Semi-Simple Ugun\ 4-4 3 yi.all, s! Diagonatizable «Dye Similar to (iaples gh) Wace 2 0 Rs A=|0 1 1] Byiall fot: de 903 array PAB ghaal) IN gill A=2, el a3 oe ESI lynsey I 1 1 m=]0) 2 melt), walt 0. 0 2 Ts allt SH ydall OB SUL). ( ojeace BL il OY Ui BU laa! of Bey y GA Bad id 5 T=|0 -1 1 0 0 2 ey 11 -3 Tislo -1 ¥% 00 ¥ SUIT & Li OSG ywm ot yial! 1 1-172 1 ofi 1 1] [2 00 TTAT=|0 -1 Yo 1 1fo -1 1]={0 1 O)=D, 0 0 ¥jo o 3jo o 2} |o 0 3 2 ae Al gf RAAT Well OU eal I see De PAF yplb Wi yies ang ot Lue Sal wp WLI abe gy ip fA UU ode 3 pel Geary. Unitar Matrix & > 5 tier FOSS ol « Unitary Transformation § 33> $\ Suyed\ si Congruent Transformation 120 seb A=[2 -1 0 | Byiab fot: Jue 00 V5 7 cal PA Byiaal! Ai al AelS 2 ayaV3 ee lay 0 145 1-5 m=]0] , w=] 2 u=| 2 1 0 ipl Bald OB Sib y . ( (u,.u,)=0, Wie j OY ) De BU! leat! of ben PA Bsyeadl! Tr (+5) (5) bt 0 F=|0 2fluah 2/esl 1 0 0OU yal) AS pail UR We 0 0 1 Z tees 2p (JVs fl. 0 JUS & BH OSs oo iT! 2 oo +5) 6-V5Yho rurlpes al 2/eo 0f2 -1 0 JO 2furl flesh [W-v5Yjusl 2/Jes) oo 0 v5 41 0 0 wo 0 | 0 V5 0 |=D, an) -i5| DULL ode es op ands ASE to LI ley 53 , fs 2 i yea) (Agile) ULL ai yall on gf s Slee -4 2 es PAB yhaall BU pill At. Ayal. A210 iP RS gigs om) Seed ol ge iy ( (uj.,) <0, Wij OV ) tlie api Olt! of ey GLAS! Gram - Schmidt oc — ¢l pr iy pb Slant, dale Oly he (my, tty,05 : IM OUI gs I nen-f = fap =s 0173 OU yea = Bom te» ene :> ael-% i, =u, + Normalized 54> 9\ pais old gar lat Mii Agl iee wie =|Zoe) > Ban =|-Yas| » tan =| ¥ 0 Vis 4 All B yield OSG Sith y _ Le Kas ~% Fle ais 2 9 Ye % ery ee ee TU =T" =| Yas ~ Yas Yas -K 4 ® SUT 4 bd! OS, “4% 4 Of Bee of EUS TT oe BS Jel FOS oT TF olbe tual of bey ee FB ene OS 3} af De CE LS. UAT =D, OS ey TAT # Dy 2 A AG ail ot Coles Id doce WIS Of cA AGLI taalOD pial) AD gill US 174 Aids 9b) yams le giaw Stow! AU olgell Y-1-1 Dependent Eigenvectors mt geet hay Sal op (Sy se piles JSty Wb A fer SEY ULI odie igh 0 Sali Jordan Form O'2 yr JS 5 Generalized Vectors dasall cyul\ 5 pal) J! del) Jordan Blocks U3) yx POT oJ J LSE oe SA de ily 6 ple Sg. Hy fab edly ll oF phe J Le - Non-Simple Ugw ye 351 tb yf Non-Semi-Simple Ugur 4% yb ii yinan JORDAN FORM 0\> |Sx y SEY eS) OU peal si) Nom SemiSimple Uge! eo pb li yall Ie 3 cy Lae] py ee TT le SEY gg of TUT =D, JEAN J! tel? Seb 9 Se OU spiral odie (AT =TD, Ow) Laid GF gai 6 ry WNL Yl Se PUMP =I A (Jordan From Olay yx JS gent) UBB oo a JSS . Generalized Eigenvectors tecall 21d igri: gant ele yt WLI oe QF FN BU te yo yee La) OS Com ¢ UREN aby op CULL Y g A5 Vy Hise of Uae y BI paill ebb ASIN Olgael luo key Multiplicity ¥3) 55 5 yim, ALS & gS SIGS pail oda cur ASN Olgarcll de pat G dale} el Le Oe Sma SG obs Saal 2513 AG A Dyin Lal Of Lp ti 2 ASH pail AW yal Of oo i oslo. a jeace ASL! (0, dpats Anant Anh175 OU pial! Amsi # Amey > EFF Sy MANS gly AI I My ,} srs tnaas sty} ae A yas OF AA WILL ode B.A ag Olga ogo Uy} A pH) Latey Adcom ASI Olgonchl {gs taye nt Mines AT peat gant oF pan aie 22 fuysugy> Pests tig }< Pleats meas sy} = = Ay AU U yaad OSS 6b ony dC on eo | SEY A ot Lae Sy. il Las KE Vy doy ye ge TOP Silly SLE Wyiee - Non-Diagonalizable & a3 \_4—_»_> yHhlly Linear Combination <_b3-\ 45 pi) cil, + Cyily ++-+--- + Cyl =O G2 = i ged Qed EUs c= 0 yh tem ll JI OK Lae Gig WHY!) Adu W Le jlo! 2 (A-AL) BABI aS pO pes (A — ali, + ¢,(4 - Ali, + Se af yf Opi, + C4lly +" + Cpl = 0OV plead) QU ogilt US ee 176 £ (4-41) dg atin orally o(4~ yi, +0,(4- Al + =0 ah of of Cy + Cyl $v t Cll n =O 2 (Anal) gE, Opals o3(4- Ary, + .04(A— AI ly +--+ + Gq (A— A fig_p = 0 =0 an Uy 3 af gf cil, + sly +--+ Cplly-y =O ff Whey wi OSS (m=) ond Ol oy boae (A- Al) Q pall des jlacely Ci + cy + gly +--+ + Gy iin-2 + Spill = (1) Cpl, + cil 2000+ Cy iin-3 + Entin-2 = 0 @ Cally Hoe Cy -all 4 + Sila = 0 @) Cth, + Cyl = 0 (m-2) Cnty = 0 (m1) Kayo cy 0 OF ced (m= 2) Waal oy 65 6 cy =O ot gees (m-1) Dalal op ce tals. oy 0 af gees (1) aalall go be cy =0 of eed (2) dala ye gt. aL AS pl OP Jily. gq =0 of as dle dats 1th + cyily +o + Cyl = 0 Yeed gi WLI YY Gos % f ; F ‘s rn i e477 sob ginal peat 2 AI Glo Wl a alll olgrll ope bed} bl (4-alyi,=0 , (4-AI =H, Vi=23,--,m 2 Mee OSE (uysigs ses tt) Clemcll OF 6) Gazbal gil plone PAP AAW dem Sorat 1g carieyhall cxe Up} Leelee pit attest 5OU yield AI opi UK te 178 greedy Li pall 3, pall gp dy 0ST ‘ { ' ' ' 1 ' Oo 1 CY) Raadll f C0'), Rell 2 dae Oli e OWS ym NMEA AGI Wed) Q dpe ALG Hhe vlF 1] * Pld apg) #1 + FV Jordan Block 4o\y Viay yr SEQ j4lat Agt) Aagdl odie Of Alo 0 O41 0 10 3 Non-Degenerate ) Xtoull p+ Li yisabl LILI oa QA Lyall dy « (Non-Derogatory cals Ut * m= ply uyy Ug =r > 1Ol yall LA mj xm, aN SB IS $day pe MNS er 9 A, EU a ai OF 1 PIS Ue ipo bE Sy Som, =m OS j=l 0 me oN BO WoT) adll de Dye on f 3 “| Le TUT HAS OS CATH pli Byiall uns (4) 1 get eA ail Asdy=4, Aya? ff 05 tell lyons of sithy PN Sadly 0 . > (4-41f%=0 > R= 4 - AYE TOS SiduyOU phaal Std! gl Ue id 2 TIAT=J Ol og in of bey 2 -i1 To-1 1 | piel 7,7 so gh (Ny -1 -2 2 et PASI el Aaa =Ay=l 1 0 u, =|0 =| 1 2 WL oka fee gO pal 4a SU ing Graiey ot AND Olgally Je ghee aay op Hee ASF HED @ i = au, + By =| 8 a+2p 12 -Ial [a (4-41, =% = |-1 -2 1]q]=| B -1 -2 Illa} la+28 SH LS ii, desl etvl 0 yhealt 1 Ye Kgs 12 -lf @ | fl2-1} a -1-2 11 g |-lo0 0! a+gp -1 -2 1 1a+28] [0 0 0 !2(a+8) © 42g -G =a OySuy Pama sae gl ta+f=0 6 pled! lid Jo Sue Jidby OK Jydt aot Judy a i, =| 0 0 ta=l daly 1 %, =|0 0 #e i = au + bu, 08) CH= my Sy) oe Jie 0S eat GIS TOS Jetey oSay TAT aS © SIAL We) BSS cali cape py We QD path LES law JU LinOW plana) AI ogll! US 182 + PEM 4g Mday sy dial) LAL ppl ym Ady op Way Q Uyiall CIT 1) (TY TOT aT eds Toray als By POY! £ GIS Ob ym JS he ny S60 tnt al T'or=J Q=TT" of gf eos TIT TIT? «TITS T IT ktimes =l ef times ST JT = TST uae times TOT =F sh © PSN gS AyAgs Ay Dje—all ASI geil by n AI, gt tae QW ydrall GIS N31 (£) ONS 13) daddy 13) Limgk =0 of ot koe jal OLS AA) Of st. ( peal ssl Vy xeC" GY x Mr >0 104 ™) “A a (Vs) fi » la?)e yar ssh Ny ‘at A Lege 1 2d Lele I SOK Ct A pies ee (11) Hl —_e—_ ——_ —_ e—185 dasa git b-ball foal ot 2 dadie Y—€ BSE f(A) Lydall Shya ge BLE" yay gla dpe ge br] OUI! Wa coy Sy TY plan Gees fay opery Spall odd Jay. « cosd «sind « et ne Sy ie 2 gtd oe SIFU a gle lee QW Sa” Leal Shen ead 1. Leal ase oh Jo TIS SYotLly ELolids OYotall fee 5a Awol) JTL > GOW pial bs Gadel lagey e LQ)= fot fAF LB to @) go beay. RER Se [a] < RS 13) Convergent ¥ Mir 05 LA Q tosis Wa ols Gest Mba de f(A) Ai yiall Wl opry S(A)= fol + At fA? too () ' ASI cy CY CULM ana Vi ply) 8 jensen ll yaad) ASL padll OF ol pilyy TT? 3 (b) Lite Ope Sly TUT = Dy “aly TUT=D, Of Lake woe Geld 2 ond ow Ty shell cys TSA = fol + ATOAT + fyTOVAT +00 = fol + Dy + Da to SA =Tfol + fDi + HDp +Spill yo ld LG 1) Sy ee (6) J re ll Um jal ginal CIS) RS f(A) SL fs WH JUL a] < R OS 1) UB, (4) SL ab Gp bist note J) Oty A 5 Sih a de bs SL IS" 15} faye yo f(A) Ob gay ale tes + {A= yt" wr fle Sea y= fa v Aad i= \ Blast of leet OY! Ke oF 13) ay=D fa im AS 2A I USS ayy DEQ LLe She ¥ Gel ole of OUT SL oy Swe y TT adh Oy 5 Olay ge JSe I e TTA SJ WEI ode 9 OS tee A= fol + Sl +P? + HP tem Baill 3 IM gai SB ST OSG y (CU) Ue Lee B pieae One sill oy Byhall OSG [Al 7a ae ao Vn ~ Ka ° OS Ee (PU) dylny dyé dhe of of 50 0 T'AT=D,=|0 4 0 00 -2 of Swb e& 0 0 e+e? ef-e? 0 el=t}o of 0 [r™=tet-e? ere? 0 ) Ge 0 O | 2 Opt ous Uli OSG f(A) OP Mile Byte A CIS ates! (4) ara) © A=TDT 9 T'sT! Oy StF TB gies She 05) 6 Wher Wyte A of Oo S(A)=TD yt” + Silly ery (AY = (Day? Y= Dy ayP” = FA) + Whee OS f(A) of ost . sin? A+cos?A=/ of cl (Y) oy sin A=T7D,, 7! > sin? A=7D,,2 ,77' COSA=TDyy 37! => cos? A= TD... ,T199 i yinalt ob Jue ee eer ie sin? 440s" A=T(D,,2 , + DP Tt =17 =I + sin(-A)=-sind fed) (Wy sin A= TD, 47! 2 oy OP Ax = Ax IS 1 Sy (A) = (-A)x Pony Ax) CA) J ob (4.x) Ud cals 13 Gf sin(— A)=TDaig aj?! = TD-sigayT | = -Sin A set e4a7 dias! (ty e4=7D,T! , 4 1D,-sT' POW! ae) =ID,TITD_.T! =1DyD,sT' =1D T= TIT = TT! =1 af «hele AS tem (t,x) WOK (Ad Oe (Ax) AO ats (ay :oWy rt cpably Ax=Ax o3« (a,x) BA (A)x=(A)x => (athe = (Are + (tx) BS (Ad of gtOW yhall Jtya 190 , MS TD aT sated A) : oud + Duy. Gill oy al ye Sy (At,x) Ub OS (Ad) O51 ¢ (A,x) A ef STD agT (Ji=e4 rofedl (Y) TDpT' => & =TD Tt :owy 27D, ,:T'=7D_.T! ef TD,-uT 1 (Jie | ol pad 4 Bye ber G) See le ie Jy oat &) 9) bss) of Ley aS AE La GL July Je191 OU yall 0 0 : Jlthy 2% eet Met 9 ellen wee 0 _ his THe" rofed} (ay fl AL eB Conde BBLS nb Uyhean eM OB od oy le POWy P| =|. a fr"|=|D|=[ Te" == - taal og glad Y Age asl Of 6 ( Line ASTID alll fans U gel) SBLS A IS Seger OF SLC Ast ph geade clldy H3LE pb Lula Mf of ons Ling (Jiees eM =1D,T" = |e“|=|7]D.0 M40 OB gh ony ( Ugee ded A) Oglala — UIs 4 pbs slowly W-£ USING CAYLEY - HAMILTON THEOREM (A is semi-simple ) Opin — his yh Abs OS 13) al gl. Aad Updates GHZ A tary Dyas JS] « ( Finkbeiner D.T.,1978 jail) Lgl WIS od glata & jay AL ad gad 2 oy!OD pial iyo 192 Leg OLN a of to Wl Gey SemiSimple Uy 42 cliyiaal) OU pad By « (Delf AS, 1982) AS 3 Non-Semi-Simple Upell 4.2 p2 OU yiall OFS fu} of ey ple antes G2 WIS. (Au) Wale at Byer A, G2 Of gst. UptYas eke Ke OT FR” GQ ome esl ob CPR” Glew ene op didey an,= Seay ia sohue 4, =) oAru, iat ta eoSe "ty -y Gat, iat of Jithy (gl + 0,4 + 0,4? 4-4 aA" Je =D y(ty + 0,8, + p82 4m aA) =O ia Pde gl OI Ob 6 ple ante x Of Cee y.c (# U) Yas =o 1 Olle — GUIS ty bs ails Gay VO f See tan -e-tagh193 EA a," +a,A""' + ¥'a,4' =0 ind @ os tAQ@) pers 2 of gst of Jtdhy a, A"! =—a,_,A" — Saal! =~ ay. @ Fad - Sad tS ad'- SoA! -2 aa Saat i= i=0 ol Attn FF plea ' =o Nyy : -(- a ONG a, Ot Sest Mie all nity sIynte'Tly k20 CEO ah cal OO em posel sos av bt St gad Oh et /(4) SA= Yaa! a oy! rolleyes 2 (1) tm) Jamel. Qylédl a pry b tywb yball Jiyo 194 ane => Aha » k20 a ot SB SBN ONS 2h YY ghee ob cm 1 oe Sel ot ll Salt oe Aargel Jha bh Pays g af gt. fA= dr 2 Leer, id Of gh AT pb ewall EUs aA sal +a,A+ + a, a La Row a Lidge AN eam Vi ginal (gt Ayia Uy yitd Ui yian 2 Ub yale oe Som gL 4 dal oie daw Gor diy AB yiaal) IN pall AADAy An 9 + J ou2 Uji Oust Ol S(A=Yol tA tree + fea! © WAS y ge ot A of sleet y At AWi# j op TlaT=D , T'AT=D , T'F(AT=Dyay PTB ced ty TT hed pe @) Gyary TUFAT = ol + ATUAT 4 + gg AT Dray = Yol + Dz + 72D, yee ty Dyer ft y Mad SY on Miso gi oday LU )= 70+ 11st Pad taal FEL LV My plild Byiran Je Jad Wile tb pial 5, pall 3, RV yo] [fy Ta Boe Bn | | fay) 1a Bo A re [=] S@s) a fe ra ») GB CTY bab ga le et Aad, OV) LE ee Pp we cS Unique Wb See yy.yyrr fy CIM de bat 12 G a} ‘| OS 1 eM aa ih Seib ginal Jlys 196 dh Marl tnd loess (PU) I Lele] oo yo=l, n=ze"-)) ob RZ] ae + (CEBU) Wie eM of boy MINIMUM POLYNOMIAL (5 2) tl £—£ Characteristic 431i i> yA) Jy cde ob pb Sige ot Byard, CIT 13 Charateristic Function %1i3\ Wty Wot geod gp) (A) 3 U pjey) Polynomial OL oY eb 8 Ot peal tb pial 5 sla oll A, S bk sll UN ow (A, Uyinrald By po de Ai yies Wo oof S(A) = O(A)g(A) oS ay pall go f(A) SRL iy pall Od SS Oy. Gino gles af Ge oN pine 6S gland Peek (1S WS) p dey» mA), m(A) wep ops ppd lier OLY m,(A)=m,(A)=0197 ib sialt 3} 7 m(A)= Yad =0 > @,=l fa a mA)= PBA =0 , By, =1 io of 4c blly (a) =m (A) m(2)= (a, - BYE Sy ae0 i=0 io Lg. phe (A), (A) of elas May we cp peel doe ys Id yoyi> Ja of of Lb pS ty Seah La yA ce (A) 0 SG LIU cia 9 6 Ob ao + Unique 84,3 3S 5 re Yoyo m(A) ot ost. m(A)=m, (A) = m(A) oy! Of gh. Ga Jy Sha of opti Les P(A) = mada) + (2) OF ad A arly P(A) = m(A)a(A)+r(4) P(A)=O , m(A)=O eS) r(A)=O 03) Ho yAdt 0 SG Y ULI ode 9 m(A) OB We ( mA) > =) oe dil (A) Hp Sy « P(A) pods m(Ay ot gl .. P(A) = mla)a(a) oe Sidey . Lol r(4)=0 13] Ys Aaa + P(A)=0 OS 13} PCA) wl Hagar ast padi of CA m(A) sual a jadt af islCi phalt Jiy9 = 2 yh Jags Aa itt (4 - 4,) Linear Factor gar jae 5" «may Jolse oe Sete baal 2463 042) =|4~aIl oust O53) mA) Joye ope Sele ad (4-4) of sity (1-A) le mA) penilé m(a) = (4-A,)s(A) +r 2 Of AE A Ganley, CHU ry (w=) et sla) ee ee mA) =(4-Al,)s(A)+rl, (F190) =0 (8 Uy Pil 24 GB r 20 ols Bp (4-A,)s(4)=-rl => (A- ai{ #4). I Vig AS A pall Sted aa, Sy. (4- AN) Seg (2 +4) OF gut bay BSE oT A ey pK ad (4A) oF gu eap Hny pd Alc ol ga OM. (720 Obl) dopey ab Mel r m(A) = (4-A,1)s(A) = OA) Belge oe fle Ss VT (A) seal do plo AY af a bl Dyke ot Ling at a 8 jk LS (ad LA gs 4d ye 4, cals" 135 OP (4, #4, vie J) o(a)= rm(a)_ib galt OW OY euly Nay O(4)=|4-ay]= (iY -4 =a) wisy mla)= 34-4) oY SUL, @(2)=(1)'m(A) + Bjpacht TF ill we 9 care Oped ple JS td: Ups ab gb Mylan 4, cals" 13 oe hanes TEU Aya gel gp Co) (A) 6 Anal Aya ytd] + CW SSN Stanly gly (4) SB jeeall Jat yall po roy £2 Si ele GAS ahh gall ith OLY ley (4)=|4-a = (1-1) OF gga Wa ai ma) = (2-1) Of de om BA oye cot m(A) = A-1#0OU yiealt diya 200 SS yA SS Aaa a gh gw cand (A) OF ggas Lin m(a)=(a-1) OY WI oda (4-1f =0 Mis’ y (4-1 #0 , 1sk<3 SN ipl AY ON pied Le m(A) 2teY tab ag al J] La jbl cali y ely OF pal sh ley APA” Glee Ke Cat tee ate! La pole « (Hohn F.E,, 1973, p.416 ) GLa go Mg 3 Gldl da bil OY Gade ULE. m(A) aad of Ji of epbil 3 Gopi ( Deif AS, 1981, p.112) OLS 3 ral aw Aor] 44 US ey dre 2 (jaill Wa baal 3 gil WLI ay) Up 4d Ob all LoL! WU DP Age aad 4 cals 13) + Bjpeall AI wll 2 OWy [14-4 (4-4 atta) fi A= AIN IMA Age TMA - ary AIC CE BL. daypeye TH Of Lee ) A Modal Matrix iy alll ti yinall go TL fe [](4-42)= 710, -4,)(0, -4,1)---(O, - a,"ib yield 2 GWE Sis 1 Sy ea, sel g SU 8 slicl de is p%y abs (Dy - AI) yield! (1) + eal RLS i yiae od bi) Uyiall Ope fol (1) Li yiall 9 Jody LI de tay ey Lite Gil Ty + (D.-Al) I GIy gue May Le OS of eT] (O,— a) oa oth ped eat ap ial TI ~Al)= TD, - AN \(Dy — Al)-(Dy ~ Ae P= TOT! =O tel Sey SEY (O(A) alge IS he 5 pf WY IS) Aral! do yal gw m(A) af ol 2 Ug peel yo yh RII AN ope Cpe MLA (FY) 9 (N) 9 (1) EAL bial 5, Se: Ab yaa [7 EEE cooo cocoUb gical Sty 202 2 OW (> Up] Whey goll qttisl yank Leo OW c Bjgene ABN och Uy Ug ded A= A, CIT 13] m(A) = (4) = [a7 - A| SADIE B jase Td eed Uy Ug A A= A, CHIT 15) Gli) OW (ssn) 0 Q-a) 8 Sm a Aa aie se Way ASE AP Urea phy ge dtd gb A= A, CAS 13) (il) Lb yall get Ct dea UB Olgas Ge sh perl SE eat (HLS pb OST gly) F Uallali Ys [a= OG] oy So oda gy FUT ou] AaB halt ol el zel Se m(A) Ob ¢ Radrrny gee det pb A= A, GAIT 13) (ivy) sae as tar [](A-A) s$0(a) WS cat 0465 « Ojgeaht ABU eel ASS Ls pial Stya ohm 3 O(4) Je JF WB (2) Lele 8) SLM Gey Oyelala GIS & as Janel 27122 + A=|0 2 1 | —J mfa) ot: Sel 00 -3 72 ial : et PAS ail A=? » Ay=3 A =2 aey 0 1 27%] fo ~ 5¥5 =0 vy = (4-2w=0 => ]0 0 1 |v, /=l0} = fy, =0 => Jv, =0 0 0 -s}y} {o vy +23 =0 y=a Spall leu bof Se Stuy lel a ee a 1 u=|0/=a/0 0 OW oF ong CEBU) dene po Le AU yially 01 275 1 2] fost (4-214+3/)=|0 0 10 5 1/=]0 0 ol#0 0 0 -sfo 0 of [ooo ed 00 -975 1 2] foo o (4-2/7 (4+3/)=|0 0 -5]0 5 1]=|0 0 ol=0 0 0 -25}0 0 0] [0 0 o m(a)= (4-27 (4 +3) 03} » m(A) = (2) 9555 of 4 3 ee Jal a ity Lin Byal oe uot: Ste eooe eo-3o onNnun poo PP BAAD Olpmdly (A= Ay Hl, Ag Aga 2)) AAS gals JotSb yinall Siyo 204 1 U 1 = 1 -1 0 3 0 > Aly > W=lG > oe 0 0 1 0 CTU) dpe a5 AB ybally sade : GyWt di bt 2 eM Ugny TA allel) H yirall 11 a2 Loi -5 -! 1 1 - - 7. 1) eel Poao- 0001 2/0 0 0 2 0010 00 2 0 leony [ {-4) (-« e“=70,,T+ =| ef 3fe*-e' 0 : OO @ 0 00 0 e Oglala — hIS bi pl tee e“sal+ad => cS a coi yialt Ug a A De YO gle — iS dy as Slane! 0-€ dowry Bai hanced ie Ag Qo yd Je JF os Arall Uo gtd OF Up Ob A CII 13] Hi jee TSI aI lee Q debs Act do yAhi of OW play Oph — LIS Of sh. WLS ge jbl 1 eo | | f(a) 1 a | |S) i @ |= fA) 1 ea) Lf) oS el LA)=Fie4' , SSn i= Reduction 5p) GW #1 Sten of Jy WLI ole Jy. Hac AFL pall ote as Cm . in Order af OW pla Gc dee pb Ci ni By Ue ot pe A Byiall OT IE Gul OF st. (Rpt SSM opp 5 by) ASI Gade Oyo ATI do gad) Jamel We Ce a4 {A= oy cA! i= CIE eke 9, dey pe at pb A Byiell OS We Og gls Aurel pas Uf Sy CHES) ng (bpd ASD ell ou) 5 oy CSIC Aalto tbl doe yp of pla he Yi be Y. f bot aS”OU yialt Jiyo Dg ae pb Ys 2s Auall 2 AL daa Ge Lio all ole Yad gi RAS, «DD op esl By pall OSS Ud) ¢ ylll Ke Gb dae Shiny. Le @(a)= (4-4) =0 1 Cal 13 GY BA f(A) OP A, Wyte) ALI Wolall yo (A) =a] + aA +0, A? to ay A" op dite LA) =O) + GA 4 OP Hote iD of AS del (1) Wl olin y £@)- La, $+ 20d tose (n= May at? a ot bai OI ey (nl) Jolid Siyary 2 r= Sf 20, 5A tne (n Ne 2e et o af F'(A)= Fp ba + Magd +--+(n— In 2\in— 39-2? @ @)207 o° oo v ~-Py i yialt 1 AB yhaall 3 yrall de ary Xe (n) I!) or @Yolally =U % fa (n-a? a, fay - @-IXn-2)4"* | | @ |=} fA) hanna} LF PA) © pall gli Y( jill pole G pd pole = ) MLS U ODL Dyer one Sy 1 Mian OYslall wigs SUL y + Ab yale = Raat UY 9 le LS f(A) bLe> Qe ybll Lie dns Jeet LS + Ud Mia 3 Sys FUL parla A douaall J call Ugrnll ¢ oo 3 Sey ecoontcoon conooono en-eoence R= oo NSCS ecoonteoon 6 yiaall bet eo gi Ste cone cone erne-eonco ho oe A Wyiad HoSy : Vi ot EN Ugilgmtey 2,252.2 SU aUb yialt Sys 208 ge acs Semi-Simple pbiyitgy-stg =a 4, #4, vies gh dls A a Derogatory Non-Derogatory Diagonalizable P(e stay- sly =P > 1 P(u%L .u,,) =1 “I TAT =D, mip bi SUA mgr B) SUL TP (AT = Dy sd Eignvectors i i] -d Eignvectors i, --] ma=T] ta -A) —l Hodes cae Baal A Sap JS Yordan Form Oy Jordan Form TlaTsJ Tai Pp(areJ, 5 0} a 0 co BA SS Mi pr te Smom bpe & SS LBA JS oy vay Si ey m ape WS m(A) =? m(A) = T [4 -4,)=|al~ |= (2)209 OU pial =0 oy Bye tee Ag (Bjpasll AGU pall! ae =) S21 Of ploy Liny Bi al) I Jy: We gt hoe ASIAN Ugilgonce ys 2,222 AU! QI 000 O74] fo 000 Of] jo 0 0 0 -1)4] Jo 000 of&] Lo AL Lge Let Se ade. le} OSS 4,0), Of oe 3 by =0 caw ay 2 AIS Oe YW) i 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 \ 0} o| 0 0 of Ladty phy us. uy ‘uJ=3 > @ = f(a) @, = f(A) 2 (A=2 of sey gM Hy Ob FB)=e™ CIS Lay ay =e" — 2te™ 1000 2 0100 0 Po =( ~2te* eae 0010 0 ooo 0 1 le dare214 i yall { ' ' i o | ONalaLI Je ad) Loy Le aS’ g Lin LAE eb De ou teal el eM stgy : be CW yiaal Jody : de ct ded AGMA Ugilgemtey 2,2,2,2 ATL pall 00 0 O74] [0 0 0 -1 0} Jo 00 0 -14| |o 00 0 ofa] {o EA ol gall el Sealey Le] OS Bb, oT we Bb = by =0 Glew ay 1 PWS Oley) ° eore of Lay ply wy uy uyl=2 212 PIS olla JIS ay ah Jane LI FCC) oY UU) MLN AIL Qe ay 2 (akall oe (1) aie 45) ate ey & + aA tad = f(A) S(C)=agl +ajC+a,C? => ja, +2a,A4= f(A) 2a, = f(A) % =A) + 2B S"0) => Ja,=f'@)- 4") Von fA ey 2 (A=2 of jbesyl GM Ey Ob FC)a ee! Cal BE ay =e" —2te" 4 217e* ay =te* — 207 e* 1000 £2 eg ater}? 10 0 ° 0010 ooo1 4 0/0 0] fe* 0 stale 414 ito e 0 4 4 0 0 0 of0 0 0 ene213 ob yall «Natal Je a Ley Le aS Liny SAHt fad GOYA sy Ls) Bil of! sey: abl Dtiyiad HY: Wy! cf daa ASL Gilg y 2,2,2,2 LU Ql 00 0 Of] fo 0 0 -1 0] ,|_Jo 00 0 -1)4| jo 00 0 Ojdy | A peel dnt Se wey. alan] OS Of eB by = =by=0 ew Uay + YS Ole YY) 1 -1 2 3 Hl 0 0 | 0 0 0 0} 0 0. ol Ley Aly i my wle1 OL of Ce DL oe 3 de pe YS pe Oo ne ed Sly m(2) = (2) 1 Gael gett ay m(2)= (4-2) m(4)=(4-21)' =O ral gt214 OW yialt Jy 1 PIS O plate — GUIS bs Jans LB f(D) ey Qy + QA +02? +052 = f(A) a, + 20,A +3032 = f(a) 2a, + 6a3A = f(A) 6a; = f"(A) f(D) =a +a,D+a,D> +a;D> => a) Se Gp (1 =2 OF ery gM EH) Oe FC)= as ip be NE op HS fia ate te 3 2 ° oon o wNbek t 1 0 56 SY A Sushi slat aly of ll yo Ky 2 dae Oye NE op HE gp Lia Ue 3 D Beall of Lu B, C rst yhall e Led LST 2 Ob didy « Jy 1 ALS U kone IS Ling tle de Vy uel SILL LS 2 Generalized Vectors X wees lyme M4) Wyle Kall yp ENE De ed eet dl gb ginal Dey decell Sigel tly (AB yiel) ALS HBS Saal bs Aull a yt ae ads ¢ ple JK) 6 Sy. Ud i pial BPS deel pty le gle Ug .. Oghela— Uys ye -€ «eM asl al, 1] lS IBY)16 0 yhalt i lar-A]= (4-27 =0 Raya nd 8 os ual Aa yb doe yo Of dae 2,2 Gye Aghill peal of Stent Lyi of 5. Ble oplola — ls ifs Slane polars Y tay «A ayabt 1 Qlei Sy CP BU) BLE OS iy eM say] +a,At a wey et =sa,+aAt Q) TA Sah (2) Jrolisry e* =a, ) 12s a=e” , ay=(l-ae* DY thy ase” , ay=(l-ae” , A=2 oe Jat esac! he Wf 2] (SAM = SD + fA) OF ee Any = Au, Ally = AH, tu, TB} (Vy :ouyt Ally = Ail + Ail, = MAii) = A(Aiiy + u,)= A(Ai) + (Ay) = ACAI, + um) + (Au, PH, + 2AM Ait, = AA) = Aa, + 2Auy) = P(A) + 22404) = P(A, + u,)+ 2A(Am Bi + 322 u,bial Jiyo 216 A iy = AA) = A(Baiy +32?) = BP (Atty) + 342(Aty) = ABA, + uy) +34? (Amy Ay + 42 uy A” iy = Aji + mau, OS Le Sidby G(A)= gl + OA + aA? + AP tevereeees +a, 14 op L(A) = dy + a4 + a2? + a2? 4,2" TA Stell polish y SA) = a + Lag At Bagh? teers +(1-Da, a"? : : bole Se beny S(A)ily = agit, + a, Ait, + aA Hy + Ay + --- = agi, + 04(Aily +4) + ay Wily + 2Am) + a5(2i + 32u,)+ cere t dy Ply + (0 - DAP, s+ dy A” li, 1 A +(n- 1,14"? =(a tad + ad? +. _ + (a, +20) +3aj/? + = fh + fay, poh eth « (Au, = Aa , Ail, = Ail, + uy , Ally = Ai +H) IT 134 | (y LA S (Alls = (ANG + fA + a My :ouyt tough de oslhll obi} J yl Ce em me f(AD= A CAS IY LD yO glad ne OL] gE: LyW Syd LB Ge pllall OS Sty « fU= A" 03, (A= A™ G9 W. Cory rol27 MMi, = Aig + ma", + aa) HD yy, @ : Mathematical Induction go 3\ c =e pine As OLY im=1 ue * AY Bally (LHS. ) eB os JS mal oF aryl 1 of ad «¢ (a) DU (RAS) LHS.= Ail, RHS.= Aily +i, +0 = Ail, +, LHS.=RHS 1 (Seed gy y 034 = m=) Le ince (a) BAI of sf im=2de * BM lly (LHS. ) BN oe JS 9 m2 oe Gare 1 of ud ¢ @) aU (RAS) LHS.= Ais = A(Aiiy) = A(Aiiy +) = A(AIy) + (AT) = A(Aits + ii) + (Ati, + uy) = As + 2AM, + u, RHS.= Wiis + 2iiy + 4, LHS.=RHS 2 od 2 ma? 46 tere (a) DU ol Gl imakis * 4 6a) WW mak oe a ydl oo mak 46 @) DW ne pi rol Adi = Ahly + Ai, + kk 1) ¢- CoD pty ny Ag sel os (D) WI Say i yal!218 ON yall iyo : “S AMG, = AE (Aly) + ka" AT, y+ Mead y aE2 (Am) = AE (Ais + ily) + RAP aaty + 4) + am) aaa, + ke nate, + EDO “He AE ay ee donee (a) WII CAS 13f ail gh. mks Le (a) WI peat ry © ma12 due tapes Gl dey. ma ktl Le ee OS mak mS im gl pel pail JS tie ewe ya SUS 2 Osilala dal ay Bio af Gh OLY OV : G(A)= gl + A+ aA? +A to a, A 2 iy 8 Cond) erally S(A)its = ait + a Ally + ay Ai, + aA, +o + ay QA ey = ally + ci (Ally +) + ag (22a + 20m, + uy) + g(t, +327% + 34m) tay AG, + ADH, + 622) oer + a1 (8 1 +n ata, + =O?) an) (en's) 4,2", + (n-DA a, , = 10-2) sn 2 PMOAD peg, ) = (a + a,44 a2? +- +(a + 2a, +32a,;+- + (a +3Aa, + 62a, + = f(Ayus + fA) + fA) 4 2 2 AVI AT gat geal219 lb alt Aids = did + ily, ily = Aity + iy Si ayn £8) Ds, 2, , Ait, = Ai, +4 » Ally = Ail, + iy SF Aitin = SAV + f' Aina + oe pl SLE ops SLEW ( Delf AS, 1982, 7.179) el» Se al My (ow Bs om shy Be BW oplle — is es g CdUll le J pa Ute tay b ole Wye I call DA gglg CYL al oy sue de J panll Asti Wala Lee (IS gay OYE «deat at a-{} 1] te us} (8) 2 fet O Say dpe Gt OP JWsUy « AGH PN lyr aa ta JS AT pl refi er s ster se" ol LA (Olay NS oe Let a bl Ob ye Ns Hb U ches Y Stil, opT hy220 ih yhealt Jy aye" — the eM saltal > M=ataa Hs te =a>. @, =te 1 0 AV _[e* te a At At At fe" =(e -12 +t = : diy ete | “fees ds ee 2 2 dae ab pele Cal 5] asf OLY) ts Ua Se A 10 =|0 a 1 00a op eel Lyte ln Go Oo 0 @ CS lay A100 Fo 420 “|0 04 1 0004 op T2 lt x ba L etae® 1 6 a oo 1 ¢ oo 0.1 CAI Nc ple yy 10. 0 A. 0 OAT 0 Al224 OU pial! op ia 3 lot oe x 1p Oo 1 ot $f 00 1 t ’ — 3 : 1p lot te 5 ol t 0 0 0 rc Of cate (A= diag(A,, Ay) dg) OIE 13] (Oy we!) of = diagle se 2 ey of of TAT, = J, OS LT, A, Byiar IS of api eM ate'T! , ay : me) i aly Ts 0, oO mij? > 2 oo of Ke jal 13} Jy opOW ghalt Jiyo tT! o » ofe o 7 At, Tiett =| TH OPO oo T}o o Tiel, 0 » 0 oO Tye", oO oO oO + typed ge OS of Oe eM Op Jidtyy eM = diag e404!) o 1 00 Of OG 1 Olle eo, . As Byied dor, ‘ a0 0 0 1 7 J oO -27 54 -36 10 1 Bt 2 AF egal (a)=|al - 4] = a* - 10 +362? - 544 +27=0 => (-I]A-3)=0 > ASL =a =3 1 AA lym Y aa Ja — 1 27 Simple SI 2Y! thas gle lla, Ube h sf) alee ob UgSSy ge ab ab A yall of of rep glel ye ST Sha eM ality . (DegeneracyON yi! 2 Jordan Forms U'3 yr SWS2i lamer : 59) oe ples) eM ete"T 1 We oo UR gy 9 MyM Uy ty AS Oly le og pf TO 1 Aus =3u, tu, => y= 15 54 bis, 0 . Aug =3u, +p y= 36 of Jide, = ees ee ee | pe ss 7 1 9 15 7 8| 66 -106 46 -6 a ee ~36 60 ~28 4 sis'y Js Oye (PUY OS BY By e” =Te"T" | CE NU) AIL po phbl foe 2 Yond ge G aaa 2 gab) deny Of LaCb yall Jty9 224 . gale — IS dy fai Jlemenly = pul eget e ef sag] +a,A+a,A° +03,4° eM ay +a Atak +a,0 + A Stel polish y te =a, +20,h +3058 Q) 1A Siedy spliy Joust, Pe = 2a, + 603d 6) CG) 3 Gagall yaad sey ef =a) +a, +a, +04 (4) = €(1),(2),G) B aryl )Aa3 ey e = ag + 3a) +9a, +270, 6) te” = a + 6a + 270, 6) Pe = 2a, +18a, a PRB AD yheall 9 pall de Grey Se (4), (5), (6), (7) OYSLLYy I 1 0 0 1 3 16 27h} | te @) 0lbyiall 2 dS} bs (8) VoL J4y Tit 1) Tit it ‘ 3.9 271 e 02 8 Bier—e 0 1 6 27% ¢*| {0 1 6 27! te* 00.2 18!re*} [0 0 2 18! Pee Ti ie 01 6 271 w™ 8B 261 eX 6 2 18! Pe¥ oa sosotrSseSaa ° eo eon er ones ° ooone ceaue 4a, =Pe% +16" —Le ~1e* ey +705 =—Le" +h + Lie @ + 6a + 27a; = te" ay +a, +0) +a,=¢° Wall 3 2 pS et9,04,02,03 ¢D J) ai GB Backward & yj ay jay plas Lin Jey e” sag] +aAt+a,d? +a,4° A Lede Spel lll dong Gad il ale, of qle'y Gs WW Hype sgt Nay + daw dstib yaad dip 28 Ael , 4=A=2 1 u, =|0 0 a -123 0 ~b +2b,=0 [bh =2b,=20 (4-21, =0 => | 0 0 244 {=|0} => > 0 0 Of} fo 2b; =0 by =0 2 WS wy (by =a = seehy deb of Sul of 2 uy =|1 0 Simple SX—#Y! ta si Non-Derogatory tows po YSby Up Ge pb A ti yiall of gf 2 GVO (ue fy oy WF) ay peal ent Ge Ke Stuy . Degenerate -1.2 37%) f2 = +2y, 4322 fy =2v,-4 Au; =2u;+u, > 10 0 2tyJ=]1] > > 0 0 Oly} fo 2v;=1 vyat 2 PWS us (=a =0 shel y deb of Se ut gi227 OU pina! peopel op ST Sta eo oleyy IW oe 12-1 1-21 é 0 T=|o 1 0 T'=|/0 1 0} , e%=/0 e% se* 00 1 Oo 4 O 0 oS Jltly 12 -1Te opi -22 e7 feta -10 | OF0 ec ta to 1 0 00 1/0 0 e*fo o 1 fae —e) (are” —e +6! 0 Ge 2te* 0 0 ev : gl oe! e eM sal +ajAtand? 03 e sajtadtaa @ 1A Sidl polity te! =a +2a,d (2) CC) args yaad ues é =a) +a) +a) 8) 7C),Q) 3 carl paa2 wey e* = ay +2a, +4a, @ te" =a, + 4a, (6) VW a pica! 3 pall le Leroy St (3), (4), (5) SYotaytb ginal Syo | | 2te* -3e" + 4e! @, |=| -3te” + 4c" — et a, te ~e% +e! eM =agl +a,A+0,4° 16 13 te -e% +e']0 4 8 00 4 © 2 St be ©) SYota Jey Dalal 3 ar vtly oe at 100 123 ote" 32% +4e']0 1 Ole (3% +4e%—-4e']o 2 2 001 002 of gf ee" —e') (tte” 2% +e') alg et 24 0 0 a 2 CS Sle £9 = taal tpl er Ole — IS es pean gall pt GLY as Les OW, eM say! + A+ aA? Maat ahtar e =ayta ta, Bees TAS] oF Gaally a2m iyi! 2 ASL Vota Sai EY (m=2 Uypr UI Say )d=2 Ley OW ( Auy =2u, Sem) Uy goal Yl = e! = ay + 2a, + 4a, Q) ( Aus =(2Pag +2) 2)uy LUIS y uy =I ty Le) wy Qo pale: YE * op eM uy = agus + ayAuy + a) Aus = agus + a (2us + uy) + a4((2)?u5 + 2X2)H0) = (ay + 2a, + 4ay)us + (a, + 4a, uy Sy S(Aus = f(Aus + Any od} (PBL) ets = Cus + te" Uy 2 wll y et = ay + 2a, + 4a, d a, + 4a, =10 6) 2 AML! Aad! SY otal} Jai Lib (1), (2), 3) GYalall gay 11 1Ta] [ 1 2 4] a, |=] e* 0 1 4fa,} |te* | ES a aad pe Jb J LINQ Ye Gilt! Oat Gait any230 0 yhaalt Sto Si V-£ ist td ge ) el ) VS gan AW pial AAS 15) GUS, ¢ 5 all yo gadt ) ¢ eM ii pial als i Gh gk s rl 2 > —— ~~ =e 8 ssoawcocoom oe eo on a ban} 58 sew ss aot econo Ss e@ «rs ae oan 34 rd Saco eae a + pe Om a Calg co ewe oom Scie 7 7 i i 7 7 = x = = = x € = = i = & se SO > eon’ F aa an a d ee = = Saw &Te aa oa a 1 - _ Y awe erne =-+0 lo a8 =anoo See yas ] noo = i ent neoe t 7 i 0 0 i x x = x =o ib yinalt UN OS gins ae A, Be btu! CY) e418) = 04 gh org bo donald bo 1S Yd OD owe Ea (MY (i) sin2A=2sin Acos A (i) cos24=cos” A~sin? A (ii) cos? A= 4(7 + 0824) (iv) sin? A=5(1~c0s24) (obs a ley. ObSLU! sin Ascosd of et (4) -¢ sin Asin B= sinBsind OSL (0) of ly @ 4{e)= ae" i) feta tet a a AT spy be Deal, a-[) i ast Ja any (Y) OB (ASL Ghee cll LAS still al IS BY ah (A) lime =O —¢— —_¢—__ — 6APPLICATIONSdesi) gat .o — OU sdialt 234 Ea AK+ Bu dy gall le gil Koll Dates fo : Syl Gert 1-0 daddies 1-)-0 Engineering Control g—sihl Soe) le 3 OVS gl ope Soul Dales pel ASE Bb ab EL 6 lil Lobe data odigs piney Se auth Lee Lb! of wis ONS ae Leis AT bet OY Ies ay Yt L Wola! olay . State Space OS WS. Abyivan 5 wo G First Order Simultaneous linear Differential Equations %, -Yax, + Vby(Ox, » fs12Qenyn a ial Ab pheall 5, pall 9 ey SE EBL OYE! ole OF ( (Je ee) als HO) = A), Op + Bram (Mma : Gey eee State Matrix WS a yiae 2 A Control Matrix pSou)\ ti yinas > B State Space Vector WAI $15 ame tox Control Vector pS smca 3 u eS Wet pt Oey late ct feet fly tr » HS oe235 otal Time Variant System cj) gor sdeh\ lis an pS OF Ct az QU A CAS I Time Invariant +3) gr sion gb WD pladl 0 S$ 1 de ss Y Byer A Cit bly . System : Time Invariant Systems (3 3\ as p63 yb hil Y-\-0 sont gh x(0) OWT £20 OTIS. tle Btacee pe A Wybrall OS DUI ode 9 1 gus OS plladl Jo Old « Initial Values A\sz3)\ wll ' x)= exo) for**y(e}de 0 WH = Bult) , 120 2 ow : Semi-Simple Uge 4+ A eae yt OSG Wi oie g A=TD,T , e“ =1DuT* 2 AY abd ab dl py’ Leo x=Tv , y()=Tu 3 feAxty > WeATvetu > v=(TlaTbeu =D, v=Dyy+u dey Of shy pele JU Ye Xe thy Daler ay-Vi Wolly ¥=Ay tu,2 (aL Syl) gv! JAI thas dale ay y, = e*'y,(0) +e" feu (ae a 1 ABW AS pial dy pall 9 BIOL idly ' ¥= Dj (0)+ Dix JD, a(e)de 3 usTy , veT'x Tx 2 DuT!x(0)+ Diy [DuT'y(e)de 3 TS (bed oo) orally Da T'x(0) + TD_4 TAL fD, aT 'y(e)de a =ex(0)+7D.uT" fro. -uT'y(e)dr pe =eMx(0) +e fe“ x@ae 3 + celal JAI ay 1 Non-Semi-Simple ge Ab gf A Ci 15] OSs eae Hall lpm Le Se UU olla AsTIT , em Te"y Wb y Olay ge JSS a yA yaad) S51 Olgmally deal Oly le ged Te Aged dy pul a Jar237 ib yinalt x=Ty, , W)=Tu Abele Ustall J} pai Laps voWeu + LSS Sf Gy jal 13] ) Backward & = jo gel ESI as ode de pair JSS Jit ue OF yey ans JSS) frei Gili ( Deif'A.S,, 1982, p.190 ait xse"x(0) +e" fe“: ‘Wade 3 2 Ube Ub pe 2 GWT £2 fy CAS Le 13) ALN a fad peal KE, ee Yi pail ance yp H(p)=% OS 12% OF ellis! Jo OW « Values! X(t) = Ax+ y(t) 2 PS OS (dat Orole cold Dyhae A oem : ey +e fe* y(s)ds fo e “als ouyy ¥- Ax) = W() (Lt bey ay eH gy opalhy eA &- A) = “VO Ay Gletsetecbacthoeticaleetnn rtd) t=ty ep be BIS JS y (5 cathy Stash) Aew emNga | eat = feAveyas > treo xy)= fer y{s)ae Mo = % fo af gf eM se Mins + fe*v(sras "0 2 SL ai ( eM ene = eft) chy oti) At Aly Of Staaeely eM Qo pally ' x(t) = eM), +e” fe* ‘y(s)ds 2 Se OS eM hee Of Sidty « Skew Symmetric JLdy las as, al yall Pe eM = cost siné “[=sint cost gees “ fe cost - sin r)dr ' x(0) = e*x(0) +e fern[ Fe 7 (al eM 0 : 4 ? flesins + coss)ér 3 » SAU SUSY ts ta (Sey PoYolall Jo: Sie kax+2y+cost , y=2xtystsin2e , 2-224 x(0) = y(0) = z(0) =0 a239 Cb yall 2 get Byypall Opty ge WL OYotat x(0)] [0 > |x@]=|0 z0)} [0 TAS ce Ole 3Sey JH 0S diss x()= xO] Peosr yt)|=eM for] sin2e Jd x}? 1 + LS of ts al ley doe EOS yt She glk 6 por Ub ASIN ged IS y Ug 42 Byer A CIT 13} FS AMQ+E Valall G4 Gi x oneal Steady State ys! Wi) of ost ot LATE fe TI oa Bee Axl) B Mola, Gyo gl lath oe JL ab ale . Asymptotically Stable CLAY! gk gy Uae wl bis OoUl C bes G glbll OLY! Js OW! 2 ph © Commute Otsu) Ale" bi ginal : SM) 4 ll deal Of plas OUY! ee ie.aly A‘ =TDyT"! Jey e441 21D. TTDyT | =1D,s,DyT Is” Alem = yPTD,-T"' = TDyD_-s T= 1D,sDyT =e" AY ~ Osa) AeA of of lime“ =O : Asti ds al thas re eee eee oy! e“ =7D,,.T' => lime“ =T limD,,T"' =TOT"' =O 0 tee oY sy lime“ =0 , Vi races + time” = 0 0S of Ct (Lite plat OS o> ) wp dtdbyy (PU) : fettae= wae! = 1) : We ae il ast } inched oe ovy T= a ferstae = (ro, aT de = fo, u.dt=TD, a a a i . 714. pair TD T= 1D) 7! = A = Ate = Ae ~ 1) Se Sp eed GU Gell oe OUT LS Lip Re all CULE] SOU key pes x= ARt+E21 OU yialt Yo x(t)=e4'x(0) +e fe“Eae sex) + ( few ae é é 03 6 (PU) fim x = lime“ x(0) + lime HC ate - re oc ale 4 te =O-lim Ae" =O- lim A (ele =0-A(1-OE =-ATE = gl cay by > Olle el py Aly Bead atl Gy pad! JA Lae lad Le} Q UUdl Sel ode (1) 1 -3 0 0 : 10% E=|3) WSs A=] 0 -4 Of CIS Joes lL gar Sala opp JE Ke IS al Hae Cty AT lee YE Lager I Lia Clas Vy » A ALN ie AK+E 0 OL Sidley LU OS x Ob row Las, Si pall 9 So ol C2 BU Rey V Sly UL OU) pe ay xa Say drs £=0 ot gt. LL hie ee OAa ee A IS oly Lists dake SUI Lia yew pil Smeal ca (V) Rb pial Sy ef = ToT! OSes A=TIT! OSem ie DI Oy. SLY ro co Late pal Gb YI y the she fea Se le sxe” pel JSS aah et OI LBL Te OS gl batt of Camella SI a . Ue agi se foo Line OL Ib |p] 00 ON 6 Cor ye glam ep Ub sd yd Cal 1 (TY OW Pure Imajinary we LEA CAS 3} Ul. Unstable j1 jim} pre We 43 StL y + Gz] abd J p> oop pal bel) ( Lgl Lad gy Equilibrium Point O\;—3Y\ this gue & ancl: St 2 os qMad of ay (pla fo ye xatect ofsty (=O F=f) u 4 Jacobian Ny Sal Asti gill JS CIT Le IB] x =F LE x= f(x) Ox\ ode i> om :Ouy! + SR) =O OLS) x= % te ONpL dew SOS (am pe gf gh) = f(x) plat Taylor y3h5 5 Sais lentes (olgrll clad 9) x= 8 Ab I> f(x) Ul Us Leo of gst. Expansion fio)= 5+ HL , 2 Apes by po BS Sall Le UL y Cy LBs] Se aed pb oO CE op tix Aa) Os abs Gf Lt Lo pil tly deus. sO=0 wis243 ON yall re) : we pall Wales reves Sil son -3) Soa S4 -8) cru) sl inpe gs ce i= Ay ol gl. Linearized Form tax ler ny plaS\ aber go In24 3, pally as Ox! 1 AUIS. Oly SUR! sf Jacobian Matrix Oly Sr Wi yias 1 gis yex-k LBA SAB pall JST OSS Latse ( Goleta LAS” eae at last Lia Sy OV el ke fl) le Sah lly ) LUN teed) J) pai Jlty Le hie em hy OS wh eal ae YS ( (=O) F Ae Op ex F(a) Ua de} ve hae op WAS a Ota ea A pall JS 2S leas Damped Pendulum (43) (53) goad Daler par} ¢ Gilad JU prune yi Site” 20 Uap 315 gel AY eo goss gly 6 +6 +k, sind =0 Sigh ad Sy oo G he Spt Upacaas Ih Rash AO yore CS pe yk De - @=0) SW y=0 , %=6 ee of Jeuy=-k,6 - kysin@ = -kx, - ky sin x, ot gst Laer, an fx 2h - hsiny, a Ae2 2 2 “Al soe afx]_[ 0 1 Ysinx]_[x ola ales, AIT] Ben -neeal Li) 2 f(x) =O olpy! bs 4 Oy * fey=o a [SM = 8nd = Ox =O=nayn=Oet182-\ faa x) =6=0 “Lo of tk a, he SS at xl... oes G oh oh _| 4x Ox 0 Tj! 1 » |Ph oh —k,cosk, -k| |-k,cosnz -k, om Ox |,.5 : as eS AN pi Ly * a -1 kn cosnx A+k| =0 > P+khAt+kcosnt=0 ob JituyOU yialt -k A Ps Sli ak, cosa 2 k& ol eer R Ll = 4ky cosnm 1 OS 13 kp = 4k, cosnz} (ly Ae Sf Even gr 95 246 1 0S ntsc de Ning (ites lish OS + @=0) SOLA ay seb die M IS gy. ik; > 4k, cosnz}] (wy OSs Lasse U3 (dts pls OS Re(4,)<0 => k, >Yk? - 4k cosa => ki >kp - 4k, cosnt=cosnz >0 Be ih gy phe gh or yj ae OSS Late Ste oy yt Lay robe Sy (1) 3 ab Ik? > 4k, ki < 4k, cosnz| (ey OY Tits plas OS Rel) = <0 Lal fo sh oy) ode n 0S Like Jie Ode Sully Lenad Lidl y « ine gl Even ry} 06 n 0955 Le ga yh dew plall b pst O31 OF ) Lig p SEY (GC) bis gti Se ¥ (1) Ob Odd Wrap 26 nNOS ph Op 9 pn OSG Late ob Silly. Yn SEV ( gy Lely ( cosna <0Nips 8 Spr! OP WL obey 02 OSG Lane J pdt any op lb bing fee pb OS 2 J Lia le ty afd Se Vy LY LL, anes Time Variant Systems ¢3)\ aa 3 yicll Ji Y¥—\—0 flat SLU Op Sty A= AU) of gl er ule Sane A Bi gical! 0,55 DL ode Sapall de ¥=AOXO+Y 5 xo)=% Pp PI O10) Dyiaae dor g OY x = A(Nx(t) IS HB] am Loloig)= A09(64) ® (fost0)=1 @ Fundamental le—eilo\ B yisall mt (6,1) Bgbeall ool » Transition Matrts Jus Uys Vel Matrbe €> - ( Bronson R., 1970, p. 94) cp AUS paren bly By 59 yr yo Byinall ode of OLY, 3, =A» xlo)=e, 5 Vi=L2sn @) a 0 0 0 Oo e =]: > @=]i 7 « Uniqueness 21,84) Ys GHA 4 H(lstg) Wybeall 37 pd ayant) 03] . Olt io) Byirall Leaiz gy La 5d USDy Ger US yh lal Wb JI Sy. a,(tp)=e, Asan! by AS) oid ALolist Jabal ++ Obst) Dydd Bj Fy ayeadh wm ght x) OS of Aj ayer OW oF ny « UD = Lp Byer Olt.) of gt .. ¥Gto) = O(6,%) Of Jus 2 dale OLB pele 1B) oh) Qe Odlabes lb A CAT 15] Ady eM) aad ayn Oltfp) Of eeY () 2 OY ( Time Invariant System cp 3\ gr pice pe plas! OS 4 aire) A (A gh )a see ew fet) dt dt Olt,)=e4 oat CED) AT pot sl 0G of Ye Yy Ae GH (A= A) OS Lastest) glad Lia fog boyd of Joa of dll go (1) oY PML ode 9 Olity)= el) a JI fa Sy. coldly JI ory Oly} cea el ge ae iy Jal og, Laid Lil .. Closed Form ili tanaS orl] USE Vy «dads opr ye oH of Jad oa 2 (= AMZ) , x(o)=c) Dated) yA JtNl 248 Pout 1g Olle OI Wyner A CIT LQ: Vf (Gt )= eM) => x(a ete tay ge LS 14 Q Ub Byker A CIT Le gL Sxt)= Lo(iip)e= Aneto = Ax) (to) = P(to,t)c = Le =e 5 arplll os ) Wis 1 polo! J yall Gol ye (SATB) : tampatin Peper JB in ( Bronson R. , 1970, p. 167) Bi Wy 2m (I) ge hl Ss Weil] Se odey [Of = 05,0} Gi lo,2}0(Ft0)= Ofct0)=1 lof. = (0,2) rob sity a fortacoya OGY ob Bh LW, JOG ]=e° ii 2 gh ded JBI OW (2 = Ax) + WO), x())=c) OS 15]i yi! oy Pil OSL OE Wien A CAIT be] LW gs Vy ' OL. )=e8) > x)= Ol. )e+ Job.sreras bey Ge LT 11 Ub Byer A CIT BLL DE gs GU OF el yield Gale oH () Heel! pliner (,5) = (¢.4)P(,5) 1 GWT JI aS Se a Sib, X(t) = Olt,to)e + (60) fOle.s)yds ; Of t= Ip Ley x{lo) = OC yer (to) [OCs vas slese fe a OW pest BG cai pall folie OW, WIRY! by tl ging Jb of gt = atk + fot. aro dt = Flobolk + Zl06, oot s)y(s)d8-+ ®(6t0) 4] fotasmo = A(NO(t tle + AO(.t fot s)y(s)ds+ Ol) Ml.t) » =o" oli, ) PRL Wi yball Gol vy (ji) Ho! plcilya. alo ader lb Jot arene + ol)essy ai = A()x(t) + y : + Adolésl Uotall gant x of yf 2 Ula 1b pale aE elt oe SI Ba LN dell ole Gib oe UKE al 18 nd OF SB ge WY WIS. JAN oat US OVEN Gams Dy. (dents JL di ae Leland pte A de fy le ge BB ge cabes US OF a ADO) 7 SS + eds Sate Jo agers ‘ te fetsras sin O,m)=| , ~sin fa(syds cos fetsyas % . Jew oe ty [FL 1 a Ti] pt a pal ow251 tb yi! Matrizant x)- x00) = fa@s+ y(a))dt _ 3 x(t) = x(0)+ fe@: +y(r))\de 2 Sidyy 3 1 AT US Sy fa Mal Wd oo x oe Ga why x0) = x(0) + {ae(o0 + flox + x0 + xo} é é ea (4 yy pe Jae Jae gay) pul bn le Ley 7 Pree ay Jae frtsreas - Jaen Ja freraeade —- é Oo Oo 2 QUT Ao Dol Marrizant 2p 3h) G63 Vy 7 Ft Matrizant M(t) = 1+ facae . Jaw facsyasar 3 568 + Jato fac [acre dsdr + +--+. 00 x(t) = M()x(0) + M@ [M*@y@ rae St ba Stuy 3lids, oa eBoy MN Ny tab gah tlie MD OF OLY GLI! ew AI J} Uw Jol, Youd fos Sie ach Le]. -(] el ul 0 o-'e- Se ee + = on 0 eo) Ho + ot : op Sitly Wf) [este elle elt od seer = Pe dae ee Deb Le gece Idee etre «-| Leyte oS, l4or ote od cet bli MOY) 1d ead ( Hsbiell ) WL ote oe YS sue le J parlly SB de had ge alll ot Joly tb (253 Sibel 2 dg de ty ne AT ye Yow! ALolédt Doub fo £-1-0 un" Order Ordinary Differential Equation : Talal dapall dol BNI MATS oo od) Louis! otal Jo LAS AiG pail Lia Layo=FoO {0 » a + 02S 6 dy 4,40 tor 2 GSI JSNy USL oda fo Bold yiaall a ad os ited Lib VoL op & St la e oy ee ee a tle fens a gle hed totes! data sy _ Dare stron Q) 4, in ‘120 pina! 5, pall 3 yay Se (1), (2) Vata, Jeo 1 2 0 [fe Figs ot lei: ‘| jem ca =a) ata] [eo 7 On a Kd | dy = =A) a) yer Pp Abeta Wo [9 Sy x= A(x + u(t) WSL ays Sidley1 dy) dou de Agr! ALovidi Voll Sf rai ULI ode gy Hs Ax tu) * PASIUN Doll 3 Gey y A Bybee Ay Ayo Ay ASD! gill do yi Yat =0 ro Sota of oUt Sey (abe RLatisl Wail 9 yO oe Sud! ye Gast gly AGN Dalal oo BVT Gist Sat dG asi |ar-Al=0 bull ol Uy 2. 0.0 0 o a4 -1 0 0 0 0 4-1 =0 0 0 0 en es Ay Ay Ay Ay a1 0 0 0 o 2-10 0 O10 2 7) 0 =a ] =0 o 0 0 a -1 a rr Ce VI all yo lly -1 0 0 o| [Ao 0 A -1 0 0 A -1 0 0 = 0 A 0 a4] ~aj0 2 il+ay + 0 0 -1 0 pod -1 0 0 0ti yialt A -1 0 0 aA -1 o a -1 0 lo a st dy]! “hE l+ Gata, iJ: 0 0 loo Oo - io 0 => ag (=I + (Daag (Ay? 4 eee IA, (Hl) + (4a, 4 + a, 4) =0 => ag(-1)" t+ Aay(Hdyt $e t Aa (I + Aa, + ay Xe" = 0 => dy ta, + ad? pot Aa, tA Mad + a,,)=0 ot gi 2 Yad =0 i 2 GWA, AS A Cola x, i enclt S* 1 A, u,=| 22 ra IE AS OU) Sey aA Wt 0 oyu) fo 0 a -1 o}v| fo (al-Ay,=O0 => 7 v3 |=|0 an) A -Upel di 0 0 0 Ady} [0 =i, ae Jat Situs vy = Ay v3 = Ay, = Ay, div; - v4 =0 => {vy=dy,=2y, Aiv, 1 ~¥, =) ¥% = Avy =a¥ 1 1 ¥% 4, 4, u,=|v3)=) @} hs u=| a2 val aaa a 2 AUS op Gans Leo. P 3p Maball Gis Ja Sy GV, + yy + Avy Hoe + Gy 9¥,- + (4,4, + a, =O af gf Ay + QA, + OA? ovveeneee ay AP? + (Q,2, + G4) =O sees Oy + yA, + agdP Fee + ay ad? + ay Ay + aya? =0 CUbLe Lge hem LS AU Uotall ay + Ga y=sinhs) otal Jos Slee EB EMI 7 0 > (A-MA+l=0 > A =1a,=-1 al gt dehy PRAIA BW yeall OG, te lat yoe Sb pla Me cosht sinht sinht ¢osht, 1 HOS ‘ x(t) = e4'x(0) + fe “uayar ‘ [sn d 3 O59 Us! By We) = (0) = y(O)coshe + j(O)sinh¢ + Leoshelt —Lsinh 2)+L sinh r(cosh 2¢ —1) (e+ 4é+ Be=g.mg@R") doll Jo: dea get cer se jot Ji) Wolall & Soy 221+ 44+ B|=0 Cle ge Vt Se bil if PA, eb! gia! emall OS). (2m de> ox )4] fo gees Aimy ~ ty =O tyes = At Agta =0\ jean = Ait Atty ~ Uy, =0 Mon = Atty af gf ton | [Atty esti gs Bu + (41+ AW =0 => Bu +(4r+ Au =0 => (81+ 4,448) =0 RLS dnl ad aay [PT + A+ B= 0S 1h g jho gb Jo Ub Mabel olny OT AB = FT tena odie pean AS Le UIT ¥4A¥+Bi+Cx=q , xgeR" Cope (do gE oles of dine ao) NaX s Weak» Waak we Jat WHY. + Br=¥s + Ys q- Ay; - By, - CHil yialt zQeR” , z=|y of NI Wold 5 Sy |Pr+ Bas aB+c]=0 YoU fe oe Ay a gett ae gti cond ny. (3 ry? oy) duty Ayu — u =0 u = Au” Au —y=9 WO) = Ay = 20 at gi 4, 4, 1 uy Un Myo 4 _ Se] Yan Mn net260 reeling 3 fi Cu + Bu +4, + Au =0 rot gf (C448 +244 BI) =0 SARL tall ad ay [B+ A+ AB + C]= 0 OS Lg phe gb fo Ub alll olny » SUN Nia tsi peat St Sey AN galt OU ial > Stl Galas! Yo STOCHASTIC MATRICES cy VLE op tele sol Ue State We oy pad fey OVE YI 2 bi Gg SE Of CYL ye nS IS) She Ot LS. Cat gle web we CYL! ole Ap OLY Li yas 3 ay pels pba 5, UI J} s, UI Jlisyl Se ay sl GB SY op nS Bpall CYL Vy. Stochastic Transition Matrix A : Probability Vector S\a>\ ace S \yr.oy Pi oAS Pn COV ES pay Sey. 5, MLE pis oS of 9 JLo! chet pdm al Gi of de Osa, <1 o. A =m OS Yd =1 ble Dama, =m,» Vi i ag (yt), + bm, mj, + (22 - m+ buat, + bya, to OS ot Cs aly attyee (AT fy A Ball OS ge ted, » Wi vl Woe fo of gl. aU ih eS ag tee wy, =a OS of CH wh Hd le LU, 1 1 1 1 : doa wy =| | deb ot ee iy 1] aol Ge Lees OS of C4 SYalall cy lad 1 1 2 ddbc wy sl Op TIT ST OIF WL « GWky« A=] ae A? I My M1, fl tae apy, jan ¥, Stochastic Sl pe ance (A =1 J BUM shill ancl! ayy w af gsh. Ww, =1 of yf om eYLY OF Lay. iad gipke ane ge py =o, Of eal! J abe Way. Vector rolye AP eTDyT of eg op wey Ge dee UlLeyl265 cb alt ox (fb 10 lim a* =1( lim Dy yr an ee Heo LA gpte dmce gp E> Jim 4‘ p=, = po 1 ob AS yal pall ISG oy ae ee 4B p Slang ptall onal ge Jbl Gat lh uly CA =L a AAS gli aon) de dees UY! past OF 2 OW ¢ Gl! JUN YAW ypiall Le: US ane gd 4-05 -02 . -03 ju-4/=|-03 4-04 -03)=0 -02 -04 A-0. at gf woa-5 -2 3 l0A-2 -10A+2 0 -3 WA-4 -3 [20 => -3 104-4 -3 |=0 -2 0-4 10a -2 -4 102-4toa-2}7* 4 s(oa-a} 3 adr? ee (10a - 210022 804 +4)+ (102 -2(- 302 +6)=0 (102 - 210022 - 1104 +10)=0 (10a - 2X - 11004 - 10)=0 Asal, 4=02 , 401 u Yuu \als1 , vi af gf 5-2 -37%] fo -3 6 3m, }=/0 -2 -4 6 }4| |o 5 -2 -310] (5 -2 -310] [4 0 ~4! > -3 6 -3!ol~}1 -2 1 fol~l1 -2 1 -5 2 310] jo 0 ofo| jo o o 1 0 -1}9] [1 o ~110] [1 0 -1 ~|1 -2 1 tol~/2 -2 0 fol~fa -1 0 0 of0) [0 0 oof jo o = 4 Te) > yealm laud uy =u, « p=[0 0 If Cisdatiyy ides (Une Ge oS ey mel KKB of 03 0.33 % Ap=|03| , A?p=|0.33] , oo + fim Ap =| % 04 0.34 7 X Cem ehe BO OVW a glace VL! SY (SLRS ) pay Dye lal Mia of oct «hk ye piecdf OU pial 05 03 02 2 PWS ou a1 a et w, ell oy 47 =]0.2 04 0.4] Of bod 03 03 04 (1-47, =0 05 -03 -027%] [o 5-3 -27m]) fo -02 06 -04]%,|=|0] = |-2 6 -4]m,|=lo -03 -03 06 uJ} lo -3 -3 6 |x] |o St 52 opp Way 5 -3 -2/0] [5 -3 -2!0] [6 -6 0/0] [1 -1 010 \ { i \ = |-2 6 -4!ol~j1 -3 2 fol~j1 -3 2to|~]1 -3 210 -5 3 210] [o 0 oo] [o o ofo} jo 0 oto ost at gl : my] fl co => wey fault Quy = -uy + 3m, = 2,0; = 4, ; =u, =0 uy — 3p + 2us = 0, ; H CT rar gly wy a1 OS & wall 1 if pete Cold 2 CSW! Gach! t'-0 SENSITIVE SYSTEMS or ILL-CONDITIONED SYSTEMS : 1 dade 1-0 Ue (SY g Labi gt Yate ola. Arb Had! OY! J} Gadd igs 2 yi IAS) pe de Be VIN Gf tak IS 9 We Jo Sy oe ott fad 9 eld pond Leo Stee Ojai Gade I flay gd. lad Ws ob et gy ( at (? 25]m a ee 17 4 ‘Leida 268 £ QS lan lil Ala > (7 zl aie see 207 al => 4 =10,x, =-10 x, | B17) — (25)(19) 20} [- 10 © 5% oy ad Y pat Sam sh. (19) ered pid b anal 20) past of 24d Oy cool JI of ae x =35 , x) =-38 pH GN Lal Keeler al phil tia Jee of ost 1 350% a od LI att Cate gl OSE ch pli es Jey See pyle tb SL Lab Lace pd Ub af Le thay : BUS Je WB bib oe te m=18 , x) =-19 BLL 2 ale Lat eh tal batt Wie OF Lin ane. Gal ye Lie da Jo yay Nad play cad bal ola Sted saad OULU gb patel yoy SL LI aa al Cat ot3 iy — cs J! Jel LS fibby pitt adh lilly fda git, Condition Number gb y5\ saa5\ ¥ bg pelt: Yl Se Ox ML piety OW 5b al b Op LI. Arab > 2 Be x NS ta A(x+5x)=b+0b => Adx=6b OB By bam dp Sie OIF 6x = A855 Of Norm pleill ol ps ploidy Wsx4.< |4-tHYoo} wo263 ON gall pat pe bg lhe (BF Of Large Norm pone his Ub A! cals Ii} al any Win 2 Ged SUM 3. eld SUM JO oye AUS y MLS dma op ahs Les OW 28 25 a_[17 -25 [i i => |4]=(28X17)- (25x19) =1 , 4 [" a 2 \Al- Max) eu) 2 Gy pll Gabel bape [art] = Max{53,36} = 53 tof ad wa £08: (1) od led] Ley gl imal Hb aff Jilly [OB] = 1 op « o»-[1] as i xs] oo]=5s «bso 3 igh saith Wn ha JL Ua lie pas OLE Do Ulne bing OF OD gel Ud tt x gel Hd! nd Lees Oy av=b = [els |4lbd al pate she bye A of ¢ faf>o of Ky l4 1 | Ha 2 Of gleel XK (1), 2) ony bene Laks of aah ode oo lay BD gel URL a JU gen! Ud 9 UG ala wing > 24 3 Condition Number gb 723) 2! gant silly [AJA] @ PH sual) le ew Of gst .. conaA) Wyt= Wl = [44 se flal= cond £3 cond(A)21 rot gl + Ayetlenr 63.0 Sz plas! Of alias ole OW (>> 1) mS gb pd ode od plat OS LISy AG pets: GU Od) A Wytall BSA old pid tmx JI Q Galt! pill a dx of yt Ax=b => (A+dAlx+dx)=b => Adx+(6A)x +(6AXOx)=O OP ( CAYSx) Stes gl) AH AF JI ope B pteell ela VI JLab y Abx+(5AexO => Adxa-(6Ae => Ox2-A "(5A OB SUL (sey 25 ye A LeSee of Gayl Leb ) bas[rwald = Hsp rd s| yak 424 bal + ot ee = CJA TPA) = > cond(d) ge aaa) ge Laat sosey Ua Lin of ud ¢ aylall oda BA a IS gael: WY ( Ben Noble & J. Daniel, 1977, p10 ) ah SY ola BV oles SN jet fel 699 A= doen O9) = b Lsatal CaS SY. emcall gf ghee) co olede Ot Ch (6-9 54 5b, A> ASA) AN Oh pall be Os eet 5x Oy x bl eA gost Mia OW « \eaat| bx=(44+ 5A) '(& -(64)x) of idly fox] s|(4+e4y'I(oo-G4)x}] A farsar| sd c-poawfaa Of (I-aJ'=M ees aroarfsmlary at gl loaf s afar foo (6 4)|s a4] tf (od ae) op Selbybot. By [4 i ua i iW ieat) Sy Ar=b = Hlth Falsaqer| a Weall| saan ‘eh +Hat] 2/41 sent sauna a ta) M =(-ay' =(-feaef! ihe 1 dela dbo ws Sty Ts get as oa ff 2 - (Ben Noble & Daniel , 1977, p. 171) Sis Sts int bes Ws ane Sy 1k Ado [h i » k20 : el Ge OF ff, UleT oy. acts ao dies a] = |e} =l+k ob Sik, cond(A) = (1+ k) : 1 : OS Jo! ob a+ YOU LL BE k ELL He yy =273 ot yialt 1~k a d} b cy bel 15 1] [6] _fi+6, veo [22] op 5, - kb, [ [ oO | OS ki pS pall as Shey Bal | 16 _ be” OM (6, > 6, GAIT Na} ) HST a ae. of Jee, at. Weal Fi EN de BQ pill Lm Gad J of claws Wa. (> 5, Sy 5p SU ped US) + tall Se cond( A) ol BSS ody b and Leben 0S Jo of Ji Lino We gH gh emely [> 0.495 A= ‘ : | SAIS 3] LU3y cond) gb pt sali an gh: Stee tual 0.505 0.495 1-04: A= = |4=001 = 4*=101 o 1 1 -1 0.505 oF Fe,» Pa bet cond(A) =A], [4 = 2)050.5) =301lig 24 2 oWy - (Forsythe , George and Moler , 1967 ) it cond(A) = ae , anal) of gst 5 Gill) Jil Q Raab. Ahn UL ab Ag pS UL AAT of abd oe 0.505 1 Sa 0.50005 1 ~ [0.495 1 a2 => Amin = 4107 Aggy = 2.50001 = cond(A) = Jaw . ae = 250 min x [°° | 1 1 cond( AB) < cond(A).cond(B) : ol casi: Ste Pou cond(AB) = faaif(aay"| . [Aaja] < [alfalfa tle" = abla-'file"| cond( AB) < cond(A).cond(B) rat gf + EN Galas le Gayl! = cond(A)21 otal (dy 3 cond 0 of ob: eg OIL (YY - cond(A +B) < od 1-6 lA) ( Deif A.S,, 1982 jas ) Of eat. (dx=b,b96+5b,A > A+5A) OS 13 (HM)275 OU yall [eal conaca) ante Fa) Pl peal] MI (Ben Noble, 1969, p.434 iil) ly ll Jit Aa bs at dt Gadel £0 LEAST SQUARES TECHNIQUE 1 daddies \—-§-0 LAS 2 Fy QU pitay x iter pte oy BI! OSG teaball JL oy pi G oh) P= ON Cem (ey) SM AA 9 ppb OS EF EI -. oud Salas Optimal Curve gree fib le J pard bli) obs oy Goll c slabs ¢ (LUI + m+ i i Soe i Uae phate OSs at Lye 6 Sy ial buat JS Y JES {OCI Sy co be Bases 4618 Jet wSe als Bia goull tha oe UF qw2d Orthogonal sdalee 3 SS LaF Ae gill ods jess nine ot (x) 05 Le Nin de Spl tee oe (abel by 5 plod ) oly Jubal Jape y dpe ge WOKE] © JSD de ool Se a le Se 08 of af sd) goal OS pal y= FO) = 4,0) 1-0 + SEG Sat th nde fad ll a, CIEL Cle LAS ys Gh Oy AS oy GAN Roaall LMI Le! Sd sel Ss BT pubis Seyi « Lhd Lee ge Ul ae AES ool oye Hagel y dad Mell y Yh)» 120 Chia 2 4 SL SI ta pall ode ye OLLI de J pad! Sy. Lea LES sé Absolute (or Modulus) Function ¥34a)\ DD OS oo US ob JI flatly VoLPE ae oles hee Fb URN oh Lady. BU fay ee Jota YG 1 OSS 485 ( Euclidean Norm Gadi! pai le lad pas gil gh = Yb)» tober pe Be WDD 3 ar gels y . Jyh 52 pr hl bla IS Ge Gram gy tae Bde at gia ll gill ci *3[Eaewo- ») roe Os Uh Jit de J pany ee aan! Vi =O12,-7 at gt 10 > 0 a EAS o00- »oeer=0 » Vi=O12,-50 i 2 AW abd! oYatall le fad til sf XM Le. Yor, - Yo, fa) [Ley 9% Ye? Yo, - Yo,0,/a}) | Voy Lots Loe 2a Les | =|Yoy Yo, Yoo, Ye, 1, ye 2, |) o,y a ee = 4 ¥ Ata! Lota ne Wi dat or Sgtbl bus JS de eat (x) eS «Normal Matrix N i—etdl\ i ginal, odubI B yin gouiy Normal Equation By pall dle ALS Matall HUT Se diy NA=¥am ob yialt Ye Yoo, Yoo, -- Yo, ay Dy YM Yo Yo. - oo a x N=|Jioo, 0, YO} - 91,0). 4=)").2%=| doy Tee, Yoo, Yee, Yo] lal [yey Lead pF etal Wate Ge Jat WU saad aramall Jybin oe COLL! le Jpablyy 2 A Dbl emis le J panel BEL gb of 5 2UU ll ump EBABY! oll le Ula UL) feed pete Lae Jeol ton fs Sita x} 1 2 3 4 Bae Ee ee we Dab 5 be id pit soul! YH dy tax the fad goull Wb aya, Ld tell J stl aluch, 0 alolale Seow 2 ONL anal Sty 4 10a] [48.2 = =215 , a =3: [* nl. (a3 a Pgh MLS UL Jie pate das Jeaf of oof y= 215+3.96xLSS y sad! lal le UIE tee yo Gone feud le J ped) ansaid CoE OS: Site Utd! feed {P} Legendre jax sei Slant x 3.4 = 5 y [72 228 33.6 474 de PTW dell Ge ae ach Rel, Rex, ®=2bx*-1) 2A tell Wodll OSG Sisby VF Lar Larya)] [yay DPA DAR Aaa l=| ay Dah VAR Le lal Yay 2S ett J yal ad Jab Se tal NS Ha es Mele y ELA WoL Gee pally GLI J ptt op Sey a ay =3.386 , a, =3.068 , a, =0.773 of Subs yeaah + ah +aP, = (3.386) x (1) + (3.068) x (x) + (0.773) x [36 . i] = 2.9995 + 3.068x + 1.1595x7 esd elds 450 ayo gous fal ayyal + Apalglll GUL le J perl oof db Ye © y= F(X) pe sll andl of Uo ads BVT ALI IRAN dL dole] 1 Ot aya gf .. albadll bus) IS jo cf yop Leoy 3 =F (3) y, ¥40,(c,) f= 0,2, = cnem I BLS nem OS of JVs CYRe! BU Ob OYole de fat elit eel don yo a ey CU! LEY! g by pat ALA OSG LEY. om of ett BB cep eS Lae SW le ta fh asta JF 25U all op OSG ylll Lae Spl gin gill JI of Uae yy ie OU! g OYatel ode Yo J} abr ay. obs! 2 PWS OS sadiyl ntall Je Aemstye(neiy® = OS AT 3 Gall 03} (a! Ae =d'y 1 OUR op ast oF SW ley Lal Bade Ghee LIS AU OYoLLI of Ley Y el invertible Sal! 43 ( Normal Matrix 3 yar 23) (4! A) a ayy AO LE gal su) S51. (ASS Sor) UE Ce OY ole e pad L be ABE plaka Joe Fay Stl OUND ( feat oe ge ST Catal suse Uke) USN 2 AT ae UY ail yay SELNga 280 UL fe} ae BI ane SUL do ye JAN pen soe gh: ite Li2 0.4 y|65 96 138 183 2 get Pata d be 25 yl a Y= ay + ax + a,x” 2 aW YoU le fa? bity arly 6.5 =a +4, + 9.6 = ay + 2a, + 4a, +3a, + 9a, ay + 4a, + 16a, otgl pad 6.5 a Ji 2. 44°°| | 96 a,|= jis 9 13.8 ay LV 4 16 183 ed a 1 oad AT gS pally ii 65 Pia Gl uit | 124 96 1 lal le 149 16 a} {149 16] - e416 L183 a ar oe Jat tery [4 10 30 Tay] f 48.2 10 30 100} a |= wo] |30 100 354fa,| | 461.9] OF SN gle ye gla Jes oat dates ob ey SUL gle ad Dalal ode Ley |.281 0 yialt bye a) You! of Loy [4 10fa)}_f 482 Lo 30] a, | [140.3 Maid eS YaLa ole Of Le SUS. le Sieg tang Gee LS JN La ga + ball OYotaLt AAV ULSI ew aly y= ae SM oul anf: x| 0 1 2 - y | 0.99 1 0.05 get Ley gl gs Bal HUM oe yd pol tena odlay yaa! Walli d La ai) oul Ltt SM) Jy tL Of og all oe JS In) deb 50. SUSI frail Wie ade Inyvelnatby > rsIny , aj=ina , a=6 1 SWS SUL fas oe WY Sub y x 0 1 7 3 ~0.01 - 2.3 -3.0 te fet c goull W ay a, CL Ce LN S yautl slteb y x = te xz 0 . 0 0 1 1 -1.20 2 4 -4.60 3 9 1 OYsL anal Jillya|_-1[14 -6]6.51 2 (ay = 0.11 a} 20|-6 4 }148 a, =-1.007 2a, b Bye So yay fae Ing=a)=-0.11 => a=e%=e%"=09 007 b=a, + y= 0.91% ya dL LL fey yoae™ 3) pall de gous Jel of gf 2 dae ibe GE JAG BU GLU (ni Lasly paael™ ance Jeet de J padi uot] (4) 1 gl de Jad aS -yF 0 2 m » oes Salac — yb 0 > Sac Pye =0 0) ea tO #20 1=0 > ye x, =0 = Saye . Ss ye =0 (2) =o 10 Bhie oaeel Sttby ca, bd Nonlinear ice pb Uidole (1) , (2) Olly DOW ip Jb 9 pre WL fy PL fy Ing) doef ey de frat ait Ja": pe jw Ling AN aaah eG oye) Les TU yoae™ oul! at alll abe fa Cbs Le Sy cll (1), (2) adalall Ble Go yssy (= 0.9,b=-1.007 «. Gales) Std LY dl uti Lis 13) £() Wall G yay * 09S e204 ~ Dove = 1.02225 - 1.11538 =-0.093 #0cb yiall 1 @) Dol d yay * 0.99) 20°28 —S" x,ye 17 = 0.158584 — 0.14359761= 0.015 #0 ooh) te LU fad ge Lge Lehae g S aill pad Y ttlyy se et Sy Sl yal pou Jat ll gt (= 0.9,b==1.007 «de JS de ee dads SF Cy al Se wi ye Bye ge olga bia (1) 1 a 1 z=—=a) tax y "Sree Qla+(ak am tax b - : os seal Waker de J pat SS ago, pb le J pad! ay 1 a ay tax bee » Weighted Least Squares Method % 3} hi wll Jil db Y¥-£-0 she ed Ui gf peed OVotall and QoL lS Clint sand Yall 4a) Al OIL OYotall OS Wey. Yle)—»P ATWAx = ATWy gM SY Ja WY Gee USF Yoel Hedy ALY oh or} tery Ce Le feat ender J 9l8 of CWI ey pr sly . W = diag(wo,m, ullibs 284 COMPUTER GRAPHICS otb\ Sle gay: ll ncasl! 0-0 + Aadée 1-0-0 Linear Transformation T io> 1h, peS A ty Ai i yivall J) 85 Gedhsll ie te T:R" +R" 1) Orthonormal 31» s+ A 3 yinall CALS 1} Lele be Kee sl U gly (A AST A Ae os TR" > R” bbs ay pl of 2 di SS Gee T(x) = Ax Inner Product ge! oo pil le ilo bad fa pull a ie Gt ge yee A ea OF SL ¢ Olgas (7(),7()) = (Ax, Ay) = (42)! (dy) = x7 AT Ay = x" y= (x,y) OF to, gael Gy GUL de big ELL dy pall ode of Jishy [P@) - Toy = |r - »)P = (Pe - ).7e - 9) = (4 - AG) = GF dae ~yE(e-»¥ &-y)=[e-> Lad Lend 5 OSG Sty. y yx oy DLN pend oo TO) 9 T(x) oy BLL! OF JUL, 2 aS a bl Go OF SL. Uy Bh de ab SN) GIL op Goel G Wally CULL te abiltt : dala Ub pals208 OU yiali By. Oly gt SI he nee lal JR ety TOU eel ge ULI odie =| 89 sind “ [sind cos Ble yy ds es of 6 tal ley + Added! cdl 3 dt toolll sel Se fp pull ab Sey 2 gu |< ot Ea d copes nl dae uy 7” > R” oe 3 | Right-Handed Coordinate 58 3 pls J jess! Ma op Tai pt Lat > alt Rotation Oy99 (SE SymOB O by zy¢ Se Obs ols by * ‘cos -sind 0 A, =|sin@ cos@ 0 0 0 1 x + (21 dE BP pe Ep Q onl!) OB O Ugly x oH Jy Oty yill ol BE * co Q @ A,=|0 cos@ ~sind y 0 sin@ cos@ (BaF Spe Cp golly OW O Ugly y ost doe yp ol ye * cos? 0 ~sind 4=| 0 1 0 sind 0 cosd x OY 2 Ge Gi pe Ce BG omlly) BaF Sp 45? bye ans Fa yye Jy 457 Oly? foley Tb pull IF Ua}: Ste + Syd Byer ale y 7 et Pale io S/S © \ cS u a s " Sb oS algp © i Sr ok “eSk smb ele ot287 Olbyialt Getthl Oley Y-0-0 cde SISAY U2 6 pli J) fis Leo oy ey PLS dead! Uy gle Joby UHI cle eb jane Fag JSST} . JRANY WIS RPh Py Sd. Vertices 353 ee ee es eH of pai) Sp sola ky. Edges OQ) IS BI aed bad ya JSS oe poll Jo See i, Bb) a JRE oe aw Y yay spell auld JS Sy. 2, ths ELA 3 JS OL 92 Jee go spb Selly coy Gell er prs tol sje AS 2 SUS Lae 9 LS y ( 2 dad GLE) xy es ped de UL} AUS ae POL gil JS BUS yan 6 pad PB yall SI eh we Taal ae Yn oo ay BL Obs yA seh ye TER" SR" Oly sill Bypiee od Byiell GIT OE pote buy! te US te ed PSAP Sem PIB yball Brel oad Ot gl + Pl yiebt G2 Bit xy G pt Oi Guy « JSNY cee ght eh dlls QW Jie 500 da 005 23687 edly y yy Sym JOA! pu bee a sin@=0.6 , cos@=08ies 208 op _ 08 0 ~06]5 0 0] [4 0 -3 o 1 0 fos ol-]o 5 0 06 0 08 fo 0 5) Le 4% et US ees (2 andl Ble dey GU of sf . » uals [Siu su x yt Sp JSS pw bee Wy OSG DL ode Qc LSI es) oe ee ae P'=|0 08 -061/0 5 O]=|0 4 -3 [ee ee ke et BUS cea (2 ae Ge ay) EL of st « fl Jot x yp 8 Spe yg Sly ( Spin O1y99 gas Bley) yay Se OL yl ow GS 9s pot oa Ik SG ge Jpn) (Tip Hi nt bate) Edwards et al, .) oy —+ (1S prc pod Jad Spall amy ay SI) gal fas y el pe tie ee le Spall BASIC Bll aly be Ke ( 1988 , p. 346 Jel Sey (-2,2,0) (2,01) (-2,0,1)]289 Ob yialt 100 REM program rotated polyhedr Hi-res polyhedron whos vertices and 120 REM edges are specified in data statements 130 REM 140 REM initialization. 150 REM 160 SCREEN 1:CLS:KEY OFF 170 WINDOW (-4,-4)-(4,4) 173 DEFINT I,3,X,M,N 180 DIM A(3,3):PI=3.141593 :DEFINT I,J,K,M,N 190 REM vertex data 195 DATA 6,-2,0,1,-2,2,0,-2,0,-1,2,0,1,0,2,0,2,0, 200 REM edge data: 210 DATA 9,1,2,1,3,2,3,1,4,2,5,3,6,4,5,5,6,4,6 220 REM read vertices: 230 READ N ‘number of vertices 240 DIM X(N),¥(N),2(N) 250 FOR J=1 TO N 260 READ X(J),¥(3),2(3) 270 NEXT J 280 REM 290 REM spin: 300 ‘INPUT "spin angle (deg)";SPIN 304 FOR TIP=0 TO 180 STEP 15 306 CLS. 310 SPIN=SPIN*PI/180 320 A(1,1)=COS(SPIN):A(1,2)=0 :A(1,3)=-SIN(SPIN) 330 A(2,1)=0 A(2,2)=1 2A(2,3 340 A(3,1)=SIN(SPIN):A(3,2)=0 :AC3,3)=COS(SPIN) 350 GOSUB 600 ‘multiply by spin matrix 360 REM 390 REM tip: 410 TIPSTIP*PI/180 420 A(1,1)=1 —:A(1,2)=1 (1,3 430 A(2,1)20 — :A(2,2)=COS(TIP} (2,3 440 A(3,1)=0 :A(3,2)=SIN(TIP} :A(3,3 450 GosuB 600 ‘multiply by tip matrix 460 REM 500 REM plot edges: 510 READ M ‘number of edges 520 FOR K=1 70 M 530 READ I,J ‘vertices of next edge 540 LINE (X(I},¥(T)) - (X(3),¥()) 550 NEXT K 555 RESTORE 210 558 FOR H=1 TO 9000 :NEXT H 560 NEXT TIP 564 END 570 REM 590 REM matrix multiplication 600 FOR J=1 TON 610 X=X(J) :¥=¥(J) :252(J) 620 X(J)=A(L,1) 4K 4A(1,2)*¥ 41,3) 42 630 Y(S)=A(2,1)#% 4A(2,2)8¥ 4A(2,3) 82 640 2(S)=A(3,1)#X 4A(3,2)*¥ 4A(3,3)42 650 NEXT J 660 RETURNies 2 AS Tip By Spin 132 Wy 32 Gilet! eat pl ALT oe UI JEM Gans OW U2 aly i le (deg)? @ tip anglecdeg)? 8 a ——_——... — PN spin angle (deg)? 3a gip angletdego a21 Por erany i le (deg? @ Brangietacgoy $P a an ok A0F . 98 spin angle Cde gi? angle(deg> >?36 $30spin an tip ang Sk” gle Cdeg>? 156 eCdeg>)? 45 spin _an tip ang ok” le (deg)? _-45 eCdeg)? 68293 lb pial 26 oF 2 QU) JRL BU dt toh 3 le (deg)? 38 n angle (x-yxty)=0 duly x-y=0 , x+y=0 Dadi te 3 vr+y?=0 Bala Uae} 13] UI. (Lai (0,0) ahaa Y] Girt Y YW ) abt asd vty +150 CB sll gay SEY ity aa AY Gin VY) LF ge Jo pl as LY gl by lets er aN aatalt cuis” iy Leys tte 3x? - 2y? - 18x + By +13 =0 : et 0 =3x? —2y? - 18x + By +13 = (x? - 18x)- (2y? -8y)413 =3(e" — 6x+9)-2{y? —4y+4}13- 309) + 2f4) = 3[x -3 -2y-2f ~6 ; i x =3x? -2y? 6Nida 298 pF LS (3,2) thal 0S > il) ahd Daler ay Thomas) 3} p—+45! ts a! dety + SRY ne + Anadis yo a3 (GB. and Finney RL, 1984 Atal SIN) le Spat Latta Ley Be presh yylBl Ja ge Ul. sll ole sf Jax SESS g oLinsd gL fee pane pay Us Li Oy gt a gh dF Se BS Le ll cab lA OL Hedy. GL! + St pull de AWd as Ley . ¢ Rotation Angle AS yinall &, pall 3 Voll ALS ls A ‘Ee 4?|- f=0 x" Ax + Br+ f-=0 atst Ol gl .. Diagonalizable 4 pad Wylex Xe Way ¢ Wie Byiar A ot pglall ory P'AP=D, Staal A oligmall be os 4 ly Modal Matrix % alla) 1 yield go P > ABT) pa ny A ghee AyAgyer ly, RI ell Rebel BUY Wy, 2505 9 OF tbh jada Suey a! dy=(Px) A(x')= 2" PPARs =x" Dx! =A x? + yy? off .tb yi 2 ASUS a Jah ag Liay |p ae A= Agr Co Tents Wage (x)= x" Ax G8 OSs Lf Cross Term (ged) JS! plied] M) goje Oly go ate gal Gx) = Ax? thy? GA ad AI el gh Ady Ca zePz, P=fy »] JO py Cas A a BL ll AH olga Go y,,v. O83 LIS y PT =P? ola eal Ol, pall ae asta () x Ax+Bx+f=0 > x7(PTaPhe+ BPx'+ f=0 => Ax? thy? +dz'tey'+f=0 BP=(d ep=(a' el] oe cabal) feat Jalal pei phe Qo Lik CilS Naly ait Qed Wale OS atl OY TY pit LAA, CUI HBL (YY DS Nhe ai Lael cats bly Lats ba OS gat Of ogee oa Nai tab 2S lal of Lat key (ryatc=d+c , be -ac=b?-a'e oY aus, |4-2|=0 u b c-al (a-AYo-A)- 8? =0 => #-(a+0A-(6?-ac)=0 Cees 2 a la-A ob | u > Ad= alall aad oilh by pall ¢Uadlh JSS sae: Slee 16x? + 24xy + 9y? + 15x -20y =0 2 Jet gale 2 {12 9 =[is -20] A, =25 16x? + 24xy +9y? +15x-20y=0 => 4”, =0 4 -3]x" , 1 , BPx'=[15 -20]x a ae 25y' Wold LG Jityysot Ub yall 16x? + 24xy +9y? +15x-20y=0 3) pall 25x"? -25y'=0 yee i Oly yA shy aueesy . CSIR abad dale Gay ve! 24 24 tan 20 =" _ = 759 =36.87° 16-9 7 tan =3 ae vy ell pole oe Lar! pln Xe @ of key Bath dee gsi pba rl etal JS2 ote Sie 34x? — 24xy + 41y? -40x-30y-25 =0 2 Jet 34x? — 24xy + Aly? ~ 40x -30y-25=0 => 42, =50 - Of Jibs ro oes 2] ees SHEE tly302 OT FT osx? + soy? 50 jy" 40 -30)xt/* ~?[* |a-sox’ 3[3. 4 fy Woudl ink Jish, 34x? — 2dxy + Aly? ~ 40x — 30y — 25 =0 25(x' -1) +50? =50 2 (=), y 24 i 78 UN odes y . Wail aad Dole cay Se yy onl poke => 0=3687° Dota of gf 34x? - 2dxy + 4ly? - 40x -30y-25 = 0 DSA se (1,0) tat oS ay x a 36.87 Regly yh 2! oy 9% Vall ced Jess - (ey) - Satakt of » b-ac=0 ol ee he at: Jue LS Links ea Hay to de teys f =0 : be A : ab ax? + 2hny +o? +detey+f=0 = A=|e c ot a A WS peal) ASL) all303 ib yinalt a-2 b&b cHA (a~afe-a)-8 =0 B ~(a+ oa -(b? ~ac}=0 . yg o Ot Mee oF = alee 27) 2 Oy Si of 4 IS Qa a ae? + 2bay to? Hd opt f=0 Wabi OS Gory £9. (bee casa ond SS) Che (Seedy y ASL pill cae] 4 -@tee lore -ahee-¥') = (0 Gee) = (arc) =(a+eF -a{ac~B?) => ac-b=0 => b-ac=0 | |4-al=0 => y u 9 (Ay 20) PW Slee Yt Gael 151 ble ‘oe 13) MSL) Web foes ax? + 2bxy toy? + detey+ f= 0 Doth of coi Baac<0 OS 13} Lalli bd feat ge J 6? -ac>0 OF Generalization gassi ¥—\—0304 dah ous! oe) = 2 Az = (PzY AlPz)= 27,2 = Dale} i Theorem of Principal Axes of a ‘apa, §)\ Wal) dyulo\ 5 yB1 4 ply Jal) oe pany >. Quadratic Form Ded dry A LD ginal) AI oll gate cis Letty dll gendy .. x= 0 oF 1% of) et slate MM ae). DLW aus gb a sisal A ob ca ly ; «Lea F988 gb 965 ols) Arup Aiea Op Positive Semt-Definite igi dye 9 tod Whig aus (8) + (A, 20,Vi ) CAS Hf Negative Semb-Definite Li ge ind Wh 9 gad ey =A, SONI oe OLS 13) Non-Degenerate Lenlonis ead ply uot a [4] #0 Opnd Sibu, [4]= I OF ily (4, OND. fal en 201) ao 8h ce305 ob yialt g(x, y,z)= 2x? + Sy? +227 + 2x2 tag pl dealt * OY Laat de ye A=|0 5 0] > 4=5 , h=3 , El > 4,>0Vi 102 lx, y,z)= Oxy + 8yz ou nou on u oy 2 & & 0 ! SF g(xy) = ar? + 2bxy toy? =0 Reap daenall Of eT: Sie (a>0,A=ac-B >0 ) OS Wt ad tye (1) (a 0) US Bi lyad ey -(Azac-B <0 yO Bliwe e (T) Oy Aa, => ac=b+d= + AA, Lda, c Ob Stuy ( 620 OY) ac>0 ot ye Ws ( A> 0 Gl) dey A CIS BE of ne OY) LY! Aw Lb AA, US. LLY! nw atc=ht+h=m(A) 1 CAST IB. ELEY pe bee Way ay ae 03 yd dy g O55 Sly (yay > 0.) OF ope w gh (a>0A=ac-b?>0) (1) (aya tLe g O55 Sides (Ayay <0.) OF pa gu igh (a<0A=ac-B>0) (Y) Bake OL LA Aa, of sh IL a, gla, of ge Ugh aco WI BLT (rr) faut pb g OSG Sith yNeda 5 AN One al op al Ob IS SS. AN a ald GL UU gay 2d OP tna Byline A CaSO} sy yl fai eat 2 3 2 ~ M1 2 Fad ~ Aaa » A=4 4) 9] 3 + (Ag > Ok OF kid ly 0) Legal ey 8g CEI A, <0,Vk ) OLS Laid Bly WY Lay ale agg * | + (Ay <0,Ay > 0,85 <0,Ay > O,--+ ) alll bf gl. . Ghet lny that Gey a, OF BY Sat ob Ogg (Degenerate J12 We) |4|=0 9 Wp wg d #08 1 Sd -3 1 2 4e}1 -2 1] => ae A =|4]=-10 q(x, y,2)=—3x? -2y? — 52? + Ixy + 4x2 + 2yz 2 OP dithy307 i yialt oho Wud ee 0S 321 a Bz|2 23) > of a 1 32 =[a[=-13 Q(%, y,2) = 3x? + 2y? +22? + day + Dez + 6yz 2 of July rae UP. done 96 OSG ‘Ay =1 fo 1-12 01 dal 3-2 -1 3 0 -3 c= > 1-1 oo. A;=|-1 3 d=4 1 -3 -6 19 _. Ay =|c]=24 of Jtthy GX, X24 %55%4) = HP + 3x9 + 9x3 + 194 — Day + 4px + 2xpX4 — OxyXy — 12x yHy 1 Ligad amy aS 1 Aa pb Oot yt lai Jo: ayledl Gea! V-0 nonlinear Iqad\ pb OY oy plas le Uber y Abd gb OYolall odes be 13] ay eo ee EY de Lied OU gill J bal of Oe Lb « sytem of equatlons + Sle We 3 det Newton Method 7 $3 4a pb :Nid 308 x =O _ FEO) act ohne is) 1S OUT, e G)@)=0 , f=lQnyn ANGy Lee Us f(x) of aa ery ERY Ge x Q UBIN pe YL op ha x) abt Im f(x) Ui Ke 6h WY tas Lx wold Hl Up GES W 1 PWS syd 5 Sis JLrral 5pill ode Gg f{e)= fle) FeO fr =x) R=0 BH ee AR (fd ahdern) Sy oe BE FG farr ta) Se 2 OB tly R Steal Se eet x J yo yb x Ga 2, Ll oye fh) Fe -x)=0 of gf eo f42). re) J pbb pop bales Jacobian da Sb) f(x) gat fH) ayy yo Wr AS ey 6. 9-79 -2L2-[y,]-[ 20] 5 eye , 2 Ob Spill Se pL hin ley x0 =x 1) fe) ce gall ok) Se FO ge tl JL OS Bo gi Mb Gls, « ( Stunmel F. and Hainer K., 1980 —5 et eyes309 wii yall Youll fe: Sie 3x; ~cos(npu5)-5 x7 -81(x, + 0.1) +sin x5 + 1.06 =0 0 eM + 20x, + Ot ol x=] 0.1 | cet -0.1 : et 3 x;Sin(x,x;) x, sin(x,x,) Js} 2x - 16x, 40.1) cosas ame ye 20 0.1 SHO SG pb xl) =) OF | dead ue Udy y=-I YP de fat Jpo-f OYolaI Jey -0.1 2 galt Magy MO a poe Le le Spe sali BN diy xO atta] aa ody Burden R.L. and Faires J.D. 1993 oe phy: JAI OE ao y SIN Sgubly Say 0.1 050003702 0.01946686 -0.52152047 0.50004593, 0.00158859 052355711 0.50000034 0.00001244 -0.52359845, 0.50000000 0.00000000 -0.52359877 0.50000000 0.00000000 -0.52359877tigdas 310 ee no] Byadt b LSI Go oyd> BOS n dsb! g thd! of bey : dee oo Bab OF GL SU gy US. pet esti I oi Qo ce pete JN ye ty 8 Be Atay LN CHIT G15 Sy de ee Glas ous LE JL ce dy I Ata ddl ods de pad Lets LK fo Sy 3 g els : Broyden Method Oy) 9 4 5b Y-Y—0 a_i e._se + TL oe AB Span f CYL! phi Jory dp Sell Glee ob dyer IT GQ Ot SUI 2 ASUS dae J) Oey yo 75} USL obs Com tid tb GUS xO lim gy * 2 ax — sx) pe) (Dennis. & More, 1973 ) Oy Sl oe ssid Ife) oo Var Ay Wyiee Stace pg * 0 A, = sfc) a ee) peo- 20L b He Spent tay x =x -4'fk) NSS SHE ge xO) 0 de S pared Aildt 3 gba t Si gt * 0°) = x) — 41 pe) , i2t [fe = ple’) 4, (= xP — yd A =A y+ feo - eof 221, = se} z 2ant Sb yialt Yada Jo Le SIG Sy «84 JF T[e) GLA CU 2 gett bi thing Ay=-fe) AUS JSe at ls cle} g ju UT gf. ( ol’) y MP dglm Joblm ay aj te dG Hh tee ( Dennis & More, 1973 ) ¢ 38] Uymall oda de eluailly 2 SUS Ay SAE A, Se 5229 3D v=) 1e) Burden) AS 3 Sb) UNM) all ¢ poy igs Roth! OdLvaill aes ppl! Co lily + (RL, 1993 + Oday Min dey UD (hy My ale Gm Gy) GLI SUM Jos Slee 2 et 7 3x ~ cos(xp45)— 5 = 0 4 xf -81(x, + 0.17 +sinx,+1.06=0 , x=! 01}° } > enn +205, + WE=39 ~ 0.1 3 xysin(xpx,) x, sin(xpx5) Ay =u(e)= 2x, ~162(x, +0.1) cos.x3 |G) = J) axe A ye 2) ey 0.4998693 x0 =x — 45! (=| 1.946693 «107? = 05215209dues . = f(x 0) the) ax -2 sf Ay) =0.3424604 Al= i 4 + le - 4) 4'] o 0.499863 x) 220 41 ¢()=| 8.737888 107? ~ 0,5231746 2 SLU LS goth GUI aby Stl pil, 0.1 0.4998693 0.01946693 -0.5215209 0.4999863 0.008737888 -0.5231746 0.5000066 0.0008672215 -0.5236918 4 0.5000005 0.00006087473 ~-0.5235954 - 0.5000002 -0.000001445223 -0,5235989 | 2 Pw ett Syl Slee de Sy GUL Lye taf Stall ha oo ely ——v~— —_+ — —e—. allel 5 all soall313 eghll gad 2 — CU yiralt APPENDIX A Jacobi Algorithm 10 REM Jacobi algorithm 15 INPUT "The dimension" ;N 17 DIM A(N,N),X(N),X0(N) 20 PRINT "The coefficient matri: 30 FOR TON 35 PRINT "The coefficient matrix,row by row” 40 POR J=1 TO N 50 INPUT A(I,J) 60 NEXT J 70 NEXT I 80 PRINT "The constant vector,b" 90 FOR TO N :INPUT B(I) :NEXT I 95 PRINT "The initial guess 97 FOR TO N :INPUT XO(I) :NEXT I 100 INPUT "The tolerance"; TOL 110 INPUT "The no. of iterations"; 120 FOR K=1 TO M 130 FOR TO N 140 UsO :FOR J=1 TO I-1 :UsU+A(I,J)*XO(J) :NEXT J 150 V=0 :FOR J=I+1 TO N :V=V+A(I,J)*X0(J) :NEXT J 160 X(1)=(B(I)-U-V)/A(I,1) 170 NEXT I 180 FOR I=1 TO N :IF ABS(X(I)-XO(I)) >TOL THEN 300 ELSE NEXT I 190 PRINT "The solution” 200 FOR I=1 TO N :PRINT X(I), :NEXT I 210 STOP 300 FOR I=1 TO N :XO(I)=X(I) :NEXT I 310 NEXT K 320 PRINT "The no. ofiterations are exceeded" 330 FOR I=1 TO N :PRINT X(I), : NEXT Ii gral 344 SOR Algorithm 10_REM SOR ALGORITHM 20 INPUT "The number of equations";N 30 DIM A(N,N),B(N) ,XO(N) 35 PRINT "The coefficient matrix,row by row" 40 FOR I=1 TO N 50 FOR J=1 TON 60 INPUT A(I,J) 70 NEXT J 80 NEXT I 90 PRINT "The constant vector b" 100 FOR I=1 TO N:INPUT B(I):NEXT I 110 PRINT "The initial vector x0" 120 FOR I=1 TO N:INPUT XO(I) :NEXT I 130 INPUT "The relaxation parameter w' 140 INPUT "The tolerance tol"; TOL 150 INPUT "The maximum number of iterations" 160 FOR K=1 TO M 170 FOR TON 180 UsO: FOR J=1 TO I-1 :USU+A(I,2)*K(J) :NEXT J 190 V=0: FOR J=I+1 TO N 4A(T,5)*X0(J) :NEXT J 200 X(1)=(1-W)*XO(T)+W*(-U-V+B(I) 1/A(I,1) 210 NEXT T 220 FOR To N 230 IF _ABS(X(I)-XO(I)) >TOL THEN 406 ELSE NEXT I 300 = PRINT " The solution" 310 FOR I=1 TO N :PRINT X(I), :NEXT I 320 _ STOP 400 FOR I=1 TO N :XO(I)=X(I):NEXT I 410 NEXT K 420 PRINT "Maximum number of iterations exceeded" 430 FOR I=1 TO N :PRINT X(I), :NEXT I315 0 gical Power Method Algorithm 19 REM Power Method Algorithm 20-INPUT "The dimension”; N 30 DIM A(N,N),X(N),¥(N),R(N) 40 PRINT "The matrix,row by row" 50 FOR I= 1 TO N 60 FOR J=1 TO N 70 INPUT A(I,J) 80 NEXT J 90 NEXT I 100 PRINT "The vector x,with infinite-norm unity” 110 FOR I=1 TON: INPUT X(I) :NEXT I 120 INPUT "tolerance"; TOL 130 INPUT "the max. no. of iterations”; 135 FOR I=1 TO N 136 IF X(I) <> 1 THEN 138 ELSE P=I :GOTO 140 138 NEXT I 140 FOR K=1 TO M 150 FOR I=1 TO N 155 ¥(1)= 160 FOR J=1 TO N 170 ¥(T)=¥(1)+A(1,3)*X(J) 180 NEXT J 190 NEXT I 200 MU=¥(P) 205 = MAX=¥(1) :P=1 210 FOR TON 220 IF MAX >= ¥(I) THEN 250 230 MAX=Y(I) :PsI 250 NEXT I 260 IF MAX=0 THEN 270 ELSE 295 270 PRINT "A has 0 as an eigenvalue " 275 PRINT “eigenvector:" 280 FOR I=1 TO N :PRINT X(I), :NEXT I 290 STOP 295 FOR I=1 TO N :R(1)=X(I)-¥(I)/MAX :NEXT I 300 FOR I=1 TON :X(I)=¥(1)/¥(P) :NEXT I 310 MAX=R(1) 320 FOR I=2 TO N 330 IF MAX >=R(I) THEN 360 340 MAX=R(I) 360 NEXT I 370 _B=ABS(MAX) 380 IF E <= TOL THEN 400 ELSE 390 390 NEXT K 392 PRINT "Max. no. of iterations exceeded” 394 STOP 400 PRINT "dominant eigenvalue" ;MU 410 PRINT "corresponding eigenvecto: 420 FOR I=1 TO N :PRINT X(I),° :NEXT I 430 STOPi a 316 Householder Algorithm 5_REM Householder Algorithm T REM A(N,N) SYMMETRIC TO TRIDIAGONAL MATRIX 10 INPUT "The dimension:";N 20 DIM A(N,N),V(N),U(N),2(N) 21 PRINT "The matrix A: row by row” 22 FOR I=1 TON 24 FOR J=1 TON 25 INPUT A(I,J) 27 NEXT J 29 NEXT I 30 FOR K=1 TO N-2 35 Q=0 40 FOR J=K+1 TON : 50 IF A(K+1,K)=0 THEN ALPHA=-SQR(Q) ELSE ALPHA: 60 RSQ=ALPHA*ALPHA-ALPHA*A(K+1,K) 70 V(K 80 V(K+1)=A(K+1,K)-ALPHA 90 FOR J=K+2 TON :V(J)=A(JeK) :NEXT J 100 FOR J=K TON :U(J FOR I=K+1 TON :U/J)=U(J)+A(S,2)*V(I) :NEXT I 102 U(J)=U(5)/RSQ : NEXT J 105 PROD=0:FOR I=K+1 TO N: PROD=PROD+V(I)*U/I): NEXT I 120 FOR J=K TO N :2(J)=U(J)-PROD*V(J)/2/RSQ : NEXT J 120° FOR L=K+1 TO N-1 A(T, K)SA(T,K) :NEXT J =-SQR(Q)*A/K+1,K)/ABS(A(K+1, 130 FOR J=L+1 TO N 140 A(J,L)=A(T,L)-V(L)*2(J)-V(T)*Z(L) 150 A(L,J)=A(J,L) 155 NEXT J 160 A(L,L)=A(L,L)-2*V(L)*2(L) 170 NEXT L 180 A(N,N)=A(N,N)-2*V(N)*Z(N) 190 200 210 220 230 A(K+1,K)=A(K+1,K)-V(K+1)*2(K} 240 A(K,K+1)=A(K+1,K) 250 NEXT K 260 FOR I=1 TO N 270 FOR To N 280 PRINT A(I,J); 290 NEXT J 295 PRINT 300 NEXT I37 ey QR-Algorithm 30. REH gn-Algoritne ‘eigenvalues of the Tridiagonal matrix 30 REM 40 INPUT "The dimension: ":¥ 50 DIM A(N) ,B(N),R(R) ,Q(N) SCN) X(N) DOM) ,¥CM) Z(H) ,C(M) 60 PRINT “The diagonal elements;A(n)* 70 FOR Mel TOW 80 INPUT A(H) 90 Ext 4 100 PRINT “the over diagonal elements;b(n)" 110 FOR I=2 TO N° 120 INPUT B(T) 130 Next T 140 INPUT “tolerance 150 INPUT “max. no. of iterations 170 sutPt=0 180 FOR Kel TO 4 190 TF ABS(B(N)) caTOL THEN LAMDASA(N)+SHIFT :PRINT “eigenvalu 195 IF Ne3 THEN 300 200 FOR Ja3 TO Noi 210 IP ABS(B(J)) <= TOL THEN NEXT J ELSE GOTO 300 230° PRINT "split into:” 235 FOR I=1 TO J-1 :PRINT A(T), :MEXT T 240 FOR 22 TO J-i :PRINT B(I), :NEXT I 245° PRINT "and = 250 FOR 123 TO 6 : I 260 FOR I=J+1 70 N: (NEXT T 270 PRINT 280 __sTOP 300 IF ABS(B(2)) <=TOL THEN LAMDA=A(1)+SHIFT 2 :A(1)=A(2):FOR T=2 70 Ww: 310 REM compute shift 320 Be=(A(N=i)+A(K)) 330 CHA(N)*A(N=1)-B(N)*B(N) 340 D=SQR(B*B-4*C) 350 TP B>0 THEN HU wshift:";SHIFT RINT “aigenvalus (T)2A(141) "ELAMDA: Nee (1)=B( E61) :NEXT T 2*C/(BeD) :MU2=-(B+D)/2 ELSE MUL=(D-B)/2:MUZ=2*C/(D-B ) 360 IF N=2 THEN LAMDAL=MU1+SHIFT: LAMDA2=MU2+SHIFT: PRINT LAMDA1, LAMDAZ: STOP 379 TP ABS(MUL-A(H) ) 178,201 Determinants loaAt 4 cofactor of an element pass ple : a2 differentiation of determinants load Jots : 49 minor of an element peal eee : 41 properties of determinants Clad Gal = : 42 Diagonal matrix Li wyee 2 13,144 Diagonalization hii: 169,186 Diagonally dominant el age 38 Differentiation of a matrix Byer pole : 23 E Eigenvalue problem AAW ei Ue. | 140324 Equivalence Functions of matrices Fundamental matrix properties Gauss-Jordan method Gauss method Generalized eigenvectors Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization Hamilton-Cayley theorem Hermitian matrix skew-Hermitian Hessenberg matrix Householder algorithm Idempotent matrix Il-conditioned system Independent vectors Inner product Integration of matrices Inverse matrix left inverse right inverse Isometry transformation Iterative methods for solving Ax = b Gauss-Seidel method Jacobi method Relaxation method Jacobian matrix Jordan block Jordan form BS ib yall JIy> FLY B ydall we Olay yr — Ups tix -b unser tin b deeall ASL lpr et pl pe dead tee Tat Bye yee tile Aaa 9? B yhaae delim 39 obi Wie Olen Bt re IU pial [155 Bye - Se all Sue oA Soe See beat Ax =b Jb &)\ SSI Gb Jae = cnglr Mb gS tab inl tb Oly Sb Byes Olay SE Ola ge JS OU yal! 69 185 246 248 104 102 174,214, 18 191 9,150 10,150 68,225 158,316 i 267 16 15 2 4,76 81 81 284 106 114,314 109,313, 117,314 243 178 174wbyball J iad K Kahan theorem kroncker product Least squares technique Linear system of equations L-U factorization Matrizant Minimum polynomial Modal matrix Multiplicity Newton method Nilpotent matrix Norm of a matrix Norm of a vector Null matrix Orthogonal matrix Orthogonal vectors Orthonormal vectors Orthonormalization Ostrowski-Reich theorem Pivoting technique Power method OR algorithm Quadratic forms negative definite positive definite oOuls 4 bs SS oe ly At fat ab Bd! Yotall 5 hi _ | cael GS mall oad! 4% al)! % yiall BS tons ple deal B yicall Balas Wi yd Balase Glos BLP ge Olgas dam sit Cy Rael ab ISN ab yl ta jb OR ile ay Sl eel lad WL. Nad dom ya 32 121 39,101,152 275 85,101, 102,106, 123,126 251 196 169 145,206 coe 12 30 = 3,141 21 7 20 121 i 153,315 158,317 a 304 304323 Rank Schwarz inequality Sensitive systems Semi-simple matrix non semi-simple Similarity Spectral radius of a matrix State matrix Stochastic matrices Symmetric matrix skew-symmetric Time invariant systems Time variant systems Trace of a Matrix Transition matrix Transpose of a matrix Triangular matrix Upper triangular Lower triangular Ub yiall 71 21 267 170 174 159,170 121 234 260 8,149 9,150