Introduction To Mathematics (1916)

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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT.
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL SERIES
INTRODUCTION TO
MATHEMATICS
BY
ROBERT
L.
SHORT
PRINCIPAL OF WEST TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL CLEVELAND, OHIO
AND
WILLIAM
H.
ELSON
FORMER SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS

CLEVELAND, OHIO
D.
C.
HEATH &
CO.,
PUBLISHERS
CHICAGO
BOSTON
NEW YORK
Copyright,
1916,
By D.
C.
Heath &
ih6
Co.
AUG 29 1916
CIA438176
INTRODUCTION
This book
of pupils.
is
intended as an aid in the movement to vitalize
it to the needs and the understanding employs the increasingly popular correlated method, combining related portions of arithmetic, algebra, and geometry. It treats these branches of mathematics more with reference to their unities and less as isolated entities (sciences). It seeks to give pupils usable knowledge of the principles underlying mathematics and ready control of them. The combined arrangement not only increases interest and motivates the work, but it also gives greater power of analysis on the part of the learner and greater accuracy in results. The early study of geometry brings analysis into play at every consequently written problems to be stated step and stage have no terrors for those who are taught in this way. Growing discontent with mathematics as traditionally taught, in view of the large number of failing pupils, has led mathematical associations to urge teachers to select and stress those For example, portions of mathematics that are vitally useful. years recommended associations have for several that all these work should be based upon the equation. In accordance with this view we have made the demonstrations in this book largely algebraic, thus making the demonstration essentially a study
mathematics, adapting
It
in simultaneous equations.
In
great
this
method
of treatment,
we have found
it
advantageous
not to hurry the work.
Pupils gain power, not in solving a
many
problems, but in analyzing and thoroughly under-
standing the principles of a few.
In general, the book covers straight line geometry to proportion and algebra through fractional equations it is intended
j
for one year's work.

iii
iv
INTRODUCTION
We are
indebted to
many who have
offered suggestions
and
East
practical problems,
and especially
to Carlotta Greer, of
Technical High School, Cleveland, Ohio, Professor Kenneth G.
Smith, of the Iowa State College, John

Smith, and H. E. Garner, of
Cleveland, Ohio, and also to
W. Thalman,
B. C.
West Technical High School, those who so kindly read the
proof sheets.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BOOK
CHAPTER
I.
I
PAGE
The Number System

Addition
Prime Factors
Oral Control of
II.
Number
Equations
Problems
10
13
.
.
III.
Positive and Negative Numbers
.17
18-29
29
36
The Four Fundamental Operations

Supplemental Applied Mathematics
IV.
....
. .
.
Polynomials, Multiplication
Polynomials, Division
41
Review

V.
Inequalities
Simultaneous Equations Problems Supplemental Applied Mathematics

VI.
.... ....
.
.46
48
54
56
64
66
Lines, Angles, Triangles

VII.
....
Parallels and
.
69 99
Graphs, the Algebra of Lines.

their Uses
Quadrilaterals
103
120
127
.
. .
Polygons
Supplemental Applied Mathematics v
.130
VI
CHAPTER
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
VIII.
Products and Factors

(a
(a
133
+ b)
(a
h)
133 135 137

138 140
142
+ by 2 X + fa; + C Common Factors ax 2 + bx + c

a
3
x*
& + bx +
3
.
c2
.144
148
Solutions by Factoring

IX.
.151
155
Fractions
Multiples
159 160
166 168
Addition
Multiplication
Division
Equations Supplemental Applied Mathematics
....
170
181
X.
Proportion
188
193
List of Constructions
List of
Theorems
194 198
Index
FOR THE TEACHER

Keviews
in mathematics are always necessary.
This
is especially
true in this text, which combines different branches of mathematics.
In teaching the text keep

the principal tool used.
in
mind that
in geometry as well as in
algebra problems are solved by means of equations.
To
use the equation
Hilbert notation, a small letter for

essential.
The equation is method successfully, the angle values and for line values is
In lettering a figure, begin at the lower left-hand corner and read counter-clockwise. This gives pupils an idea of directed lines, and
makes possible the correct drawing of the figure from description. Theorems I and II should be assumed as true until after Theorem IX. If they are then proved, the student will not be so apt to attempt to prove every theorem and problem by superposition. Note that many demonstrations have been put into the form of a set of simultaneous equations, the solution of which produces the
desired equation.
Emphasize the manipulation

the factors
of quantities
the use of methods of indication until there
by means of factors and is no longer hope that

p. 178).
may
disappear through division (see
amount of the work orally, and do it so often that the pupil knows what he is doing, and why he is doing it. No pupil
a large
Do
should use pencil and paper to find prime factors of (24) 2 (12) 6 9 or to find the product of 18 17.
, ,
27,
Insist that pupils study all illustrative
work,
rules,
and instructions
before beginning the examples of an exercise.
Teach pupils to use the Index, also the groups of theorems and constructions found on pages 193-197.
vu
INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICS
CHAPTER
I
The Number System

1.
Our number system
is
a decimal one.
Ten
units of one
One tenth of any digit makes a digit of the next lower order. The digits are 1, 2, All numbers are made up of these digits 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
order
of the next higher.
make one
and
their position is often indicated

0,
by the introduction of one

e.g.,
other symbol,
known
as nought, cipher, or zero;

six l's.
16
is
equal to ten
l's
added to
That
0.
is,
16
= 10 + 6, = two
the
position of the 1 being indicated
by the
The numbers expressed by these

the multiples of other digits.
digits themselves are often

2's,
For example, 4
9
or
2,
where the
indicates multiplication.
= 3-2,
= 3-3.
The numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 are the prime digits. A prime number is a number whose only integral factors are itself and unity.
EXERCISE
Write the following numbers in such a way that their mal composition will appear
1.
deci-
145.
8.
511.
145
2. 3.
= 100 + 40 + 54. 5.
223.
987. 999.
6.
227.
9.
101.
448.
7.
863.
10.
10016.
2
2.
MATHEMATICS
In the product of two or more numbers, any one of them
or the product of any
number
of
them
is
is
a factor of the given
product
= 30.
Then, 2
a factor of 30.
3 or 6
is also a factor of 30.*
3.
A term is
(+)
or
a number whose parts are not separated by the

sign.
plus
minus ( )
In the expression,
10 10
10
4.
is
+6
6
is
a term.
is
also a term.
+6
composed of two terms.
A binomial is an expression of two terms. A trinomial is an expression of three terms. A quadrinomial is an expression of four terms.
expression of two or more terms
is
An
also called a poly-
nomial.
100
5.
+ 60 + 3
is
a trinomial.
It is often necessary to represent a
number by a
letter or
a combination of letters.
Such
letters
may
represent either
unknown numbers
or
those supposed to be knoivn numbers.

is
This kind of notation

E.g.,
used in general arithmetic or algebra.
n may represent any number, likewise any letter or combination of letters and figures may be considered a number. a + b + c is a trinomial number ( 4), or the sum of three numbers a, b, and c. In arithmetic it is possible to express such a sum as a single number.
Thus, 2
+ 5 + 8 = 15.
In algebra, this
is
not possible unless the terms of the expres-
sion are alike or similar.

6.
Similar Terms are terms which differ in their coefficients

e.g.,
only,
x,
x,
x, b
x.
its factors.
* That
is,
a number
is
exactly divisible by each of
THE NUMBER SYSTEM

7.
Any
factor ( 2) of
number
is
the coefficient of the
remaining factors.
Thus, in a
in 2 in 2
sc,
a
2 3
is
the coefficient of
a;,
3,
is
is
the coefficient of
the coefficient of
2
3.
3,
2.
in 2 in 2
in 2
a
a
6,
b is the coefficient of a.
6,
a
2
is
is
the coefficient of 2
6.
6,
is
the numerical coefficient of a

x.
6.
in ax, a
the literal coefficient of
When
the product of a
number
of figures
and
letters is to
be
written, the multiplication sign is usually omitted.
Thus, 2
8.
b is written 2 ab.
2 a
+3a+7
is
a trinomial consisting of similar terms
( 6).
These terms may be united into one term by finding

of the coefficients.
the
sum
Hence,
This. is the
2 a+3 a
+7 a=
+3
ft.
(2
+ 3 + 7)
= 12 a.
when one
finds
same operation
2
ft.
as that in arithmetic
the value of
+7
ft.
= 12
ft.,
and
is
brought
still
closer to arithmetic
when one remembers
that only like numbers can be added.

Similarly,
15 ab
ab
+7
ab
ab,
means
that 3 ab is to be subtracted
from 15
and 7 ab added
to this difference.
Hence,
Ex.
1.
15 ab
ab
+7
ab
= 19
xy
ab.
7 d. 20 xy + 4xy 7 d= (20 ay + 4 xy) 7d = 2xy 7d. Ex. 2. Add 5 a + 3 a& + 4 6 and - 4 a - 2 a& - 4 6
Find the sum of 20 xy
+4
_4
q2
_ +
2 a&
-4
52
a&
MATHEMATICS
EXERCISE
Find the sum of the following
1.
21# +
9a?
4# +
8x. 21a + 9# = 30# 30x-x = 26x 26x + 3x = 29x 29z-8a = 21a.

3x
This work is all to be done mentally, only results of each addition being given.
2. 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
5m 4:m + 6m 2m. 8xy + 3xy 2d. 8 a + 4 b, 4 a - 2 6. 16 a + 8 a& + 5 b 5 a - 3 ab + 2 6 21x + 22xy + 17y - 8x + 2xy - 9y and 7 11 xy 7 y 24a +48a& + 246 - 23a - 47 a + 236*, and a + 2 ab - b 14 c + 21 cd + 10 d - 9 c - 12 c<2 - d and 5 c 9 cd 9 d
2
2
a;
9.
3-19 + 2.19-4-5.19.
3
10.
11.
12.
27
14
41
+ 2 27 - 4 27. 18 + 25 18 - 16 18 - 12 63 - 27 63 - 12 63.
.

18.
13.
Express 27 as a binomial.
If x
is
14.
express the
15.
16.
number
the digit in tens' place and y in units' place, as a binomial.
Express 47 as a binomiaL
Express 648 as a trinomial.
THE NUMBER SYSTEM

17.
5
y,
If hundreds' digit is x, tens'
digit
units'
digit
z,
express the
18.
number
as a trinomial.
If the digits of example 17 are reversed, express the
number.
have considered the decimal phase of our number system the prime factors are of equal importance. The prime factors of 15 are 3 and 5. 45 = 3 3 5 or 3 2 5, where the 2 indicates the number of
9.
;
We
times 3 occurs as a factor.
EXERCISE
1.
Learn the following squares

1
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
,
...30
2
.
2.
Learn the following cubes

1
3
,
3
,
3
,
4, 5
3
,
3
,
3
,
3
,
3
,
10 3 11 3 12 3
,
;
10.
Literal
monomials may be separated into

a3
factors.
Thus,
(ab)(ab) (ab)
Similarly, (2
.
=a
a
a
.
a.
&.
a b
=a
(a6) 8
3) (2
3) (2
3)
= (2
3)
= a3 6 3 = 2 3 33 = 63
.
Ex. Find the prime factors of 225. 225 = (15) 2 = (3.5) 2 = 3 2 .5 2
EXERCISE
4
:
Find the prime factors of the following

1.
2.
3.
18,27,24.
(18) ,(22)
2 2
.
6.
7.
(60)
2
.
484.
(36)
2
.
361,520.
9 3 (27) 2 729.
,
8.
9.
4.
5.
625.
(12)
2
,
(12)
3
.
10.
225
72.
6
11.
MATHEMATICS
An
expression that
is
is
a factor of each of two or

factor of
.
>
more
expressions
Thus,
said to be a
15 a 2 b
common
.
them.
25a*b
10 a 3 c
5, a,
= 3 5 a a b. = &.a-a-b.. =2 5 a a a
.
.
c-
and a are the factors common
to each of the
numbers 15 a 2 b
25 a 2 6, 10 a 3 c
EXERCISE
Find the factors common
1.
2.
to the following
6.
7.
144, 729. 225, 5

(2 a)
3
,
84 s 8, 54 ate,
9.
,
.
4
.
3125 a
243 a
4
5
5
,
625 a 4 125 a3
,
3.
24 a 45
2
,
c.
2
.
8.
9.
2
10
162 a
6,
5
135 6 3
.
4. 5.
75 #
y,
#?/
a b s c% a s b 4 cz\ ab cxr
361 a4 6
12.
38a
6,
114 a8 6 3
10.
75
c%
125 cd\ 224 ad.

factors are there in
is
What
does a2 ?/
?
mean ?
2
How many
the expression
In x
y, let
x = 3, y = 5. What
6
the result ?
EXERCISE
= 0, z = 5, In the following expressions substitute x = 1, = = a 3, 6 4, and compute the value of the result 4 = 3 9 64 = 1728. 1. 3 a W = 3 3 2. 2a#+4/ + 7a; z = 2.1.0 + 4.0 _t-7.r.5 = +35 + = 35.
?/
3.
ax2z.
9.
1
z
-
4.
5.
6.
35a
2/
_6z.
10.
10834 ayz.
,/
+ 5a;
.
7.
8.
+2 2 a(3 6 + 4 2). 7 z(2 a + 5 y).

(5
6)a?.
11.
(y
+ 5a)(y + 5>
12.
(6 a)Xi
THE NUMBER SYSTEM

13
.
7
2
.
(p __
+ y)x.
15.
(3
+ 2 b + 2 z)
_
3b
14.
A=-S.
16
(15 a
2)3 #
13.
The
parenthesis as used in these examples denotes that
the quantities inclosed are each subject to the same operation.
Thus, (x + y)z means that the sum of x and y

plied by
z,
is
to be multiz
or that both x
and y are to be multiplied by
and
the
sum
of the products taken.
(2
i.e.,
+3) 2
indicates that the
sum
the
of 2
and 3
is
to be "squared,"
used twice as a factor.
(a
+ b) + (c + d)
sum
d.
is
read
to the
c
of a
and
b,
or the
sum of c and d is to be added sum of a and b plus the sum of

sum
of c
and
Likewise, (a
is
+ b) (c + d)
indicates that the

b.
\,
and d
to be subtracted
from the sum of a and

( ),
The forms
of parenthesis are
.
the
frrace
is
the bracket
[ ],
and the vinculum
The vinculum
seldom used.
EXERCISE
1.
2.
What
What What
does 12 x 2
mean
does (12 a) 2
does 12 (x) 2
mean?
mean ?
3.
Perform the indicated operations

4.
(18 a
+12 a) +
(5
a+ 2 a).
9.
5(a
+ 3a) - 2(a + 2a).

a-3 a?)] -2 [4(2 a- a)].
5.
6.
(21a+2a)-(6a+3a).
(21a-2a) + (6a-3a).
10.
4[5(a+6a)].
11. 6 [2(5
7.
(21a-2a)-(6a-3a).
3(6a-2)+4(2a?-l).
12. (5
13.
a + 18y) x
- (2 y + 3y).
8.
(8
+ 12y + 15 z) -, (x + 2 y).
MATHEMATICS
Oral Review
The area
rectangles
Length
l.
of a rectangle equals the product of the base
altitude (length
and breadth).
Breadth
and Find the areas of the following
Length
10. 11. 12. 13.
Breadth
*17"
6"
19'
15' 24'
18'
17- 6
= (10 + 7)6 = 60 + 42 = 102.

18'
6'
21'
17'
2.
3.
15'
13'
18"
19'
20'
7"
14.
15.
16.
12"
24"
21"
28'
4.
5.
V
9'
8'
32"
19' 31'
6.
7.
22'
17. 18.
19.
20.
22'
15"
12"
:
106"
115"
106'
12"
15.-
12
= 15 (10 + 2) = 150 +30 = 180.

16'
12'
12"
21'
15'
4'
8.
9.
21.
22.
112'
18"
12"
of a triangle
is
1024'
The area
angles
Base
1.
2.
3.
equal to one half the product of the

tri-
base by the altitude.
Find the areas of the following

Base
6.
7.
Altitude
Altitude
Base
11.
Altitude
16 14
10
7 8
36
18
22
37
18
19
44
46 48
21
12.
13.
25 16
16
24
8. 9.
83
24 15
'
25 32
17
4.
5.
32
24
10
14.
15.
12
10.
21
indicates inches,
indicates feet.
: :
THE NUMBER SYSTEM

The area
pronounced
of a circle is equal to 3.1416 (Abbreviation is
pi)
9
ir,
times the square of the radius.
Indicate the areas of the following circles
(D represents diameter
16.
17.
18.
B, radius
22.
A, area.)
D = 12, A =
= 18, B = 20,A=
72
= 36 ^4 = 7r-18 = 3247T.
7T
7T.
23.
24.
19.
20. 21.
D = 38, A= D = 46, J.= i? = 17, A =

729 841
.
25.
26.
27.
B = 27, A = D = 28, ^L = D = 56, J. = D = 58,A = i2 = 26, ^4 = B = 16, .4 =

is
Find the side of a square whose area

28.
29.
30.
31.
900
441
32.
361
33.
529
is
:
Find the edge

34. 35.
of a cube
36.
37.
whose volume
729
512
64 1331
38.
343 216
39.
The area of a trapezoid is equal to the product of one half the sum of the lower base (B), and the upper base (b), by the
altitude (a).
Find the areas of the following trapezoids
B
40.
a 6
10
5
b
B
41.
42.
a
4
8 15 16
5 8
47. 48.
49. 50.
B
18
a
8
9
18
10
22 24
13 14
9
16 12
13
16 15
14
13 15
11
43.
14
6 8
44.
45.
46.
24 22
15
14
18
51.
52.
17
17
Is there anything unusual about the trapezoids in examples
44 and 45?
CHAPTER
Equations
14.
II
An
equation
is
a statement that two quantities are equal.

is
The
sign of equality
=.
is
Thus, x
15.
+3=5
solve
is
read x plus 3
is
equal to
5.
To
an equation
to find the value or values of
some
letter
involved in the equation which will satisfy the
given equation.
16.
When
a number substituted for some letter in an equasides of the equation identical, the equation
is
tion
makes the
said to be satisfied.
A number which
equation.
satisfies
an equation
is
called a root of the
The number is
also said to be a solution of the equation.
Ex.
Substitute x
+ 3 = 5.
(1)
=2
in the equation.
Then,
2
sides or
+ 3 = 5.
of the equation are the
The two
identical.
members
same or
The number on the left of the sign of equality is called the The number on the right is the second first member or side. member or side. Thus, in x + 3 = 5, x + 3 is the first member,
and 5
17.
is
the second member.

of equations that concern us at present are:
The kinds
The The The

18.
equation of condition.
identical equation or identity.
geometric equation.
An
equation of condition
is
an equation that
is satisfied
only by a definite set of values.

10
EQUATIONS
E.g., in
11
+ 3 = 5,x = 2
is
is
the only value which can be found
for x,
which
a root of the equation.
+3=5
a;
is
therefore
2.
an equation of condition, the condition being that

19.
must equal
An
identity is an equation
which
is
always true for any

it.
specified values of the letters involved in

E.g., 2 a
20.
=a+a
is
true for any finite value of a.

is
The
geometric equation
an equation of two geometric
In general, the algebraic equation ( 18,19) is assumed to be true, and if its roots satisfy it the statement of equality
figures.
is verified.
The geometric equation must usually be proved
to be true ( 70).
21.
The operations used
in equations are largely those of
addition, subtraction, multiplication,

22.
and
division.
set
of
The laws governing the use of these operations are a statements assumed to be true, and known as axioms.
The Axioms
If the same number, or equal numbers, be added
to
23.
1.
equal
numbers, the resulting numbers will be equal,

2.
If the same number, or equal numbers, be subtracted from
equal numbers, the resulting numbers will be equal.

3.
If equal numbers be multiplied by the same number, or If equal numbers be divided by the same number, or equal
the resulting
equal numbers, the resulting numbers will be equal.

4.
numbers,
to divide
5.
6. 7.
8.
numbers
will be equal.
It is not allowable
by
0.
Any number Any number Any number
equals itself
equals the
is
sum of all
its
parts.
parts.
greater than any of
its
Two numbers which
are equal to the same number, or to
equal numbers, are equal.
12
MATHEMATICS
The Use
of
Axioms
24.
Ex.
1.
Solve 2 x
+ 3 = 9.
of the equation (Ax. 2).
Subtract 3 from each
member
2z 2x
or
= 9-3. = 6. = 3.
x
in the given equation.
Divide each
member by
2 (the coefficient of x) (Ax. 4).
Then,
To
verify this root, substitute 3 for
2-3 The equation

is satisfied,
9.
is
hence 3
a root.
Ex.2.
Solve
y+H=ll + ^. *
6
3
Multiply both members of the equation by
6,
the L. C. M. of the
denominators (Ax.
3).
or
6 2/+ 11
= 42/ +
=15.
15.
Subtract
4y from each
side (Ax. 2).
Then,
2?/+
11
Subtract 11 from each side (Ax. 2).
Then,
2y
= 4.
=
2.
<7i'ue?i
Divide both sides by 2 (Ax. 4)
And,
Verify by substituting y
2 in the
equation.
2+n=M. 2
6 3
Simplify each member.

12
+
6
U = 8 + 15
6
Hence, 2
is
a root of the equation.
EXERCISE
Solve the following equations and verify each root:

l.
2y
+ 7y + 3 = 12.
2.
5a>
+ 7 = 3a + rr.
_
EQUATIONS
3
-
13
^-1^ T- = 3-2A6x + -=2x
4a;
6. 4.
+
2
~-
(Ax.) + 2 =6. 8z + 2-3z = 4z + 4. 6m + 4 = 3m + 3 6.
'
+
5
'
V+
10.
+4
+ 20
^+^+4=
7a
4
11.
__ 11.
5a = 3
10
,
a 4
r-
r>
12.
6a
2
8a_,6_5a
y 19
13.
m+9
3
5m
=
m
2
..
,,
'
2
,
14
-
_.
R 6R 8R -T-2i +
u=^
OH
4
3R + 3 Q
.
15.
? + f_5 + l = ? + 3i. 6 2 4 6 3 3
X
OX 8^4
.
16.
4-^- -4-
jr>."^ 8 12
17.
*
9.
= 13. + T ?+? 3 A
18
E+
7
^ = 21.
14
7
n 7 9 2
19.
?^ +
3 3
^+
X
= + 14.
a;
i
20
OX
-
-l"
q + o-^"8 = 3 i.
OX
14
21.
MATHEMATICS
The sum
two numbers Find the numbers.
of
is 9,
and one
is
twice the
other.
Let
and
Then,
or
= the smaller number = the greater number. 2 x + x = the sum of the numbers. 9 = the sum of the numbers. 2x + x = 9 (Ax. 8), 3 x = 9. x = 3, the smaller number. 2 x = 6, the greater number.
x
2x
22.
The
is
difference
between
greater
23.
four times the lesser.
two numbers is 24, and the Find the numbers.

greater
is
The sum of two numbers is 48, and the four more than the lesser. Find the numbers.
24.
number
is
composed of two
(Exercise
four times as great as units' digit,

is 10.
The and the sum

digits.
2,
tens' digit is
of the digits
Find the number.
Ex. 14.)
composed of two digits. The tens' digit is three times the units' digit, and the number is 54 more than the sum of the digits. Find the number.
25.
number
is
The distance around a rectangle is 120'. The length of the Find the dimensions. rectangle is 10' more than the breadth.
26.
q
v
27.
Two
8',
rectangles
each have an
is
alti-
tude of
the
sum
of their areas
256,
\
yi "
29.
is
and Find length of
the difference of their lengths

each.
is 12'.
\
b
In a triangle ABC the area is 24, the Find the base (b). altitude (a) is 8.
28.
10'
Each of two rectangles has an altitude of 12'. One base more than the other, and the sum of the bases is 25'.
Find area of each.

30.
is 28'.
The sum of the bases of two triangles of equal altitude One base is 9' more than the other. The area of the
is
smaller
GO square
feet.
Find area of larger.
EQUATIONS
31.
15
;
In a trapezoid
ACDE, the area is 120

;
the lower base
B is
four times the upper base b

32.
the altitude
is 8.
Find the
bases.
to
The sum of the angles of a triangle is equal 180. The angle at A is 20 more than the
angle at B, and 50 more than the angle at C.
/
Z C is
\
equal
Find the angles.

In the triangle ABC, Z A is twice Z B, and Find the angles. to the sum of Z A and Z 12.
33.
34.
The sum
of
times the other.

35.
two numbers is 48 and one number is four Find the numbers. (Solve mentally.)
number, plus one third of the number,
If one half of a
plus one twelfth of the
number equals
eleven,
what
is
the
number
3.6.
Three
fifths of
a number, plus five thirds of the number,
minus ber?
37.
six fifths of the
number equals 4 T"t.

amount
of
What
is
the
numgives
father has a certain

to his son.
money and he
half of
left
it
Later he gives him half of what he has
and then takes back half of all he has given him, leaving the boy $ 1.87^-. How much money did the father have at
*
first?
In the following examples determine whether they are identities
If
is
or conditional equations, by substituting values for you find more than two values that satisfy the equation, an identity.
x.
it
38. 39. 40.
x*-6x + 9=(x-3)(x-3).
41.
42. 43. 44.
+ 12x = x(x4-12). a - 9= + 3)0-3). x -10x + 25 = x + 8x + 16. (x + 7)0 - 3) = x (x + 4) - 21. x - 8 x - 20 = x (x - 8) - 20. x (x - 8) - 20 = (x - 10)O + 2

x2
2
2
2
)-
16
45. 46.
MATHEMATICS
47.
48.
49.
50.
-9x + 7 = Sx -x-S. 4 x - 12 x + 9 = (2 - 3) (2 x - 3). 6z -2a+4 = 2a + 10a-5. 5# + 6a;+4 = (5a 2)(a? + 4). x - 12 + 36 = (x - 6) + 36a; + 81 =(aj + 9) + 9).
4:X2
2 2
aj
aj
a;
(a?
CHAPTER
Positive and Negative Numbers.
III
The Four Fundamental
Operations
25.
Positive and Negative Numbers.

it is
In addition to the numnecessary in algebra to
bers thus far used in computation,
extend the idea of number somewhat farther.
In many prob-
lems the numbers involved seem to have an opposite sense.
For example: If a
opposes the $ 500.
direction to that in are opposites.
sites.
man
If a
has $500 and owes $300, the $300
man
is
is
walking
is
east,
the opposite
which he
going
west.
North and south
Temperatures above and below zero are oppothis sense of opposition, positive
(
To express
+)
and
negative
the right
( )
is
signs are used in mathematics.
E.g., if
toward
then toward the

is
left is
If north is con-
sidered positive, south

are
negative.
If assets are
+,
liabilities
exercise
9
1.
AC
units to the left of
D B
how
far is
it
If
D is
four units to
the right of 0, and C two from C to D ? Does that 0, mean to you the difference between the positions of point O and point D? If A is 3 units from 0, and B is +5 units from 0, what is the distance from A to B ?
2.
A man
has $ 600 and owes $ 300.
How much
is
he
worth ?
3. 4.
A man has $ 500 and owes

A man
?
$ 700.
has $500 and owes

17
How much is he worth ? $500. How much is he
worth
18
5.
MATHEMATICS
Where on
the Cleveland- Wooster railway line
is
a place
10
6.
miles north of Cleveland ?
A man
goes 5 miles north of Cleveland, then 9 miles

miles north of Cleveland
is
south.
How many
he
How
many
7.
miles has he traveled ?
Draw
a diagram showing his
route and his last position.

If to the right is positive,
Call this point B.
Measure
respect to
measure + 6" from a point A. 9" from B. Call this point D.
Where
8.
is
D with
in
A?
b
2 s
Translate into English (a2
Write
symbols
The square
of (a)
of the result of the quo-
tient of the
9.
sum
and
(6)
by
2.
The temperature
it
at 6.00 a.m. is
+ 14
morning
grows colder
at the rate of 4
and during the an hour. Required
the temperatures at 9 a.m., at 10 a.m., and at noon.

10.
5,
Find the numerical value of the following, when a a*b_atf c = 2, d = 4

2c2
= 3,
'
11.
Translate into English
f^L+l\
Write in symbols
the cube of the result of subtracting

a.
the square of b from the square of

12.
Find the numerical value of the following, when x

\:
= \,
= ,z =
4x*+(3y-2zy.
Addition
26.
In 8,
instance the
we found the sums of similar terms, but in each sum was positive. A negative sum may arise from
For instance,
exercise 9,
the addition of a positive and a negative number.

in
example
6,
we
are adding
9 miles to
5 miles.
The
result is
to
4 miles.
That
is,
the addition
of a negative
number
a iiositive number tends
to lessen the
numerical value
FOUR FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS

of the sum, annul
it,
19
If a
liabil-
or change
it
from
positive to negative.
man
has $400 and owes $400, the

If he has
sum
of his assets
and
$400 and owes $700, the sum of his That is, he owes $ 300 more assets and liabilities is $ 300. than he has assets. The sum of two negative numbers is negaities is 0.
tive.
It is seen in these results that

is
when
the
sum
of a positive
and a negative number
found, the result takes the sign of
the greater absolute value.

27.
sign.
28.
The
absolute value of a
number
is its
value regardless of
6
it
For example, the absolute value of

If
is 6.
no sign
is
placed before a number
is
regarded as
positive.
negative sign must never be omitted.
EXERCISE
Find the sums of the following
1.
:
10
+5 +3
3 a 2 and
7 ab,
2.
+5 -3
3.-5 +3
4.-5 -3
5.
4a
2
.
6.
7.
8. 9.
*10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
5 ab. 8 a, 5 a. 9 -6 a - 3 a - 12 a - 5 a 3 a, 5 a, + 6 a, 4 a. 7 a 4.x, +3 a + 2 x, + x. 12a?y, <6xy x y, -2x y, + 11 xy 15a - 15a + 15x, + 5x - 5x, - 9x>, - 9a - 9a. 2a + + 4z, a 3y 2z. 4:X + 3y 5 (a + 6), - 2 (a + 6), 6 (a + b), - 9 (a + V).
2
z,
?/
* Write similar terms ( 6) in the same column. Make as many columns as you have different kinds of terms, forming the whole into one problem, by usiug + and signs. (See example 2, 8.)
20
15.
MATHEMATICS
4 (x
y)
3 (x
y),
3 (x
y)
+
+3
2 (x
y),
2(x
+ ^y-,i 2 18. fa- fft + fc, T \a-i&-fc, -fa + Jft-^c. Find the value of the following sums when x = ^, y = + \ z = ,a = -2,c = ,b = 2: 19. | a + i 6 +a \b %c, 5a f 6 + 2 20. 2(a + 6) - 3(6 - c) + (a - 6), - 500(a + b) + 5(6 - c) + (a - 6). 21. 5xy 5 x y 5 \ xy + a 22. 7(a + 2y)-7(a>-2y), - 31(s + 2y) + f(s- 2y). 23. 12yz 8xy + \a + %bc. 24. f a f 6 + f +f a--i-6 + 25c.
i
+ y) + (x-2y). - 6 (a + 6) + 1, - 5 16. 2 (a + (a + 6) + 2. (a + bf 17. 2 a,- I?, + |aj + | y

2
ft)
(a
b)
(a
+ b) .
6,
2,
_^
__ |aj
c,
c.
a??/
-|
?/.
c,
In each of the following examples, add corresponding members of the two equations to find x
:
25.
x+y= xy=
2a?
8,
4:.
When
is
found, can you find y ?
26.
#
27.
+ 3y = 8, 3y 5
2,
.
Find y
also.
4z-2?/=
3
a:
+ 2 y = 12
Find y
also.
Verify your results in examples 25-27 by substituting the values found for x and y in the given equations.
28.
Subtraction
29.
(a)
(b)
What number added What number added
to 9 gives 7 ?
to 9 gives 11 ?

(c)
21
(d)
What number added What number added
to 9 gives
to 9 gives
12
In each of the above examples we have the sum of two numbers and one of the numbers given to find the other number.
The Minuend is the sum of two numbers. The Subtrahend is a given number. The Difference is a required number when the minuend and
subtrahend are known.
Subtraction
is
the process of finding
what number added
to
the subtrahend produces the minuend.
In example
the difference.
(a), 7 is the
minuend, 9
is
the subtrahend,
2
and
In subtraction, the
sum
of the subtrahend
the difference must equal the minuend.

to check our result.
This fact enables us
EXERCISE
1.
11
Subtract
from
5.
Here 5 is the sum of the numbers. problem is What number added to dently 8. That is, the difference is 8.
:
is
3 gives
one of the numbers. Our This number is evi5.
Check
+ (
3)
= sum 5 = sum
of the
numbers. of the numbers.
The written work stands
-3
8
2.
From
8a
take 5 a
- 8a
+ 5a -13 a
Perform the following subtractions
3.
:
7x2y -3arV
4.
25 x
5.
13 x
6.
25x
-13x
7.
13a
25x
+25x -13 a
22
8.
9.
MATHEMATICS
From
13 ab
take 24 ab.
take a
From a
+b+c
b2
c.
(Note that there are three subtraction examples in this example, one
for each column.)
10.
11.
12.
13. 14.
15.
16.
2y + z from 10 x y 3 Subtract 2 a 3 a + 1 from 5 a 3 a 1. Subtract 10 a + 5 ab - 9 6 from 2 a - 10 a& + 8 b\ From x + 3 a 3 x + 1 take a + 2 + 2 + 1. From x* + 3 a + 3 + 1 take x - 3 + 3 x - 1. From a + 2ab + b take a - 2 ab + &
Subtract
8x
z.
-f-
2 a?
a;
a?
2 a?
From
From
2
ir
take 5
2
?/
.
17.
18.
- 5 x + 4 take 12 - 9. From 3x take - 4.x + 3x - 2x + l.

6 a2
2
2 o;
19.
20.
Subtract a from
0.
Subtract 9 x 2
+9y+9
from
0.
Note that in each of the above examples the difference is the same as if we had changed the sign of the subtrahend and added the result to the minuend.
We may then use the

the sign
tion,
following rule for subtraction.
Change
of each term of the subtrahend and proceed as in addi{The change of sign must be made mentally.)
EXERCISE
1.
2.
12
?/
What must
From x 2
be added to 9 x
take x 2
2
+9 +9
2
to give
4 x + 4. 3. From the sum of a + 2ab + b and a - 2a6 + * the difference between a + 2 ab + b and a 2 ab +
+4x+4
2
a
ft
take
b'
*In this text the difference between a and by subtracting b from a.
means
the remainder obtained
23
+ a b + ab + 2 3 from the sum + 3 ab + 6 and a - 3 a & + 3 ab - b\ 5. Subtract x + 3 x 4 from

4.
Subtract 2 as
3 3
fr
of a 3
+3a&
2
ft
6.
7.
Subtract 6
+c
-
from
7a
a.
Subtract 4 ft 2
-9
[6
from
2
0.
ft
8.
9.
What
[5
3
ft
shall
(3
we add
to 7
ft
+ 2)] -
3
a;
12 + 5 to + (4 -11)].
ft
produce
In examples of this tvpe perform the indicated operations

one at a time, beginning with the inner parenthesis.
tract 3
ft
First sub-
+2
from 5 ft3 then add 4 x 11 to 6 ft3

,
This gives
[5^_3ft-2]-[6ft + 4
3
ft-11].
first,
Subtracting the second trinomial from the
we have
Translate each example into English before solving

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
+ (4 a + 1)]|. [12ft - {-7ft - (5 + 6 ft- 3)}]. [6 (5 a + 3) + 5 (2 a + 7)] -(6 a + 53). [25 m - (2 m + 3)] - [- 10 m - (6 m - 7)]. - (3 - 3 xif - f)~\ - + (- 3 x y + 3 - )]. (12 a + 3 6 + 2 c) - (5 a - 2 b + 6 c) - (10 a - b - 6 c).
{5a
2
[2 a
ft
[ft
2 ft ?/
[ft
ft?/
1/
4(*
+ y)-[6(aj-y)] + (a?-2y).
is 1,
17.
There are two numbers,

difference
whose
By
whose sum is 17 and x being the greater number. Find the

ft
and
y,
numbers.
the conditions,
+y=
2x =
x
2 y
17
1
(1)
(2)
x-y =
Adding
(1)
and
(2),
18
= 9.
16.
8.
Subtracting (2) from (1),
= y =
24
18.
MATHEMATICS
Given two numbers, x and
first is
y,
such that the second num-
ber added to twice the
equal to 12, and the difference

is 8.
between twice the
first
number and the second number
Find the numbers.

19.
5x + 2y = 19,
5x 2y = ll
.
(1)
(2)
Find x and
y.
20.
21.
+ 3 y = 16, a?-3y=-14 2x +3y = 17, 3.y= 14.

x
a?
(1) (2)
(1)
(2)
After x
is
found,
obtain the
(1).
value for y by substituting the value of x in equation

22.
Find the value of the difference between 5 a?+ 3 x?y5a 2

a?
and 2
3xy 2a
2
2
,
when x
= 5, y = %, a = 3.
Multiplication
30.
In addition we learned that

5
+ 5 + 5 + 5 = 5.4 = 20
Also that
(a positive
5)
+ (- 5) + (- 5) + (- 5) = (- 5)(4) = - 20.
is
This last shows that the product of a negative number by
number
e.g.,
negative.
In arithmetic,
are used,
it
does not matter in what order the factors
5-3
= 3-5.
this
We
That
shall
assume that
Then,
law holds true in algebra.
(-5)
(4)
=(4) (-5)= -20.
is,
the product of a positive

It
is negative.
number by a negative number seems then that multiplication by a negative
number
gives to the product a sign opposite to that of the
multiplicand.
Ex.
(-8).
(-5)=
+40.

31.
25
These rules for signs follow:
The product of two numbers of like sign is positive. The product of two numbers of unlike sign is negative.
32.
Since division
;
is
the inverse of multiplication, the same
sign rules hold
namely,
have
like signs, the quotient is positive;
When
the terms
when
unlike, the quotient is negative.
Division
may
be regarded as an application of the method
of subtraction.
Ex.
Divide 28 by
7.
This is equivalent remainder less than
to successively subtracting 7 until

7
no remainder or a
remains.
28-7 = 21, 21-7=14,

Which shows
or that 7
is
14-7 =
7,
7-7=0.
that 7
is
contained in 28 four times without a remainder,
an integral factor of 28.
Regarding division as the inverse of multiplication is the more general method. With this understanding we have the
following definitions.
33.
Division
is
the process of finding one of two factors

given.
when their product and one of the factors are The Dividend is the product of the factors. The Divisor is the given factor. The Quotient is the required factor.
It is evident
from these definitions that the product of the

is
divisor
by the quotient
equal to the dividend.
By
the use
of this principle the accuracy of the result of the division
may
be verified.
Give sign rules for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and

division.
26
MATHEMATICS
EXERCISE
13
(first
Find the product of the following

of the product)
1. 2.
3.
determine the sign
(4)(-3).
4.
5. 6.
(-9)(4).
(-9)(-8).
(+10)(+10). (_10)(-10). (-7)(+9).
Find the following quotients

7.
(+12)
(-15)
+ (+4).
-5-
10.
11.
(-20)-f-(-4).
8. 9.
(-12)-*- (-3).
(-112) -(16).
(144)
-s-
(+5).
12.
(-18).
is 17.
13.
The area
of a rectangle is 212, the base
Find the
altitude.
The area of a triangle is altitude. Can you construct the

14.
180, the base
is
20.
Find the
15.
is
The area
of a rectangle
is
Why ? What 24, the altitude is 4.

triangle ?
?
the base ?
How
do you account for these negative results

( 25.)
Draw
34.
this rectangle.
In multiplication
is
it is
convenient to show the number of
times a quantity
used as a factor by means of a symbol

to be
placed at the right and above a quantity.
This symbol showing to what power the number

raised
is
is
the exponent of the number.
Ex.
1.
x x x

= a?.
(2 x)(2 x)(2 x)(2 x)
= (2 x) = 16 x\
4
Similarly, x x
n factors
xn
Ex.
2.
x2 x A
=x
'
x x x x x
=x
e
.
And
xn x m
= (x x x n factors) (x-x>x m = x-X'X--m + factors = x m+n *

factors)
7i
Then
in multiplying
two
like letters
give to their product an
exponent equal to the sum of their exponents in multiplicand and multiplier.

*
...
is
read, " and so on to."
27
combining the factors of the multiplicand and multiplier into one product e.g., 12 18 means (2 2 3) (3 2 2) or 2 3 3 3 the product containing all the factors Similarly, 24a 2 6-15a3 of both multiplicand and multiplier.
see that multiplication is simply
;
We
=
35.
23
a2
a3
=2
3
.
32
a5
= 360 a b.
5
Since division
is
the inverse of multiplication, the exthe reverse of that in multiplication.
ponent rule for division
is
In dividing a letter by the same letter having the same or a

different exponent, give to the quotient
an exponent equal to
the exponent of the dividend minus the exponent of the divisor.
Ex.
1.
Divide Xs by x2
X2
=X
X.
Then, (x x x)
-4-
(x x)
= ,
~
.
or
When
Ex.
x 3 -T- x 2 = x s 2 = x 1 the exponent is 1, it is not expressed.

-r-
Thus, x s
2.
x2
x.
Divide a15 by a12

15
a 12
a 15-12
a3
EXERCISE
14
Find the following indicated products

(Translate each example into English before solving.)
1.
2. 3.
x5 -x\
8.
(12
a sb
c )
(-4 c ).
5
.
15 x 2
5 Xs
9.
a4 b 2
8m-
18
m\
10.
-15
a2 6 2
21 a z b\
13).
A
4.
5. 6. 7.
(15a) 3 (2a).
(a?
11.
12.
&).
(- 13 a2 b 6c)((18
c
3
+ y)
(a5
12(a
+ 6)
+ y). 3(a +
d)(- 19
d 2).
5
13.
14.
2 (27 ab xy)(- 14
6c).
_19(a-6) 4 .15(a-6r.
(-
21 afy*)(- 21 afyV).
::
28
15.
MATHEMATICS
.
What power of 12(a + b) by 12(a + 5) 2 by 12(a + 6) 3 2 is in your product? What power of 3? What power of What then are the prime factors of your product ? (a + b) ? Indicate the prime factors of these products
16. 17.
(18a3 6 4 )(18a& 2).
18.
19.
20.
- 24 p g r) ( - 2p g r) 32(a + x) by 64(a + a) 27 (c + df by 9(c + d) 125(a by 25(a 2 4 2
6
.
2
.
?/)
?/)
Find these quotients and verify your

21.
22.
results
x8 -r-x5 xA +-x.
27.
28.
729
(c
cV
i0
-s-
9 ex 8
(c
23. 24.
72 x6
-5-
9 x\
.
29.
d) 27 (a +
a5 b 3 c 2
-rs
d)\
2
.
b)
~ 9(a + 6)
441 a6 -4-21 a3
3
302
-*-
a 2 bc.
25.
26.
(_24^ )-(-3^ ).
(576a 7 6 4)--(-24a5 6 2).
31.
2 5 .5 3 -3 2 -f-2 2 .5.3.
Are examples 30 and 31 similar

32.
. .
Divide 5 4 3 5 2 4 a 7 6 by 5 3 2 4 a 7 6 y. Factor the dividend and divisor. Then divide as in
ex-
ample 32
33.
162 xAy
~ 54 xy35.
34.
135
cV
4
*
3
15 cx\
36.
is
The area
of
- 210 a^yV -* - 14 x a rectangle is 128 + y)(c + d),

?/
.
(a;
its altitude
if
8(c
+
y
cT).
What
d=4*
is
its
base
What
artyc
2
,
are its dimensions
x = l,
37.
= 2,
c= -3?
its
if
The area
its base.
of a rectangle is 384
altitude
aj
is
16# 2c.
Find
What
are its dimensions
= 2, y = 1,
c= 2?
Also if a? = 2, y = l, c = 2? Draw these rectangles, measuring from the same starting point for each.

38.
29
is
The base
of a triangle
Find the
c
altitude.
What
_ i? =
3
243 aV. are the dimensions when a = 3,

is
,
27 a3 cA the area
36.
Give the sign rules for addition, subtraction, multipli-
cation, division.
Give the exponent rules for multiplication and division.

A decimal fraction
of 10.
is
a fraction whose denominator
is
a power
This denominator
may
be written, or simply expressed
by the
that
relative position, of the decimal point.

5.
2
The
2's
factors of
5's,
10 are 2 and
is,
The
-5\
factors of 100 are
two
-5
3
.
and two
100
=2
Likewise 1000
=2
Every power of
5's
10
is
made up
of
an equal number of
2's
and
used as fac-
tors.
Therefore, to reduce a
common
fraction to & pure decimal
one must multiply both numerator and denominator by such
number
Ex.
q
as will produce
an equal number of 2 and 5 factors
only in the denominator.

1.
= -2
2.
Reduce f to a decimal. Two 5's are lacking. Multiplying both numerator and denominator by 52 or 25, we have -^ or, expressed decimally,
,
.75.
Ex.
Reduce
to .1875 a
.1875
common
2*-5
fraction:
= 1^ = ^= A. 4
2-5*
16
3.
Reduce
to decimals
\ f ^,
y
,
%, |, |f'
4.
A
;
.0625
machinist has a set of drills marked .1250; .9375; .8750. He does not recognize them as .3125 .03125
;
;
readily as
if
they were in 8ths, 16ths, 32ds, 64ths.
Reduce
decimal
them
5.
to such notation.
Reduce the following

:
sizes
of
drills
to
their
equivalents
19-16.
1-8, 3-32, 3-16, 5-16, 7-16, 9-16, 11-16, 13-16,
30
In
all
MATHEMATICS
computation in science and shop practice the decimal plays an important part.
Whether multiplication and division is carried on directly or by means of tables, the computer must know at a glance where
the decimal point
is
to be placed.
Multiplication of Decimals
Decimals are multiplied as simple numbers if one remembers the decimal composition of our system and the part the position of the digit plays in the formation of a number. In 145, and exercise the times 1 1 100 the value it would have has 1, if written in units' column where the 5 now is. The 4 has ten times the value it would have if in units' column. Then, multiplication by a digit in hundreds' column has 100 times the effect of multiplication by the same number in units' column. A similar statement holds for digits in tenths' and hundredths' columns, each move to the right decreasing the value of a digit
ten times.
In multiplication we begin at the Ex. 6. Multiply 24 by 36.

24
36
left.
720
144
864
We
units'
multiply
first
by
3.
Since this figure
is
in tens
column,
it
has ten
times the value of a figure in units' column, and our product moves one
place to the
left.
That
is,
we
are really multiplying by 30 units.

is
The
column, not the decimal point,

7.
the dividing line.
Ex.
Multiply 23.2 by
2.4. 23.2
2.4
46.4
9.28
65.68
31
Always keep the decimal points in the same vertical column. When multiplying by 4, the multiplier was one place to the
right of units,
and the product y1^ as large as the product by the same figure if in units' place. This shifted our product, 9.28,
one place to the right.
Always begin
multiplication at the
left.
Find the following products

8.
9.
17
26.
14.
17. 18. 19.

20.
(2.7) (.27) (.09)
2
.
26.
.6425 (.0125).
324 324
216
-
2
.
How much
is
multiplying
ex-
10.
11.
324.
36.
3
.
necessary in
24.21 (.32).
ample
is
27, if the result
12.
9 2 (3.1416).
21.
22.
1.875
1.875
16.2.
correct
to
?
three
13.
14.
15. 16.
16 2 (3.1416).
-
1.62.
decimal places
27.
28.
24-62.5.
(.8)3.
(.92).
23.
1.875 (.162).
18.75 (1.62). 1.112 (.99).
4.261 (.7854).
24.
25.
32.15 (.625).
(1.2)3.
Division of Decimals
Here we must reverse our work of multiplication. The first figure of the divisor and its distance from units' column determine the position of the decimal point with respect to the first
figure of the quotient.
tens'
If the first figure of the divisor
is
in
column, the quotient will be ten times as small (or one
tenth as
much)
as if the divisor were units.
The
first figure of
the quotient therefore

figure of the dividend.
moves one place
to the right of the first
Ex.
29.
Divide 144. by 72.

02.
72.
|
144.
144.
Note that
fore a zero
is
7 is
not contained in
1,
the
first
figure of the quotient; there-
written for the
first figure of
the quotient.
Since this zero
32
is
MATHEMATICS
an integer,
it
to the left of
has no value and

first
may be
disregarded.
Until
the beginner has the placing of the

this zero
figure of the quotient well in
mind,
should be employed.
30.
Ex.
Divide 324. by
18.
18.
18.
324.
18
144.
144.
Ex.
31.
Divide 2.446 by
3.2.
0.76
3.2
2.446
2.24
.206 .192
.014
Ex.
32.
Divide 2.446 by
.32.
07.6
32
2.446
2.24 .206
.192
.014
Ex.
33.
Divide 2.446 by 32.

.076
32.
2.446
2.24
.206 .192
.014
Note that the position of the

the position of the
first figure
first figure
of the divisor alone controls
of the quotient.
Find the following quotients.

the quotient
is
(Use three decimal places
if
not exact.)

34.
35.
36.
33
31.5 -=-24,6.
6.4-5-1.6.
44. 45.
251.328-5-3.1416.
442
-5-
.09.
6.4
6.4
-f-. 16.
46.
2.24-5-22.4.
37.
38.
-.016.
47.
48.
361.
-s-=-
.19.
.23.
6.4-5-16.
5.29
39.
.225-5-15.
.225-5-1.5.
49. 50.
51.
7.29-5-2.7.
40.
7.29
-5-
.27.
41. 42.
43.
.225
-5-
.15.
-5-
.0289-5-1.7.
109.624
3.86.
52.
53.
first figure in
.0289
-5-
.17.
125.664-5-3.1416.
.0289-5-17.
Locate by inspection the
each of the following
(Remember that the number of places in the quoquotients. tient does not in any way depend upon the number of figures in the divisor.) The position of the first figure in the divisor is
all
that one needs consider.
For example, in dividing 8.432694 by .3419768321, the first figure 2 takes the same position as if we were dividing by .3, namely, in tens' column.
2
.
.3419768321
54.
8.432694
60.
48.36579-5-4.6293251.
34.76-5-38,
55.
56.
4.836579
4.836
.2793 .2793
-s-
-s-
4.6293251764.
61.
.026947321 -- .41976384.
4.6293251764847.
.217398.
62. 63.
.178643791
.243
-*-
-5-
2.9.
57.
58. 59.
-5-
.0986432791.
.986432791.
-5-
.0217398.
64.
65.
2.43
-5-
31.84-5-309.7.
.0243-5-9.864327915.
66.
is
Multiply 16346.2' by .00019, and show that the product
in miles.
67.
Divide 3 cubic feet by .00058, and show that the quotient
is
cubic inches.
34
68.
MATHEMATICS
Rolled oats requires If hours cooking on a range. If a tireless cooker is used, 15 minutes cooking on the range is sufficient.
by using the tireless cooker, if 8.6 cu. ft. of gas per hour are consumed by a gas burner, gas costing 76^ per thousand cubic feet ?
fuel is saved
69.
How much
Wheatena, or cream of wheat, requires f hours cooking
on a range, or 15 minutes cooking on a range for a fireless How much fuel is saved by using the fireless cooker, cooker. gas burner and price same as in Ex. 68 ?
70.
Corn meal mush should be cooked

if
for three hours on a

is
range, or for 15 minutes
a tireless cooker
tireless
used.
How
much
71.
fuel is saved
by using a
cooker
Uncooked
of rice
rice contains
79
carbohydrates, while boiled

lost
rice contains 24.4
%.
How much carbohydrate is
from one
pound
72.
by boiling ?
Eice boils in 20 minutes, using a gas burner consuming Steamed rice is cooked on the same burner for 5 minutes, and on the simmering burner for 45
8.6 cubic feet per hour.
minutes, the latter consuming 3.6 cubic feet per hour.

is
What
the difference in the cost of cooking ?

73.
calls for
Rice swells 3f times by boiling. If a recipe for pudding one quart boiled rice, how much uncooked rice should
?
be used
In the following equations solve for x and verify the root found
:
74.
75.
76. 77.
78.
4 = 7 x + 16. 5x- $ + 2x = x -32. 2 x a = 5 a. 2x a = b. 3x 2b + x a = a + 2x.

2x
79.
l-5 2
_5 + l,-=-2a> + 5$.
2
;

80.
35
4^-3^ + ^-1 = ^-2.
8i.
?_10_2i = iX-14If + 2*.

a;
o
82.
one and one half times its width. If three feet is taken from the length and three feet is added to the width, the room will be square. Find its diof a
is
The length
room
mensions.
The sum of one third, one fourth, and one fifth of a number is 17 more than one half the number. Find the
83.
number.
84.
The
is
distance around a rectangle
is
22-|
yards.
The
2\ yards more than the width. yards in the rectangle.

length
Find the square
CHAPTER IV
Polynomials.
37.
Multiplication of Polynomials
Polynomial by Monomial.
Review multiplication
rule
for
of
monomials, 31-34.
Give
sign
multiplication.
Give exponent rule for multiplication.

addition.
38.
Give sign rule for
Illustrate each.
In
34,
monomial.
We
we found the product of a monomial by a shall now extend multiplication to cover any
number
of terms.
A polynomial is simply a sum of monomial terms. Hence, to multiply a polynomial by a number is to multiply each of its terms by that number, and find the sum of these
products.
Ex. Multiply 5 a 2 + 3 ax
5 a2
.
by 2
a.
2 a
10 a 3
3 ax
-
2 a
= =
6 a 2x,
-x .2a=-2 ax2
2
Then,
2 (5 a
+ 3 ax - x2 )
(2 a)
10 a 3
6 a 2x
2 ax 2
The work should be written
in the following
form
5 a2
+
-f
3 ax
2
x2
2 ax 2
2a
10 a 3
6
a'
Begin multiplication at the
left.
EXERCISE
Find the following products.
36
15
(Perform the numerical multi-
plication mentally, writing results only.)
MULTIPLICATION OF POLYNOMIALS
7a + 3ab + 2b 5a
2
37
2
3.
-4.x 2
+ 2xz-5z
2
6x
4.
2.
m -3 cm + y
2
14 ad + 15 a d + 17
2
2c3 v
5.
-13a
18x2 -17a3y-242/2
12 a4
6.
In example
5,
substitute x
= l, y = 2
in your multipli-
cand, multiplier, and product.
Is the result
what you might
expect?
Any example
ple 6.
7.
in multiplication
may
be checked by substitut-
ing some numerical value for each letter as suggested in exam-
Check each
of the first five examples.
Multiply
8. 9.
32
a?z
14 xz
by 16 xz.
115xy 2 -112x sy by -12.

1024 a 2
(
10.
11.
12. 13. 14.
x + y) 2
+ 612ab- 306 b by 4 ab + 6(x + y) + 9 by (x + y).

2
+ yf + 3(x + y)-4, byl6(x + y) _24(-2/) + 14(a + &) -21 by 16. 3(x + y) + 12(x + y) + lS by(x + y).
(x
2
.
15.
Check example
14.
39.
Polynomial by Polynomial.
is to
To multiply a polynomial
by a polynomial
multiply the multiplicand by each term
of the multiplier,
and add the partial products.
Ex.
1.
Find the product of 2 a

(2 a
+3b
bj 3 a 5 b.
( 37)
.
(2
= 6 a 2 + 9 ab, + 3 b) (- 5 6) = - 10 ab - 15 & 2 +3
6)3 a
38
Adding these
MATHEMATICS
partial products
6a 2 + 9ab
we have
6a
2
- 10 ab - 15 b 2 - ab - 15 6 2
as follows
:
2a + 3b
3a-5b 6a + 9ab - 10 ab 6 a a& 2
15 & 2 15 b 2
The procedure
is
the same for any number of terms.

if
The
pupil will find the work more simple
both multiplicand and
multiplier are arranged according to either the descending or
ascending powers of some
letter.
2
3
Ex.2. Multiply
5x- 6x + x - 4
-6x +5x-4 _3x_ i 6 x 4- 5 x 4 x -3x*+ 18x -15x
2
by
-3x + x
x,
-l.
Rearranging according to the descending powers of
x X2 xb
2 2
4-12x
X4
x 22 x 3
4-
6 x2 13 x
l
5x + 4 + 7x + 4
EXERCISE
Find the following products.
1.
2. 3.
16
Check each
6.
7. 8.
9.
result
2
(5a + 3b)(2a+b).
(ox
(
-x +3x-2)(2x-7).
2
4.
5.
+ 2y)(5a?-3y). (7 c + 2d) (7c -3d). (7c + 2d)(lc-2d). (a^ + + l)(x-l).

(6a
2
x2
(a2
+ x + 2)(x -x + 2). +.# + #*) (a2 - xy + y*).
(a2
(a
2
a;
10.
+ 2aft + & )(a + &) - 2 a& + &*) (a - 6).

2
Are the products

11.
12.
in 9
and 10 alike
a
Multiply Multiply
+ 2 a + 4 by 5 a 30 4- 45
a'
2
- 2. 15.
as
by 5x
13.
39
14.
+ 6) (a + 6). (a + 2b)(a + 2b).

(a
results in
15. 16.
{x-2y)\
(x-y)(x-y).
They
Note the form of these

will be useful later.
17.
examples 13-16.
(a
(a
+ b)(a-b).
19.
20.
(4a
18.
21.
+ 26)(a-26). (16c + 15d)(16c-15d).

in
+ y)(4a>-y). (4a + 3y)(4a>-3y).
Note the form of the results
examples 17-21.
:
Write the following products by inspection

22.
23.
(c
24.
+ 2d)(c-2d). (5x + y)(px-y). (5a + y)(5aj + y).

The The
The
side of a square is a -f side of a square is side of a square is
25.
26.
27.
+ 2y)(3x + 2y). (2 a + 3 c) (2a + 3 c). (5ra + 4fc)(ora + 4&).

(3x
Solve examples 28-32 mentally

28.
6.
Find the
area.
29. 30. 31.

32.
2a
b.
Find the
area.
x + 3y.
Find the Find the

Find the
area.
area.
The The
side of a square is 6 c side of a square is
4 d\ 5 # 2 a.
area.
if
33.
In examples 28-32 find the dimensions and the area
a = 2, b = 1, c = 1, d = 3, x = 4, y = 1.
Find the areas of the following

altitude
b
34.
35.
A where 5 = base
a
and a
6# + 3?/,
5x + 7y.
a
36. 37.
38.
+ 5, x + S, a + 9 y, x + 15 a,
a
&.
x2.
x
+ 2 y. x 3 a.
40
39.
MATHEMATICS
Compute the areas
2
in
examples 34-38 when a
= 3, 6 = 1,
x = 7, y =
40.
41.
42. 43.
44.
45.
- 6. 16 x* + (8 x - 3 x + U)(5 x -2 x + 24) - 336 = ? - 4) + (x - 3 x + 4)](9 a - 6 + 1) = ? [(a? + 3 (2a + 3)(2a + 3) =? The edge of a cube is 4 a + 6 find its volume. The edge of a cube is 2 x 5 y\ find its volume. The edge of a cube is 5 x 14 6 find its volume.
2
a;
a?
Find the volumes in examples 43-45 if the letters have the same values as in example 33. Find the areas of the following trapezoids (B represents the lower base, 6 the upper base, and a the altitude).
46.
:
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
B + y, 3x + 2y, 5 x + 2 y, 3 x + 5 y, 7 c + 3 d,
x
4
c
oj
a
2.
x-y,
2x + 3y,
3x
Ax + Ay.
y, 7x3
?/,
2c+d,
c+5d,
x
+ y. 5 + x. c d.
6 x
?/
52.
53.
- 8 d,
54.
55. 56.
+ 9 y, # + 18, c + 8,
6y, x 15,
c-5,
3d. x y. Ay x.
c
c-2.
altitude,
Find the upper base, lower base, examples 49-55, if x = 3, ?/ = 2, c = 4, d account for your negative areas ?
57.
= 5.
and area in How do you
from the length of a rectangle, and is added to the breadth, the area will be increased by 100 square feet, but if 10' be subtracted from the breadth and 10' added to the length, the area will be diminished
If 10' be subtracted
the same amount
by 300 square
a scale of y ^
1
41
feet.
Make
a diagram of each rectangle, using
=1
foot.
Division of Polynomials
40. Polynomial
by Monomial.
Eeview
division of mono-
mials, 32-35.
rule for division.
41. Since a
Give sign rule for division.
Give exponent
Give rule for subtraction of monomials.

is
polynomial
sum
of
monomial terms,
to
divide a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term of the
polynomial by the monomial and add the quotients thus found.

Ex.
1.
Divide 81 a 4 - 27 a2 + 18 a by 9
--
a.
*-
81 a 4
9a = 9a 3 ,
27 a 2
-4-
-f-
9 a
=-
3 a, 18 a
9a
= 2.
Then
(81 a 4
- 27 a + 18 a)
2
9 a
9 a3
- 3 a + 2.
as follows
9a )81a*-27a2 + 18q
9 a3
3 a
Ex.
2.
Divide 21 a4
- 18
ar*
+ 5 ar>-9 a by -3#.
-3a Q 21x4 -18x3 + 5x2 -9x - 7 x3 + 6 x2 - J z +3

Ex.
3.
Divide 4 a 2 (2
2?n
m+3) -9
o(2
m+3) +2 m+3 by 2 m+3.

+
3)
"
+ 3 )4 a 2 (2 m + 3)4 a2
9 a(2 wi
-9a
+ 2 ro + 3 +1
Note that in dividing one number by another, we are simply removing from the dividend the factors found in the divisor.
Ex.4.
45
-=-3.
45
32
2
5.
3 )3 -5
3 -5
After removing the 3 of the divisor 3
5 are left for the quotient.
42
Ex.
5.
MATHEMATICS
45 afy
-s-
9 x\
45 x?y
9x
32
= 32 =3
x )3 2
x
x.
x
x
?/.
x
5 5
x
.
x y
= 5 xy
rule for division
If one carries this principle in
mind no
by a
monomial
is
necessary.
EXERCISE
1.
2.
17
72 x y -5-24
4(a
5
afy.
3
.
3. 4.
5.
6. 7.
+ 6) 4(a + &) (128 a - 80 a + 32)- 16. 128 a -(80 a + 32) -16. 128 a - 80 x* + 32 -16. (128 x - 80 a + 32 -16.
6
[7a (2a + ^)
4
-12^(2a + ^) +15a(2a + 6)]--(2a+6).

2
8.
Divide 14 a(x
y) + 7 a
2
(as
?/)
49 cr (a
?/)
by
b.
2
-la(x-y).
9.
Divide (a Divide
10.
+ b)a + (a + 5)2 + b\a + 6) by a + 144 afy z - 729 x + 162 xyV by - 3

afr
2
2
^
2
a; ?/ *.
42.
Polynomial by polynomial.
The product
Ex.
1.
+ # + 2 by 2 a + 3 is found by x\2 x + 3)+ a?(2 a + 3) + 2(2 a + 3) = 2 + 3 or + 2 + 3 x + 4 x + 6 = 2*r + 5a; + 7a + 6. Required to divide 2 x* + 5 x + 7 a + 6 by

of x 2
ar
3 a;
3
(1)
(2) (3)
2 a
+ 3.
This means that 2 x3

sets of factors,
factor.
If 2
5 x2
is
+
3.
is
the product of two factors or

is
one of which
2 x
The problem
to find the other
x3
5 x2
is
written in form (1), division can be performed

if
as in
example
3, 41,
but
the multiplication has been completed and

is
the partial products added as in form (3), the factor required readily seen.
not so
It is evident
43
If
from (1) that (3)
is
made up
of partial products.
2 x
examination of (1) shows that the first term of each partial product is the product of the first term of the divisor by the corresponding term of Therefore we may form this rule the quotient.
:
+ An
is
the divisor, x 2
+x+
is
the quotient.
Arrange both dividend and divisor according to the ascending or descending powers of the same letter. 2. Divide the first term of the dividend by the first term oi
1.
the divisor.
3.
Multiply each term of the divisor by the quotient found

Subtract the product
in 2.
4.
arranging the difference

dividend.
5.
found in 3 from the dividend, found in the same order as the

first
Divide the
first
term of the difference by the
term
of the divisor.
6.
This gives a second term of the quotient. Proceed in this manner, considering each difference as
until the first
term of the difference is of lower degree than the first term of the divisor. 7. If there is a remainder, make it the numerator of a fraction whose denominator is the divisor, and annex with proper
a
sign to the quotient.
new dividend
Dividend
1st partial product,
Divisor
2 x
x2 (2x
x(2 x
2(2 x
+ 3) = 2 x3 +
3 x2
x2
+3 +x+
2 x2
Quotient
2d
partial product,
+ 3) =
+ 3) =
by
4.
2 x2
+3x
4x + 4x +
6
3d partial product,
Ex.
2.
Divide xs
+ 3x-2
xs xs
3 x - 2 4 x2 4 a* + 3 a 4 x - 16 x
4
2
x
2
4z
19
74
-4
19x-2
19 x
76
74
44
MATHEMATICS
EXERCISE
18
Verify each result

1.
2. 3.
a;
Divide x\2 x + 3)
+ 5.
+ 8 x(2 x + 3) + 15(2 x + 3) by 2 x+3. Divide a\a + b) + 2 ab(a + b) + (a + 6) by a + 6. The area of a rectangle is x + 8 x + 15. The length is What is the breadth ? What is the breadth if x = 2 ? - 2 15 by y + 3. 4. Divide 5. Divide + 2 y 15 by y + 3. 15 by y - 3. 6. Divide y + 2 7. Divide # 8 + 15 by y 3. 8. (5^-20a + 15a-30)-v--5. 9. 5^-(20a + 15a-30)---5.
2 2 2
?/
2/
?/
?/
?/
10.
5a3 -20a2 +(15a-30)---5.

2
2
5y-20z + 15a-30-5 + 3(2a;-8)-r-2. 12. 4(a + &) 2(a + b) + 4(a + b) + - 2 (a + b). 13. The radius of a circle is + 3. Find the area. 14. The area of a trapezoid is 2 x + 12 + 18 the sum of If the upper base the bases is 4 # + 12. Find the altitude. is x + 7, what is the lower base ? If x = 3, what are the
11.
2
-J-
ft
a;
dimensions?
15.
16.
Can you draw the trapezoid

2
if it is
isosceles?
Divide
^4-3^ + 3z + lbya; + 2a;-|-l.

a?
Divide
+ 3 x + 3x + lby x + 1.
2
Divide the quotient

16.
by x
17.
+ 1.
Compare
results in
examples 15 and
Divide xs
Divide
19.
18. Divide + 27 by x + 3. 8 a - 27 b by 2 a -3 6. 32 by 8 - 2. 20. Divide 21. Divide a 81 by x 3. 22. Divide x + 81 by x + 3.

3 s
a3
+1
by a
+ 1.
or
23.
45
Divide x2
x 12 by x 9.
of a trapezoid is 15 x 2
is
24.
is
The area
;
5x 8
25.
34 x + 16
the altitude
one base
of
a?
+ 3.
Find the other
base.
an isosceles triangle is 12 x2 + 32 # - 35 Find the altitude, then construct the the base is 6x 5. Construct the triangle when x = 2. triangle when x = 2.
The area
26.
The. area of a rectangle
is
4# + 12&+9;
2
the base
is
Find the altitude. Construct the rectangle. Compare the base and altitude of your drawing. What kind of a
2 #
+ 3.
rectangle
27.
is it?
Divide the sum of x3

2
+ 7 x + 35 x -f 19
2
and
8x
13 34 by the
a;
difference
between
(3
5x2 -\-2 x7 and

2
3 x2
_3 a _4
Perform the following operation:
a2 (2 a3
2
oj 2
28.
29.
30.
31.
+ 9 x - 71 a - 120) (2^ + 9^-71^-120)---^ + 3^-40. Divide a + 2 a& + 6 by a + b. Is a + 2 a& + 6

-s- (a?
+ 7)(> - - 12) #4 + 3 x - 40).

a
a; 2 2
a square
or a rectangle ?
32.
Define a square.
2
- 229 a + 9) h- (5 a - 1). 33. Divide 100 x* - 229 x + 9 by 4 a - 9. 34. Divide 100 a - 229 x + 9 by 25 a - 1. 35. Divide 100 x - 229 x + 9 by 5 x + 1. 36. Divide 100 x* -229 x + 9 by 2 x + 3. 37. Divide 100 x* -229 x + 9hy 2 x- 3. 38. What are the factors of 100 x* - 229 x + 9 ? of 25 x - 1 ? 39. Divide X + 6x - x-30 by x- 2. 40. Divide + 6 # 30 by x + 3. 41. Divide x + 6 x - x - 30 by x + 5.
(100 x*
2
2 4
2
of 4 a 2
-9?
a?
a?
46
42.
MATHEMATICS
What
The
are the factors of ar
+6
?
2
as
x 30 ? What
does
the product of these factors equal

43.
length,
breadth, and thickness of a rectangular
solid are x-\-b, x
+ 3,
ume. What are # = 0? x= -1?

44.
its
and as 2, respectively. Find its voldimensions when as = 3 ? x = 2? x = 1 ?
Divide
a;
45.
46.
Divide x2
64 by x 8. 64 by x + 8.
64
?
What
3 2
are the factors of x 2
47.
The volume
altitude.
of a circular cylinder is
(16
- 84 x + 120as- 25)tt.
The various symbols
The radius
of the base
is
a?
-5.
Find the
43.
Find the dimensions when x
= 3;
4;
5.
of algebra enable us to express
many
operations by using these symbols in place of words.
In other words, the symbols are the shorthand, the stenography,

of mathematics.
2x
For example If we wish to indicate the subtraction of 1 from 4 x + 7, we may write

:
(a)
(6)
from 4 x -f- 7 take 2 as (4as + 7)-(2as-l);
or
we may
write
the two expressions being identical, and read in the same way.
In the next exercise be sure you translate the algebraic lan-
guage into the English before attempting to solve the problems.
REVIEW
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
as
+ 3)(2as-7) + (3as-l)(2as+5). (2aj + 3)(3as + 2)-(4as + 15). (4as-l)(as + 4)-(as-4)(4as + l). - [3 + (3 - 1)] - [a + 3 x - (3 x - 1)].
(2as
3
2 as as 8 2
4(as-5)(as-2)-4.
6.
7.
47
+ 3-3-4.
-90
-5-
2+(8-s-4) -5-8.
a
9.
+ 2 -8. (2x T)x (3 x + 4)a.

6 (3. 10)
10.
Two
right triangles are equal if
two
legs of the one are
equal respectively to two legs of the other.

11.
Prove.
In a rectangle the opposite sides are equal.
Prove that
the diagonal divides a rectangle into two equal triangles.

12.
The
[(a
bisectors of the base angles of an isosceles triangle
are equal.
13.
14.
Prove.
4
-5-
+ bf + 6 b(a + 6) - 12(a + bf] (4a -^ )-(2a + 6)(2a-6).

2
2
(a
+ 6)
2
.
15.
16.
(64c 2 -25c? 2 )-(8c
+ 5fZ)(8c-5cT).
2
(5* + 2y)-(5*-2y)(5--2y).
(5a;
17. 18.
19.
+ 2?/)(5^-27/)-(25a;
2
2
.
-42/ 2).
(7-3z) -(7a + 3z)

(x
+ 5)
(a?
- 2)-(a> - 5)(a? + 2)-(a? - 5)
(a?
- 2)
-( + 5)(a + 2>
20.
21. 22.
23.
+ 5) (c + 7) (a + a& + 6 )(a - a + 6 (a + ab + & )(a + a& + 6

(a
3
.
).
2
).
T
Find the area of a trapezoid whose upper base, low er If base, and altitude are x + 7, 2 # + 8, 3^ + 2 respectively. x = 1 and the trapezoid is isosceles, construct the trapezoid.
24. 25.
Find the prime factors
of (25) 2? (24) 2 , (72) 2
26. 27.
28.
What
are the prime factors of (12) 6 ? (144) 5 ?

are the prime factors of
,
.
What
1728? of
3 (39) ?
Factor (81) 4 (8) 5 (16) 10

,
48
29. 30. 31.
MATHEMATICS
Factor 27
Factor 72 Factor 45
81
729.
-
64
s 2
36.
How many
5
.
prime factors in this num-
ber?
32.
Factor 81 (a
Factor
33.
+ b) 27 (2 x y)
s
.
If x
prime factors of this product? prime factors of (15) 3 ?
= 3 and y = 1, what are How do they differ from
the
the

1.
One egg weighs 2

yoke, 11
ounces.
57%
of the egg
is
white,
32
%
2.
shell.
Find the weights of the whites, yolks,

ounces.
and
shells of one dozen eggs.
One egg weighs 2
The
shells of 2 eggs
is
weigh
one ounce.
portion ?
What
per cent of the whole egg
the edible
edible portion of 2 eggs measures f of a cup. It many yolks of takes 9 whites of eggs to measure 1 cup.
3.
The
How
eggs does
4.
it
take to
make
cup
?
2-J-
Beaten whites of 4 eggs measure
cups.
What
is
the
per cent of increase in quantity of beaten over unbeaten whites ?
Beaten yolks of 3 eggs measure ^ cup. What is the per cent of increase in quantity of beaten over unbeaten yolks ?
5. 6.
One
egg, yolk
and white beaten together, measures 4

greater
is
tablespoonfuls.
How much
the increase in quantity
when yolks and whites

7.
of 4 eggs are beaten separately ?
According to Hutchison, experiments as to the difference in time of digesting eggs cooked in various ways show that 2 soft "boiled" eggs leave the stomach in If hours, and 2 hard "boiled" eggs leave the stomach in 3 hours. If 2 eggs are eaten on each of 4 days a week, how many more hours' work a month will the stomach have in digesting hard than soft "boiled" eggs ?
8.
49
After artificially egg was boiled for 3 minutes. digesting for 5 hours in a pepsin solution, it contained 8.3 % undigested protein. An egg was cooked in water at 180 F. for 5 minutes. It was entirely digested after 5 hours in a pepsin
solution.
An
The
edible portion of eggs contains 13.4

1
protein.
if
Find the weight of undigested protein from

Steel is 7.83 times as
dozen eggs
they
are soft "boiled" rather than soft "cooked."

9.
heavy as water.
Find the weight
of one cubic inch of steel.

10.
gas range has four burners, each of which burns .65
cubic feet per minute and two oven burners, each burning 1.032
cubic feet per minute.

stove
11.
when
all
Find the cost per hour of running the burners are on full, gas at 65 $ per thousand.
is
house
burners and two

foot in
pilot lights.
;
heated by a gas furnace containing four Each burner consumes one cubic
two minutes each pilot one cubic foot in eight minutes. Find gas bill for February at 30^ per thousand cubic feet. The pilots burned all the time. Two burners burned from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m. and four burners were running two hours in the morning and two hours in the evening each day.
12.
According to one authority, a family of

to
five living
on
for
$2000
food
;
$4000 per year should spend
25%
of that
sum
20
for rent
15
for operating expenses, such as fuel,
wages,
etc.,
15%
for clothing;
and 25
for higher life,
i.e.
books, travel, charity, saving, and insurance.
What amount
should be used for each item

of
if
a family has an annual income
$3000?
13.
A family
for food
;
living on
$1000
;
to
$2000 per year requires

for operating expenses
% 20 %
25
20
;
for rent
15
and 20 % for higher life. If a family lives on $ 1500 per year, what amount should be spent for each item ?
for clothing
14.
From
a family income of
for
$800
and
to
$1000 per
year,
30%
should be spent for food;

expenses;
20%
for rent;
10%
clothing;
10% for operating 20% for higher life.
50
MATHEMATICS
can be spent for each item
How much
$900?
15.
when
the income
is
45
% 10 %
?
family living on $ 500 to $ 800 per year should spend for food 15 % for rent 10 % for operating expenses
;
;
for clothing,
is
and 10
$ 650,
for higher
life.
If
a family's
annual income
item
16.
how much
should be spent for each
From an annual income

;
of less than $ 500, 60

;
should
;
be spent for food

10
/
15
for rent
for operating expenses

life.
income of a family is $ 425 per year, how much can be spent for each item per year and month ?
;
for clothing
and 10
for higher
If the
17.
The grocery
bill of
a family living on $ 3000 per year

;
should be 25
year, 45
of that
sum
of a family living on $ 700 a

in the
of that sum.
Find the difference
monthly
grocery
18.
bill of
each
20
of a twelve-hundred-dollar income should be spent
Find the difference in the amounts spent for these items by two families having these incomes.
for clothing,
and 15
of a nine-hundred-dollar income.
in a fourth barrel, or an ordinary measures 4 cups. If a family uses 5 loaves bread per week, and it takes 3J- cups of flour to make one loaf, how many months will a sack of flour last ?
19.
lb. flour
There are 49
1
sack of flour.
lb. flour
Find the cost of 4 loaves of bread, requiring 1 hour for baking and containing the following: 3^- qt. flour, 1 yeast cake, 2 tb. lard, 4 t. salt, 4 t. sugar. Flour costs $ 2.00 per one-fourth barrel; yeast 2 per cake; lard 15^ per pound (2 c. in a pound), the sugar and salt $.0024; gas 70^ per 1000 ft., the
20.
oven burner burning 39

(Tb.
21.
cu. ft.
per hour.
c.
= tablespoon,
I
t.
= teaspoon,
= cup.)
How many buy 28-inch material for handkerchiefs. cut handkerchiefs, yards would I have to buy to make 9 dozen
14 inches square
?
22.
51
if
What
is
is
the size of the finished handkerchief

sides ?
a i-inch
hem
23.
made on four
yard for stitching, how much would the work on 6 dozen handkerchiefs cost ?
If I paid 2 cents a
24.
How much
if
lace
would
it
take to sew around 9 dozen
handkerchiefs
you allowed 4 inches extra on each handkerand

lace 15 cents a
chief for fullness ?

25.
If the material cost 60 cents a yard,
yard,
how much would
the handkerchiefs in problem 24 cost,
including 5 spools thread at 5 cents a spool and 2 cents a yard

for stitching ?
REVIEW
Divide
1.
2.
3.
:
4. 5.
6. 7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12. 13. 14.

15.
16.
17.
18. 19.
- 5 x + 8 x - 3 by 2 x - 1. x 4 + 5 2 by x 1. 2 a - 9 a + 8 a + 3 by a - 3. b - 3 & c + 3 5c - c by b c + 2 c + 2 c + 1 by c + 1. x + 2 # + 2 &?/ + by x + a + 4 a - 21 by a - 3. a + 4 a 21 by a 7. a + 4 a - 21 by a + 3. a + 4 a 21 by a + 7. a + 3 a + 3 x + 1 by a + 2 + 1. x + 3 # + x 1 by x + 2 a + 1. a + 6 a + 35 a - 8 - 5 a + 19 a by 3 a - 1 + 2 a # 2 ^2/ + 2 #?/ by # y\ # 2# + by x 2 xy + y - 4 + 20 - 13 y + 6 - 3 by + 3. 6 6 m + 13 m 70 m + 71 m + 40 by 3 m 7 m + 4. - 1 by z - z - 1. z - 2 z + z + z - z - 2 z - 7 a + 6 x - 35 a - 60 x - 50 by x - 10.

2
a?
2 3
cc
a;
c.
i/
?/
?/.
a?
?/
2/
?/
>
2/
?/
2/
i/
?/
2;
m
52
20.
[(a?
MATHEMATICS
1)(2
a? a; 2
+ 3)(4 - 9)] by 2 + x - 3. 21. [(3 x - 1)(3 + 1)(4 x + 5)] by 12 +11 - 5. 22. [(125 x - l)(aj + 7)(2 + 1)] by 10 x* + 3 x - 1. 23. [(a - l)(a - 2 a - 15)] by a + 2 a - 3. 24. [( a + l)(2a + 3)(4a -9)] by 2a -a-3. - 23 + 21. 25. [(2 x - 3)(5 a+ 7)(4 a- 3)(3 a?- 7)] by 6 26. [(18a; + 3a;-l)(10a; + 13a;--3)] by 6 + ll x + 3. 27. 2a; + 3a; -5a; -8a;-9by 2a; + 7-5a;. 28. a^ + y + z 3 xyz hy x y+ 29. 2 + - 6 - 4 x - 8 by x 2. - 512 by 5 - 8. 30. 125 31. b 4 y by 6 y. - 208 afy - 143 xhf + 91 + 35 y 32. 52 ar + 38 by 2 - 7 y 33. l-a by 1 - 2 a - 2 a - a - 13 a*/ - 5 by 3 - 2 + 5 # 34. 6a; 13x?y + 13 35. 2ar> - 3a; - lSar* + 14a: - 2x - 12 - 4a; + 2a; + 4. by 2 + 3 36. 16a; + 36a; + 81 by 4a; - 6a; + 9. - 30 m + 1 m + 97m - 14 37. 10m + 11 m - 53 by 2 m + 3 m 7. 38. 12a; - 11a? - 6a; - 15a; + 10 by 3a; - 5. 39. 10 y - 9y - 13 + Sy - y - 3 by 2y - y - 3. - 6x - 22a; + 26a; + 5x - 8 by 3 x - 1. 40. 21 109 + 25 41. A man died leaving an estate, worth 36 If they receive equal dollars, to his 6 x + 13 x + 5 heirs.
a;
2
a>
a;
a?
a?
2 a; 2
a;
a;
-\-
z.
a;
a;
a?
a;
a;
4 a; ?/
a;?/
a;
2 2 a; ?/
?/
a;
a;?/
a?
a;
?/
a;
4 a?
a;
amounts, find each one's share.

42.
train
a;
2
went
at the rate of 5
2 a;
+ 32 x 21
in 2 a;
2
miles per
hour for hours ?

43.
6x
7 hours. How far did it go

of a rectangle
is
5 x -f 3
37 x
The area
is
2 x4
a;
15 x?
-\-
4 x2
24
square rods.
If the altitude
3 rods, find the base.
44.
53
A
2 xz
and
4
both worked the same number of days.

3
received 3a?
2 x*
2 # 5x 9x + 4 +
2
+ 6x 5
per day.
x*
5
per day while
B
2
received
7 x2
At
the end of the time

a;
they
both
received
10
13 a + 3x* 4ar* x + 4 + 1.
?
is
How many
45.
days did they work

of a triangle If the
The area
20 ar*
12
square feet.
base
2 x 4 a^ 40 x 46 # is 4 # + 2 + 6 feet, find
4 2
2
a;
altitude.
46.
x2
a?
3
13
5 x + 6 teachers 73 # + 41 6
2
a;
receive together 2
dollars.
a;
19 x + 50 x
5
What
if
is
a;
their
is
average
salary ?
What
if
6
a;
is
a?
their
is
5
average salary
4
2 ? How
many
47.
teachers
[(2
4
a;
2?
a*
- 14 x + 13 + 33 x? - 17 x - 23x - 4)6 + 5 x* -f 49 - 98 x + 23)]-*-(a? - 6 + 3 + 4)= ? <y 48. Divide the sum of 21 x + 20 xy 7 x - 30 y 1 and - 3 + 17y 5 1 by 6 - 5 + 1. 9 36 x + 21 45 49. Divide the difference between 9 57 x + 55 x by the difference between 4 x 7 + 12 and 3 and 3 + 12 x - 7. 50. Divide the sum of 3 + 3 x - 6 x - 14 and 2 a? - 7 2 11 by the sum of 3 x + 4 and 5 +9 51. [(7 a - 32 a - 13 a + 29) + (8 a + 6 a + 6 a - 9)] [(7 a + 13 a + 1) - (2 a + 15 a + 6)]. - 21 a?x* - 27 ax)] 52. [(21 a x + 4 a + 27 aa + (4 -^ [(15 a - 20 ax + 3) + (6 a - 7 as + 4)]. 53. The area of a rectangle is a -f 3 a 6 a 18. Its Find its base. altitude is a + 3. 54. The area of a triangle is 12 a 12 a + 8 a 4 a 4. Find its altitude. What are its Its base is 6 a + 4 a + 2. dimensions when a = 5. 55. The area of a triangle is 2 a a 6 a + 7 a 2. Its Find its base. What are its dimenaltitude is 2 a + 3 a 2. sions when a = 4 ?
2
2 a;
a;
2 a; 2 2 a;
a;?/
?/
a;
2/
a;
a;
a?
3 2
a?
a;
ar
a;
cc -f-
a;
a?.
-r-
a?
2 a?
2 a;
CHAPTEE V
Inequalities.
Simultaneous Equations
is
44.
The
sign of inequality
>
or
<, the opening being
toward the greater number.
Thus 9
> 5 is read, " 9 is greater than 5." 4 < 7 is read, " 4 is less than 7." 5 > 9 is read, " 5 is greater than 9."
Two
inequalities are in the
is
45.
same sense when the
first
member
member.
46.
of each
greater or less, respectively, than the second
If equal
numbers be added
to or subtracted
from both
an inequality, the resulting inequality is said to conThat is, the inequality sign is not tinue in the same sense.
sides of
reversed.
Ex. 9
> 5.
Subtract 3 from each side.
Then
9_3>5_3
or
47.
> 2.
in-
If all of the signs of
an inequality are changed, the
equality does not continue in the same sense.
That
is, if all
the signs of inequality are changed, the sign
of inequality
48.
must be reversed.
An
1.
inequality continues in the same sense after being
multiplied or divided by a positive number.
Ex.
2 x
>
10.
2,
Dividing both sides by
we have
x>5.
54
INEQUALITIES
Ex.2.
55
(1) (2)
( 46)
Subtract (2) from (1),
2x+y>8, y = 2. 2x> 6 (3)

x
Divide (3) by
2,
>3
(4)
{ 48)
3.
That
is,
to satisfy the
above conditions, x must be greater than
Transposition
49.
In
24 we solved an equation,
2x +
by subtracting 3 from each
=9
by Axiom
2,
side,
then dividing
both sides of the resulting equation by the coefficient of the
unknown number.
By
the
method
called transposition,
it is
possible to simplify
first
1.
operation.
Ex.
Solve for
c
x,
mx + c =
side,
is
b.
(1)
Subtracting
from each
mx
the
c.
(2)
Note that the equation

the
first
its
member
of
same as if we had removed -f c from (2) the equation (1) and placed it in the second member
with
sign changed.
is
Such change
called transposition.
:
This rule follows
term
may
its
be transposed
from one mem-
ber of an equation to the other if
sign
is
changed.
Then, in solving, mx -\- c = b. Transposing c, mx = b c, and dividing both members of the equation by m, the
coefficient of
se,
m
Ex.
2.
ax
+ 7 = 13 - 2 ax.
2 ax
to the first side,
(1)
Transposing the
second
side,
unknown term we have ax + 2 ax =

3 ax
and
-f 7 to
the
(2)
13
7,
= 6,
6
(3)
=r a =a
...
(4)
56
To
MATHEMATICS
verify this value of x, substitute the value of x in (1).
a
or
" 2a ' +7=13 = +

2
7
13
4.
9=
9.-
.'.
is
the abbreviation for hence.
Simultaneous Equations
50.
In examples of exercise 8 and the
last
ones of exercise 10,

is
we
note that in the former exercise one
unknown number
involved in the equation, while in the latter the values of two
unknowns must be found. The method for the solution of equations in two unknowns is to find some way of combining the two equations into one equation containing one unknown, and solving this resulting
equation.
Such process
is
called elimination.
unknowns are necessary because one equation in two unknowns has no definite solution, but has an indefinite number of solutions.
equations in two
E.g., in
Two
x+y
= 6,
if
any number
51.
y = 4; x = 3, y of pairs of values satisfying the given equation.
0,
=6$
in
1,
=5
= 2,
3; etc.,
Note that
This
is
this
equation y changes value
changes.
because x and y are so related that

6.
when x their sum
Such values must be given x and y that the equation must be kept in balance; that is, must be kept an
equation.
must always be
The unknown numbers which
are subject to change of value
in an equation are often called variables.

52.
The usual methods
of elimination are addition or sub-
traction, substitution,
53.
and comparison.
Addition or Subtraction.
First Method.
In this method
one or both equations are multiplied in such a manner that the
INEQUALITIES
coefficients of
57
identical.
unknown in both equations become One unknown number may then be eliminated by
the same
addition or subtraction of the corresponding sides of the equation.
Ex.
1.
2x + y = 9,
(1)
(2)
(3)
3x-2y = 10.
Multiply (1) by
2.
4x
3x
+ 2 y = 18
2 y
Add
(2)
and
(3),
10
(2)
(4)
Whence, and
Substitute x
Ix
x
=28
=4.
8
4 in (1),
Transposing ( 49)
or,
+ y = 9. + 8 in (5), we y = 9 - 8, F = l.
(5)
have,
Check these values
in (2),
3.4-2-1 = 10, 2 = 10. 12 Ex.2.

Multiply (1) by
3,
8x- 5y = 31, 12 + 13#=-15.

and
(2)
(1) (2)
by
2,
24 x 24 x
Subtract (4) from (3),
-15 y = 93 + 26 y = - 30 - 41 y = 123.
y.
(3)
(4)
(5)
Divide (5) by 41, the coefficient of
Whence,
Substitute value of y in (1),
= -S.
(6)
8s- 5(Transposing ( 49)
3) =31, 8z + 15=31.
(7)
8 x
= 31 - 15.
16.
Sx =
Whence, Check in
sc
(8)
(2),
12
= 2. 13 (3) = + 24 39 = 19
15.
15.
EXERCISE
Solve the following equations and verify results

1.
3aj-4y = l, Ax + 3 y = 18.
2.
5^+7^ = 29, 5t~7u = l.
58
3.
MATHEMATICS
3v- 5z = 12, 8v+10z= -38.
7y + 8a?= 31,
7.
\x + y=-.s-, |a?-f y= -f
4.
8.
12x-3y=-3.
5.
ia+i# = 6, ix + y= 2i-.
28 35
x + 5y = 29, 6x + 7y = 4:l
.
9.
- 45?/= - 17, x- 27 y = 8.
?/
.
6.
^+
54.
\x-\y=l,
i?/
10.
=5
+ 25.y = ll, 24 x + 55 = - 31
36a?
Second Method.
Substitution.
Ex.
Solve
2x +
= 9,
.
(1) (2)
(3)
3a- 2?/ = 10
Solve (1) for ?/, y Show that this is transposition.
=9-
2 x.
Substitute the value of y in (3) in (2).
Then,
3z-2(9-2x) = 3x-18 + 4x =
10.
(4)
10
?)
(How do you account for the signs of 18 and 4 x Transposing and collecting, 7 x = 28.
Substituting (5) in (3),
or,
= 4. y = 9 y = l.
x
(5)
4,
Check
2-4 + 1=9.
EXERCISE
20
:
Solve by method of substitution (verify results)

1.
4x
= 6, 3s + 4y = ll
4-
4.
.
4 J? 8fl
15 y
- 6 8 = 3, + 3 = l.
=
2.
7v=-2, llm-12i; = -13

12 ?7i-
5.
.
-8* =n, S^ 35?/ + 6 z =
3.
45-65=8JB + 3# = 3.
1,
6.
10*- 8 u
6*
+ 16u =
-i.
INEQUALITIES
55.
59
Third Method. Comparison. Solve eacli equation for the same variable and equate the
values thus found.
Ex.1.
2x +
y,
= 9, 3x-2y=10
y
y
(1)
.
(2)
(3)
Solve (1) for

Solve (2) for
2 x.
y,
y= 3 x ~
(3)
1Q
.
(4)
Equate the values of y found in
and
2
(4) (Ax. 8).
9-2x = 3 *Multiply (5) by

or,
2,
10
(5)
2^9
2 x
= 3x
10
Y
(6)
Solving (6), Substitute in (3)
18-4x = 3x- 10. x = 4. =98 = 1.

2/
Check as
before.
Ex.2.
= 31, 12^ + 13?/ = -15.

8x
5y
(1) (2)
Solve (1) for x,
%x
= 5y + 31, b-^ + 31
8
(3)
Solve (2) for
a:,
12 x
= -13?/- 15, ^_ _13 -15

*/
(4)
12
Equate the values
of x in (3)
and
(4)
(Ax. 8)
(5)
2/
_l_31__13^_l5
8
12
Multiply (5) by 24, a multiple of the denominators (Ax. 3).
Then,
15 y
93
= - 26 y - 30.
(6)
(See 53, and note that the terms of (6) are the same as those that compose equation (5), example 2, before they were combined into two
terms.)
60
MATHEMATICS
first
Transposing the unknown term to the the second member, and solving,
41 y
member, the known
to
=-
123,
V=
Substitute in (3),
-3.
8
2.
(7)
-15 + 31 x=
Check
as before.
EXERCISE
21
Solve by comparison, verifying each result:

1.
3x+6y=7, 4a?-2y = l
.
4.
15 x
13 a
-11 y = 16,
+ 11 y = 1.
2.
+ 4 = 6, = l. 2y5
2/ a?
5.
6x
ar
3 + 3 y = -, 5 x 3 y = 4.
3.
+ 15 y = 8, 43y-12x = 12.
8x
6.
3a + 3# = 2, 9a 15?/ = 2.
it
56.
In stating written problems
is
often convenient to
unknown numbers rather than form a single equation in one unknown as was done in exercise 8. Care must be taken to form as many equations as there are unknown numbers. Ex. A number is composed of two digits. One half the number is equal to twice the sum of the digits, and if 18 is added to the number the digits of the resulting number will be Find those of the original number written in reverse order.
use two or more the number.
Let
and
Then, 10
t
= the u the + u = the

t
digit in tens' place,
digit in units' place.
number.
10g
10*
Jj
(Exercise
2,
example
14.)
(1)
By
or
the conditions,
+ M = 2 (t + w),
18
10?*
t,
*)t \)u=-
18,
t- u=:-2.
(2)
INEQUALITIES
From
or
(1)
61
- 3 u = 0, 2t- u = 0.
t
(3)
(4)
= 2. Subtracting (2) from (3) Substituting the value of t found in (4) in (2)
- u = - 2,
w
and
= 4.
Whence, 10
-f
= 24,
the required number.
EXERCISE
1.
22
Find two numbers such that the sum of 3 times the first and 5 times the second is 24, and the sum of 1 of the first and
\ of the second
2.
is 2.
r
The
altitude of a trapezoid is 8
and
its
area 48 square
feet.
If the lower base is increased

feet.
4', its
area will be increased
16 square
here ?)
3.
Find
its
upper and lower bases.
(Any trouble
cubic foot of steel and a cubic foot of water together
weigh 5521 pounds. The difference between their weights is 4271 pounds. How many times heavier than water is steel ?
This quotient
is
called the specific gravity of steel.
(Rememits
ber these results.)
The perimeter of a rectangular field is 240 rods, and length is 40 rods more than its breadth. Find its area.
4.
5.
wheat is 80 rods longer than it is wide. The farmer uses a combined harvester and thresher that cuts an 11foot swath. After making 15 rounds, the indicator shows that 271 acres have been cut and have yielded 660 bushels. Find the yield per acre and the dimensions of the field.
field of
6.
times the second
Find two numbers such that n times the first added to k is c, and k times the first minus n times the
is b.
second
7.
The
difference
area 120, and the
between the bases of a trapezoid is 6, the sum of the bases 30. Find the dimensions.
Can you construct the trapezoid ?
, ,
62
57.
MATHEMATICS
When
is
a problem involves three variables the
solution
similar to that in
two
variables.
method of Care must be
taken to eliminate the same
unknown
in each equation.
it is
In solving simultaneous equations

be as
necessary that there
many
equations as there are variables in the problem.
Ex.
- y + 5z = == 15, = 3x+2y-3z = -2; 4.x 2y + 7z == 21.

2x
(2) to (3),
7
(1) (2) (3)
Multiply (1) by 2 and add the result to (2), 7 x + 7 z = 28.
(4) (5)
Add
4z
19.
z.
have two equations in x and Subtract (5) from (4), 3 s = 9,

z
We now
= = = =
3.
(6)
Substitute value of z in (5),

7
x
/
12
19,
or
Substitute (7)
x
15
?/
== 1.
(7)
and
(6) in (1),
2-2/ +
or
15,
2.
(1)
Check
as before, substituting these values in (2)
and
(3).
EXERCISE
Solve the following
1.
23
2x + 3y-4z
= 12, 2y+5z= 6, x 3x + 2y-6z = 13.

5z-3y + 2x=-9,
~)x-3z
4.
-X
2 5
4
5
25 1,3 -z = y J
4-
4'
-# + -?/ J
2
1,2
3
2
=n 0,
5 3
2.
5y 3x + 2z = 5,
2,1
3*
3
l/
+ 2y = 12.
5.
3.
3x 2y=o, 3y-2z = 25, 3z-2x=-25.
1,1,1 13 12' 4 3 2 13 1,1,1 -x + + -z =

3 2
12' ^4 1 13 ,1 ,1 -X + -V + -Z = 4'
-?/ 2*'
12
INEQUALITIES
6.
63
Each pupil
An
examination contained 15 problems.
received 7 credits for a problem solved, and 3 demerits for a
problem missed. One boy had 45 marks more to his credit than he had against him. How many problems did he miss ?
Find 3 numbers such that if 3 times the first be added to one half the sum of the second and third, the sum will be 137. If half the sum of the second and third be subtracted from the first, the difference will be 23, the sum of the three numbers
7.
being 74.
8.
If the order of the digits of a certain three-place
be inverted, the
444,
sum
of this
sum
and their difference is of the other two. Find the number.
number and the original 198. The first digit is equal
number number is
to the
9.
A merchant buys
lemons, some at 4 for 5 cents, others at
first
Again he buys as many of the kind as he had bought of the second kind, and as many of the second kind as he had bought of the first, this time spend3 for 4 cents, spending $ 2.80.
ing $2.78.
10.
How many
of each kind were purchased?
There are two terms such that the sum of seven times the and fourteen times the second is 221 while the sum of three times the first and five times the second is 9. What are the terms ?
first
11.
One
its
fifth of the
length of a rectangular lot
is
40' less
than
width.
Its perimeter is 320'.
If willow trees, ten
feet apart, are to be set out as a wind-break,
how many
will be
needed on the longer side

the corner of the
12.
lot.)
(The
first tree is to
be planted in
There are two numbers such that if the first be increased by 6 and the second diminished by 10, the numbers will be equal. But if the first be diminished by 10 and the second increased by 6, the first will then be the second. What are the numbers ?
13.
One boy
raised 14 bushels of potatoes
than another boy.
The
first
boy had 10 acres
more per acre and the second
64
had 12
14.
MATHEMATICS
acres.
Together they raised 1790 bushels. bushels per acre did each raise ?
How many
The perimeter
third side
is is
of a triangle
is 572'.
Two
sides are equal.
The
15.
20' shorter than the
sum
of the other two.
What
the length of each side ?

of 2 #
and 4 y is 4 less than the sum of 5 a? and 7 y. Half the sum of x and y is equal to 7 x. Find the values of x and y.
The sum
There are two numbers such that the sum of -^ of the 5 The sum of i of the first and of the second is 12. first and T 6 \ of the second is 24. What are the numbers ? 17. A croquet ground is 18' longer than it is wide. If its 13' more than its width be multiplied by 3, it will then be length. What are the dimensions ?
16.
18.
What
are the dimensions of a basket ball floor whose

if,
perimeter is 245',
when
by
the floor
5' ?
is
used for two games each
half fails to be a square
Solution of Inequalities
In solving inequalities the rules for solving equations hold except in some instances where change of sign takes
58.
place (44-48).
EXERCISE 24
If x be positive,
which fraction has the greater value

2
^+J?
4
1
or
*I 6*
2x + 9
62
or
true,
2x + 5
(Test
and 2 by substituting values
for x.)
Find the limits of x for which these are your results are correct.
3.
and show that
3x + 5<x
+ 2*
5.
6a-4<0.
7a?
4.
5*-p'>2* + 7.
6.
+ 14 >0.
* Solve as you would an equation.
INEQUALITIES
Find the limits
of the values
of.
65
x which satisfy the following

:
inequalities simultaneously (verify your results)

7.
+ 6 > 0. -x + 5>0.
2x
(1),
(2),
(1)
(2)
(3)
From From
x>-3.
and Then, to and -f 5.

8.
x- 5<0 (47), x < 5.

and
(2),
satisfy the conditions of (1)
x must
lie
between
24-3a>0, 16+2x>0.
5x + 10>0,
3a;- 9<0.
10.
4.x
-7 <0,
6x-2x>0.
11.
9.
5x + 2 >0,
2j;-5^>0.
y satisfy the following
(
What values of x and 12. 2x + 3y>10,
48)
3x-2y = 8.
45
Seven times the number of boys in the algebra class less number added to 13, and six times the number of boys less 22 is less than four times the number of boys added to 40. How many boys in the
13.
is
greater than five times their
class ?
14.
is
Find the
digit
such that twice the digit increased by 3
greater than one fifth the digit increased by 11.

15.
Find a multiple of 18 such that five times the number decreased by 220 is greater than three times the number decreased by 42. Is there more than one such multiple ?
Find a multiple of 16 such that one half of by 28 is less than one third of it increased by 16. than one multiple satisfy this condition ?
16.
it
decreased
Does more
17. Find a line containing an integral number of inches such that five times the length of it decreased by 165 is greater than three times its length increased by 14. Is there
more than one such
line ?
66
MATHEMATICS
Century Limited of the Lake Shore Railroad runs 54.5 miles per hour. Find the speed in feet per second.
1.
The
20tli
2.
There are 24 gas stoves in the domestic science kitchen.
If each stove burns 2.32 cubic inches of gas per second, find
the cost of gas for one class of pupils during a period of 80

minutes.
in use).
3.
Allow 15 minutes waste time (when stoves are not (Gas at 75^ per thousand cubic feet.)
of running a
motor in the pattern shop is .044 During a period of 80 minutes, 24 motors Find the amount of are running on an average of 60 minutes. power used. Find the cost at $ 0.0635 per Kilowatt hour.
Kilowatt per hour.
4.
The power
The Southern Talc Company

lots,
is
able to ship freight in car-
by the long ton, and charge its customers the cost price per ton F. O. B. North Carolina, and base its charges on the short ton. Find the Talc Company's profit on 10 cars of 34 tons each, shipped from North Carolina to Chicago. Freight rate $3.50 per ton.
load
weight of timber in the rough multiply length in feet by breadth in feet by thickness in inches and multiply that product by one of the following factors. For Oak, 4.04 Elm, 3.05 Yellow Pine, 3.44 White Pine, 2.97. The result is in pounds. Measure six pieces of lumber in the shops and find the weight of each piece. Make accurate drawings of each piece.
5.
To
find the
by multiplying the square of the diameter in inches by thickness in inches and this product by .06363. (Diameter) 2 (Thickness) (.06363) = weight in pounds. (Remember this formula.) Find weight of grindstone in your
6.
The weight
of a grindstone is found
shop.
7.
Make
diagram.
of one cubic foot of water is 62 V pounds.
The weight
Find the weight of one gallon.
INEQUALITIES
67
<!"
8. Stock must be ordered for making 10,000 steel pins, each diameter by 2" long. The rods for making these pins are i"
in diameter
pin.
9.
and 12-0"
long.
How many rods will

For
flavoring, 1
Allow T waste in cutting each be needed ? What will they weigh ?
spoonfuls of cocoa.
of cocoa in one box.
10.
ounce of chocolate is equivalent to 2 tableChocolate costs 22 cents a cake (8 ounces),

(-J-
while cocoa costs 25 cents per box
pound).
There are 2 cups

?
Which
is
cheaper to use
fat,
Chocolate contains 48.7%
and cocoa, 28.9%.
If
cocoa were used in place of 2 ounces of chocolate,

tablespoonfuls of butter would need to
how many be added to make the
same quantity of fat as in chocolate, butter containing 85 fat, and one tablespoonf ul weighing \ ounce ?
11.
Butter contains
85%
fat,
cream 18.5%
fat,
milk
4%
fat.
Calculate the quantity of butter necessary to use with 2 cups

of milk to produce the
fuls of butter
same quantity
of fat as 2 tablespoon-
and 2 cups of cream, one pint of cream weighing
one pound, and one pint of milk one pound and one ounce.
12.
Potatoes pared and then boiled lose 2.7% starch; pota-
with the skins on lose .2% starch. Find difference by cooking 6 potatoes, one potato weighing 4^ ounces.
toes boiled
in quantity of starch lost
13.
Boiled Irish potatoes
contain
20.9
carbohydrates.
Cooked sweet potatoes contain 42% carbohydrates. An Irish potato weighs 4^ ounces, and a sweet potato 6 ounces. Find
difference in quantity of carbohydrates in six of each kind of
potatoes.
14. Find the reciprocal of 5280. Would you rather divide a number by 5280 or multiply the same number by its reciprocal ? Which would give the larger result ? Why ?
15.
Multiply 18649 cubic inches by the reciprocal of 1728.
Is the result cubic feet ?

16.
thick.
Find the weight of a grindstone 36" in diameter and 4^-' What will it weigh after it has been worn down 2\" ?
68
17.
MATHEMATICS
A class of 15
girls
wish materials and thread for cooking
aprons.
Each apron requires 2\ yards muslin

at 5 p.
and a spool of thread

for the class ?
How
12^ per yard, much material and thread

at
How much money was spent in making the purchases example 17 ? How much does each girl pay for her share ?
18.
19.
in
If a girl earned
many would
20.
she have to
22\f a piece making these aprons, how make to earn $ 5.50 a week ?
If these aprons sold at
85^
each,
what would be the
profit per
apron
CHAPTEE VI
Lines, Angles, Triangles
59.
portion of space
solid
is
called a geometric solid.

is
The
called
boundary between the

the surface
of
and the remaining space

if
the solid.
Eon example,
the sides, bottom, and
top of a box were considered to have
no thickness, they might be called the

surface of the solid.
60.
If
two surfaces
is
intersect, their
intersection
called a line.
Thus,
if
jy
surfaces
AB and DO
XCO,
is
intersect in
XCO,
their in-
tersection,
called a line.
61.
point.
An
intersection of
two
lines is called a
Thus, F, the intersection of lines
AB
and CD,
62.
is
a point.
line
may
also be regarded as
"
""""
the path of a moving point.

63.
its
"'
The
line is said to be straight
when
it
does not change
direction at
any
point.
its
A line has
dicated,
no limit in
of
it
length.
When
a
a part of
line.
it is in-
we speak
as a
segment or sect of the

straight
of the line
Thus,
passing
A
through points
B,
AB
indicates
line
A and B.
a
The part
line.
between
A and
B is
a segment or sect of the
line
may
also be indi-
cated
by a small
letter placed
is
somewhere on the
line.
ff-g.,
read " the line a." 69
70
MATHEMATICS
64.
A
at
curved line changes
its
direc-
tion
every point.
E.g.,
the curve
O
65.
ABC
is
^ ^ have ABCDEFG is a broken line.

66.
line.
BE yS
\
broken line
composed of segments of successive

s t ra ig n t
"
F
~~J
lines
which have
in
'
different
pair,
directions
and which, pair by

point
common.
E.g.,
The word
line,
unmodified, usually means a straight
67.
plane
is
a surface such that
if
any two
of its points
line,
be joined by a straight
the
line will lie entirely in the surface.
Thus, in plane
points,
line,
MN,
if
any two
and B, are joined by a
the line will
lie
entirely within the surface.
68.
Plane Geometry treats of combinations of points and
lines all lying in the
same plane.
69.
circle is
a portion of a plane bounded

line
by a curved
is
every point of which
equidis-
tant
from a point within
called
the
center.
The curved line is the circumference. The distance from the center to any
point in the circumference
as
is
the radius,
CD.
An
arc is
any part
of the circumference, as
AB.
LINES, ANGLES,
TRIANGLES
71
Constructions
To draw a circle, select a point on your paper and mark it Open your dividers to the distance required for the radius C. of the circle and place the metal point in the point C. With The curved the pencil draw a curved line around the point O.
line is the circumference of the circle
and the point
is
the
center (Fig.
1).
Fig.
1.
Fig.
2.
Fig.
3.
1.
2.
Draw
Draw
a circle having a radius of one inch.
a circle having a radius of two inches.
Draw two
circles.
additional circumferences from the

Circles that
3.
same center
(Fig. 2).
have the same center are called concentric
Draw
a straight line a radius,
AB.
With
circle.
as a center
and one
half of
AB as
draw a
With 5asa
center and
the same radius,
draw a
circle (Fig. 3).
At how many To draw

through the
points do these two circles cut each other ?
the diameter of a circle,

circle
draw a
straight line
and
its
center.
Mark
the points at which
this line touches
the circumference
and B, respectively.
arcs
The line AB is the diameter of the circle (Fig. 4). The diameter divides the circumference into two equal
and the
4.
circle into
two equal parts called
semicircles.
Draw the
Draw
diameter of a circle having a radius of one and
one-half inches.
5.
the diameter of a circle having a radius of two
inches.
72
MATHEMATICS
divide a circle into four equal parts,
draw a circle and its diameter (Fig. 4). Then, with A as a center and a radius a little longer than one half the diameter, draw a short arc
directly above
To
the middle of the upper arc of the circle.
Fig.
4.
With
as a center
and the same radius, draw another short
arc crossing the first and
mark
the point of intersection 0.
Place the edge of your ruler in line with the point

center of the circle and
and the
draw another diameter

(Fig. 5).
of the circle.
Mark
The
this diameter
ED
two diameters divide the circle into four equal sectors
and the circumference into four equal arcs. Each sector and each arc is called a quadrant. The two diameters make four equal angles at the center, called right angles, and are, therefore, said to
be perpendicular to each other.
They
cut each
other into two equal parts and are, therefore, said to bisect
each other.
6.
Draw
Draw
a circle having a radius of one inch and divide
it
into four equal parts.

7.
a circle having a radius of two inches and divide

;
it
into
two equal parts
into four equal parts.
To measure
circle is
angles, arcs,
and sectors the circumference of a
divided into 360 equal parts called degrees.

?
How
many
angle
degrees in a semicircle
?
In a quadrant
In a right
LINES, ANGLES,
TRIANGLES
AB, draw
73
short arcs
as a center
To
bisect a straight line, as the line
above and below the middle of the line, with and a radius a little longer than one half the line.
Then, with
arcs crossing
as a center
first
and the same
radius,
draw short
the
two.
Mark
the points of intersection

line
spectively,
and draw a straight

bisects the line
C and D, rethrough these points.

the point where the
The
line
CD
AB.
Mark
two straight
lines cut each other
(Fig. 6).
M/c
/\
~
o
x
Fig.
8.
6.
Draw Fig.
Show
6.
Then
select the proper center
and draw the
circumference of a circle to show that

circle.
AB is
the diameter of a
also that
CD
is
a diameter of the circle and that
the four angles at the point of intersection of

at the center of the circle.
AB and CD are
Show
that the four angles are
right angles.
9.
Draw
a straight line,
AB, two
inches long and bisect
it.
Select a point on this line as a center
and draw a
circle.
circle to
show that the
line
AB is
the diameter of a
Then, with
and the same radius draw another circle. At how many points do these two circles cut each other ? Mark these points and JV", respectively. Draw lines connecting with the centers of the two circles. the point What kind of figure do these lines form with the line joinas a center
ing the centers of the circles ?
formed.
Measure the relative lengths of the lines of the Can you give a reason for your answer ?
figure thus
74
MATHEMATICS
inscribe a square in a circle,
To
circle.
Draw two
diameters,
AB
0,
draw the circumference of a and CD, cutting each other

straight lines connecting
at right angles (Fig. 5).
Draw
with
with D,
with B,
B
The
and
with A.
The
figure
ADBC
meet
is,
is
a square.
points of the square where the sides
within the circumference of the circle. The square therefore, said to be inscribed in the circle (Fig. 7).
lie
c
Ruler
10.
Draw
it.
a circle having a radius of one inch and inscribe a
square in
11.
Draw a
circle
having a radius of two inches and inscribe
a square in
it.
Bisect the sides of the square and draw di-
ameters dividing the inscribed square into four small squares.

It is often necessary to
When
two
lines
draw one line parallel to another. have the same direction they are said to be
parallel.
To draw a
point
line parallel to a given line
AB,
Fig.
8,
take any
not on the line
AB.
drawing triangle on the line shortest side of your triangle.

triangle along the line
Lay the longest side of your AB. Lay a ruler against the
Now
slide
your ruler and

the ruler
AB until
the point
C touches
on the side next to your triangle. Hold your ruler fixed and slide your triangle along the ruler until the point touches the longest side of your triangle. Draw OS along this longest
side.
CS
is
the required parallel.

Fig.
7.
12.
Draw
Then draw a
line parallel to
any one of
the four sides of the inscribed square.
LINES, ANGLES,
TRIANGLES
<
75
Problem
70.
To draw a
straight line equal to
a given
straight line.
A*
Given a line
MN.
To draw a straight line equal to MN. 1. Draw any line AB longer than MN. as a radius, describe an arc 2. With ilasa center and
MN
cutting AB at D. 3. AD is the required

71.
line.
An
angle
is
the figure formed by two lines drawn from a
point.
The point is called the vertex. The above angle is read ABC, the
letter at the vertex
always
being between the other two.

also be designated
The angle may

letter placed
x.
by a small
between the sides of the angle, as the angle

This
may
be written
Z x*
The
size of
an
angle does not depend upon the length of the

sides,
but upon the difference in the direction of the sides.

72.
Two
angles are said to be adjacent
when they
have a common vertex and a common side between

them.
Thus
73.
Za
and
Zb
are adjacent.
Two
angles are equal
when one can be
so applied to the
other that they will coincide throughout.

is formed at a vertex, it may be read by a single read " angle at B." Small letters denote values ; capital letters denote position only.
* Also
when only one angle
letter, as
ZB,
76
MATHEMATICS
Problem
74.
Jo
construct
an angle equal
to
a given
angle.
Given
/.ABC.
it.
To
1.
construct an angle equal to
Draw any
Take
line
MN.
2.
any point
on
MN for
the vertex of the angle.
With B as center and any radius BL, describe an arc cutting AB

3.
and
BC at L and K, respectively. 4. With BL as radius and D

an arc cutting
as
center, describe
DN at
0.
and distance as radius, describe an arc cutting the former arc at E.

5.
With
as center
LK
6.
Draw DEF.
Then
7.
NDF is
is
the required angle.

a truth requiring proof.
75.
theorem
In proving theorems the following axioms, in addition to

those in
23,
are useful
straight line can be
Ax.
points.
9.
But one
drawn between two
points.
Ax. 10.
straight line is the shortest distance between two
76.
triangle
is
a portion of a plane bounded by three

lines are called the sides of the triangle.
straight lines.
The
The
points where the sides meet are the vertices.
Three-sided figures play an important part in the study of
geometry and in
matics.
its
applications to
many problems
in
mathe-
Much
of the
work
in
in other kinds of engineering
measurement, in surveying, and depends upon the triangle.
LINES, ANGLES,
TRIANGLES
I
sides
77
Theokem
77.
Two
triangles are equal
when two
and
and
the included
angle of one are equal, respectively, to two sides
the included
angle of the other.
Draw a On any
to
A ABC*
line
DE take DN
equal
AB
At
( 70).
construct
ZD = AA
sF
( 74).
On Intake
DM = AC and draw
X'
we have
(This given J)
mn.
In the above theorem,
three equations given.
part
is
called the hypothesis.)
^r
The
given equations are
AC = DM AB = DN
(Don't forget that tvhat
is
given, the parts that are given,
ZA = ZD
are the tools

with.)
you have
to
work
To prove the geometric equation,
A ABC = A DNM. (This is called the conclusion.) Proof. 1. Place A DNM on A ABC in such a manner
that
DN will coincide with

2.
3.
its
equal
AB,
D falling on A.
DM will take the direction AC because AD A A. Point if will on point C since DM= AC
fall
4.
5.
Hence line JOT will coincide with line CB (Ax. 9). Then A ABC = A DNM, since they coincide throughout.
* In reading the letters at the vertices of a triangle always read counter-
clockwise, beginning as far as
is
practicable at the lower left-hand corner,
e.g.,
ABC,
DNM in above triangles.
78
MATHEMATICS
Theorem
78.
II
Two
triangles are
equal when a side and two adjacent
angles of the one are equal, respectively, to a side
and two adjacent
angles of the other.
D<
/ M\
H
the conclusion ?
>JT
What is the hypothesis ? What Draw a A ABC. Draw a line DN equal to AB.
At At
is
D construct
an angle equal to
construct an angle equal to
Z A. Z B.
meet
at
Extend the
Given in the
sides of these angles to
M.
We
have
A ABC and DNM

DN = AB, ZD = ZA, ZN=ZB.
To prove
Proof.
in such a way that point with its equal D falling on A. will coincide AB, 2. Since Z D = Z A, side jMf will take the direction AC and ilf will fall somewhere on AC. 3. Since Z B, side A^Jf will take the direction 12(7 and
A ABC = A DNM. 1. Place A DNM upon A ABC
DN
ZN=
Jf will
4.
fall
somewhere on
_B(7.
Since 3f falls on both
AC and 2?C, it
must
fall at C, their
point of intersection.
5.
Hence
A ABC
and
DNM
coincide throughout
and are
equal.
LINES, ANGLES,
TRIANGLES
79
Problem
79
.
To
bisect
a given angle.
1.
Draw an
With.
angle
DCE.
and any radius CM, describe an arc and N, respectively. cutting CE and CD at and as centers and a radius greater than one 3. With
2.
as center
half
4.
5.
MN,
describe arcs intersecting at 0.
Draw CO. Then CO is

The right
the bisector of
angle.
Z DCE.
80.
If
one straight line meets another
straight line in such a
formed are equal,

Thus,
manner that the adjacent angles ( 65) the angles are called right angles and the
lines are perpendicular to each other.

if
AB
is
a straight line and
Z x = Z y,
x and y are
p*
each right angles, and

dicular to
MP
is
perpen-
AB.
abbreviation for "perpen.
(_L is the
x\y
dicular to.")
81.
-&
If one straight line meets another straight line, adjacent If these angles are not right angles, the
is
angles are formed.
one greater than a right angle than a right angle

oblique.
is
called obtuse.
The one
is
less
called acute.
Either angle
said to be
80
82. If a line
MATHEMATICS
CD meets another
Suppose y
line
less
AB, two
than
x.
adjacent angles
If
x and
y,
are formed.
CD
is
made
to rotate
\K
toward A, about
diminishes
It
is
C
CC/
pivot,
Ax
Das a and Ay in-
creases.
evident that at
D
be erected to
vv
some position
equal
DK of DC, Ax will
There can be only
line.
Ay.
one such position.
Then, one and only one perpendicular can

line at
a given
a given point in the
83.
(a)
(b)
It follows
from
82 that
Two
right angles are equal.

line m.eets
is
If one straight
82.
another straight
line, the
sum
oj
is,
the adjacent angles
formed
equal to two right angles.
That
in the figure of
A x + A y = A ADK + A KDB =
(c)
rt.
A.
line
TJie
sum of all
all
the angles
on the same side of a straight
at a given point is equal to two right angles.

(d)
The sum of
is
the angles about
any
point in a plane
equal to four right angles.
a
(e)
+ b + c + d + e +/= 4 rt. A.
sum of two
adjacent angles
lie
If the
is
two right angles, their exterior sides

the
in
same
straight line.
Let a
+b=2
E.
If
rt.
A.
Extend
PM to
AM and MB
A~
'E
were not in a straight line, the sum of c and d would not be two right angles, and this is contrary to (d).
84.
9m d
~B
Species of triangles.
right triangle
is
The
a triangle one of whose angles
is
90
LINES, ANGLES,
or
TRIANGLES
opposite
the
right
81
angle
is
a right
angle.
The
side
called the hypotenuse.

legs.
The other two
sides are called the
All triangles except right triangles are oblique triangles.

If an oblique triangle contains one obtuse angle,
it is
called
an obtuse angled
triangle.
An
angle.
acute angled triangle has each angle less than a right
Triangles are also

sides.
named according
to
their
lengths
of
scalene triangle
has no two sides equal.
An
isosceles
triangle has
two
sides equal.
An
equilateral triangle
has three
sides equal.
Theorem
85. In
III
an
isosceles triangle the angles opposite the equal sides
are equal.
Draw
line
AB.
With
and
B as
now
with
centers and the same radius greater
than i AB, describe arcs intersecting

"*
at P.
Draw
PA
and PB.
We
ABP,
have the isosceles triangle

b
= a.
What
Proof.
is
given ?
To prove
1.
Z B = Z A.
Draw
line
PM
bisecting
APB
2.
( 79).
In
A A MP unci MBP,
h
b=a\
3.
h]
Az = Ay.
Hence,
A AMP = A3IBP
( 77).
4.
Then
AB AA, being like parts of equal figures.
82
86.
MATHEMATICS
In equal figures, corresponding lines or angles are called
It follows that in equal figures
homologous.
are equal.
homologous parts
Note.
In equal triangles equal sides
lie
opposite equal angles.

side a
Thus, in equal
A AMP
to
and
MBP,
85,
= side
b,
then
Z A is homologous
Z B.
Problem
87.
To
construct
a triangle when three sides are given.

b, c.
Let the given sides be a, 1. Draw an indefinite

line
2.
AIL On
AK take AB =
A as
B as
an
c.
3.
With
center and
arc.
^
c
b as radius, describe
4.
With
center and
a as radius, describe an arc intersecting with the former arc at 5. Draw AC and CB.
6.
C.
Then
ABC is
the required triangle.
Theorem IV
88.
Two
triangles are equal
when
three sides of one are equal,
respectively, to three sides
of the other.
Draw
x,
a triangle
ABC.
Construct a second triangle

b, c,
DEF whose
sides are equal to

e
respectively ( 87).
is
Namely, d =a,
= b,f=c.
What
Proof.
given ?
To prove
A DEF = A ABC. 1. Apply A DEF to A ABC in

c,
such a
way
that
will coincide with its equal

2.
and
F will
fall
opposite
Draw CF.
LINES, ANGLES,
3.
4.
TRIANGLES
83
A AFC, b = Then Zx = Zy
In
e.
(By Hypothesis.)
( 85).
(In an isosceles triangle the angles opposite the equal sides are equal.)
e/
t
\d
-
d*
5.
'*
6.
and Zn=Zm. Adding the equations in steps 4 and 5,

Similarly,
isosceles
AFBC is
7.
8.
Zx + Zn = Zy + Zm. Then, in A ABC and AFB, b = e a=f Z ACB, or Z x + Z n = Z .4i^B orZ?/ + Zm. Hence, A ^40B = A AFB ( 77).
(Two triangles are equal when two sides and the included angle of the one are equal, respectively, to two sides and the included angle of the
other.)
9.
But
10.
A AFB is the same as A DEF. Hence, A DEF= A ABC

The
rest.
Note.
posed to
site side.
base of a triangle
is
the side on which
it is
sup-
Any
side
may
be considered the base.
The
altitude is a perpendicular ( 80)
from any vertex to the oppo-
one.
Theorems are truths to be used. Bemember each Notice that theorems I and III are both used in proving
theorem IV.
84
MATHEMATICS
EXERCISE
1.
2.
25
is 8".
Construct a triangle each of whose sides
The The
sides
of
a triangle
are 3", 4", 5", respectively.
Construct the triangle.

3.
sides of
a triangle are
13',
15',
1'
16', respectively.
Draw
4.
this triangle to a scale, using i"
0".
Draw
3.
three
altitudes
of
the triangle constructed in
example
5.
Construct
a,
triangle
whose
sides are 15', 16', 28'.
Draw
the three altitudes.
Measure the three altitudes of the triangle constructed How do they compare? Is this comparison in example 1. the same in altitudes of other triangles of this exercise ?
6.
ABD In the figure ABCD, in and CDB, x = y and o = z. Compare the triangles. Give reasons for your
7.
conclusion.
8.
In the figure
ABCD,
is
in triangles
y,
ABO
and CDA, x
z,
equal to
is
equal to
ZD
is
equal to
B.
Comfor
pare the triangles.
Give
reason
your conclusion.
9.
In
z,
triangles
ABD
o.
Zx = Z
10.
and
triangles.
Zy=Z Why ?
and CDB, Compare the
If
in triangle
ABC,
so
drawn that
AD = DB,
CDB.
and CD is compare triangle
= a,
ADC with
11.
triangle
On
a six-inch base construct a

14".
triangle
whose remaining sides are each you know about this triangle ?
What do
LINES, ANGLES,
12.
TRIANGLES
is
85
The sum
of
two numbers
more than the

10, exercise 8.)
13.
is
other.
What
are
One number is four (See example the numbers ?

24.
The
difference of
two numbers
is
8,
160 more than the square of the less number. numbers.

14.
and their product Find the
The
sides of a right triangle ( 84) are as 4 to

is
3*
The
sides
square of the hypotenuse

the other two sides.
equal to the
sum
of the squares of
The hypotenuse
is 25.
Find the
and the
15.
area.
In a lever
;
AM,
P= power; F = fulcrum,
Note that
at P,
if
on which the
lever rests lever

is
W= weight.
downward
the
ffi
pressed
W tends
:
L 6-0" A It has been found that power M2 0^ to rise. times the distance, from where the power is applied, to the fulcrum is equal to the iveigJit times the distance from the weight to the fulcrum, or
P. AF=W-MF.
AF is called
If the
the power or force arm, MF, the iceight arm. 0", the weight arm 2 0", and power arm is 6' the weight 200 pounds, what power is necessary to lift the
weight
Note.
16.
In these problems, the weight of the lever
is
neglected.
With
a 4"
4",
14 feet long, used as a lever, a 100-
~^Zq"
power arm is just able to lift a weight W, when 0" from the weight. the fulcrum is 2' What weight does he lift ?
pound boy on the end
of the
* In such statements fractions are avoided
by
letting the required values be

:
represented by a multiple of the one side, and 4s the other.
unknown number. For example
Let 3s be
86
MATHEMATICS
0" long. crowbar is 5' The fulcrum is 3" from one end. A force of 20 pounds at the other end of the bar is
17.
required to pull a railroad spike from a
tie.
With what
18.
force does the spike hold ?
With the crowbar and fulcrum

17,
lb.,
as
in
lb.
example and 115
two boys weighing 100

respectively, were able
to
move a
freight car standing on a sidforce
ing.
What
was necessary
to start
the car?
The length and breadth of a rectangular tank are 3. The water in the tank is frozen to a depth equal fourth the width of the tank. The area of the bottom
19.
as 4 to
to one
of the
Find the weight of the ice. (Ice tank is 48 square feet. weighs 57J pounds per cubic foot.) Which is heavier, water Why is this necessary ? See exercise 22, example 3. or ice ?
20.
_
Five lines are drawn from a point forming

a, 6, c,
c?,
angles
e.
The sum
c is
of a
and
b is 90
is
equal to 12 more than a;
to twice d.
Find the angles.
(See
equal to &; e is equal Is the drawing 83, d.)
correct ?
21.
Divide 48 into three parts, such that the
first
part shall
be twice the second, and the third 8 more than the

22.
first.
rectangle and a square have the same altitude.

is
base of the rectangle
The
each.
areas differ
The more than the base of the square. by 64 square feet. Find the dimensions of
8'
89.
An
acute angle
angle.
is
an angle that
a. is
is
less
than a right
Ex. Angle
obtuse angle
An
Angle
an angle that
than
is
greater than a
right angle
b.
and
less
two right angles.
Ex.
LINES, ANGLES,
90-
TRIANGLES
87
When
two straight
lines intersect, the opposite angles

vertical angles.
formed are called

Thus, a and
91.
c
are vertical angles, also b

is
and
d.
An
angle
measured by comparing
unit of measure
it
with
another angle considered as the unit of measure.
The most general

angle,
is
-^ of a right
and
is
called a degree.
is
The degree
divided into 60 equal parts called minutes,

seconds.
,
f
and the minute into 60 equal parts called
The abbreviations
respectively.
92.
for degrees, minutes, seconds, are
",
The
right angle ( 80)
is
measured by one fourth of the
circumference of a
circle, or 90.
93.
If
the
sum
of
two angles
is
a right
angle, each
is
a complement of the other,

to be complementary.
and the angles are said

Thus,
"A
94.
if
ABC
is 90,
is
the complement
^
of
^?
their
sum being
is
90.
If the
is
sum
two angles
180 or two right angles,
each
the supplement of the other, and the angles are said to
be supplementary.
Thus,
if
the
sum
of angles c
and d
is
is
180, c
d/y
95.
and d are supplementary and each

plement of the other.
the sup-
It follows
from
94, that if
two supplementary angles,
as
lie
and d
c
in the figure, are adjacent ( 72), their exterior sides
in the
same straight
line.
Then
and d are supplementary adjacent
angles.
EXERCISE
1.
2.
26
Find the complement of 38
the supplement of 38.

?
Are 36
30'
and 53
30'
complementary
Why ?
; ;
88
3. 4.
MATHEMATICS
Are 130 19" and 49
41'
supplementary
Why ?
:
of these angles 30 24 15' 15'; 20"; 47 10.5' 72; 60; 30; 45;
5.
Find the complement of each
24
b.
36
;
Find the supplement

8';
of each of these angles

b.
22
96
120; 150; 24
6.
27 19' 36"; 45 4.4'; 90;
135
Find the complement of the supplement of 120 Does this last result give a simple formula ? c.
:
130
Find the supplement of the complement of: 3; 24; 28 5' 30"; 45; 90; c. Does this last result afford a means Illustrate. of simplifying other parts of this example ?
7.
8.
Angle
at
A = 36, Z = 74.
Find the supplement of

Find the complement of
their sum.
9.
Angle
Angle
at
A = 29, Z B = 31.
A = 75, Z B = 15.
Theorem V
their sum.
10.
at
Find the complement
of
their difference.
96.
Any
side of
a triangle
is
greater than the difference of the
other two sides.
Draw any
a, b,
c,
triangle
ABC,
the sides opposite A, B, C, being
respectively.
We
have
Given a any side of
To prove
Proof.
1.
A ABC, and c> b. a> c a + b>c.

b.
straight line
is
the shortest distance between two points.
( 75, Ax. 10). 2. a >c b.
(Transposing
&,
49.)
Hence, any other two sides.

3.
side, a, is greater
than the difference of the
LINES, ANGLES,
TRIANGLES
89
Theorem VI
97.
The sum of two
sides of
a triangle
is
greater than the

to
sum
the
of two lines drawn from any point within the triangle

extremities of the third side of the triangle.
Draw* any triangle ABC. From any point P, within the

Call side
triangle
e
;
draw
PB and
PC.
AB,
c;
AC,
6;
PB,
PC,
d.
We
now have
Given
A ABC,
with
lines
d and
drawn from any point
within the triangle.
To prove
Proof.
1.
+b>d+
E.-f
e.
Produce
o;
BP to
Call
2.
PE,
-+-
AE,
x;
EC,y.
> e + o.
is
A
3.
straight line
the shortest distance between two points
( 75,
Ax.
o
10).
( 75, 3, c
+y>d
Ax.
10).
4.
Add
2 and
+ x + o-\-y>d + o +
'
e.
5.
Subtract o from each side of this inequality,

c
+ x + y>d + e
Ax.
6).
(46).
6.
But x
+y=b
( 23,
7.
Whence, substituting
+ y its c + & > d +

for x
e.
equal
6,
* This description of the drawing is not a part of the demonstration. Your demonstration depends solely on the three paragraphs: Given, To prove, Proof. Be sure you know what you have given you to work with and what you wish to prove. t Remember that any additional lines you draw in a figure must be dotted
lines.
90
MATHEMATICS
Theorem VII
98.
If two straight lines intersect) the vertical angles are equal

intersecting
Draw two
lines,
MN and X Y, formb,
c,
ing the angles a }
d.
We
then have
Given two intersecting

lines,
MN
vertical
and XY, and angles a, c, and

a
b,
d.
= c and b = d. 1. a + b = 2 rt. A ( 95). Proof. 2. b + c = 2 rt. A ( 95).

To prove
3.
Subtract 2 from 1
( 23,
Ax.
2),
a
or
4.
The
pupil
may prove
c = 0, a= b = d.
c.
What
is
the hypothesis in the above theorem ?
What
is
the conclusion ?
Problem
99.
To draw a perpendicular
bisector
of a straight
line.
Draw line AB. To draw a perpendicular bisector of AB, 1. With A as center and any radius greater than one half AB, describe arcs on each side of line AB. 2. With B as center and the same radius, describe arcs intersecting the arcs already
3.
drawn
at
and
at D.
4.
Draw CD. Then CD
is
the perpendicular bisector of

construction will
AB.
The reason
for this
be given in
is
102.
F, the point of intersection of
CD and AB,
called the foot of
the perpendicular.
Note that
C and D
are each equally distant from
A and
B.
LINES, ANGLES,
TRIANGLES
91
Problem
100.
the line.
1.
To draiv a perpendicular
to
line
at
any point
in
Draw
a line
AB.
2.
Take any point
in the line
AB.
To erect a perpendicular to line AB at P. 4. With P as center and any radius, describe arcs intersecting AB, or AB produced, at C and E. 5. With and E as centers and radius greater than one half CE, describe arcs intersecting on one side of AB. The pupil may show that the perpendicular may now 6.
3.
be drawn and that this problem
Why
is an application of must the radius be greater than one half CE ?
99.
EXERCISE
1.
27
How many
How many
points determine a line?
What
do you mean
by determine
2.
as used in this sense ?
conditions can be imposed on a line ?
What
properties besides length has a straight line ?
Theorem VIII
101.
I,
If a perpendicular
is erected at the
middle point of a
line,
Any point
Any
in the perpendicular is equidistant
from
the ex-
tremities of the line.

II.
point not in the perpendicular
is
unequally distant
from
the extremities
of
the line.
Draw From
We
I.
middle point F. P, any point in KF, draw lines PA and PB. then have,
line at its
KF A. line AB
PA
Given two lines
(x)
and
PB
(y)
drawn from any
point
P in the
perpendicular to
To prove
AB at its = y>
middle point.
92
Proof.
1.
MATHEMATICS
In triangles
o
AFP and PFB, call AF = o, FB =
b.
2.
Then,
= b (Constr.) h = h (Identical) ZAFP=ZBFP. (All rt. A are equal.) AAFP=APFB.

triangles are equal
(Two
3.
when two
sides, etc., 77.)
Then,
= y.
(In equal figures corresponding parts are equal.)
Does
II.
this
remind you of Theorem III?
Given
'
any point not in KF.
To prove
or
Proof. 1.
PA = PB*
x-\-
c^=m.
If
is
not in
KF, P'A
or
P'B must
Suppose
intersect
KF.
PA intersects KF at P.
(y).
'
Draw
2.
PB
Then,
3.
4.
But
+ c^m y=a
its
( 75,
Ax.
10).
Then, substituting x for
(101,1). equal y in
2,
#
102.
I.
+ c = m.
From
the result of
101,
we may conclude
that
point equally distant from the extremities of a line lies
in the perpendicular at the middle point of the line.

II.
Two points
Two
lines
each equally distant from the extremities of a
line determine the perpendicular at the

III.
middle point of the
line.
drawn from a point

off
in the perpendicular to
a line and cutting
equal distances from the foot of the perangles with the perpendicular, and are
is left
pendicular
equal.
make equal
*
(The proof of III
to the pupil.)
is
11 read "does not equal.
LINES, ANGLES,
TRIANGLES
93
Problem
103.
to
line
from a given point
ivithout the line.
AB and point P without AB. To draw PF AB. Construction 1. With. P as center and a radius greater than the distance from P to line AB, describe an arc intersecting AB at E and D. 2. With E and D as centers and the same radius greater
Given line
than one half

3.
4.
ED,
describe arcs intersecting at K.
Draw
PA".
PKis
the required perpendicular.
Note that P and are each equally distant from Compare EF and ED ( 101).
and D.
Theorem IX
104.
From
line
a point without a line but one perpendicular can be
drawn
ing
to the line.
Draw
Given
AB at
AB and PF1.AB, H. We have
also
PH any other line

to
meet-
PF AB, and PH any other line from P To prove PH not perpendicular to AB. Proof. 1. Produce PF to P' making FP = PF.
Draw HP'.
Eepresent Then, Ax
AB.
2.
3. 4.
5.
A PHF and PHF by = Ay{% 102, III).

is
line
x and
y,
respectively.
PFP'
Then,
is
a straight line (by construction).
6.
PHP'
not a straight
line.
9.)
(But one straight

7.
can be drawn between two points, Ax.
Then, x + y^lSO. (95) 8. Whence, 2 x = 180, and a #= 90. 9. Hence, Pi?" is not perpendicular to AB. And since is any line except PF, PF is the only perpendicular that can be drawn from P to line AB.
PH
94
MATHEMATICS
EXERCISE
28
is
1.
The base The
of an isosceles triangle
8", the altitude &'.

2.
altitude of an isosceles triangle is 8", one leg is 10".

3.
The
sides of
a triangle are 5", 12", 13", respectively.

4.
The base
The
sides
of a triangle
is
13", the base angles each 45.

at the vertex.*
6",

5.
Measure the angle

Explain your
of a triangle are 4",
10",
respectively.

6.
result.
Two
sides
and the included angle of a triangle

are 8",
12", 45, respectively.

7.
line
Draw two acute angles, a and b. At a given point on a AB, construct an angle equal to the sum of these two
angles.
8.
Draw
a triangle
ABC, and
at a given point P,
on a
line
DE,
construct an angle equal to the
sum
of the angles at A,
B, and C.
Theorem
105.
X
when
the hypotenuse
Two
right triangles are equal
and an
acute angle of the one are equal, respectively, to the hypotenuse
and acute angle of the
other.
XC
Draw
right
A ABC,
and side A'B'

is
(c')
side
AB
(c).
* The vertex opposite the base
the vertex of the triangle.
LINES, ANGLES,
TRIANGLES
95
At B' construct Z B' = Z B, and draw A'C _L B'E. Represent BC, B'C by a and a', respectively, also AC, A'C by b
1
and
6',
respectively.
We
then have
rt.
Given
A ABC and A' B'C with c =

r
c',
and
Z .B = Z '.
To prove
Proof.
A ABC = A J/.B'<7 1. Place A JJ3(7 on A A' B'C

.
in
such a manner that
c will coincide
2.
3.
with
its
equal
c'.
a will fall on a'. A falls on A', then side & will coincide with side V. (But one _L can be drawn from a point to a line from a
Since
point without the line,
ZB = ZB',
104.)
4.
Hence, the
triangles
are
equal,
since
they
coincide
throughout.
Theorem XI
106.
leg
Two

re-
when
the hypotenuse
and a
of the one are equal,
spectively, to the
hypotenuse
*>
\\
and a
leg
of the other.
rt.
Draw line DH,
A ABC On
at G, erect
b.
EG _L
With
DH and equal to
ing
E as center and c as radius,

describe an arc intersect-
DH at
F.
We
then
have
Given two
gles,
right
trian-
ABC and EFG, with E cg, and b =f To prove A ABC = A ^#. Proof. 1. Apply A ^(2 to A ABC
its
in
such a manner that
/will coincide with
equal
b,
vertex
F falling at FJ
96
2.
MATHEMATICS
Since
A ACB
and ACF' are right
angles,
BCF'
is
straight line ( 83).
3.
Since
4. 5.
Then, Then,
= g A BAF is isosceles, and Z B = Z J" A ABC = A ACF ( 105). A ABC = A EFG. Why?
1 !
( 85).
Theorem XII
107.
If two unequal oblique lines drawn from a point in a

to
perpendicular
line,
cut off unequal distances

is the greater.
from
the foot
of the perpendicular, the more remote
Draw
line
AB, and
PF AB
at F, also lines
PD
and PC,
DF being
To prove
greater than CF.
Extend
PD > PC. PF to P\ making

CP.
is left
FP'
PF.
Draw
DP and
The proof
to the student ( 97).
LINES, ANGLES,
TRIANGLES
97
Theorem XIII
108.
If oblique lines are drawn from a point

is
to
a straight
line
and a perpendicular
I.
drawn from
the point to the line,
equal oblique lines cut off equal distances foot of the perpendicular.
II.
Two
from
the
TJie greater
of two unequal oblique lines cuts off the greater
distance
1.
from
the foot
of the perpendicular.
Call
AB
the given line,
P the
given point,
PF the
per-
pendicular to
AB,
PE
and
PC the
equal oblique lines.
The proof
(Prove
II.
is left
to the student.
A PFE = A PFC.) Draw PF AB, also lines PC (x) and PD (y), with x > y.
We
then have
Given
PF AB,
1.
and
line
> line y. =y
(102, III).
To prove
Proof.
CF > DF.
If
CF=DF,
But
this
is
contrary to hypothesis.
2.
If
CF<DF, x<y
if
(107).
This
is
also contrary to
hypothesis.
3.
Hence,
CF
is
not equal to or less than DF,

is
it
must be
greater than
DF.
called
This manner of proving
"The
Indirect Method."
What
is
the hypothesis ?
What
the conclusion ?
Compare
What is the relation between the hypothesis of and the conclusion of 108, I ? When the conclusion of one theorem is the hypothesis of the other, and the
102, III.
102, III,
hypothesis of the one
is
the conclusion of the other, each
theorem
is
the converse of the other
EXERCISE
29
1. The line joining the vertex of an isosceles triangle to the middle point of the base bisects the vertical angle.
98
2.
MATHEMATICS
Two
isosceles triangles
have a common base but unequal

is per-
altitudes.
Show
that the line connecting their vertices
pendicular to the base and bisects the base.

3.
If the altitude of a triangle bisects the base, the triangle
is isosceles.
4.
Two
isosceles triangles are equal if a leg
angle of one are equal, respectively, to
and the a leg and the
vertical vertical
angle of the other.

5.
The hypotenuse
of each of
Each has an angle

6.
of 31 41'.
two right triangles is Compare the triangles.
81'
6".
The hypotenuse and one
leg of a triangle are 3 yards,
and 1 yard, 2 feet, and 6 inches, respectively. The hypotenuse and one leg of another triangle are 10' 0" and 5' 6", respectively. Compare the triangles.
1 foot,
ORAL REVIEW
Give the results of the following
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
7.
:
19-17.
16-15.
18
8.
9.
6.11-7.11.
16.
10. 11. 12.

13.
18.5-6-17.
24.6
24 5
.
+ 6.15. 8 17 + 7 17. 8-16 + 8-16.

9-15
+ 3-17.
+
3
4-18-3-16.
17.
27-3-4-28. 10-34-5.17.
12
14.
+ 12
8.
WRITTEN REVIEW*
1.
Two
lines
AB and CD intersect
in such a
way
that they
bisect each other.
If the extremities of these lines are joined
in order, prove that the opposite sides of the quadrilateral thus
formed are equal.

* The teacher will find
it
advantageous to use some of these before
all
thirteen theorems are proved.
LINES, ANGLES, TRIANGLES

2.
99
an equilateral triangle meet in a point, thus forming three small A. Prove

bisectors of the three angles of
'these
3.
The
A equal.
In an isosceles triangle a perpendicular is dropped from the vertex angle to the base. Prove that the perpendicular
bisects the base.
4.
The opposite
sides of a quadrilateral are equal.
Prove
Also
the diagonal divides quadrilateral into two equal
A.
prove opposite
5.
A of quadrilateral are
equal.
Two
straight lines intersect in such a

is 42.
way
that the dif-
ference between two adjacent angles
Find number of
degrees in each of the four angles formed.

6.
Two
y,
lines,
a and
b,
intersect at
D forming two
acute
x and
and two obtuse A z and iv. At D, a _L is erected to 6, dividing Z z into two parts v and t, so that Z t is 24 30'. Find
of degrees in
number
7.
x, y, z,
w.
The middle point
of the base of
an
isosceles
A is
joined,
by
lines, to
the middle points of the legs.
Prove the
A formed
are equal.
8. The vertex angle of an isosceles triangle is bisected. Prove the bisector of the angle bisects the base at right angles.
9.
Prom
the middle point of the base of an isosceles
tri-
angle perpendiculars are drawn to the legs.

pendiculars are equal.
10.
is
Prove the per-
Two
lines,
bisected.
to line
AB and CD intersect in such a way that AB Prom extremities A and B, perpendiculars are
CD.
Prove these perpendiculars are equal.
drawn
11.
is
Prom
the vertex of an isosceles triangle a perpendicular
drawn
to the base.
Prove triangles formed are equal.
grown person needs 3000 cu. ft. the functions of the body may be active.
1.
of air per hour that
If a
room 20
ft.
by
100
by 10 the air have
15
ft.
MATHEMATICS
ft.
to be completely
were occupied by one person, how often would changed to obtain pure air ?
ft.
2.
ft,
by 11 ft. by Sihave to be completely changed to obtain pure air for two

?
How
often would the air in a room 12
persons
3.
If there were 500 people in a lecture hall,
how
often
would the air have to be completely changed to insure good

ventilation ?
Nine square
is
feet of floor space is allowed to each
person, and the hall

4.
11 feet high.
For good ventilation the air in a room containing one person needs to be changed every 45 minutes. What is the approximate size of the room ?
5.
It
has been found by experiment that the air in a room
cannot be changed more than three times per hour without
danger of drafts.
just large
What
to
are the dimensions of a
room that
is
meet this ventilating requirement, when one person occupies the room ?
enough
6.
It
has been found by experiment that one gas
jet,
when
changing the air in a room occupied by one person once an hour during the daytime, good ventilation is secured. How many times per hour does it need to be changed in the evening when one gas
burning, uses as
air as jet is
7.
much
two persons.
By
burning
When two
persons occupy a room, good ventilation
is
secured in
How
8.
daytime by changing the air once each half hour. often should the air be changed when 3 gas jets are
air in a
lighted ?
room occupied by one person needs to be changed once every hour in the daytime and three times every
hour during the evening.
9.
The
How many
gas jets are burning
kerosene lamp requires as
much
air
as 4
persons.
When
2 persons occupy a room, the air needs to be changed
once every 2 hours.
When
a lamp burns in the room,
how
often does the air need to be changed ?
LINES, ANGLES,
10.
TRIANGLES
101
In the daytime the air of a room containing 2 persons
needs to be changed once every 45 minutes, and in the evening once every 15 minutes. The room is lighted by kerosene lamps. How many kerosene lamps are burning in the room ?
11.
The quantity
of carbon dioxide given off as that given off
by candles
is
about twice as
much
by
gas.
If the air in a
room needs to be changed once every 1 hours when illuminated by gas, how often will it need to be changed when illuminated by candles ?
For practical purposes architects figure 30 cubic feet of minute for each person. A classroom has a ventilating The room is 28' X 23' X 15' and contains 30 pupils. system. To insure good ventilation, how much air must be driven into the room and how many times per hour must the air be changed ?
12.
air per
customary to allow 50 cubic feet of air per minute per person. In a hospital ward 56' X 9' X 12' are 8 How much air must be suppatients, a nurse, and 2 gas jets. plied per hour ? How many times must it be changed per hour ?
13.
In hospitals
it is
14. A train running 40 miles an hour strikes two torpedoes 400 feet apart. Sound travels 1090 feet per second. What time elapses between their reports at a station which the train
is
nearing ?
15.
According to some engineers, the sectional area of the box of a furnace should be equal to the combined areas of all the registers. There are 6 registers in a house, each 8 in. by 10 in. How large should the cold-air box be ?
cold-air
16.
The
cross section of a cold-air
box
is
ft.
in.
by 1
is
ft.
in.
There are 6 equal registers in the house.
What
sq. in.
the
area of each register ?

17.
The
sectional area of a cold-air
box
is
495
Each
register measures 9 in.
by 11
in.
How many
registers are
there in the house ?
102
18.
MATHEMATICS
According to other engineers, the sectional area of a coldair box should be equal to the combined areas of all the registers minus one sixth. There are 8 registers in a house, each 8 in. by 10 in. How large should the cold-air box be ?
19.
The
sectional area of a cold-air
box
is
600 sq.
in.
each
register measures 8 in.
by 10
in.
How many registers are there

box measures 20
in.
in the house ?
20.
in.
The
cross section of a cold-air
by 20
There are 6 equal registers in the house.

It is said that the
ft.
What
is
the area
of each ?
21.
ing room are 11
minimum dimensions of an ideal by 13^ ft. How many square feet are
room
of
din-
con-
tained in such a room ?

22.
An
ft.
ideal dining
by 22
23.
How
ft.
measures 17 ft. many square feet are contained in such a room ?

size
maximum
A
ft.
kitchen, according to one authority, should measure

If the range measures 2
ft.
10
6
ft.
by 12
6
in.,
by 3
ft.
14
in.,
the
in. by 3 ft. 15 in., two cupboards each 1 ft. 8 in. by and the work table 4 ft. by 5 ft. 7 in., how many square feet are allowed for " walking " space ?
sink 1
ft.
24.
It is said that stairs are well proportioned
when
2 times
the height of the riser, added to the tread, equals 24

riser of
25.
in.
The
such stairs
is
in.
What
is
the tread ?
Measure the stairs in your home. come to the ideal measurements ?

26.
How
I
near do they
have to make a bag 10"xl4" when finished, if I allow 2" for a heading and V' on Use the width of the material for the three sides for hems ?
large a piece of material
How
must
depth of the bag.
CHAPTER
Graphs, the Algebra of Lines.
109.
tions.
VII
Parallels and their Uses
In 50-56 we studied and solved simultaneous equaWe will now study these equations from a geometric
25 we determined that
if
standpoint.
In
tive,
toward the right were posibe

negative.
toward
the
left
should
Suppose
we
measure
our positive and nega-
tive values
from two lines
inter-
secting at right angles.

further, that horizontal
Suppose
measure-
ments
shall
vertical
be
^-measurements
be
X
Y
Ex.
1.
f
31
-X
and
measurements
^/-measurements,
positive
ative.
upward being and downward being neg-
Eind the point where x
= 2, y = 3.
the point
Measuring
OM = 2
and
MP = 3,
we have
satisfying the
required condition.
EXERCISE
30
In the same manner locate the following points

1.
2. 3.
= 4, y = 2. x 3, y 5. x = 2, y = 3.
x
5.
6.
7.
4.
x=
1, y = 4.
103
8.
= 1, y = 4. x= 1, = 2. x = 5, y = 1. x = 0, y = 2.
x
2/
;;
104
9.
MATHEMATICS
x = 2, y = 0.
x
10.
a;
?/
= 3.
11.
= 2, y = 0.
12.
Are these points on the same circumference ?
= 3, # = 4 x = A, y = 3; x= 3, = 4 = 4, = 3 ;r=-4 = 3; g = 3, y = 4 = - 4, y = - 3. x = - 3, y = - 4
a?
;
,y
aj
?/
;?/
aj
(Take your center at 0.)

110.
In the equation x
+y=
4t,
sum must always equal 4. values whose sum is 4. To find such

their
x and y are so related that x and y then may take any

pairs of values, solve
+ y = 4 for either # or y. We
y
Give x a set of values, say
0, 1,
if
will solve for y.

x.
2, 3,
etc.,
and find the corresponding

etc.
values ofy.
It is
If
= 0,
=4
= 1,
= 3,
convenient to write these values

See below.
in
two columns headed x
and
?/.
4(^)
1
3 (2?)
2 3
2 (C)
1
4
5
(D) (#)
-1 (F)
5 etc.
-1
Now
plot these values on the
same pair
of axes, just as
we
did in exercise 16.

In this
way we
obtain the points A,
J5,
(7,
Z>, etc.
If these points are
curve will
connected by a smooth curve, any point on the correspond to a point satisfying- an x and a y of x + y = 4.
GRAPHS, THE ALGEBRA OF LINES

The values
of x
105
and y which locate the position of a point are called coordinates of a point. The ^-measurement, e.g., OM,
is
called the abscissa, the ^/-measurement,
e.g.,
MB,
first
is
the
ordi-
nate.
The point
is
called the origin.

is
If
each term of the equation
of the
degree, the
is
curve
linear.
ABCDEF is
is
a straight line and the equation
called
This curve
equation.
111.
called the graph or geometric picture of the
The
degree of a term
letters in
is
it.
determined by the sum of the
exponents of the
In an equation the term of
highest degree determines the degree of the equation.
an expression of the fourth degree in xy and of the third degree in x. x3 3 x2 = 8 is an equation of the third degree.
is
x3y + xy 2 x3
2x
+a =b c
2
is
an equation of the
first
degree in
x.
EXERCISE
31
Find the graphs of the following equations

1.
2. 3.
4.
+y = 6. 2x+y = 8. x y=&. 4 a 3y = 12.

x
5.
6.
7.
2x y
8.
5. 3x-2y = 5. x + 4?/ = 3. x+2y = 4.

intersect.
112.
If a pair of simultaneous equations ( 50) are plotted
on the same axes, their graphs will usually

as the values that are
In this
case the coordinates of the point of intersection are the
same
found for x and y when the equations
are solved.
This explains in a geometric way the name simultaneous

equations.
The x and y must
at the
same time have values
which
satisfy both equations.
106
MATHEMATICS
:
Ex. Solve by graphs

x
2y = 5,
x
(1)
(2)
+ y=l.
(1)
From
x y
1
From
x y
1
(2)
+* +3
l
2
-1
(1)
-1
If
In the above problem the lines and (2) intersect at % 1, ?/=2.

of 53-55, the
the equations are solved
by the principles
113.
same
results are obtained.
Note that
in
these equations x and y vary.
Any
(Com-
change in one of these numbers causes a change in the other.
For
pare
in
this reason x
and y are the variables in the equation.
51.)
Letters and numbers
an equation are called constants.

is
whose values do not change The number which is inde-
pendent of the variables
called the absolute term.

intersect.
Sometimes the graphs of equations will not

equations are then said to be inconsistent.
The
Ex. Plot the equations x

a?
+ y = 4, +y=2
The graphs
of these equations do not intersect.
This
is
be-
cause the lines are parallel.

114.
Parallel Lines.
Two
straight lines are said to be parallel
when they have the same direction. It is evident that if they are drawn through two different points they are everywhere
equally distant and can never meet.
115.
Some
of the graphs of equations do not intersect because
they coincide.
GRAPHS, THE ALGEBRA OP LINES

Ex. Plot
107
2x
+ 3y = 3, 4zX + 6y = 6.
These graphs coincide. Equations of this kind are said to be See example 2, exercise 22. equivalent. Equivalent equations and inconsistent equations have no
solution.
EXERCISE
Solve by means of graphs.
also
if
32
In each case solve algebraically,

solution.
compare the result with the graphical
Note that
is
the roots are fractional, the graphical solution
only ap-
proximately correct.
1.
+ y = 7, 2x-3y=-6.
x
x_y "2 4 ==2

3#_2/ = !5
4
3
8?/
7.
4a>-7# =
6^
18,
+ 5y=-4.
l,
2.
Sx +
4
42/
= 11,
6.
^
8.
9a?-4y =
5x -4y =
4a;
s-3,7=-2.
^
6'
9.
6a? + 2y = 3.
2,
3.
+ 2?/= 13, 2 a?- y = l.

+ 2y = 5, 2x -h y = 4.
a
angle
?/
5x +
6a?-
= 13, 5y = l.
+ 5y=-2.
4.
What
10.
is
formed by the
12.
lines in
examples
14.
2, 3,
9?
2a
5 = 3, 3x l\y=4c\.
2a
+ y = 4, 2x + y = 6.
4:
9
tc
7 v = 3, w + 3 v = 4.
11.
+ 2y = l, Ax + y \.
8x
13.5x-3y = 5x 3y =
5.
What
relations exist
15.
between the three
lines
4x + 3y = 2, 3# 4^ = 5, 3x-4,y = 8.
108
16.
MATHEMATICS
5
+ u = 11, 3t-2u = 4.
t
17.
m + 3 = 19, 3 m - 4 = 3.
fc A;
18.
8 w = 5, 4 y + 5 w = 7.
6v
Parallels and their Uses
116.
Parallel lines
114)
are
of
great
importance in
geometry.
117.
We
assume that but one
line can be
drawn through
given point parallel to a given

118.
line.
Prove that in
the
same plane two perpendiculars
to the
same
line are parallel.
At points x = 4, y = 0, and Draw the line x -f y = 4. perpendiculars line. = this To prove that these erect to 4, y 0, perpendiculars are parallel, suppose that they meet if produced, then
Hint.
read Theorem IX.

( 108.)
The method
of proof
you use here
is
called Indirect.
Compare your given equation, x

with the three lines of your found in exercise 32 ?
y=
Are
4,
and x
y = 4,
relations
figure.
similar
Problem
119.
1. 2.
To draw a
straight line parallel to
a given
straight line.
Draw an
indefinite line
AB.
Choose a point
parallel.
without line
AB
through which to
draw the
3.
Draw
At
AP and
extend
it
to
some point K.
4.
5.
P construct
an angle equal to /LA.
PZ, one
side of Z.
ZPK is
the required parallel.
PARALLELS AND THEIR USES

Theorem XIV
120.
other.
109
Two
lines parallel to the
same
line are parallel to
each
Draw line
To prove
Proof.
a.
Draw lines
line
c.
and c parallel
a.
to a.
We then have
Giver two lines b and c parallel to line

line b
||
1.
If b
and
are not parallel they will, if produced,
meet
2.
at
some point P.
rest of the proof is left to the pupil.
The
(See
117.)
Theorem
121.
XV
of tivo parallels
is
A line perpendicular to one

line
perpendicu-
lar to the other.
Draw
a at K.
||
line
b.
Draw
line c _L line
b,
intersecting line
have Given lines a and b parallel, and line c _L line b. To prove line c _L line a. Proof. 1. Draw line m through perpendicular to 2. Then, lines b and m are to c, and b and m are 3. Then, m and a coincide. ( 117.) 4. Hence, c _L a.
We now
c.
||.
( 118.)
122.
angle.
The angle opposite the base of a (Any side may be the base.)
triangle is the vertical
The vertex of the vertical angle is the vertex of the triangle. The altitude of a triangle is the perpendicular from the vertex
to the base.
An
exterior angle of a triangle is the angle
side of a triangle
formed by any and the adjacent side produced.
EXERCISE
1.
33
In an isosceles triangle draw the exterior angle at the

:
base
2.
at the vertex.
Draw
three altitudes of an isosceles triangle.
110
3. 4. 5.
6.
MATHEMATICS
Draw
Draw
Draw
three altitudes of an equilateral triangle.
three altitudes of an obtuse angled triangle.
three altitudes of a right triangle.
Draw
the three bisectors of the angles of the triangles in

5.
examples 2 to
7.
Do
the three altitudes of these triangles ever meet in a
point ?
8. Do when?
9.
Do
they always meet in a point
the altitudes and the bisectors ever coincide ?
If so,
Do
the three bisectors ever meet in a point ?
Do they
always meet in a point ? Later in the course you will be called upon to prove your above conclusion.
123. If
two
lines
AB and XFare
cut by a third line
MN,
MN
is
said to be a transversal.
This transversal makes with the other two lines eight angles which have special names,
names which
position
of
refer to the
the
angles
with respect to the lines. For example, a, b, o, s, are between lines AB
and XY, and are called

interior
angles.
The
re-
maining four are

angles.
exterior
a and
site
being on oppoof the

transalternate-interior angles,
sides
versal
are
Likewise o and
are
alternate-interior angles.
c
and
interior
on the same side of the transversal are exteriorangles. Locate the other exterior-interior angles.
s,
d and g are alternate-exterior angles.

nate-exterior angles.
Find the other
alter-

Theorem XVI
124.
111
If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the alternate-
interior angles are equal.
Draw
AB
II
XY, and 30T intersecting

Let
K, respectively. then have

Given
angles
c
lis
Z KOA =
by
c,
and
AB and XFat Z YKO = d.
and
We
AB and XY cnt
d.
MN
forming alternate-interior
and
To prove
Proof.
1.
Zc=Z
d.
middle point of OK, draw a _L to ^J3, meeting ^45 at F, and at E. Let Z FZO = g and
Z, the
Through
XF
z ^zs = 2. EFXY.
*.
( 121.)
3.
In
rt.
A OFZ and Ji^Z,

g
i-
(98.)
(Constr.)
(?)
JTZ = ZO.
4.
5.
Hence, A Then, Z c
O.FZ= A KEZ.
= Z d.
( 86.)
lines.
Tliis is the
fundamental proposition in parallel
EXERCISE
1.
34 transversal, the exterior-
If
two
parallels are cut
by a
:
interior angles are equal.
(Use the equations derived from the and VII.) Note Remember in proving any geometric statement you must give authority (the why) for
Theorems
XVI
each step you take.

2.
If
two
parallels are cut
by a
transversal, the
sum
is
of the
interior angles
on the same side of the transversal
equal to
two right angles.

3.
If
two
parallels are cut
by a transversal, the
alternate-
exterior angles are equal.
112
4.
MATHEMATICS
If
two
parallels are cut
by a
transversal, the
sum
is
of the
exterior angles on the same side of the transversal two right angles.
equal to
Theorem XVII
125.
If two
lines are cut by
a transversal, and the alternate-
interior angles are equal, the lines are parallel.
Draw
a line
AB.
Draw
a line
MN intersecting AB
at
0.
Through any point
K on MN, draw line XY, making an angle

Use same notation
have
for angles as that
YKO
in
equal to
KOA.
Theorem XVI.
Given two lines
We
AB and XFcut by
MN making Z
=Z
d.
To prove
Proof.
2.
3.
1.
AB XY.
II
Through
K draw GH
II
AB.
Then,
Z 0KH=Zc.
But
Zd=Zc.
(Theorem XVI.) (By Hyp.)

(Ax. 8.)
4.
5.
6.
Then,
Z 0KH=Zcl.
Hence, lines Oil and

Therefore,
XY coincide.
Theorem XVI.
That
is,
XYWAB.
is
This theorem
changed.
the converse of
the
hypothesis and conclusion of the two theorems are inter-
Theorems
XVI
and XVII are very important.

35
EXERCISE
1.
If
two two
lines are cut
by a transversal and the exterior-
interior angles are equal, the lines are parallel.

2.
If
interior
by a transversal, and the sum of the angles on the same side of the transversal is equal to
lines are cut
two right
3.
angles, the lines are parallel.

lines are cut
If
two
by a
transversal,
and the alternate-
exterior angles are equal, the lines are parallel.

4.
If
two
lines are cut
exterior angles on the

lines are parallel.
by a transversal, and the sum of the same side of the transversal is 180, the

5.
113
If
two angles have
their sides parallel, each to each, they
are either equal or supplementary.
{Hint.
Produce one side
of each angle, if necessary, until the lines intersect.)

6.
If
two angles have their
sides
perpendicular, each to
each, they are either equal or supplementary.
Draw
A ABC,
also
A KOM
whose sides are perpendicular,

each to each, to the sides of
7
-}
/
-jy
A ABC. We have Given A ABC and KOM with side AB JL KO, and BCOM.
To prove
D-
\ K
D
and
AB
equal to or
\r
supplementary to
Proof.
1.
Z KOM.
draw
i;
;
* Through
DE JL KO to
2.
3.
OM,
being on opposite sides of
produce
G, and
draw 0i7 JL
GK
Call
a.
AG0E,d; A HOE,
(?)
A M0H,c, A KOM, b; A DOK,

Then
DE WBG.
Z t = Z JB.
i
And OHWBA.
Therefore
(?)
(?)
4.
5.
6.
+c==
$o.
(?)
7. 8.
9.
+c= Thent = &. AndZJS = Z6.

b
90.
(?)
(?)
(?)
If
OKweve drawn
in the opposite direction,
namely OG,
A MOG would be
7.
the supplement of
Z B.
Two
triangles have their sides mutually perpendicular.
Show
8.
that they are mutually equiangular.
Two
triangles have their sides mutually parallel.
Show
that they are mutually equiangular.

*
Are the
in a figure
triangles equal ?
Remember
that all additional lines
drawn
must be dotted lines.
114
MATHEMATICS
Theorem XVIII
126.
angles.
The sum of the angles of a
triangle is equal to two right
Given
A ABC.
Z A + Z B + Z ACB = 2 rt,
A.
(7iff
\\
To prove that
Proof.
1.
Produce side
BO
to iT.
Draw
z.
BA, and on
same
BO as J3A Let Z.ACB = x, AACM = y, AMCK = 2. x + y + % = 2 rt. A. ( 83, c.) 3. AB = z (?) 4. Z^l = (?) 5. a=a (?)
side of
2/
6.
Add
equations
3, 4,
and
5.
7.
8.
Compare equations 2 and Hence?
6.
EXERCISE
1.
36
vertex, parallel to the base.

2.
Prove Theorem XVIII by drawing a line through the (Do not draw any other lines.)
Prove two right triangles equal
if
a leg and an acute angle
of the one are equal, respectively, to the leg
and acute angle of
the other.
Prove that the exterior angle ( 122) of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two opposite interior angles. (You will need this theorem very often.)
3. 4.
Prove that the exterior angle of a triangle
is
greater
than either of the opposite interior angles.

5. 6. 7.
How many right angles can a triangle have ? How many obtuse angles can a triangle have?
One angle
at the base of
an isosceles triangle
is
36.
Find the other angles.

8.
115
The
vertical angle of
base angles are bisected.

bisectors.
an isosceles triangle is 120. The Find the angles formed by the
The angle formed by the bisectors of the base angles of an isosceles triangle is 100. Find the angles of the triangle.
9.
10.
One angle
of a right triangle is 45.
Compare the
legs
of the triangle.
11. (a)
(b)
Construct an equilateral triangle.

Construct an angle of 30.
12.
13.
Construct an angle of 45.
An
exterior angle at the base of an isosceles triangle

is 108.
formed by producing the base

triangle.
14.
Find the angles of the
Could the exterior angle in example 13 be 89? 90?
91?
15.
Why? An exterior
angle formed at the vertex of an isosceles

is
triangle
by producing one of the legs
129.
Find the angles
of the triangle.
16.
Find the exterior angle at the base of an equilateral

?
triangle.
Prove 6 of Exercise 35 by producing and producing BA to meet OK produced.

17.
MO to meet BC,
127.
Develop the following synopsis

triangles are equal if (a)
(p)
Two
oo
Two
if (a)
(6)
00
id)
Keep
this synopsis
always in your mind.
116
MATHEMATICS
Theorem XIX
128.
If two angles of a triangle are equal, the triangle

a line CD.
is isosceles.
Draw
At C and
D construct
equal angles.
Let
c.
the sides of these angles meet at P.
Call
PC,
d,
and PD,
We
then have
Given
To
A CDP with Z G = Z D. prove c =

cl.
Proof.
2.
1.
Draw
a perpendicular
from
P to the base.
Prove the
A formed are equal.

Theorem
XX
129.
If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the angles opposite
are unequal,
and
the greater a)igle lies opposite the greater side.
Draw A DEF making We now have
DE > DF.
Call
BE,
and DF,
e.
M E
Given
A DEF with f>e. To prove Z EFD > ZE.

1.
Proof.
On
DE take DM =
a,
e,
and draw
JFJf.
Call
Z DTtfi^
and
Z MFZ),
#.
(Note in this construction that

in the statement,
2.
3.
D is
the angle not involved
and from
(Ax.
D we measure the distance DM.)
x=
?/.
(Theorem
y.
III.)
7.)
ZEFD>
.-.
4.
Zo/^.
7/
(Ex. 36, 4.)
5.
6.
> Z ^. ,'.ZEFD>ZE.
(?)

EXERCISE
1.
117
37
line.
The perpendicular is the shortest line from a point to a (Draw the perpendicular and any other line from the
line.)
given point to the given

2.
Two
isosceles
triangles are equal if the base
base angle of one are equal, respectively, to

base angle of the other.
3.
and one the base and one
The hypotenuse
in a triangle
is
greater than either leg.
Find the sum of the angles XVIII.)

4.
5.
of a quadrilateral.
(Theorem
If the lines are
drawn from a point within a
triangle to
by theni is greater than the angle included by the other two sides. (Use the figure of Theorem VI, and apply Exercise 36, Example 4.)
the extremities
of one side, the angle included
Theorem XXI
130.
Any point
in the bisector of
an angle
is
equidistant
from
the sides of the angle.
Draw A DEF. Erom P, or any
Bisect Z E.
point in the bisector, draw
ED and EF,
Call
respectively, meeting
x
ED at M and EF at
have
PM and PK _L
K.
PM, d and PK,
d2
We now
bisecting
Given
ADEF,
and
PE
DEF,
also,
from any point, P, in the

respectively.
bisector, to
sides
ED
and d2 js and EF,
To prove d d 2
Proof.
Show
that
A EPK= A EMP.
sometimes called the locus
of points equi-
131.
This bisector
is
distant from the sides of the angle.
A locus may be defined

it,
as
a point or line which
fulfills
conditions imposed upon
no
118
MATHEMATICS
Thus, in
other point or line meeting these conditions.
130
no point not in the bisector

theorem.
will satisfy the conditions of the

is
The
center of a circle
the locus of
all
points in a
plane equidistant from the circumference.
EXERCISE
1.
38
Show
The
that every point within an angle, and equally dis-
tant from the sides of the angle, lies in the bisector of the angle.
2.
bisectors of the base angles of an isosceles triangle

isosceles triangle.
form with the base an

3.
The point
of intersection of the bisectors of the base
angles of a triangle lies in the bisector of the vertical angle.
Find the point in the base of a triangle w hich is equidistant from the other two sides of the triangle. Is this point ever the middle of the base ?
4.
r
5.
Show
that
if lines
are
drawn from the middle point
of
the base of an isosceles triangle respectively perpendicular to the legs of the triangle, two equal triangles are formed.
6.
If
parallels to the legs are drawn,
formed.
7.
from any point in the base of an isosceles triangle, two isosceles triangles are Are the triangles ever equal ?
that in a right triangle,
if
Show
one angle
is 30,
the
hypotenuse is twice the shorter angle of an equilateral triangle.)

8.
side.
(Bisect the
vertical
Find a point which
is
equidistant from two intersecting
lines.
If three lines intersect, but
same
point, find a point, if
do not pass through the any such exists, which is equi-
distant from all three lines.

10.
Bisect the exterior angles at the base of a triangle, and

bisectors
show that these
meet
in a point of the bisector of the
angle at the vertex of the triangle.

11.
119
Bisect the exterior angle at the vertex of an isosceles
triangle.
Show
that this bisector
is
parallel to the base of the
triangle.
12.
Through the vertex
of
an isosceles triangle draw a
parallel to the base.
Show
that this line bisects the exterior
angle formed by extending one of the equal sides through the

vertex.
Through the middle point of one leg of an isosceles triangle draw a parallel to the other leg. Through the vertex draw a parallel to the base. Show that two equal triangles are formed. How do you find the middle point of one leg?
13.
14.
there
15.
Find a point equidistant from two more than one such point?
If
parallel lines.
Is
two lines intersect, the bisectors of two adjacent angles formed are mutually perpendicular.
Theorem XXII
132.
If two triangles have two sides of one equal respectively
to tivo sides
of the
other,
and
the included angle
of the first greater

is
than the included angle of the second, the third side of the first
greater than the third side of the second.
having sides ACQ)) and CB(a) respectively equal to MKQ) and ML(k), and Z C>/-M. We now have
Given
Draw
A ABC
and
KLM,
A ABC and KLM,

b
with
I,
7c.
ZC>ZM.
To Prove
Proof.
1.
Apply
> KL(m). A KLM to A ABC so

AB(c)
that
will coincide
with
b,
L
0.
falling at L'.
Draw CO,
bisecting
Z L'CB,
meeting
AB at
2.
Draw
OV
A0+ OL' > AL\
(?)
120
3.
MATHEMATICS
In
A CVO and
COB,
(?)
4.
Hence,
and
5.
6.
Then, Hence,
en = cb. co = CO. ZL'CO = Z.OCB. ACL'0 = ACOB, OX' = 05. ^40+ 02/ = A0+ OB.
(?)
(?) (?)
(?)
(?)
A0+0B>AU,
c>m.
of this
or
The converse
theorem
is
also true.
State the converse.
Four-sided Figures
133.
lines.
quadrilateral is a portion of a plane
bounded by four
If the opposite sides are parallel, the figure is a parallelogram.
Draw
If
the figure.
parallel
two sides are

is
and the other two
sides not parallel,
the figure
If no
a trapezoid.
Draw
a trapezoid.
In an
isosceles
trapezoid the non-parallel sides are equal.
two
sides are parallel, the figure is a trapezium.

is
A A
A A
rhomboid
a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are not

Illustrate.
equal and whose angles are oblique.
rhombus
is
an equilateral parallelogram whose angles are
oblique.
rectangle is a parallelogram
whose angles are right

is
angles.
square
is
an equilateral rectangle.
a quadrilateral a line
The
diagonal of
drawn from one
vertex to the opposite vertex.
Begin lettering a four-sided figure at the lower left-hand

corner and read counter-clockwise.
Make
a synopsis classifying quadrilaterals under three gen-
eral heads.

Theorem XXIII
134.
121
In a parallelogram
the opposite sides are equal,
and
the
opposite angles are equal.
Draw
triangles
a parallelogram ABCJD.
Draw BD.
Prove the two
formed are equal. Then use 86. This is the fundamental theorem in parallelograms.
EXERCISE
1.
39
it
The diagonal
of a parallelogram divides
into
two equal
triangles.
2.
3.
The diagonals
Parallel
lines
of a parallelogram bisect each other.
included
between
parallel
lines
are
equal.
4.
From two
opposite vertices of a parallelogram
draw
per-
pendiculars to the diagonal drawn between the other vertices.
Show
5.
that two pairs of equal triangles are formed.
Show
that the lines connecting the middle points of the
opposite sides of a parallelogram bisect each other.

6.
The diagonals
of a
rhombus
bisect each other at right
angles.
7.
In a certain parallelogram the diagonals
bisect
its
angles.
sides.
8.
One
side of the parallelogram is
8'.
Find the other
In an isosceles trapezoid draw perpendiculars from the
extremities of the shorter base to the longer base.
Show
that
two equal triangles are formed.

9.
The diagonals
of a rectangle are equal.
10.
In an isosceles triangle
ABC,
the equal angles
and
are bisected.
These bisectors form an angle of 120. of the triangle ABC is how many times its base?
The
leg
122
MATHEMATICS
Theorem XXIV
135.
Two
parallelograms are equal if two sides and the
in-
cluded angle of one are respectively equal to two sides and the
included angle of the other.
Given HI
ABCD and HEFG with AD,

HG, HE, and Z H.
AB, and Z
A respec-
tively equal to
To prove
Proof.
O ABCD = OHEFG.
diagonals
Draw
DB and
GE.
Prove
A ADB = A HGE.
exercise 39,
1.
Then use
Theorem
136.
figure is a parallelogram.
XXV
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, the
Draw quadrilateral ABCD having AB = DC and AD Draw BD and prove the triangles formed are equal. Then use 125.
= BC.
EXERCISE
1.
40
If
two
is
sides of a quadrilateral are equal
and
parallel,
the figure
2.
a parallelogram.
If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, the
figure is a parallelogram.
3.
Two
rectangles are equal
when two adjacent
sides of one
other.
are respectively equal to

4.
5.
two adjacent sides of the
The diagonals
of a square bisect its angles.
If the diagonals of a rectangle bisect its angles, the recis
tangle
equilateral.

Theorem XXVI
137.
123
If a series of parallels intercept equal parts on one transon every transversal.

equal parts on line
versal, they intercept equal parts
Given
lis
AB, CD, and
EF intercepting
Ml
\m'
GH.
To prove AB, CD, and

transversal
Proof.
tively,
EF
intercept equal parts on every
17.
Let
1.
HG cut AB,
lis
II
CD, and
EF at M,
JST,
K, respec-
M'O
2.
and XFcut these and N'R respectively
at M',
N\
(?)
1 .
K', respectively.
Draw
to
MK.
MN= M'O = NK= N'R.

Now
prove
r
3.
A M ON' = A N'RK
EXERCISE
41
1.
line which, bisects one side of a triangle
and
is
parallel
to another side
bisects the third side.
(In
137, if
M'K'
with
were drawn through M, we would have a triangle

J the middle point on one side.)
2.
MKK'
The
(In
line parallel to a base of a trapezoid,
and bisecting
one of the non-parallel sides, bisects the other non-parallel

side.
137
KK'M'M is
a trapezoid.)
124
MATHEMATICS
Theorem XXVII
The
joining the middle points of two sides of a
138.
line
tri-
angle
is
parallel to the third side
and equal
,
to
one half of it.

of
Through and M' middle points We then have and AG, respectively, draw MM'
Draw
Given
A ABC.
AB
A ABC
MM'
II
with
MM'
connecting the middle points of
the two sides.
To prove
Proof.
2.
BG.
1.
Through
M draw a
will
line parallel to
BG.
This line will bisect
AG and
must therefore pass through
M'
Why ?
The parallel drawn BG.
II
3.
coincide with
MM',
therefore
MM'
4.
5.
6.
M'X AB meeting BG at Prove A AMM' = A M'XC. Then, MM' = XG=i BG.

Draw
II
X.
Theorem XXVIII
139.
sides of
The
line joining the

is
middle points of the non-parallel
a trapezoid
parallel to the bases
and equal
to
one half
of their sum.
Draw trapezoid ABGD, AB and DC being the parallel sides. Draw EF joining E and F the middle points of AD and BG,
}
respectively.
We
then have
Given trapezoid
ABCD,
with
EF
joining the middle points
of the non-parallel sides.
To prove
Proof.
EF AB and DC, also EF = i(AB + DC). A line through E AB will pass through 1.
II
II
F.
(Exercise 41,
2. 3.
2.)
II
Then
In
EF AB
and DC.
Draw DB,
intersecting
EF at M. E the middle
41, 1.)
4.
A ABD,
EM
is
drawn through
point of
AD and
5.
parallel to
Use
A BCD
(Use exercise in a similar manner.
AB.

Theokem XXIX
140.
125
The
bisectors
of two of the angles of a triangle intersect
on the bisector of the third angle.
A ABC, also BM bisecting Z B and CM bisecting Z C We now have Given A ABC, and BM and CM bisecting A B and C, reDraw
spectively.
To prove that
Proof.
2.
1.
lies in
the bisector of
Z A.
AB
Since
BM bisects Z B, M
(
Draw AM.
is
equally distant from
and
3.
BC
Since
130.)
CM bisects Z C, Mis
BC and
is
CA.
4.
5.
( 130.)
Therefore
Then
M
lies
is
AB and AC.
A, and
in the bisector of
1.)
AM
the
bisector.
(Exercise 38,
141.
From theorem
is
XXIX
we may assume
that the three
bisectors of the angles of a triangle
point of intersection
meet in a point, and the equally distant from the three sides.
42
1.
In a
EXERCISE parallelogram ABCD, M,
the middle point of
AB,
is
joined to D, and M', the middle -point of
DC,
is
joined to B.
Show
2.
that the diagonal
AC is
trisected.
Show
If
that
if
the middle points of the sides of a quadri-
lateral are joined in order, the figure

3.
formed
is
a parallelogram.
the middle points of the sides of a rectangle are
joined in order, the figure formed in a rhombus.

4.
The
figure
formed by joining the middle points of the
sides of a square taken in order is a square.

5.
Show
that the two bisectors of the interior angles on the
same
angle.
.
side of the transversal of
two parallel
lines
form a right
6.
What
figure is
formed by joining the middle points of
the sides of an isosceles trapezoid taken in order?
126
7.
MATHEMATICS
Show
that the opposite angles of an isosceles trapezoid
are supplementary.
Theorem
142.
sides of
bisector
XXX
at the middle points of two
lies
The perpendiculars erected

a triangle meet
in
a point which
in the perpendicular
of
the third side.
Draw
Use
the perpendicular bisectors of two of the sides.
Join
140.
their point of intersection to the middle point of the third side,
101.
Prove in a manner similar to that used in
143.
We may
conclude that the three perpendicular bisec-
tors of the three sides of a triangle
meet
in a point equidistant
from the three
vertices.
Theorem XXXI
144.
point.
The
three altitudes of
triangle
meet in a common
Draw
Given
A ABC, and its three altitudes A ABC and the altitudes x, y,

x, y,
x, y, z.
z.
We
now
have,
To prove that
Proof.
1.
and
have a common point.
Through
MR
2
3.
II
AC;
Since
through
draw draw
MK
II
II
BC\ through
B, draw
HK
BA.
parallelograms,
xMK.
Hence x
(121.)
MBCA and ABCK are

is
BC = MA
z of
= AK
4.
5.

is
MK.
Similarly y
HK and
MH.
6.
But the perpendicular

in a point.
(143.)
bisectors of the sides of
A MHK
common
meet
7.
8.
But
x, y, z
are also the altitudes of
A ABC.
Therefore the altitudes of a triangle meet in a
point.

Theorem XXXII
145.
127
Two medians* of a
triangle meet in a point of the third
median.
A ABC, and medians CM and AK meeting at 0. Also draw BL through 0, meeting AC at L. We now have Given A ABC with medians ^4iTand CM meeting at 0.
Draw
To prove that
Proof.
1.
is
in the
median drawn
to
to the third side.
duced at 2. In A
Draw CH parallel H. Draw AH.
AK and
meeting
BL
pro-
HBC,
is
OK HC and bisects BC.

II
It therefore bisects
BH.
3.
(?)
Since
the middle point of

II
HB, and
ilfthe middle
point of
AB, MO AH. (?) 4. Then AOCH is a parallelogram, and L is the middle point of AC. Why? o. Hence BL is a median and lies in the median.
146.
In
145, since
H0=
OB
and
L0 = \ HO,
that
is
is
the
-|
distance from
5 to
(7
JO.
Similarly
we may show
X.
the
distance from
to
M, and from
^4 to
Or the medians meet

from the vertex to
in a point f the distance, along the median,
the opposite side.
Polygons
147.
polygon
is
a portion of a plane bounded by three or
more
straight lines.
lines of a polygon are its sides.
The bounding
Any two
adjacent sides form an angle of the polygon.
polygon is named with reference to its number of sides, Thus, triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon, hexagon, or angles.
octagon, etc.
*
A median
is
a line drawn from a vertex of a triangle to the middle point
of the opposite side.
128
MATHEMATICS
is equilateral. is
If the sides are equal, the polygon
If the angles are equal, the polygon
equiangular.
equilateral.
regular polygon
is
both equiangular and
148.
Two
polygons are mutually equilateral
if their corre-
sponding sides are equal.
Two
polygons are mutually equiangular

is, if
if
their correspond-
ing angles are equal, that
their angles taken in the
same
order are respectively equal.
they are both mutually equilatThey are also equal if they eral and mutually equiangular. can be separated into the same number of triangles, equal each
polygons are equal
if
Two
to each,
and similarly placed.
Theorem XXXIII
149.
The sum of
the angles
of any polygon
is
equal
to twice
as
many
right angles as the polygon has sides, less four right
angles.
Draw polygon ABODE,

Given polygon
etc.
We have
sides.
etc.,
ABCD,
etc.,
having n
To prove
Proof.
Z.
A+AB+Z C+Z.D+-From any

point
=2 wrt. A 4rt.
A.
1.
within the polygon draw a
line to each vertex:

2.
It is evident that
n triangles are formed, one for each

is
side of the polygon.

3.
The sum
of the angles of each triangle

all
two right
angles,
is
and the sum of the angles of

right angles.
4.
the triangles together
2n
The sum
of the angles of all the triangles includes the
sum
5.
of the angles of the polygon,

to the polygon.
and the angles around
which do not belong
Subtracting the
sum
of the angles at
the angles of the n triangles, angles of the polygon.
we have 2 n
rt.
P from the sum of A 4 rt. A for the
( 83, d.)
PAKALLELS AND THEIR USES

Theorem
150.
T7ie
129
XXXIV
of a polygon formed by
is
sum of
the exterior angles
producing one side at each vertex of a polygon

right angles.
equal
to
four
Given a polygon with exterior angles
b, d,
etc.
rt.
To prove that the sum of these angles

Proof.
1.
is
equal to 4
A.
Let a be the interior angle of the polygon adjaA.
cent to
2. 3.
b.
Thena + 6 = 2rt.
sum
rt.
This same sum exists at each of the n vertices, therefore

of the interior
the
is
and the exterior angles of the polygon

rt.
2n
4.
5.
A.
of the interior is 2 n
But the sum
A 4 rt.
A.
(?)
Subtracting the
sum
of the interior angles
from the sum
of the interior and exterior angles,
we have
2 nit.
or
A -(2 n
4
rt.
A - 4 rt. A),
rt.
A.
43
EXERCISE
1.
Prove Theorem
XXXIII by
triangles
formed by drawing
all
the diagonals from any one vertex of the polygon.
2.
One angle
of a regular
polygon
?
is 1^-
right angles.
How
sum
of a
many
3.
sides has the
polygon
How many
degrees
is
the
of its angles ?
One angle
is
of a regular polygon is 120.
What kind
is
polygon
4.
it? 120.
An
exterior angle of a regular polygon
How
many
5.
sides has the polygon ?
Each
exterior angle of a polygon is 30.
Find the sum
of the interior angles.

6. One angle number of sides.
of a regular polygon is
rt.
-J-
Z.
Find the
Any
trouble here?
Why?
130
7.
MATHEMATICS
From one
vertex of a regular polygon 5 diagonals can be Find the sum of the angles of the polygon.
three lines belonging to any triangle meet in a
drawn.
8.
What
One
point ?
9.
Is there
more than one answer
to this question ?
is
exterior angle of a regular polygon
180.
How
many
sides has the polygon ?
angle a regular polygon can

angle possible ?
151.
What is the have ? What is
greatest exterior
the least exterior
Develop the following synopses

lines are equal, if
Two Two Two
angles are equal,
if
lines are parallel, if

is
quadrilateral
a parallelogram,
if

1.
A hexagonal
water tank
is 3'
6"
on a
side.
Find the
area of the cover.
In nuts and heads of bolts, the distance across the flats (the distance between the parallel sides) is f the diameter of The thickness of the head is i the distance the bolt plus l".
2.
across the
flats.
Find the distance across the
flats
and the
thickness of the head on a one-inch bolt having a square

head.
3.
A
A
hexagonal head
is
--"
on a
side.
Find the distance
across the flats

4.
and the thickness of the head.
blank.
5.
square head T\" thick is to be milled on a cylindrical Find the diameter of the blank.
3,
In example
find the
approximate diameter of the
bolt.
6.
half-inch bolt has a square head.

flats,
across the
the thickness of
Find the distance the head and the diagonal of
the head.

7.
131
A
is
one-inch steel bolt
is
4" long under the head.
The
head
square.
Find weight
of these bolts per hundred.
is
The bolt 8. A square head measures f " across the flats. 5" long under the head. Find weight per hundred.
9.
The thickness
?
of a hexagonal steel
weight of heads per hundred.
What
on a
size
head is f ". Find bolt would you use
with such head

10.
A hexagonal A hole A
hole
is
head
is
"
-f
side.
Find the diameter of

this hole ?
the bolt.
11.
0.185".
Could you use a y3g " bolt in

r
Would
12.
a i" bolt be too large

is is
? i
1.284".
2.74".
The
Find
longest diagonal of the hexagsize of bolt used,
weight of nuts per hundred, number of nuts per hundred pounds. (Bolts only come in 4ths, 8ths, 16ths, 32ds, 64ths).
13.
onal head used
Whites
of eggs coagulate at 56.6 C.
Express this tem-
perature in Fahrenheit scale.
Yolks of eggs coagulate at
122 F.
14.
Express in Centigrade.
eggs are
When
made
into omelets, 1 tablespoonful of
milk and teaspoonful of butter are added to each egg. 7 eggs will make 5 portions for serving. Find difference in cost of 6 eggs and enough omelet to serve six persons, when eggs cost 30^ per dozen, milk 6/ per quart, butter 37^ per pound. One cup of milk measures 16 tablespoonfuls, and one half pound of
butter 16 teaspoonf uls.
15.
87
of milk
is
water.
1 cup of
milk weighs
8|-
ounces.
Find weight of water contained in one quart

16.
of milk.
is
3.3
of milk
albumen.
17.
tein.
What is
casein and \ the per cent of casein and albumen in milk ?

is
protein,
-f
of the protein
The
edible portion of cooked eggs contains 13.2

it
pro-
milk (liquid measure) does as much protein as is in one dozen eggs ?
How much
take to contain
132
18.
MATHEMATICS
A can
is
Which
costs
19.
of condensed milk costing 5jf contains f of, a cnp. fresh or condensed milk cheaper if fresh milk
6^ per quart?
(Dilute condensed milk one third.)

28.8
J
American cheese contains
protein.
eggs contain as
much
protein as 1 pound of cheese ?
much milk (liquid measure) in one pound of much cheese contains as much protein as 2 eggs
20.
How many How cheese? How

?
Find difference in cost of 1 dozen eggs and as much cheese as would contain the same amount of protein, cheese costing 20^ per pound and eggs 30^ per dozen.
makes 1 cup of cottage cheese which weighs 6 ounces. Find difference in cost of 1 pound (Prices same as above.) cottage and 1 pound American cheese.
21.
One quart
of sour milk
22.
Cottage cheese contains 20.9
protein.
How much
make
this
cottage cheese contains as
much
?
protein as 1
pound American
cheese
How much
sour milk will be required to
quantity of cottage cheese

23.
\ pound macaroni or 1 cup rice can be used with cheese. 1 cup rice weighs 1\ ounces, and costs 10^ per pound. Macaroni costs 15 fl per pound package. Find difference in cost.
24.
Boiled rice contains 24.4

/
carbohydrates
cooked macacooked
roni contains 15.8
carbohydrates.
How many quarts
macaroni will contain as

rice ?
25.
much
carbohydrates as 5 cups cooked
Uncooked macaroni
contains
J
74.1%
1
carbohydrates;
cooked macaroni contains 15.8

of loss in carbohydrates
26.
carbohydrates.
Find weight
from cooking
pound macaroni.
wish to make a dusting cap 18" in diameter. How much lace is needed to put around the edge, allowing one half
I
extra for fullness ?

27.
Two
inches in from the edge of the cap in
Example 26
sew beading.
How much
beading must I buy
CHAPTER
VIII
Products and Factors

152.
In exercises 5 and 14 we found the factors of monomial
products.
We
shall
now extend
and
18.
factoring to include the prod-
ucts found in exercises 16
The
153.
Difference of
Two
Squares
the
Type I. Multiply a + bby a b. (That is, multiply sum of two numbers by the difference of the same two
actual multiplication
numbers.)
By
a
a a2 a
2
b b
+ ab
-ab-b
2
.
2 2
That
is,
(a
b) (a
b)
a2
Or, stated in words
The product of the sum and difference of two numbers

to the difference
is
equal
of their squares.
Then
to multiply the
sum
of
two numbers,
as 3 x
+ 5, by
the
same two numbers, 3 x 5, one needs only to square the first number, 3 x, and subtract the square of the second number, 5, from it, giving for the product, 9 x 2 25.
difference of the
EXERCISE
Find by inspection
1.
2.
44
(x (x
+ y)(x
y).
3. 4.
(m
+ 3)(x-3).
133
+ x)(m x). (x + 4)(g - 4).
134
5.
6.
7.
MATHEMATICS
(2a?
+ l)(2a>-l).
8.
9. + 3)(2x-3). 10. (5a + 7)(5a>-7). 11. # 4 is the product of what two
(2x
+ 15) (14 y - 15). (17a + 19 6)(17a-19&). (16c + 25d)(16c - 25 d).

(14 y
?
numbers binomials, trinomials,

12.
or
numbers monomials ?
Are these
What
are the factors of x 2
25.
making it applicable for factoring such examples as example 12. Keep in mind that of division division by inspection. The factoring is a process dividend is given. You must find the divisor and the quotient.
13.
I,
;
Eestate the rule in Type
Factor the following

14. 15. 16.
17.
18. 19. 26.
- 25. a - 81. a - 36. 25 a - 36. 16 y - 25.

a2
2
2
20.
16y 2c 2z 2
4
a;
-25x d a\
2
2
21. 22.
-225.
289
-x\
2
.
23.
24.
2
.
16/ -25c
a4
4
25.
2
2 2
- 529 y 441 y* - 729 a\ 64 a - 196 b

361 x2
2
27. 28.
29.
30.
- 256 b = (a + 16 b )(a - 16 b = (a + 16& )(a + 4&)(a-4&). 31. 3 -2 16 m -81c 32. a + 3) -(a-3) (49) - (25) 33. (x + 7) - (x - 7) (561) - (559) 34. ( a +&) -(a-6) (625) - (576) - 21) 35. 0/ + 21) 36. (17x + 162/)(17a;-16?/) = ? 37. (21a+23&)(21a-23&) = ? 38. (24 m + 19 c)(24 m - 19 c) = ? 39. (25* + 18c)(25a;-18c) = ?
2
2
.
2
.
2
.
(2/
PRODUCTS AND FACTORS

40.
41.
135
(15c
+ 26d)(15c--^b
2
.
26d)
T\a
42.
Can you
of the
factor a 2
+ 25 ? Why?
two numbers.
The square The square

154.
sum
of
two numbers.
of the difference of
Type
of
II.
Multiply a
+
b
b by a
b.
That
is,
multiply
the
sum
two numbers by the sum

a
a
of the
same two numbers.
+b a 2 + ab + ab + b2 a + 2ab + b 2
2
That
is,
(a
b)
=a 2 + 2ab +
:
2
.
Or, stated in words
(a
is
the
first
number and
is
is
the second number.)

to the
The square of the sum of two numbers

the first
equal
square of
number plus
twice the product of the first
and second, plus
the square
of the second.
Similarly, (a
-b) 2
=a 2 -2ab + b2
minus
Or, TJie square of the difference between two numbers

the square of the first,
is
equal to
twice the product of the first
and
second, plus the square of the second.
EXERCISE
Find by inspection
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
45
(x
+ z)(x + z). (x + S)(x + 3).

(a
7.
(5a
+ 3)
2
.
13.
14.
2
.
(9
m + 7x)
2
.
8.
(5a-3)
(5 a
2
.
{IS
(5
(6
a -15b) 2
2
.
x)
2
.
9.
(a-x) 2
(a
10.
2
.
+ 4 b) (6y + 5c)\
(7x-4z) 2
(8c- Id) 2
15.
m- a)
a
16.
-5b) 2
6.
+ 2x) (a -2 a)
11. 12.
17.
(5b
-6 a)
2
.
2
.
136
18.
19. 20.
21.
MATHEMATICS
+6x+9? From what factors do you get a 8 a + 16 ? What are the factors of x - 10 x + 25 ?
From what do you
get this product
2
:
x2
How
a2
2
can you distinguish a trinomial square ?

:
Find the factors of the following

22.
23.
24.
25.
30. 31.
-6a + 9. 26. 9x +30x + 25 27. m + 12m + 36. a 4 a + 4. 28. 4c + 12c + 9. 4a + 4a + l. 9a -6^ + 1. 29. 49 d - 14 cd + c m + 4 mZcc + 4 c a - 18 a + 81 = (a - 9)(a - 9) = (a + 3) (a - 3) (a + 3)
2
9
A:
(a
-3) by Type L
32.
- 72 c d + 81 d\ find one 34. The area of a square is 25 a + 4,0 ab + 16 & Find the dimensions when a = 5, b = 3. side of the square. What is the area? 35. One side of a square is 2 # + 5?/. Find the area when x = 6 y = 1. Why ? 36. Is a + 8 a + 25 a square ? Why ? 37. Is a + 10 a + 24 a square ? Why ? 38. Is a + 10 a + 25 a square ? Draw per39. Draw a square whose side is a + 6 inches.
x*
2
- 8 x + 16.
33.
16
pendiculars at the ends of a and b and show that this square

is
made up
40.
of the square on line a, pins

is ab,
two rectangles each
of
whose areas
and a square on
line b.
Factor a4
Factor
41.
42.
16. Are your factors factorable? x* 81. What type are you using?
(81)
2
=(80+
l)
- G400 + 160 + 1 = 6561

Write the following squares by inspection:
43.
137
(41)
45.
(79)
47.
2
(145)
(153)
c.
49.
50.
(162)
(169)
44.
(39)
46.
(132)
48.
Trinomials
of the
form x 2
+ kx +
+5
Binomial Factors having
One Term Common.

155.
Type
III.
Multiply x
x x x2
-f
by x
+ 3.
+3
15
+ 5x +3x+ 2 x + 8x +
15
is
Note that in
this trinomial the first term
the square
of the
common term
terms, 5
terms.
(x). 3.
and
The coefficient of x is the sum of the unlike The third term is the product of the unlike
Ex. Find the product of 4 x
+3
and 4 x
2
9.
-27.
By
the rule: (4a:
-f 3) (4
- 9) = (4 x)
=
16x
2
+(3
- 9) (4 a)
-24x-27.
46
EXERCISE
Find by inspection:
1.
2. 3. 4.
5. 6.
7.
(a
+ 3)(a + 4). (c +.B)(c + 7). (2a + 5)(2a + 3). ( a + 4) (a -3).

(a
11.
12. 13. 14.
15.
(b
(c
-14) (6
+ 16).
-4)(a
+ 3).
(5a-4)(5a-4).
(m
(ft
16. 17.
8.
9.
+ 18)(m-15). - 18) + 16),

(ft
.
18.
19.
20.
10.
+ ll)(3ft-4). (c + 21)(c + 22).

(3ft
+ 115)(c-12). (d + 16)(d + 15). + 9). (2 x- 14) (2 (2a + 14) (2 a + 9). (2 a + 14) (2 x - 9). (y + 5)0/ -40). (z + 27) (z .- 5) + 28) (ft -.7-). (a - 17) (a - 15).
a;
:
..
(ft
138
21.
MATHEMATICS
From what
Factor a2
factors do
you get x2
+ 7 x + 12 ?
22.
x 12.
is the coefficient
To
get the second terms of these binomials: factor the third
term into two factors whose sum

in the second term.
of the unknown
Factor the following:

23.
X2
x2
24.
25. 26.
x2 x2
a
2
27.
28.
a2
z
c
2
-2x 8. + 6 x + 8. -6x + 8. + 2x 8. + 9 a + 20. - a -20.

_z-72.
33. 34.
35.
(2 a
a2
-9y-36. -16 a + 64.
4 a2
is
+ 16 a + 15.
common
to each
the term
binomial.)
36.
9 a2
- 15 a 14.
37.
38.
39.
25
c
4
or
+ 50 x + 21.
2
2
29. 30. 31.
+ 16o + 15. m + 8m + 16.

2 2
40.
32.
2
?/
-12?/
+ ll.
41.
- 13 c +36. m - 29 m + 100. ^ + 16^ + 64. a -10 a + 25.

4
2 2
42.
43.
a2
a2
44.
+ 3)(a-3)(a + 5)(a-5) = ? 45. a + 2a + 2. + 3a + 2. - 3a + 2. 46. a -2a + 2.

2
Polynomials having a Factor

156.
Common
to
Each Term
Type IV.
Multiply 3 a
+ 4 b + 2 c by 5 x.
10 ex
3a + 46 + 2c 5#
\5ax
+ 20bx +
The first Type IV.
Each term
is to
of the product contains the
common
factor 5 x.
very important type of factoring.

see
if
step to take in all
This is a examples
the example belongs to
Ex.
1.
Factor 4 a 2x
- 16 b x.
2
Each term contains
the factor 4 x.

Divide by 4
#.
139
4 x)4 a 2 x
16 b 2 x -4 b
2
The
divisor
is
one factor, the quotient the other factor, or

4 a 2x
16 b 2 x
4 z(a 2
I.
-46
).
But, a 2
4 b 2 can be factored by
Type
Hence,
This
is
4 a 2x
16 b 2 x
= 4 x(a +
number
2 5) (a as 105-
- 2 5),
similar to factoring such a

3,
We
remove a factor
then have
105
= 3(35).
=
3
Factoring 35,
105
5
7.
Ex.
2.
Factor
2 a
(2
+ b)a? 2
(2 a
+ 6)8 + (2 a +6)15.
a?
+ 5 )(2a +
- (2a+5)8x+ ^ -8x +
z2
15
(2 a
6)15
Use Type
(2a
III
2
on the quotient.
Then,
b)x
(2a
+ &)8z+
(2 a
5)15
(2a
+ b)(x-S)(z-S).
EXERCISE
47
(Be sure that you cannot Check each answer.)

1.
2. 3.
7.
still
further factor your result.
8.
9.
4. a? - ab\ + 27 x. 5. 5^-20. a b + ab 6. (a* -&>*-5 a + 25. c*(2 m + 5) - c(2 m + 5) - 12(2 m + 5). (2 c + 7)4 c + (2 c + 7)20 c + (2 c + 7)21. 10. ax + bx + ay + by. #(# + 3) + ?/(# + 3).
a;
(<**
-&*)*
Factor the
first
two terms and the

x(a
last
two terms separately.
+ b)+y(a + b).
example
9.
The example
11.
x?
2
is
now
like
3 x 3 x + 9.
(x2 is a factor of the first
two terms
and
a factor of the last two terms.)
140
12.
MATHEMATICS
Factor (a
+ b)a + (a + 6)2 a& + (a + b)b\

2
Compare example
13.
9,
exercise 16.
x2 (2x-l)-x(2x-l)-12(2x-l).
did you use ?
2
2 2
What Types
14.
15.
16.
a\a2
-b )-b\a -b ).
2
17.
18.
19.
21.
22.
23. 24.
25. 26.
27.
32.
+ (2ra + 5)8m + (2m + 5)16. (2m + 5)m - (2 m + 5)17 m + (2 m + 5)16. (2m + 5)m - (2 m + 5)15 m {2m + 5)16. 25 a (2 x + 5) - 20 x(2 x + 5) + 4(2 +5). 20. 4 m + 24m + 36 m. 4ra + 12m + 36m. Is a + 9 a + 25 a square ? Why ? a - 12 a + 36 a (2a + l)4a +(2a + l)4a + 2+l. 28. ^ + 3 ar - 6a-18. (a -a-72)(2a -18). 29. 8 ^+12 ^-10 a -15, ( + 3) -(-3) 30. a^ + 4^-16^-64. (> + 3)V-(a + 3) 81. 31. m -4m + 7m -28. a + 3a -9a-27. 12 a + 8 a b - 21 ab - 18 b\
(2m + 5)ra
2 2 2
a?
Trinomials of the
157.
Form ax2
Type V.
.Fmd
the
product
+ bx + c of 2 x + 5 cmd 3 x + 7.
3x + 7 2.3.x2 + 3.5..x+2-7.x + 5.7
x*
(3
7)x
+
,
Notice that if the first and third terms of this trinominal are combined by multiplication, the product 2 3 5 7 x 2 comprises all the factors which make up the middle term of the product. Note also that the middle term, 29 x, is the sum of the cross products, that is, the sum of 2x 7 and
3s
-5.

Reversing this multiplication process
type.
141
we may
factor trinominals of this
Ex. Factor 6x 2
1.
29 a;
+ 35.
and third terms, or 210 x2
.
Find the product
of the first
Factor 210 x 2 so that the sum of the factors is the middle term 29 x these factors are 14 x and 15 x. 3. Write the trinominal in the form of a quadrinominal, using 14 x and
2.
;
15 x for the middle terms
6x2
4.
-\-29x
35
= 6x2 +
14 a
+ 15 + 35.
Now
use
Type IV.
2x(3x + 7)+5(3x +
Hence,
It
6 x2
7) = (3x+ 7)(2a>+ 5). + 29x -f 35 = (3x + 7)(2x + 5).

is
does not matter whether 14 x or the 15 x
connected with 6 x2
EXERCISE
Find by inspection
1.
2.
3. 4. 5.
48
(2a5
+ 7)(3a> + 4). (5x + 2)(2x + (6a + 5)(2a?-3). (5a? + 3)(3a?-4).

4:).
10.
11.
12. 13.
14.
- 18) (7 x + 15). (8aj + 17)(7a-6). (4a> + 15)(9a;-14).

(10 x
(2
a?
-7) (3 a? -4).
6.
7.
(2r-7)(3aj
(2a>
+ 4).
15. 16.
8. 9.
+ 7)(3a>-4). (5a> + 2)(2a>-4). (7a> + 3)(5-8).

:
17. 18.
a- 21) (5 + 18). (7a + 15)(7s + 15). (13a?-l)(13a? + 2). (14 + 13) (13 x + 14). (14 x- 8) (14 x + 8).
(6
a;
a>
(3
a?
-75) (2 a? -4).
19.
6 x2
-
6 x2
20
+ 23 x + 20.
.
Then,
6 x2
4-
= 120x2 120 4G? = 15-05' 8 X. 15x + 8x = 23 x. 23 x + 20 = 6 x 2 4- 15 x + 8 -f 20. = 3x(2x + 5) + 4(2x-f5). = (2x + 5)(3x + 4).
a;
a ca
142
20.
MATHEMATICS
21.
22.
23. 24.
25.
26.
+ 22x + 20. 8 x + 22 x + 15. 10a + 19a? + 6. 12aj*-23a> + 10. 8^ + 2^-15. 15ar> + 23a-28. 15^ + 47^ + 88.
6x
2
29.
4
a2
-14 -98.
a;
2
30.
31.
32. 33. 34.
+ 18a; + 81. 36x + 60x + 25. 15x + Ux- 16. 15 6 - 14 6 -16, 15a + 34a- 16.
2
2
2
35. 36.
10x2 -x-24:.
10
2
27.
28. 38.
56a2 -17a-3.
2
4d + 12d+9. 37. 14a (2a-3)8a + (2a-3)22*+(2a-3)15.

2
- 29 x + 10. + 53a + 14.
39.
8z4 + 2ar3 -15a 2

(a 2
40.
60
x3 - 115 x2 + 50 x.
41.
42. 43.
-9)4a 2 -(a 2 -9)4a + a2 -9.

2 2
45.
4m (2m + 5)+12m(2m + 5) + 9(2m + 5). - 11 c -36c. 44. 5 2y + y-28. 24m + 14m -3ra.
3
2
Binomials having Both Terms Raised to the Same Power

158.
Type VI. Such types
arise
from the following prod-
ucts:
By
actual multiplication
+ ab + & 2 -5 a 3 + a 2 + a& 2 - a 2 b - ah 2 -b* -b\ a3

a2
a
-
ft
That
a*.
is,
a-b
as the
Note the form of the quotient: we shall speak of a leading letter and b as the following letter.

1.
143
raised to a
2.
term of the quotient contains the leading letter power one less than its power in the dividend. The power of the leading letter becomes less by one in
first
The
each succeeding terra of the quotient. 3. The following letter appears in the second term of the
quotient and
term.
4.
its
power increases by one in each succeeding
The
signs of the quotient are all
Similarly,
a*g ~ -b* Q -b a&

5
-
= ** +
4
***
+ ^ +
+ aV +
*'
and
a -& ^^=a -6
3
a*b
ab3
&4
a-
Ex.
1.
tf--64 = a2 x 4
.a;
+ a.4 + (4)' + 4a; + 16.
Here,
a
&
is
5C,
and
is 4.
a3
Likewise,
+
+
63 6
_=
a2
aft
b%
a and a
b
divisior is all positive, the
Note that when the binomial

the
terms of the quotient are alternately
+ and
Do
not divide
sum
of the
same even powers by the sum
of the roots.
EXERCISE
Factor the following:
1.
2.
49
Xs f.
x3
3.
a8
-8.
5.
6.
a8
or
5
+ f.
7.
4.
Xs
+ 8.
6
9.
27. + 27.
4- 27.
Here a = 2a; and
= 3.
125 a3
8 a8
-27.
+ 1.
144
10.
MATHEMATICS
125 a3 -8.
17.
18.
a5
+ 243.
3
11.
12. 13.
14.
15.
m + 27. 64 m -?/ 64m + 27?/ 8 c 216 d

64
3
3
m
3 fr
-216.
3
.
19.
3
.
20. 21.
+ 512c 125 y - 729 d\

s
3
.
x6 x6
^-32.
a5 +32.
22.
23.
16.
a6
+ 27 (Regard x + 64. + 216.
as a cube.)
Trinomials which
may
be referred to Type I by the addition
and subtraction
159.
of
some number.
Type VII. x4
+ bx2 + c2
is
Usually in this type one

is
term
is
a fourth power, one
a square, and one
the product
of a square
and some number.
Ex. Factor x4
If the
+ 2 x + 9.
2
,
middle term were 6 x 2 this trinomial would belong to Type

,
II.
Adding and subtracting 4x2 we have.

x4
By Type
I,
+ 2 x 2 + 9 = x4 + 6 x 2 + 9 - 4 x 2 = (x2 + 3) 2 - (2x) = (x 2 + 3 + 2 x) (x2 + 3 - 2 x).

.
EXERCISE
1.
2.
50
3. 4.
5.
+ + 25. 9a + 8x + 4. a + 5 a + 49. a + 10 a + 49. a - 23 + 49.

^4
2
4
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
- 39 a b + 49 6 a + 4. 4?/ 37?/- + 9. 4?/ + 8?/ + 9. - 65 + 10. 25

a4
4
2
4
.
Fill in the
term which will make each of the following a

12.
trinomial square:
11.
a2
+ 4a + ?
4m +28m + ?
2

13.
14.
15.
145
16.
17.
18.
24 c + 4. ? + 6x + 9. x + 8x + ? x + 5x + ? c -9c + ?
2
a;
a;.
19.
20.
+ 16. 9 m 18 m.
c
4 2
21.
22.
25a 2 -30ab.
25
2
- 25 ab.
23.
24.
25a 2 -20a&.
25
2
- 18
aft.
The seven types of factorable expressions should be committed to memory. Before attempting to factor any ex160.
pression, select the type to
which
it
belongs.
Hints on Factoring
1.
For
all
expressions
First try
2.
Type IV.
I,
Test binomials by Types

Test trinomials by Types
IV, VI.
3.
II, III,
V, VII.
4.
Be
snre that each factor will admit of no further factor-
ing.
5.
Several types
e.g.,
may
be needed to completely factor an
expression,
example
13, exercise 47.
Types
I.
a*-tf
II.
III.
= (a + b)(a-b). (a+b)(a+b) = a 2 + 2ab + b2 (a-b)(a-b) = a -2ab+ b2 2 (x + a)(x+b)=x + (a + b)x + ab.

.
IV.
ad+bd+cd=d(a + b+c).
c.
ax2 + bx + n n VI. a -b n n b a
V.
.
.
VII.
+ 2 x* + bx + <?.
146
MATHEMATICS
EXERCISE
51

1.
f-2y + l.
2 y -l.
3.
y*-2y-8.
2.
5.
4.
2
f + 2y-8.
50x3
+ 4,5x
2
-A5x.
6.
7.
10x\2x-3) + 45x(2x-3)-4:5(2x-3).
(341)
-(339) 2
8.
One
side of a square is 585'.
This square
is
surrounded
by a concrete walk Find the is 2388'.

9.
of uniform width,
cost of
whose outside perimeter the walk at 14^ per square foot.
One square
is
is so
placed within another that a space of
uniform width
between the sides of the outer and the inner The sides of the squares are 76" and 69", respectively. squares. How many square feet in the difference between the areas of
these squares?
10.
The area
large
is
of a square is 36 x 2
How
the square
when x
+ 84 x + 49. Find one side. = 4 ? If x were 9, would
Could you substitute a value of x that would make the area negative? Why?
the area
still
be positive ?
11.
The area
of a square is 49 a 2
28 a + 4.
?
Find one edge
when a = \.
12.
Is
a 2 + 10 a
+ 16
a trinomial square
is
Why ?
~~ w
13.
The area
of
a triangle 6
If x
Is
Find the
base and altitude.

struct the triangle.
is 2 and the triangle is isosceles, conmore than one such triangle possible?
Why?
14.
The area of a
right triangle
is
5 x2
+ 4 x 12.
Construct
the triangle
15.
when x = 2.
Find by inspection (2#
+ 3) (2a? 3)(x + 4) (a 4).

16. 17.
147
Factor x4
- 25 x + 144.
2
22.
23.
(4a +
=?
a4
a4
-29 a + 100 = ?
2
Factor 4 a2
f 2a?
+#+
4
18.
19.
20.
-81 = ?
?
24
+l
4
|
y_
(2m + 3) 2 -36 =
2 2
2^ + 1
5 a
/g
+1
5
(2m-5) -25m = ?
(2
V
26.
is
2
a;
+V
Y-9
a;
21.
m- 5) - (2 m + 5) = ?
2
2
Factor 5 a2
sc
+ 11 - 36.
Find
its
27.
sions
28.
The area of a when x = 4:".
rectangle
+ 7 + 12.
dimen-
Find the dimensions of a rectangle whose area

2 2/
.
is
4ar
-169
2
29.
Find the dimensions
of
rectangle whose
area
is
225 a
30.
- 289 b
2
.
Find the dimensions of a rectangle whose area

x2
a:
is
+ (3 m + 4 a) + 12 ?7ia. What are its dimensions when x = 4", m = 1", a = 1" ? How
does this rectangle compare with that in example 21
31.
?
Compare the adjacent
sides in a rectangle
.
whose area
is
25 x2 -4:0xy + 16y2
32.
Factor 9 x* + 42 #cd
Factor 4
c
2
+ 49 c d
2
2
2
.
33.
34.
- 256 c d m
4
2
.
15 a2
+ 29 a -14.
it is
In working examples under Type V,

carry out
all
not necessary to
the steps indicated in
157.
,
(15^)(-14) = -210^ 2 -210x2 = (35x)(-6x).

Connect either of these factors with 15 x2
;
for example,
148
MATHEMATICS
Factor this expression,
+ 35 #. 5 x (3 x + 7).
15 #2
Then, (3 x + 7) is one factor of 15 #2 + 29 x 14, 5 # is the first term of the othei factor. The second term of the second factor is formed by dividing 14 by + 7. The written work would appear as follows
Factor 15 a2
+ 29 a -14.
2 (15 a )
,
(-14) = -210 a;2 -210#2 = (35#)(-6#), 15#2 + 35# = (3# + 7)(5#), 15 #2 + 29 #-14 = (3 # + 7) (5 #-2).
Factor
35.
36.
37. 38. 39.
40. 41.
+ Uy-12. 10 m + m- 21. 40c + 7c-3 = 0. 6 x + #-126 = 0. 10 x + 51 ex + m c 36 x - 181 # + 225 = 0.

6y
2 2 2
42.
43.
44.
45. 46.
47.
30 x2 -27
#-21.
Solutions
48.
- 24 y - 12. 36 # - 12 # - 120. 48s + 50s + 2. 31 a - 151 a - 20. 48 a + 128 a -48. 25 a + 95 a -20. 64 m -40 m + 4.
96 y 2
2
2
by Factoring
finite
161.
If the product of
two or more
is zero.
numbers
is zero, at
least one of the
numbers
That
zero.
3) (x 4) = 0, either x 3 or x 4 If # 4 = 0, x = 4. If x 3 = 0, x = 3.
is, if
(x
must be
which
Such conditions give a method

are higher than the first degree.
for solving equations
Ex.
Solve x 2
- 4 # = 21.
member
of the equation
is 0,
Transposing so that the second
we
have,
2_4 X _21=0.

Factoring by Type
III,
149
Placing the
first
factor
(x-7)(x + S) = 0. equal to zero, we have,

x
7.
Placing the second factor equal to zero,
= -3.
These should be the roots of the original equation. Checking for x = 7,
For x
= - 3,
72_4.7_21 = 0, 49-28-21 =0. (- 3) 2 - 4(- 3) - 21 = 0. 9+12-21 = 0.
Both roots
satisfy the equation.
EXERCISE
Find value
1.
2.
52
3.
+ 5) (x 3) (x + 1), when x = 0. 16(a? l)(a? + 2)(a?+8), when a = 1. 1625 (x + 3) (x + 5) (x - 16), when x = 5.

24 (x
Solve by factoring.
4.
5. 6. 7.
(Check each
root.)
8.
9.
10.
18.
19.
20.
21.
= -16. 12. x -x = \2. tf + 5y + 6 = 0. 13. m 4 m = 0. ^ + 70 + 6 = 0. a - 81 = 0. 14. 48^ -12a; = 0. ^-9 a - 9^ + 81 = 0. 15. yi-lly-102 = 0. 16. 9z -30z + 25 = 0. 4.x + 12 x = -9. 17. 16z + 42tf = -5. -?/ - 9^ + 9 = 0. (2 a + 7) a - (2 a + 7) 4 a + (2 a + 7) 4 = 0. {x - 16)x -(x - 16)28 x + {x - 16)49 = 0. (25 z - 225) (49 z - 289) = 0.
11.
a?-7a? + 12 = 0.
v 2-8v
2
?/
How many
roots to a first
degree equation?
second
degree? third degree? nth degree?
150
MATHEMATICS
REVIEW
Factor
1.
2.
a 4 -25.
a2
28.
9-(x -2xy + y ).
2
-11a + 30.
6
3
29. 30. 31.

32. 33.
28 a;2
3. 4. 5.
6.
7.
-a o 6 + 49a + 14a& 4a -7ca -4d + 7cd. a -17 a + 72. a + 16 c - 8 ca.

27a
4 2 3
.
34.
35. 36.
8. 9.
10.
11.
12.
13. 14.
3 ca + 2c7i 5 6a 10 M. 5bx 106 + 4c?a 8d. 24 6 + 37 6-72. a + 15 a -100. 16a 6 + 24a& + 36 6 64 + 8. Treat as a bi2
ma mb +
6a
b.
+ 17 -3. 125 a + 6 8a + 20 a + 4ac. 9a + 30a + 25. a -17a + 42. 2a + 21a + 55. 8a - 10a -33. 36 + 12 + 1. Treat
a;
6
as a
trinomial.
37. 38. 39.
12b 2
49 a
2
-476 -65. -21 a -10.

3
4a
41.
nomial.
15.
16. 17. 18.
+ 48z + 64. 84 / + 4 z - 42 y z - 2 z\ 729 v - 529 w

9z2
z
2/
9a2
+ 9a + 2. - 81 x 121
4
42.
43.
625z
a
a;
2
-216w
-
4
.
2/
ôo.
2
6a2 - a -2.
44.
45.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. 27.
+ 3 b - 154. + 26 + 133. 5 m -26 m -24. a -19 a + 78. 5 a + 9 a -18. l-125m x + y 2 xy 4. 5 a?/ 3 a + 4 a -30 a + 225
b2
A; 2
A:
46.
47. 48. 49.
50.
51.
52.
.
-2a-143. 8a -12a - 10a + 15. 121a -132a 6 + 366

4
10a2
+ 49 a -33.
3
729 a 8 -841.
?/
arty.
2
?/
?/
53. 54.
+ 4 aa 70 aa 169a + 390a6 + 2256 y - 64. 6 a + 162 a. 4a + 30a + 50.

2 aa 4
2
.
2
.
4ar2
+ 16a;+
15.
2x2
-5a- 25.

55. 56.
151
2
.
49 x i
2
57.
58.
59.
60. 61.
62
63.
64.
65.
+ 45 x y + 25 y\ x + 6 a - 247. 70^2/ -982/ - 140 x x + a - 1. 9a + 30a + 25. 2 an 4 n 4 a - 6. + a;-6. x -x -6. a 7 # + 6. a z + 12xz 13.
2
2 2
66.
67. 68. 69. 70.
71. 72. 73. 74.
75.
IS x2
- 3 xy - 4,5 y
b\
2/z.
6 a2
a;
-41a- 56. 75 a 6 - 108 c d\ -z # - 2 #?/ + a a 9 x + 9. 30 a - 89 a + 35. 40 + 26-26 5aV-4a ^- 96 z 4:X xy 3y

2 2
2
?/
2
.

1.
10-inch steel pipe
is
10.19" inside diameter, 10.75"

lineal foot.
outside diameter.
2.
Find weight per

is
A A
-|"
9-inch pipe
8.937" inside diameter and 9.625" outlineal foot.

is
side diameter.
3.
Find weight per
steel
4.
steam pipe is 12.750" outside diameter and Find the inside diameter. thick.
inside diameter of a 2-inch pipe
is
made
of
The
2.067".
If water
is
forced through this pipe at the rate of 10' per second,

gallons can the pipe deliver per hour ?
how
many
5.
A 6-inch
main, inside diameter 6.065", in the same system
main above would deliver how many gallons per hour? Could you use the result obtained in example 4 in solving this problem, and have a fairly accurate result ?
as the 2-inch
6.
A pump
delivers 23.5 gallons of water per stroke
and
is
is
16 strokes per minute. What weight of water livered per hour ? (Water weighs 621 pounds per cubic
set for
7.
de-
foot.)
single cylinder
pump
3^" in diameter and 6" stroke
makes 22 strokes per minute.

gallons per hour ?
What
is
the discharge in
152
8.
MATHEMATICS
technical
school
is
81"
10i".
The stock
needs 75,000 sheets of paper 17" x 22", 16 pounds to the ream of
500 sheets, and costs 6f ^ per pound. How many reams must be ordered and what is the cost ? (This is a problem in mental
arithmetic.)
30,000 cards 5" x 4" are to be cut from stock 17" x 20". Weight 30 pounds to ream, price 12 ^ per pound. How much
9.
stock was bought ?

ference which
10.
What
did
is
it
cost ?
Does
it
make any
dif-
way
the stock
cut ?
In a fuel test 100 pounds of coke was found to contain 6.01 pounds of ash and .583 pound of sulphur. The balance was carbon. What per cent of carbon was there?
11.
Air
is
.001276 times as heavy as water.

?
What
is
is
the
weight of the air in your classroom

12.
If a
body
falls freely in space,
the distance fallen
equal
is
to
g times the square of the time in seconds, where g
the
force of gravity (32.15 feet).
The equation
s
for this law

2
,
is
usually written
the distance in feet.
is
= | gt
where
s is
A
13.
stone dropped into a canon
seen to strike the water at
the bottom of the canon in 8 seconds.
How
deep
is
the canon ?
stone dropped over a precipice fell for 10 seconds be-
fore striking the ground.

14.
How
far did
it fall ?
An
aeroplane was sailing 1000 feet above the ground

of the officers dropped a 120
it
when one
lb.
bomb
ground
overboard.
?
How
15.
long did
take the
bomb
to reach the
56 hurdles 5 feet long just reach across a

hurdles 4 feet long would be needed ?
field.
How
many
16.
For bronze bearings the Pennsylvania Eailroad uses the
following alloy, 77
copper, 8
tin,
15
lead.
How many
pounds of copper,
of bearings ?
tin
and lead are used in making 900 pounds

17.
153
In one lot of 402 castings, 24 were spoiled, in a second 500 castings, 38 were spoiled, in a third lot of 321, 22 were spoiled. In which, lot was the largest percentage of loss
lot of
due to spoiled castings

18.
In testing our shop drive, 9.24 horse-power went to the The motor lathes and .75 horse-power went to the grindstone. delivered 11.2 horse-power. What per cent of the power went to the belting and shafts ?
For the same set of articles my competitors' prices are $ 3, $ 3.30, $ 3.55 and $3.70. His trade discounts are 25 %, 7|, 5 and 2. My list prices for the same set are $ 6.10, $ 6.70, $ 7.20 and $ 7.50 and my trade discount is 60 %, 7^, 7, 5 and 2. In making a bid how do the net prices compare ?
19.
My
competitor and I handle hardware.
Three men can set up a line shaft in 8 days. men can set up the same shaft in 3 days ?
20.
*
How many
men are at work installing the machinery in a They work for 8 days and finish half the work. The work must be completed in 5 more days. How many men must be added ?
21.
Fourteen
shop.
22.
200
men were
completing the work on the Technical

to be completed Oct. 5.
still
High
done.
School.
The job had
On
Oct. 1,
the contractor found that there were
How many men

One cup ground
could he lay
off
500 days' work to be and finish the job on
time?
23.
coffee
makes 6 cups
boiled.
-|
cup
boiled coffee serves 1 person.
How many
level tablespoonfuls
of ground coffee should be used for each person ?

24.
If coffee costs 35 ^ per
pound and there are
4-i-
cups per
pound, find cost of enough beverage for one person.

25.
For
filtered coffee
difference in cost of
Find -| cup is used with 5 cups water. enough boiled and filtered coffee to serve
6 portions.
154
26.
MATHEMATICS
To
clear 1 quart coffee,
^ white of egg or several egg
shells
may
be used.
It takes 11 yolks or 9 whites of eggs to
Assuming the yolks can be used for other purposes, eggs selling at 30^ per dozen, and 1 quart coffee used daily, how much can be saved in a month by using egg
measure 1 cup.
shells to clear the coffee ?
27.
Tea made from Ceylon
tea leaves contained 8.6

;
tannic
acid after five minutes' infusion

thirty minutes' infusion.
10.88
tannic acid after
Find the difference in the quantity of tannic acid extracted from tea leaves steeped for 5 and 10 minutes during a month, if \ pint tea is used daily and 1 pint of the beverage weighs 1 pound.
28.
tea contained 6.8

J
tannic acid after five minutes'
infusion and 16.3
tannic acid after forty minutes' infusion.
Find the difference in the quantity of tannic acid extracted from the tea leaves after steeping 5 and 40 minutes during a month if f pint tea is used daily.
29.
Green tea leaves contain 10.64

/
tannic acid
black tea
of
leaves contain 4.89
tannic acid
1 cup tea leaves weighs 2
ounces.
If 1 teaspoonful tea leaves is used in
making a cup
tea each day, find the difference in the quantities of tannic
acid extracted from black and green tea during a month.
One
cup tea leaves measures 48 teaspoonfuls.

30.
house-boat
is
26' long, 12' wide, 10' high,

it
and weighs
is,
6 tons.
much water does
To what depth will it draw ?
sink in the water, that
how
CHAPTER IX
Fractions
162.
A fraction
the
is
an indicated division.
It is written in the
form -,
b'
number above the

number below the
line being * the
numerator or
dividend, the
divisor.
line being the
denominator or
A
sign
fraction
may be
positive or negative (see Chapter III), the

is
indicating that the quotient

is
to be added, the sign
indicating that the quotient
to be subtracted.
Thus,
~~
A
means that the quotient arising from

result is
4 2
must be subtracted, the
+ 2.
The and the these signs may be changed
We
see that three signs are involved in every fraction.
sign of the numerator, the sign of the denominator,
sign of the fraction.
Any two
of
without changing the value of the fraction.

Thus,
+1aa+6
-4
2
-4 -2~
-2
~~
And
a -3 a6
__ a + 3_
a
a+6
a+6
fractions.
Such changes often simplify operations with
Principles of Fractions
163.
1.
The following
principles govern operations in fractions
Multiplying the numerator of a fraction by a
number
multi-
plies the fraction.
155
156
This depends on axiom
MATHEMATICS
3, 23,
x
5,
Multiply both sides of the equation by some number,
we
have,
2.
Multiplying the denominator of a fraction by a number
divides the fraction.
The pupil may show

3.
that this principle depends on
axiom
3.
Multiplying both numerator and denominator of a fraction Why ? Axioms ? by the same number does not change its value.
4.
Dividing the numerator of a fraction by a number divides
the fraction.
= Q.
d
5.
Then - =-%
d
5
The pupil may explain use
of axioms.
Dividing the denominator multiplies

pupil
the fraction.
The
6.
may
illustrate.
Dividing both numerator and denominator by the same

the value
number does not change
of the fraction.
Explain.
Reduction
164.
Principles 3 and 6 are involved in the reduction of
fractions, 3 in reduction to higher terms, 6 in reduction to
lower terms.
Ex.
1.
Reduce f
to higher terms.
5 6
'
= 4~24*
20
Ex.
2.
Reduce
|-
to 48ths.
6=2-3;
2- 3 )2*
.
48
3
= 24
23
'
FRACTIONS
Hence, multiplying both numerator and denominator by 2 3 or
5 8
'
157
8,
we
have,
= 40
48
is
Ex.
3.
Reduce
.
a a+6
a 2__ a q
to
a fraction whose denominator
a2_ a
_ 42
_42=( a + 6)(a-7). + 6 )(q + 6)(g-7)
a-7
Hence, multiplying both numerator and denominator by a
a
7,
we
have,
-3_
+6
(a
(
- 3) (a - 7) _ a - 10 a + 21 a 2 -a-42 + 6)(a-7)
2
EXERCISE
1.
53
Reduce
to 144ths
T\, T
3
g-,
|, ^g,
-j^-.
2.
3.
4.
Reduce
Reduce Reduce
to 512ths to 19ths
:
^,
1
-g
^.
\, \.
to fractions
whose denominator
is
a2 a
12.
5.
6.
7.
q-7 4* a+ a 2a-3 Reduce to (4 a + 12 x + 9)ths 2a + 3 2a + 3 Reduce to (4 a 12 a+9)ths 2x-3 5) + 5) (# + l)ths Reduce to 2 Ax-1 2x+l 5' a? -25' ^ + 6^ + -4as-5'
q
+4
3*
(as
(as
as
+1
-(a;
8.
Reduce
to
-4
9.
(4a l)(2aj + 5)(3# l)ths: 3x+2 8^ + 5

2
]
+ 2)
8^+18^-5' 12x -7x+l

Reduce
to (4 a 2
6a;
+13a;-5'
12a?-7a?+l
- 9) ths 5x + 2 2os + 4 5a? + 2 2aj + 3' 2a; + 3' -2a + 3
( 162.)
158
10.
MATHEMATICS
Reduce
to 14 (a 2
- a - 72) ths -5 8a?-l

.
11
165.
Reduction
1.
to
lower terms.
to lower terms. 36 54
Ex.
Reduce f f
= 22
2
32 33
'
common to both numerator and denominator. Dividing both numerator and denominator by 2 3 2 (principle 6), we have
see that 2
By inspection we
3 2 are factors
=2
54
32
22
32
2 *
2-3-J
Ex.
2.
Reduce
a2
a2
- 9 a + 20
to lower terms.
a2
-q-12 = (q-4Xa + 3) -9a + 20 ( a -4)(a-5)

common
factor a 4,
Dividing both numerator and denominator by the
we have
a
2
-9a+
(a
-4) (a-4)0-f
3)
5)
_a+3
a
20
(a 4) (a
EXERCISE
Reduce
1.
2.
3 6 1*
54
to lower terms:
*
4.
80 144*
5 fi b
'
2 16*
36
7 ''
ft
34 102*
_8_5_
Q *
95 133*
544* . 3 2
54
2 8 9*
64
5
*'
12*
72 2T6'
'
119*
^
2
10 XV
"
11.
12.
17.
-9 m+1 13. a -6a + 9 m +l m 64 m +2m+ 14. m 16 m + 64 m 1 4c + 4cd-l,5d ift

a2
2 2 2
4
+ 3^-10 2z + 3z-U
2
16.
8e3 -27d 3 4c 2 -9d2

3
8c 3 -27d3
|
12
- 27 d + 18 c d + 27 cd
8
c
3
* The bar
as here used indicates division of both numerator and denomina-
tor of the fraction.
FRACTIONS
19 12
c
3
159
'
+ 12 c d - 45
2
ccZ
2
'
12c3 +48c-d
21.
2
+ 45cd
2Q
'
9y2 + 18yz -16z 2

18 ys
+ 3ti y z - 32 yz
2
9y 2 -12?/z + 4z 2
9?/
-4z
22.
2Tys -8z 3
23.
24.
- 12 yz)(9 y z + 6 yz + z )' 6y ~13yz + 6z 3y + 19yz~Uz (y + 7z)9 y - (y + 7 z) 12 yz + Q + 7 z) 4 z

(18 y
2
'
3?/
+ 19?/z-14z
4
2/
(3y-2z)9y 2 + 18^z(3y-2z )- (3?/--2z)16z -8yz 3)(3 2/-2z) 2 (27

Multiples
166.
common
multiple of
e.g.,
two or more numbers

a
is
a mul-
tiple of each of them,

16.
48
is
common
all
multiple of 12 and
A common
1.
multiple must contain
the factors of the
numbers involved.
Ex.
Find a common multiple

18
of 18
.
and
24.
24
=2 = 23
32
3.
The different factors concerned are 2 and 3. The common multiple of these numbers must be made up of the product of 2 at least three times as a factor and 3 at least twice as a factor. That is, a number cannot contain 18 an integral number of times unless it has as factors 2 32 It cannot contain 24 an integral number of times unless it has as factors 2 3 3. To contain both 18 and 24 it must at least have the factors 2 3 3 2 The common multiples of 18 and 24 are, therefore,
23. 3 2
2 4 -3 2
144,
2 3 -3 3
2*-3 3
312,
23
32
5, etc.,
or
72,
216,
360,
etc.
The lowest common multiple contains all the the numbers involved the least number of times.
167.
factors of
160
MATHEMATICS
find the
1. c.
To
m.,
form a product of
and give
all
the different factors
of the given numbers,
to each factor the highest expo-
nent found in any of the numbers.
Ex.
1.
Find the
1.
c.
m. of 45, 48, 54.
= 32 54 = 2
45
5.
.
33
.
48
=
.
2*
3.
5.
The
1. c.
m.
is,
therefore,
1.
24
32
Ex.
2.
Find the
c.
m. of a 2
- 9,
.
a2
- 6 a + 9,
a2
+ 3 a - 18.
The
1. c.
m.
is
-9=(a+3)(a-3). + 9 = (a- 3) 2 2 a + 3 a - 18 = (a - 3)(a + 6). (a - 3) 2 (a + 3) (a + 6).

a2
a 2_6a
1. c.
How many
Ex.
3.
times will this

1.
m. contain a 2
-f
3a
18
Find the
c.
m. of x
- 1,
1.
+ 9, a - 5.
is
These numbers are
all
prime, their
c.m.
their product, or
(x-l)(x2 + 9)0-5).
EXERCISE
Find
1. 2.
5. 6.
7.
1. c.
55
m.
7i
ns
a2
+2
a2
2
,
ns
-n.
3.
72,
48,
18,
27. 30.
-9, a 2 -
20,
15,
2
a- 12. - 16, 3a - 6 a -24.

2
4.
120,
3 x2
-13 x -10,
2 2
a 2 -25, 12.
2
8.
9.
10.
+ 12a + 3, 4a -4a + l. z -27, z + 3z + 9, z _9. m + 3m-10, 2m + 7m-15, 2m -7m + 6. x + 3, a 3, x 6.

4a -l, 12x
3
2 2 2 2 2
Addition
168.
must be of the same denomination before they can be added. To reduce fractions to
Fractions, like other numbers,
FRACTIONS
the same denomination, the lowest
161
multiple of their
(
common
denominators must be found, and principle 3
163) employed.
Ex.
1.
Add /
the
1.
ft,
T\.
.
By
167,
c.
m.
of 24, 18, 16 is 2*
1.
32
In such
work
as reducing to
2*
c. d.
always divide by
factors.
32
3,
24
?.
Multiplying 7 and 24 by 2
7
we have
7-2-3
24
42
144
24
Similarly, J
5
2 2*
=
__
5
'
=
__
40
144'
,
'
18
183 16
-
and d
3 16
32
-
27
32
144
Then,
24
! + A + A = i?
18 16
iO
144
_27
;
_109
144
144
144
Ex.
2.
Find the sum of

a
+2
-25
a
2
2a
3 (a
(a
2
1
5).
-10 a + 25
a2 a
2
-2a -15)
2
.
_ 25 =
5) (a
3 (a
3 (a
+ 5)
(a
3) (a
5)
-10a + 25= (a - 5) - 2 a - 15) = 3 (a - 5) (a + 3). c. m. = 3 (a + 5) (a + 3) (a ~ (a 2 - 25) = 3 (a + 3) (a - 5).

1.
6)
2.
Then
3 (a
a+2 =
a
2
3 (a 3 (a
-25
+ 2) (a + 3) (a - 5) + 5) (a + 3) (a-5) 2
'
5) (a
3) (a
5)
(a 2
10 a
+ =
25)
3 (a
5) (a
+
(a
3),
and
a2
g 10 a
3a(q + 5)(a +
3 (a
3)
25
5) (a
5)
'
and
3 (a 2
Hence,
a 2_25
+ 2_ a 10a + 25
2g-l = (2.g-l)(q + 5)(g-5) - 2a - 15) 3 (a + 5) (a + 3) (a - 5) 2 2a - 1 a

3(a 2 -2a-15)
'
162
MATHEMATICS
3g (g + 5)(g + 3) + 3) (a - 5) + 3) (a - 5) 2 3 (a + 5) (a + 3) (a - 5) 2 _ (2a-l)(a + 5) (a - 5) 3 (a + 5) (a + 3) (a - 5) 2 3 2 3 2 3 ^ 3 a - 57 a - 90 + 3 a + 24 a + 45 a - 2 a + a ,+ 50 a 2 3 (a + 5) (a + 3) (a - 5)
3 (a
+ 2)
(a
3 (a
5) (a
25
(Note the change of sign in the for such negative numerators).

_
last
numerator.
Why
Always watch
4 a3
3 (a
+ 25 a2 + 38 a -115 + 5) ( a +3)(a-5) 2
x
'
Ex.
1.
3.
Find the sum of

(x
-\
3)
c.
m.
- 2)
(x
3) (x
- 4).
4
Then,
-i
x
cc
?3 +x
- 4) - 2 (g - 2) (a - 4) + 3 (x - 2) (x0-2) (or 3) (x - 4) 2 - 7x + 12-2x + 12x- 16 + 3x - 15x + 6 ~ =x

=
1 (^
- 3)
(x
(x-2) (z_3)(x-4)
3) (x
_
(z
y2
(x
10 x
- 2)
+2 -
'
4)
EXERCISE
Find the following sums
:
56
1,1
#
+-
a
a
fi
x+2 # 1
-
11
2
! 1
+5
O.
+6
a6
c+1
c 4
c-1
c+-4
8
tf-4:
a;
4.
#2
9.
a;
2 + 9 5 _J 4 -a;-12 a;*-16
-I
2
2
x+5 #+1 2' x+ #+3 x 6 x+ 9

5
a;
9
'
-25
. 1
8.
m m+1
+ 5c' m + m. m1
c
2
,
^ + 7 + 12
"
FRACTIONS
163
10
4#
x
JL
y
6# +
x x
,
J
6
1
ii
'
2x ~
2x-5
#
x2
12.
xy 2
+y
a?
y
1
-\-
13.
_^ + -^ +# +x
1 1
2
14.
a
15.
__ + J=*._l. 6 6+a
2a
a2
!
b2
a
.
-\-
, _ 16.
x 1 + #
a;
3x
6 x2
1
f-
1
3 #
#
6
a? 2
+#
+ 2y
1
y
2
18
16i/-y 2
2-y
6
2-3y 2+y
20.
19.
_L+&_^.
a
a
ft)
2
,
+6
+ (a
- 6> (a + b)
g
2
.
21
(a(a
+ b)
spy
22
'
2
'
+& ab
g
a+b
23
5 (x
x2
24.
+
1
+ y) +3y
5(a?-y)
2
x2
2 a
2.^
25.
+3
1.6 2a-3 +
4a2
+ 2xy-3y
9
+1
+ 5a?
a?
2a:-l
2a?
l-2a/
2
26.
2a
+1- 4+ - 1 1-4 x
+3.
164
27
x2
MATHEMATICS
+1
x*--l
=^ +3x +g +3+4 - 4x (aj2_i)(aj + 3) m+3 j2_ ^ + 7 a 3a._h 3 ^3 + 3o;2_^_3

4fl?
3
cc
If the
degree of the numerator
is
equal to or greater than that of the
denominator, the fraction

tic,
is improper, and may be reduced, as in arithmeby dividing the numerator by the denominator. Then
x3
+ 3 x 2 -x - 3
xs
3 x2
-x-3
form
Always reduce the

28.
result to its simplest
1
a2
+X
^+
-
*
#2
29
*
30
+l a-3 a+-2 a + 5 a+b + a ~fr a+b ab By 3 c 5y + 3c 25 - 9 5^-3

,
?/
32
33.
34
35.
37.
38.
5y-3c 5^/ + 3c -9c 5y-3c 2 c +7 c- 4 4&+8c-5 2c + Hc-6 2c + 5c-3 3 m + 13 m - 10 3 m + 17 m + 10 3 m + 17 m + 10 3 m + 13 m - 10 a - a- 56 a - 25 a + 14a + 49 a -2a-35 Sab 2a + 2b 2a-2b ab a b a+b a+b ab 4 ab ab a + b a b 3c + 5 9c + 25
.
25?/ 2
2
2 2
__5
9c -25*
2
FRACTIONS
39
165
a-2
jb
+2
2
x+2 *-2
g?-4
a; 2
+4
a;
a; 3
a;
+5
a? a;
-2a:-35
a;
-10a:
c2
+ 21
+ 2a:-15
41.
-i
^+ 4
a:
-8
:
Express as a single fraction

42.
4+^>.
+5
2
a2
43.
2 2 -9 a2 + 9
2>
44
45.
+9
a
2
-9
a?
+ 25 5a -125
.
4R "
48.
2~8"8
11_1_17_85 8*
3 6
47.
204 5 x
41
_
1
_i
'
25
51'
75
169.
a a;
49.
81
76
,14 + 95
To reduce
a fraction to a whole or mixed
number
principle 6
must be employed. We choose the denominator of the fraction as the number by which the numerator and
K
denominator must be divided.

/v*J
/y>2
Ex. Reduce
/v
R
to a
whole or mixed number.
Dividing both numerator and denominator by 2 x 2
3 x + 7,
we have
This result
170.
is
is
^z
2
+ ^4
15 *
4(2z 2
-3z+7)
two terms are
integral.
115
a mixed number, and the

is
first
An
algebraic expression
integral if its
denominator
numerical.
That
is, if its
denominator
is 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.
3 - are inIn the result of the example in 169, f a? and \ tegral algebraic expressions, though not integral arithmetic
expressions.
31
166
MATHEMATICS
EXERCISE
57
Reduce to whole
.,
or
mixed numbers
*
5.
10
+1 4 x-1 X + 5x + 6 x+2 X + 5x + 6 x3 7 v?-hx + VZ 3x + l x + 3a? + 3x + l 2 x+ rf X -1 x-2 x 2 #

4.^
2 2
xs
+5x -7x+9
2
8.
8^+64y 2a + 4?/ + 81 #+3 s+2 g+1 #+2 #+3

3
a;
g^
+3 +4
_|_
rately, then
(Reduce each fraction sepaadd the results.)
(Reduce to mixed numbers, then combine.)

a?
4-
1]L
a:
4 5
#+5
a;
a? a;
+6
+2 +3
a;
a;
+3 +4
2# + 5
a?
+2
Multiplication
171.
Multiplication of fractions involves principles 1 and 6

1.
Ex.
Multiply if by
5.
25
25
5
(Never use cancellation.)
18-5_
25
18- 5
25
_ 18
5
Ex.
2.
Multiply ff by
18
3
3.
_18.3_54
25
25
25
Ex.
3.
Multiply
ct
-+ by a + 4. a iZ
a+2
(a-4)(a +
3)
.(a v
+ 4) =
+ 4) _ a 2 + 6 a -f 8 (a-4)(a + 3) a 2 - a- 12*
[a
2) (a
FRACTIONS
Ex.
4.
'
167
Multiply
2
+2
,
by a
-4
.
_ + *-
(a
- 4) =
("
+ *)(-*) = ^2
(Principle 6 .)
Ex.5. Multiply f by T %.
8 8
But our multiplier
is
1 y - of
4.
Hence our product

-.
is
15 or
^^ =
(Principles 2
and
6.)
15
EXERCISE
Simplify, using factoring:
1.
58
-28.
2.
196
4.
289
51.
361
_
6.
m + 6m + 8
1
!
(wr
K + om).
,
14.4. 28
'
2D'
nn 10.
V + 86 _166 -8& + l 46-1 3 6 + 24

2
8.
(a
c
+ 2)
(a 2
2
5a + 6)
11.
16 6
12. ""
+5
2
- 10 c 4- 16 c ~ 25
2
5 a3
98 63
"
75
'
c<
tô
125 ac
28 ab
13.
14.
15.
m + 5 m + 6 m + 7 m 4- 10 m+1 m+5 m + 4m + 4 m + 4 m + 3 1Q c 2_21 c _iq 3c -8c-3 4c + llc + 6 12c + 13c + 3 2c -c-10 5c -13c-6' c + 7c + 6 \A 12c + 17 c 3 c 10A c + 8c + 12
2
m "
'
168
MATHEMATICS
18
a;
+ a?y + x - 81
2 2
2
?/
.
2/
(a?
+ 9?/ - ?/)(^ -fay +

a?
2
2
2/
19.
+^+iy, +
x
fx \x
21.
+3 +5
,
+ 5\ A x + 3J\
+3A
,
a;
2
a;
+8 x+I +6 +9
a;
+5
^2
+8
a?
4-
15 \
Division
172.
Division depends on principles 2 and

f-v-3.
9 5
.
6.
Ex.1,
3 _
32
_3
5
5.3
o 2
5.3
Ex.
2.
Divide
*2
T2 x
a;
-4
1
by J
a;
- 1.
+ l)(*-l)
_
-l
-4'^
_ n "^
(s
( x + 2)(x-2)(x-l)
x+1 2
Ex.
3.
Divide f by ||.
1:21=
8
8-21
is
But our
divisor
is
T^th of 21, heuce our quotient

21.
12 times as large as
though the divisor were

I 8
Hence,
12 or
_gW __\
"
I^]j^
8-21
7
-2 2 .3
12
\8
21^
1
2 3 -3. 7
What
divisor
was used
produce to F
2
from
22
3
?
23
Therefore, to divide a fraction by a fraction invert the terms

of the divisor
and proceed as
in multiplication.
FRACTIONS
EXERCISE
Simplify the following
1
"
169
59
14 15
.
"
6
'
'
-288(a-& 2)
289(a -6)
a 2_25
.
36(a-fr 2) 2
51 (a 2
- 6)
'
102_ _._ 17 j ^ 105

.
i
'
a2
2
-8a-f 15
"
102 A 105
-1
.
:
/- 17\
A V 30 y
I _>
8
"
tr
50 a 2 6
_^
""
15 a& 2
"
-9 a -6a+9 a - 17 a + 16 ~2 - K a a b _â + b
a
2
'
33 c3
5
44
.
'
'
aT&â^'
z
3
169(^ + ,V) 2
13(a?+y)
lU(x-yf
11.
l^{x-yf
1Q
'
-27
2
& + 3z + 9
Sz s + 27z
'
10c 2 + 17c
+3
2c
+ 13c-7
2c 2 + 17c + 21 10c 2 -3c-l
12.
^ + 10^ + 21 ^ a + 12 + 36 or + 3 x - 28
'
TTTT-
13.
(a?
8az
a:
+2a
4
aa;
11
15 *
1 y_
11
16
+y
x-y
1
2/
X
X
17.
+
a
-0
2/
+y
#
c
-
X
x
19.
+ +
y
18.
?/
+c
__b
c
b-c
Divide b
- cby
c-b.
is
20.
+ x + 2y -f-f x 2y +y
ar
2
* Division written in this form
called a complex fraction.
170
MATHEMATICS
l^jx-yf
a2
b
22.
A
.
.
17 2 (x-
2
?/)
a
o
'
or
b_
a
b
24.
2
aba
-. b
_a
^__9 4-^
2
23.
Transform
Transform
b a+b
a
into
+ mt0 2c-x
^c
o
a;
.
#
x
2c_ 1
a
Fractional Equations
173.
Equations involving fractions are solved by

then solving as in exercise
first
reduc-
ing to integral equations by means of principles of
167,
and
Axiom
3,
8.
Ex.1. Solve
Thel.
c.
lI = 5--.
X
x ( 167). Multiplying both sides of the equation by x (Ax. 3),

is
m.
'2x
X z
j
x)
We
or
have,
2 x + 7 = 5 x 2, 3 x = 9, (Ax. x = S.
4.)
Check
this root
by
2
substituting in the given or original equation.

-
3
3
+ 7 = 5-g, 3'
or
^ = 5-1. 3
2
Ex.
2.
Solve
1.
^
c. c.
a-2
m.
= ^? - i.
a?-3
m. =(a-2)(se-3)2.
Multiplying by
1.
2x2 -8x+6 =
Transposing,
2^-8x + 8-x + 5x-6.

2
a;
Factoring by Type III, (a

Solving by
161,
5 + 4 = 0. - 4) (x - 1) = 0. X = 4 or
x2
1.
FRACTIONS
Check
or
2
for x
171
1
= 4.
4-1 ^ 4-2 4_2 4-3
2'
12'
l_2 1-3
=
2
1
For x
or
= 1,
1_1 1-2
Ex.3.
a-
a>-5
1.
+4
-a;-20
c.
m.
= (x 5)(x-}-4).
Multiplying by
1.
c.
m. x
4:
Transposing,
+ x-5 = 3x-6. x = 5. x = 5.
1
Check
or
5_5
+ 9 1,1 - + - = _.
5
3-5-6 52_5_20
But it is not allowable to divide by zero. Hence 5 is not a root. The equation has no
equation of condition.
It is
solution.
It is
not an
simply a statement that two numbers are

is
equal, 14, but the statement
not true.
EXERCISE 60
Solve and verify the following:
1.
V-a
5.
^ + l=:3x +
1
1
2.
A =8 2x
5
x-1
1
"
x-2
1
3^+2 x -3x+2 5x- 9

2
2
.
3.
_16
X
8.
a-1 a-2 a -3a+2' 4 = 6x-15 2^,3^ + 2a-l 5 15

!
4.
= 11.
X
(Unite the
first
and third
fractions be-
fore clearing the equation of fractions.)
172
l
9.
MATHEMATICS
18
7
.
1
10 x
21
6x 3.5a? =
5 3
2a;
Li
X*
in
'
+5
4
1=
+4
9
11
'
.,
12.
5i
6
3a;
1 2
a;
8/ oj 8^
f
5\
7 =A 0. +
,
3)
32
JLo.
+ l = 2x 1
3
2
14
JL 2x
_^ = -A.
24
3aT
Ql
nK
2# + 4
3
a-3
4
+2
3
3
a;
16
+ '25
x
'
= 10 ~ x _ 2
4
a;
18.
+3_x2_1 _3 4~ 12 2 3 4 *- 2 3a; - 5 = 5. 4+ 11 13
,
._
5-3a;
4 3
3-5a;_3
3
2
5a;
20.
+ 4a; + 3a; + 2i = 0.
4
'
21.
i
22.
+ 4 n3
T=T+
4
26.
4rl
- 3JL2 = 3JL9 + 5
3
23.
3 ZLl
3^ 5_ + 3 = î + 2i 2 4 6
FRACTIONS
24.
173
3- 5 - 2x =i- A - 7x + ^+l
5
10
2o.
__
5 17 a
10a +
2_5a +7
_
o.
26.
g + 3 + 5(2 a! + 10) = 2a! + 24

2
5
27.
5(2 a?
+ 10) = 2a
5
5^ + 3
2
28.
^
2
+ + + JL = 82. 4 3 10
?!
29
13 6
+ 7 -^+8 = 25 + 9 + 38>
7
30
5a +
2
2a _ 3a + 9
3
11
on
a-1
2
7 1
-13 a
12
3
1
x-2
3
oo 32.
1.
10
33.
4y
5y
a;
8 l3 a._ 9 2 __ 3_2
^ + Lf^-l5 + 22. 2
= ^_32.
2
34.
5
35.
^ 5
+ 31-^ = 9.
7
2a:
'
3a;
+4_6 +5
a;
5 ? 2
a;
2<c-l"
3
15
Solve for
x.
37.
^ = 4a;-2a.
a
a;
38.
+ - = ? + ?.
a
Solve for
a;,

174
39
MATHEMATICS
4y-l
6
+ 7 ^ $y + 7 4 y -8 12
2y
40.
41.
L^ = lL Solve fort -a 4 + a a 3a a a? +a
t
t
t
6a?
+ 14s + 8 == 4(3a
3
-5)(s
6
+ 4)
'
.
a?
x
6
TCO.
+
z
2
b (a + 6)
a
2
25
44.
15
9
* 2 -f 5
2i
- 25
2
+3z
5 - 3z
2 2
45.
m 2m+1 m+3
1
3m + m 2 = 19 m + 3 m + 1 m 9 m3
2
46.
m a
4
*
2m + a
5
= 2.
Solve for m.
47
+ l __ 2z + 3 _ 3z-5 = 12z-4
3
10
15
A;
48.
fc
+a
5& a,2ft + 3a = 7 + 2a
1
2a
5z
4a
6a
al for Solve
o
k.
10 a
2
Ae% 49.
+ 2d
Id
2
2z
d + 8d = 15 z - 21 d z + 9d
2
!
al Solve
for
z.
50.
-JL + i - ir-26 ^_5 ^-6 y -lly + 30

2
51.
m5
6k
1,1 m
-J-
5m -23 m 11 m + 30
2
52
27c
*A;
=
ft 2
8 ( fe2
~ 4)
2-fc
3ft
-10*
FRACTIONS
53.
175
3-2
-4
two
z-3
fractions,
(Combine the
first
then the second two fractions before
clearing the equation of fractions.
54.
55.
ob.
_.
+ m y - y= -J + . c m c m d-3 d- _ d-l d-2 d- d-5~d-2 d-3 #+1 a-2 = 2x + 8 x+3 x 4 x+4

c
j-
57.
There
is
3 than one sixth

58.
number such that one fifth of What is the number ? of it.

of a fraction
is
it is
greater
by
The denominator
If 9
is
5 more than the nu-
merator.
added
to the
is
the denominator, the result

59.
numerator and 7 subtracted from 1. Find the fraction.
Find three consecutive numbers which will satisfy these conditions if the smallest is multiplied by six and three subtracted from the product, this product divided by the greatest
:
number
60.
will give a quotient of five.
have two proper fractions. The denominator of each is one more than its numerator, the numerator of the first, the numerator of the second, and the denominator of the second are consecutive numbers, and when the greater fraction is subtracted from the lesser the quotient is %. Find the fracI
tions.
61.
Divide 48 into two parts, such that the fraction formed

is ^.
by these parts
62.
Ohio cities are 120 miles apart. Two trains running between these cities have a difference in rate of 5 miles per hour, and the difference in time it takes them to make the run is 20 minutes. Find the rate of each train.
Divide 48 into two such parts that ^ the plus -| the second is 20.
63.
first
Two
part
176
64.
MATHEMATICS
From
a tank one half full of crude
oil
1000 gallons are
drawn out and 75 gallons are lost by evaporation and leakage. The tank is then one third full. How much does the tank hold
when
65.
full ?
machinist and his helper receive together $ 42.80 for a certain piece of work. If the machinist is worth 2\ times as much as his helper, how much does each receive ?
66.
The width
216
feet.
of a rectangle
eter
is
is f of its length. Find the area of the rectangle.
The perimof that
One fourth of a certain number plus one twelfth number equals 16. Find the number.
67. 68.
If 42
is
i-,
ence
69.
two numbers, and \ of what are the numbers ?

is
the
sum
of
their differ-
The sum
is
of the angles of a triangle

if
is
180.
Find the
angles of a triangle
the
first is
25 more than the second,
and the third

70.
three times the
first.
Find the angles of a triangle if the first angle is double the second, and the third is 9 less than three times the first.
boy spent one fourth of his money, and then received $ 2. He spent one half of what he then had, and found he had $ 7 remaining. How much had he at first ?
71.
Three sons were left a legacy, of which the eldest received | the second -i, and the third the remainder, which was
72.
,
$ 200.
73.
How much
A,
did each receive
B and C own
many
as A,
10,000 head of cattle.
B owns
?
three
times as
and C owns \ as many as are owned by

does each
and
74.
together.
How many
own
If you were earning a salary, and spent \ of it for board, i and of the rest for other expenses, and saved annually, $ 280,
how much were your earnings ? 75. The sum of the angles of
a triangle
first
is
180.
Find each
angle if the second angle is twice the is 30 more than the second.
and the third angle
FRACTIONS
76.
177
A local
train loses six of its passengers at the first stop,
one third of the remainder at the second stop, one half of the remainder at the third stop, and the 30 who then remain ride
to the
end of the
started ?
line.
How many
passengers on the train
when
77.
it
In example 74, the first station is -^ as far out as the is 36 miles beyond the second, the fourth 49 miles beyond the third, and the length of the run is 117 miles.
second, the third
At 2 $ per mile per passenger, how much did the railway company receive ?
number exceeds the sum of its one and one fifth by 13. What is the number ?
78.
third, one fourth,
tank can be filled by one pump in 8 hours, and by a second pump in 14 hours. How long does it take to fill the tank when both pumps are working ?
79.
oil
An
Let x = the time when both pumps are working.
Then x
- is the
is
the
amount
of
of
work both pumps do

first
in 1 hour.
amount
work the
pump
does in 1 hour, and

in 1 hour.
14
80.
is
the 8
amount the second pump does

Solve.
Then
+=1
14
oil
tank 20' in diameter can be filled by one pump in 177^ hours, and by a second pump in 64 hours. How long does it take to fill the tank when both pumps are working ?
*
An
81.
In example 78, the cylinder of the larger

is
pump
is
10"
in diameter, the stroke of the piston
12",
is
and there are 15
strokes of the
pump
?
per minute.
What
the capacity of the
tank in cubic feet

82.
In gallons ?
Separate 45 into two such parts that one part divided by

9.
the other will give a quotient of 2 and a remainder of

83.
Separate 45 into two such parts that one part divided by
the other will give a quotient of 5 and a remainder of 37.
178
84.
MATHEMATICS
Separate 45 into two such parts that one part divided by the other will give a quotient of 5 and a remainder of 48.
85.
Two men, 58
miles apart, start at the same time to travel
toward each other.
The
first travels
7 miles in 2 hours, the

far does the first one
second travels 15 miles in 4 hours. travel before they meet ?

86.
tor.
is
How
The denominator
If 5
|.
is
then
87.
of a fraction is 5 less than the numeraadded to the numerator, the value of the fraction Find the fraction.
Two men, A and
B, 58 miles apart, start at the same
time to travel toward each other.
travels 7 miles in 2 hours
and B travels 15 miles in 4 hours. A meets with an accident and is delayed 20 minutes. How far does B travel before they meet?
88.
Separate a into two parts such that one part divided by

c.
the other will give a quotient of g and a remainder of

89.
Separate 42 into three parts such that the second shall

first
be four times the

90.
and the third 4 times the second.
Separate
the
into three parts such that the second shall be
m times
91.
first
and the third
times the second.
A has
.
$ 1200 out at interest, part of 6

at 6
and the balance
at 5
The part
brings as
much
interest in 4 years as
is
the part at
5%
brings in 6 years.
What
his total
amount
of interest per year ?
92
4(58-^)
15
^2^
'
7
28
58
Multiplying by 105,
- 28 x =
58 x
30
28
28.
x.
= =
58.
(Indicate such products and save computation.)
, q 93
-
2i-x_ q ,5x "l6~~ + 48'
5*-2
6
+5Z + 13
15a;-5 7<c-6 _ 18
'
FRACTIONS
REVIEW
179
In solving the following equations, use two unknown quantities wherever possible, 50
:
1.
father's age
it
and 4 years ago

2.
4 times as great as that of his son was six times as great. What are their ages ?
is
now
$6
is
changed into 51
coins.
If each coin
is
either a
quarter or a dime,
3.
how many
of each are there ?
train leaves a station
and travels at the rate of 40
miles an hour.
station
Two
hours later a second train leaves the
and travels in the same direction at the rate of 55 miles
an hour.
Where
will the second train pass the first ?
4. A room is 2 feet longer than it is wide, and if its length were increased by 4 feet and width diminished by 3 feet, its area would remain the same. What are the dimensions ?
5.
could dig a trench in 15 days, and
could dig
it ?
it
in
20 days.
6.
How many
days would
it
take both to dig

;
How
7.
John has 14 $ less than Henry much money has each ?
together they have 60 ^.
The sum
of
two numbers
more than the

8.
smaller.
and the larger What are the numbers ?

is
63,
is
17
Divide $ 2200 among A, B, and C, in such a way that B shall have twice as much as A, and C shall have $200 more than B.
9.
I take a trip of 90 miles, partly

If I go 42 miles farther
by
train
and partly by
trolley.
by
train than
by
trolley,
how
10.
far do I go
by each ?
If the second
Three boys together have 140 marbles.
has twice as
third,
11.
many as the first, but only how many marbles has each boy ?
The
difference
is 19.
half as
many
as the
between the squares of two consecutive

integers.
integers
12.
Find the
The length and breadth

;
of a rectangular floor differ
by
5 feet
the perimeter
is
60
feet.
Find dimensions and
area.
180
13.
MATHEMATICS
Five boys agreed to buy a boat, but one of them withdrew, when it was found that each of the remaining boys had Find cost of the boat. to pay $ 200 more. Divide $ 351 among three persons in such a way that for every dime the first receives, the second shall receive a
14.
quarter and the third a dollar.

15.
it lost.
ball nine has played 64
games and won 12 more than
How many
John solved a
games has
certain
it
won ?
of examples,
16.
number
many.
and William
96.
did 12 less than twice as
Together they solved
How many did each solve ? 17. A farmer paid $ 94

each
cost, if the
for a horse
and a cow.
horse cost $ 13 more than twice as
What did much as
the cow ?
pounds of coffee at 30^ a pound must be mixed with 12 pounds of coffee at 20^ a pound to make a mixture worth 24 $ a pound 9
18. 19.
How many
How many pounds of

lb.
tea at 60 $ a
to
with 25
a pound
20.
of tea at
40^ a pound
pound must be mixed make a mixture worth 45^

and
A man
hired 4
men and
3 boys for a day for $ 18
for another day, at the same rate, 3
How much
9
did he pay each
man
4 boys for $ 17. and each boy per day ?
men and
21. If a bushel of oats is worth 40 ^ and a bushel of corn is worth 35 fl how many bushels of each must be used to produce a mixture of 100 bu. worth 48 $ a bushel ?
22.
A man
him
is
can row 12 mi.
down stream
is
in 2 hrs., but
it
takes
6 hrs. to return.
What
his rate in still water,
and
what
23.
the rate of the current ?

;
rows 20 mi. down stream and back in 8 hrs. he can row 5 mi. down while he rows 3 mi. up stream. Find rate in still water, and rate of stream.
24.
A man
Find two numbers whose sum

:
is
54,
and whose sum and
difference are in the ratio of 9
5.
FRACTIONS
1.
181
The
is
specific gravity of ice (ratio of the
weight of a cubic
foot of ice to that of a cubic foot of water)
is .92.
How much
What
1'
water
there in a cake of ice
3'
10.5"
10.5" ?
will
the ice weigh ?

2.
What
is
the third dimension of a cake of ice

?
1',
weighing 50 pounds
3.
piece of iron 4"

liters of
x 8" x
it
1' is
placed in a tank of water.
How many
4. One much ? 5.
water did
displace ?
cubic foot of steel immersed in water weighs
how
and that of ice is .92. Find the difference in weight between one cubic foot of sea water and one cubic foot of ice.
specific gravity of sea
The
water
is
1.025,
6.
A piece
liner.
ocean
7.
X How much
of ice 3'
1'
dropped overboard from an of the ice is submerged in the ocean ?
1' is
A tank of water
18'
8'
and 6 deep
f
is
frozen to a depth
?
of 7".
8.
Find the value of the
ice at
42
fl
per hundred pounds
feet
Air is 14.43 times as heavy as hydrogen gas. 8500 cubic hydrogen have been pumped into a balloon. What weight will it lift ?
of
9.
8.3
In testing 100 pounds of steam coal there was found pounds of ash, .932 pounds
sulphur.
What was
the per cent of
carbon
10.
The span
pitch
of
of a roof
is
42
The
iC
is
30.
The
angle
member* CE bisects the ACB. Find the lengths of

members
used.
all
the
* The pieces used in forming a roof truss are called " irons," or " angles."
members," "angle
182
MATHEMATICS
Find the lengths of the angles if the roof in example 11 is of the form of the truss shown in the accompanying
11.
figure.
(EFG
is
equilateral.)
12.
A
of
li" rainfall on 20
land
is
acres
how many
barrels of
13.
water?
school building has eight drinking fountains, each
flowing 1 gallons per minute. These are supplied by a whose cylinder is 4" in diameter and 10" long. How
strokes per minute
pump many
must the pump make
to
keep these fountains
running
14.
square of the distance
The illumination given by any J $2 -^ =
light
is
inversely as the
^.
di
12
A light
6 feet from a table
is
How much more light does the 15. A 16 candle power and a
is 3'
moved 3 table now
feet
from the
table.
receive ?
4 candle power electric light The 4 candle power are placed on opposite sides of a screen.
from the screen. At what distance must the 16 candle power be placed that each side of the screen may receive the same amount of light ?
16.
A chandelier directly over a table contains four 16 candle

lights.
power carbon filament
These lights are 4 -6" from the ceiling. A new chandelier fitted with four tungsten lights 3-6" from the ceiling is put in. These tungsten lights give 1-Jtimes as much light as the old 16 candle power. Does the table receive more or less light and how much ?
17.
16 candle power electric light

sufficient light.
is
above a table
and does not give

is
attached to the socket
To remedy this defect a wire and brought down to a reading lamp

is
containing a tungsten burner which
18" above the table.
How much
more
light does the table receive ?
FRACTIONS
18.
cast.
183
per lineal foot after
it is
In cooling iron shrinks about
-J-"
A casting
cooling.
19.
must be 2-1" in length and 1-8" square What were its dimensions when cast ?
is
after
A
A
gas engine cylinder

is its size
to be 4" in diameter
and 4"
long.
20.
What
before cooling ?
is
gas engine
cylinder
to be
3-J-"
in diameter
and
it
4" long.
cast.
21.
Find dimensions
of the
pattern from which
is
What
size bolt
would you use
in a 0.344" hole ?
22.
23.
What
size bolt
would you use
in a 1.491" hole ?
was standing behind a target during target practice. Those doing the firing were 1 mile away and the velocity of their projectiles was 1150' per second. Did the projectile strike the target before the sound reached there? What was the 4 LiLir difference between the time the sound of firing and the projectile reached the target ?
,
A man
24.
Estimate the weight per lineal foot
,/p
j
of the Steel
figure.
Tee Eail in the accompanying Disregard the round corners con;
tfl
_3
sider
25.
them
If a
as angles.
sn
45,
plumber needs to change the direction of a pipe by he calls the hypotenuse AC of the triangle ABO equal to
T
BC + ^ BO. W hat
easier
to
is
the error
when
BO = 30" ?
method
Which
is
compute, the steam
fitter's
or the correct
method ?
In estimating material for a bias ruffle a dressmaker calls the length of the bias f the width of the goods. What is the error when the goods is 27" wide ?
26.
plumber makes a 45 turn across a hallway 10' wide. The hall is 46' long and is piped the entire length. What
27.
length of pipe
is
used
184
28.
if
MATHEMATICS
In example 27, how
many
feet of pipe
would be needed
a 30 angle were used in

29.
making the
cross over ?
In a triangle
ABC,
right-angled at B,
ZA
is
is 30.
such triangles
many mechanics
is
estimate that
AC is
10'?
In 1^ times
Is this
AB.
Let Let
How
nearly correct
this
when
and
AB
method
as easy to
compute as the correct

then x then
one, namely,
2x = AC,
= BC,
2
AB = V(2xf- {xf.
a
,-
AB = a,
A
V (2 x) x
== a,
30.
house
is
26 feet wide.
rafters,
The pitch
of the roof
is 30.
Find the length of the

extensions at the eaves.
31.
30.
no allowance being made for
The width
of a house
is 28'
and the roof has a pitch of

if
length rafters must the carpenter cut 14" beyond the house at the eaves ? project
32.
What
the rafters
goods necessary to
Use dressmaker's rule in finding the number of yards of make a 6-inch bias ruffle for a skirt 4 yards around. The goods is 27"
wide and no
is to
strip of ruffling
be less than 35" in length.
A S"B
ruffling for this 4-yard skirt.
is 8".
Let AF be the piece of goods, 36", the length of then each strip of ruffling. It will
AK=
AB
is
therefore require 6 strips of
The
cut
along the selvage
The amount
of goods required
therefore
6x8"
plus
the 27" (width of goods
MO)
wasted at the corner, or 2\ yards.
33. Find the cost of two 3" bias ruffles made from goods 30" wide and costing 95^ per yard, the skirt being 4 yards
around.
34.
Silk
may be purchased
" on the bias."
ing for the waste at the corner
This avoids payFind the cost of three 1^" bias
FRACTIONS
ruffles
185
and
to be used on a 6-yard silk skirt, silk 21" wide
costing $1.10 per yard.

35.
The braces
for a billboard are to
have an angle of 60
if
with the ground.

foot of the brace
36.
What
is 8'
length must the braces be cut from the board ?

is
the
A
its
piece of steel
length.
l\ n by
5".
It
weighs 225 pounds.
Find
37.
The volume
of a cube is .512 cubic foot.
Find
its surface.
The water in an irrigating ditch flows 3|- miles per hour. It must supply a 160-acre farm with 1" of water per
38.
week.
39.
What
Water
is is
the area of a cross section of the ditch ?
flowing through an 8" water main at the rate of
10' per second.
How many
barrels of water will
it
deliver per
hour
40.
farmer had a pond of 6 acres which was frozen to a depth of 10". He sold the ice to a dealer at 12^ per hundred
pounds.
41.
How much
did he receive ?
each 18".
42.
One diagonal of a rhombus and a side of the rhombus are Find the other diagonal, the angles, and the area.
bar of copper 4"
is
How
43.
long
the wire ?
X 6" X 3' is drawn into What does the coil weigh ?

box
is
a i" wire.
than the combined areas of the hot-air pipes. One hot-air pipe is 10" in diameter, one is 8", and the remaining six are each 6". Find
of a cold-air to be
less
The area
the area of the cold air box.

44.
From
a town
C one
train goes north at 32 miles
One hour
later a second train goes east at
an hour. 30 miles an hour.
How
45.
far apart are they 3 hours after the first train started ?
From
town C a
train goes north at 32 miles an hour.

first at
5 hours later a second train follows the

hour.
40 miles an
How
far apart are they 8 hours after the second train
started ?
188
46.
MATHEMATICS
Chocolate contains 12.9
%. How much chocolate will furnish as much protein as \ pound cocoa*7 47. Chocolate contains 48.7% fat, and cocoa, 28.9%. One How many cups cocoa half pound cocoa measures 2 cups. will furnish as much fat as \ pound chocolate ?
protein
cocoa, 21.6
48.
As
to the quantity of fat,

if
which
is
cheaper to use, cocoa
or chocolate,
costs 25jt?
49.
8 ounces chocolate cost 22 $ and \ pound cocoa
If halibut costs
18^ per pound and 17.7%
is refuse,
find cost per

50.
pound
of edible portion.
;
Haddock
fish,
cheaper
51.
12^ per pound 51 halibut or haddock ?

costs
is
refuse.
Which
is
Boned and dried codfish sells for 16 fi per pound; dried From the latter there is a loss of codfish for 10^ per pound. cheaper? Which is 20%.
52.
Whitefish contains 12.8

per pound.
12.7
protein
43.6
is
refuse.
It
sells for 16jt
Porterhouse steak contains 19.1

It sells for
protein
is
refuse.
food contains more protein for less

53.
30^ per pound. money ?
Which
Bass contains 9.3% protein; 54.8% is refuse. It sells Which kind of fish is cheaper, whitefish for 12 ^ per pound.
or bass ?
Herring contains 11.2 % protein 42.6 % is refuse it sell for 10 P per pound. Perch contains 7.3 % protein 62.5 % is waste; it sells for 10^ per pound. Winch fish contains
54.
;
;
more protein
55.
for less
money
?
;
;
Pike contains 7.9 % protein 57.3 % is refuse it sells for 12^ per pound. Pound steak contains 27.6% protein; it sells for 16^ per pound. Which is the cheaper food ?
Canned salmon sells for 18 ^ per can it weighs 1^ pounds 19.5% protein, 14.2% waste. Sardines sell for 25^ per can, which weighs 11| ounces they contain 23.7 % protein T and 5 % waste. W hich is cheaper to use ?
56.
;
contains
FRACTIONS
57.
187
Dried beef contains 39.2% protein. It costs 30^ per pound. Which is cheaper, dried beef or salmon ?
Express graphically the edible quantities of haddock, halibut, whitefish, bass, herring, perch, pike, and canned salmon that can be purchased for 25^.
58. 59.
Express graphically the quantities of protein per pound
in these fish.
CHAPTER X
Proportion
174.
Eeview
to
173 and exercise 60.

is
The
relation of one
number
is
another
often
expressed in fractional form.

ratios.
These fractions are known as

written
f.
Thus, the ratio of 2 to 3
This was
to 2
:
first
3,
written 2-r-3, then the division

the fractional form
is
sign
was modified
now
con-
sidered best.
proportion is the equality of
two
ratios.
It is therefore
simply a fractional equation of two terms.
Thus.b
- is
d
a proportion.
d.
This
is
read a divided by
b is
equal to
divided by
The numerators are the antecedents. The denominators are the consequents. The first antecedent and the last consequent are the extremes. The first consequent and the second antecedent are the mean&
Thus, a and d are extremes and b and
c
the means.
Properties of Proportion
1.
The product of the extremes

easily
is
equal
to the
product of the
means.
This
is
proved by clearing the equation (proportion)
a_ b~
of fractions.
d"
Whence,
ad
be.
188
PROPORTION
2.
189
If the product of two numbers is equal to the product of two other numbers, a proportion may be formed making one product
the
means and
the other
product the extremes.

xy
Thus,
Dividing by y
mc.
m,
=m
c,
Had you
divided by y
the proportion would have been
^
c 3.
= .
y
(See
6,
174.)
If four quantities are in proportion, they are in proportion
by composition.
Let
= .
d
f
Then,
?
a
+ = +"i
i.
or
=c+
(?
.
4.
by division.
Let
= 2.
l
Then,
_ 1 = '_
or
a-b ^ cb
d
t
5.
by composition Let
and
division.
= .
= i.
d
(1)
By
By
3,
dt$
b
(2)
4,
^& = c-<*.
= tA a b c d
(4)
Dividing (2) by (3)
190
6.
MATHEMATICS
by alternation.
Thus,
if
^
b
= ^then^ = -.
d
c
175.
In a mean proportion the means are equal.
a Thus, x
Solving x
= - is
cc
a mean proportion.
= \rad.
mean
proportional between a and d
is
That
product.
is,
the square root of their
The
last
consequent of a mean proportion
is
a third proportional to the
other two numbers.
Thus
in
= -,
d
is
a third proportional to a and

is
x.
The fourth proportional

portion as y
b
(1
the last consequent in such a proalike.
c =-
where no two terms are
d'
EXERCISE
1.
2. 3.
61
9.
Find a mean proportional between 4 and
Find a mean proportional between 16 and
25.
Find a mean proportional between 289 and 256.

289 _ x x ~256'
or,
= V289
256
But \/ab
= Va V6
Then,
jc
= V289 V256 = 17 16 = 272.

.
4.
5.
Find the mean proportional between 121 and
729.
line
Two
What
lines
are 196'
and
25',
respectively.
Find a
equal to their
6. 7.
mean
the
proportional.
is
mean proportional between

to 2
f
1.44" and 2.56".
Find a fourth proportional
3', 8'.
PROPORTION
8.
191
Find a fourth proportional
to 5, 9, 15.
6, 9, 3.
9.
Find a fourth proportional to Find a fourth proportional

2
-
10.
to 5, 7, 9.
6
,
Note that in such proportions as

tion.
For since
consequent
6=3-2
is
(the
first
- x may be obtained by inspecx numerator), x must be 3 3 (the first
denominator).
first
Or, reading vertically instead of horizontally, since
the
1| times the first antecedent, the second consequent
must be 1\ times the second antecedent.

11. 12.
13.
Find a third proportional

Find a third proportional Find a third proportional
to 2, 8.
to 5, 15.
to 5, 9.
14.
Find a mean proportional between .0529 and 529.
15.
Find a mean proportional between
and
x
16.
Find a mean proportional between
x
2 x2
+7
3x
ar
+ 8*_7
2
a;
2x4-5 -^
and
17.
Find a fourth proportional to x2

2
+ 9 + 20,
sc
3x
28,
and 2 x
18.
+ 19 a + 45.
if
In a semicircle,
a perpendicular
is
dropped to the
diameter, from a point in the circumference, the perpendicular

is
mean
proportional between the segments of the diameter.

of the circle
is 8. is
The diameter
19.
20 and the perpendicular
'to it
from the circumference
Find the segments of the diameter.

of a diameter
The segments
AB and BC
AC are 4"
and
9" respectively, find the length of the perpendicular to erected at B and extending to the circumference.
20.
AC
2x + S = 5a + ll 2x 3 5x 11
Solve using
^
1U} 6
bef ore c i ear i n g
of fractions.
192
(s (x
MATHEMATICS
+ 7)-(3y-l) 5x7y=: 9.
+ 7)+(3y-l) = 7
2
174, 5, on the first equation before clearing it of fractions.) Ratio plays a very important part in science, though the ratio idea is often disguised to such an extent by the scientific notation that the pupil
(Use
thinks in other terms than those of ratio or measurement.

feels that the specific gravity
of Specific Gravity disappear when one simply the ratio of a volume of some substance to an equal volume of some substance taken as a standard.
For example, the mysteries
is
The standard for liquids and solids is water. One cubic centimeter (c.c.) of water weighs
621 pounds.
gram, or
1 cu.
ft.
weighs
is
For gases the standard

Ex.
is
usually hydrogen
is
sometimes
air,
which
14.44 times as heavy as hydrogen,
used.
lb.
cubic foot of steel weighs 490
Find
specific gravity of steel.
Specific gravity of steel

It is
= 7.84.
decimal form, not as a
customary to write
fraction.
to be
specific gravity in a
common
Units
remembered
1"
1 liter
=2.54
centimeters.
(c.c).
1
1
= 1000 cubic centimeters kilogram = 1000 grams.

water weighs 1 gram.
c.c.
1 liter hydrogen weighs 0.09 gram.

Specific gravity air
22.
(hydrogen standard)
is 14.44.
Ice weighs 57.5 pounds to the cubic foot.
Find
its spe-
cific gravity.
23.
The
specific gravity of
oak
is 0.8.
Find the weight of
1 cubic foot.
24.
A cubic foot of lead weighs 706 pounds. A
Find
its specific
gravity.
25.
cubic foot of copper weighs 550 pounds.
Find
its
specific gravity.
26.
The
specific gravity of
aluminum
is 2.6.
Steel
is
how
many
times as heavy ?
LIST OF CONSTRUCTIONS
Page
70-
To draw a straight
line equal to
a given straight line
75
74.
To construct an angle equal

To
bisect
to
a given angle
76
79.
a given angle
79
sides are given
87.
To construct a triangle when three
82
99.
To draw a perpendicular bisector of a straight
line
90
100.
103.
to
a line from any point in the line a line from a given point with-
91
to
out the line
93
line parallel to a given straight line
119.
To draw a straight
108
193
LIST OF
THEOREMS
Lines
Theorem VII
98. If two straight lines
intersect, the vertical
Page
angles are equal
.
90
Theorem VIII
101. If a perpendicular is erected at the middle point of a line, I. Any point in the perpendicular is equidistant from the extremis
ties
of the
line,
II.
Any
point not in the perpendicular
is
unequally distant from
the extremities
of
the line
91
Theorem IX
104.
From a
point without a line but one perpendicular can be
drawn
to the line
93
Theorem XII
pendicular
107. If two unequal oblique lines drawn from a point in a perto the line cut off unequal distances from the foot of the
is
perpendicular, the more remote
the greater
96
Theorem XIII
108. If oblique lines are drawn from a point to a straight line and a perpendicular is drawn from the point to the line, I. Two equal oblique lines cut off equal distances from the foot
of the perpendicular, II. The greater of two unequal oblique distance from the foot of the perpendicular
lines cuts off the greater
97
Theorem XIV
120.
Two
lines parallel to the
same
line
are parallel
to
each other
109
Theorem
121.
XV
is
line
perpendicular
to
one of two parallels

194
perpendicu-
lar to the other
109
LIST OF
THEOREMS
a transversal, the alternate-
195
Pagb
Theorem XVI
124.
If two parallel
lines are cut by
interior angles are equal
Ill
Theorem XVII
125.
If two
lines
are cut by a transversal, and the alternate-
interior angles are equal, the lines are parallel
112
Theorem XXI
130.
the sides
Any
point in the bisector of an angle
is
equidistant
from
117
of the angle
Theorem XXVI
137. If a
series
of parallels intercept equal parts on one transver123
sal, they intercept
equal parts on every transversal
Theorem XXVII
138.
is
The
to
parallel
joining the middle points of two sides of a triangle the third side and equal to one half of it
line
124
Theorem XXVIII
139.
The
line joining the

is
middle points of
bases
the non-parallel sides

to
of a trapezoid
parallel
to the
and equal
one half of their
sum
Lines which Meet in a Point
124
Theorem XXIX
140.
The
the bisector
bisectors of two of of the third angle
the angles
of a triangle
intersect
on
125
Theorem
142.
XXX
middle points of the sides perpendicular bisector
The perpendiculars erected
at the
of a triangle meet in a point which of the third side
lies in the
126
Theorem XXXI
144.
The
three altitudes of a triangle meet in a
common point
127
Theorem XXXII
145.
Two medians
of a triangle meet in a point of
the third
median
127
196
MATHEMATICS
Triangles
Theorem
77.
Pagb
Two triangles
are equal
to
when two
sides
and
the included angle
of one are equal respectively

the other
two sides and the included angle of
77
Theorem
78.
II
Two
triangles are equal
when a
to
side
of the one are equal respectively

the other
a side
and two adjacent angles and two adjacent angles of

78
Theorem
85.
equal
III
In an
isosceles triangle the angles opposite the equal sides are
81
Theorem IV
88.
Two
triangles are equal
when
three sides
of one are equal
re-
spectively to three sides
of the other
82
Theorem
96.
V
88
Any
side
of a triangle
is
greater than the difference of the
other two sides
Theorem VI
The sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than two lines drawn from any point within the triangle to the
97.
the
sum of
89
extremities
of
the third side
of the triangle
Theorem
105.
X
the
Two
when
hypotenuse and an
acute angle of the one are equal, respectively, to the hypotenuse acute angle of the other
and
94
Theorem XI
106.
the
Two

to
one are equal, respectively,
hypotenuse and leg of the hypotenuse and leg of the other

the
when
95
Theorem XVIII
126.
angles
The sum of
the angles
of a triangle
is
equal
to
two right
114
LIST OF
THEOREMS
197
Pagb
Theorem XIX
128. If two angles of a triangle are equal,
the triangle is isosceles
116
Theorem
are unequal,
XX
the angles opposite
.
129. If two sides of a triangle are unequal,
and
the greater angle lies opposite the greater side
116
Theorem XXII
132. If two
the
triangles have two sides
of one equal respectively

is
to
two sides of the other, and the included angle of the first greater than
included angle of the other, the third side of the first than the third side of the second
greater
119
Parallelograms
Theorem XXIII
134. In a parallelogram
opposite angles are equal
the opposite sides are equal,
and
the
121
Theorem XXIV
135.
Two parallelograms
are equal if two sides

to
angle of one are respectively equal
two sides
and the included and the included

122
angle of the other
Theorem
is
XXV
the figure
136. If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal,

a parallelogram
122
Polygons
Theorem XXXIII
149.
The sum of
the angles
many
right angles as the
of any polygon is equal to twice as polygon has sides, less four right angles
.
128
Theorem
150.
angles
XXXIV
The sum of the
exterior angles
ducing one side at each vertex
of a polygon formed by propolygon is equal to four right a of

129
INDEX
Abscissa, 105. absolute term, 106. absolute value, 19. acute angle, 79, 86.
Circle, 70.
circumference, 70.
coefficient, 3.
acute-angled triangle, 81.

addition, 16.
of fractions, 160. adjacent angles, 75.
common common
factor, 6, 138.
multiple, 159.
87.
complementary angles, complex fractions, 168.
algebraic expression, integral, 164. alternate exterior angles, 110. alternate interior angles, 110. altitude of triangle, 83, 109. angle, 75. acute, 79, 86. alternate-exterior, 110. alternate-interior, 110.
bisector, 79.
concentric circles, 71. conditional equation, 10. consequents, 188. constants, 106. coordinates, 104.
curved
line, 70.
Decimals, 29.
degree, 105. diagonal, 120. diameter, 72.
difference, 21.
complementary, 87.
exterior, 109, 110.
exterior-interior, 110.
interior, 110.
of squares, 133.
obtuse, 79, 86. of polygon, 127.

right, 79.
prime, 1. dividend, 25.

digit,
division, 25.
by
zero, 171.
supplementary, 87. supplementary adjacent, 87.

vertical, 87.
fractions, 167.
polynomials, 41.
divisor, 25.
antecedent, 188. applied mathematics, 29, 48, 68, 100,

130, 151, 180. arc, 70. axioms, 11, 76.
Elimination, 56. equation, 10. condition, 10. equivalent, 107.

fractional, 170.
Base of
triangle, 83.
geometric, 11.
identical, 11.
binomial, 2. square of, 135.

bisector of angle, 79. of line, 90. brace, 7. bracket, 7.
inconsistent, 106.
root of, 10. simultaneous, 56, 105. solution of, 10. equiangular polygon, 128.
198
INDEX
equilateral polygon, 128. equilateral triangle, 81. equivalent equations, 107.
199
29, 48, 66, 98,
Mathematics applied,
130, 151, 181. means, 188.
exponent, 26.
exterior angle, 109. extremes, 188.
method, indirect, 97. minuend, 21.

minutes, 87.
mixed numbers,
Factor,
factors,
2, 133.
factoring, hints on, 145. common, 6, 138.
prime,
5.
fractional equations, 170. fractions, 155. addition, 160. complex, 168. decimal, 29. division, 167. improper, 163. multiplication, 165. reduction, 29, 155.
164. multiple, common, 159. multiplication, 24, 35. fractions, 165. polynomials, 35. sign rule, 25.
Negative numbers, 15. number, mixed, 164.

negative, 15.
positive, 15.
prime, 1. system, 1.
Oblique angle, 79.
Geometric equation,
solid, 69.
11.
surface, 69.
geometry, plane, 70. graphs, 103.
oblique angle triangle, 81. obtuse angle, 79, 86. obtuse angle triangle, 81. oral review, 8.
ordinate, 105. origin, 105.
Parallel lines, 106.
Hints on factoring, 145. housekeeping problems, 34, 48, 67, 98,

131, 153, 184.
improper
Identical equation, 11. fractions, 163. inconsistent equations, 106.
independent term, 106. indirect method, 97.

inequalities, 54.
parallelogram, 120. parenthesis, 7. perpendicular, 79. perpendicular bisector, 90. plane, 70. polygon, 127.
mutually equilateral, 128.

regular, 128.
solution of, 63. inscribed, 74. integral expressions, 164. interior angles, 110. isosceles trapezoid, 120.
isosceles triangle, 81.
polynomial,
2.
division, 41.
multiplication, 36. positive numbers, 15.
prime
digit, 1.
factor, 5.
number,
Line, 69.
1.
principles of fractions, 155.
broken, 70. curved, 70.

parallel, 106.
sect, 69.
problems, housekeeping, 34, 48, 67, 98,

131, 153, 184.
shop, 29, 49, 66, 98, 130, 151, 181. proportion, 188.
segment, 69.
locus of points, 117. lowest common multiple, 159.
Quadrant, 72. quadrilateral, 130.
200
quadrinomial,
quotient, 25.
2.
INDEX
subtrahend, 21.
Radius, 70. reading of figures, 120.

rectangle, 120.
supplementary angles, 87. surface, geometric, 69. straight line, 69.
Term,
2.
reduction of fractions, 29, 157. regular polygon, 128. review, oral, 8.
degree of, 106. terms, similar, 2. theorem, 76.

transposition, 36. transversal, 110. trapezium, 120. trapezoid, 120.
triangle, 76.
rhomboid, 120. rhombus, 120.

right angle, 81. right triangle, 81. root of equation, 11. rule, sign, 19, 22, 25. subtraction, 22.
Scalene triangles, 81. seconds, 87. sect of line, 69.
acute, 81. altitude, 83. base, 83. equilateral, 81.

isosceles, 81.
segment
of line, 69.
29, 49, 66, 98, 130, 151,
oblique, 81. obtuse, 81.

right, 81.
semicircle, 72.
shop problems,
181.
sign rule, addition, 19.

division, 25.
scalene 81. vertical angle, 109. vertices, 76, 109. trinomial, 2.

;
multiplication, 25. subtraction, 22. similar terms, 2. simultaneous equations, 56, 105. solid, geometric, 69. solution, equations, 11. factoring, 148. inequalities, 63. square, 120. of binomial, 135. substitution, 58. subtraction, 20. rule, 22.
trinomial square, 135.
Value, absolute, 19.

variables, 56, 106. vertical angles, 86. of triangle, 109. vertices of triangle, 76. vertex, 75. of triangle, 109.
vinculum,
7.
Zero, 1. zero division, 171.

Introduction To Mathematics (1916)

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Class

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL SERIES

PRINCIPAL OF WEST TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL CLEVELAND, OHIO

FORMER SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS

intended as an aid in the movement to vitalize

not to hurry the work.

Pupils gain power, not in solving a

problems, but in analyzing and thoroughly under-

standing the principles of a few.

for one year's work.

many who have

Technical High School, Cleveland, Ohio, Professor Kenneth G.

Smith, of the Iowa State College, John

West Technical High School, those who so kindly read the

The Number System

Positive and Negative Numbers

The Four Fundamental Operations

Supplemental Applied Mathematics

Simultaneous Equations Problems Supplemental Applied Mathematics

Lines, Angles, Triangles

Supplemental Applied Mathematics

Graphs, the Algebra of Lines.

Supplemental Applied Mathematics v

Products and Factors

133 135 137

+ by 2 X + fa; + C Common Factors ax 2 + bx + c

Supplemental Applied Mathematics

Equations Supplemental Applied Mathematics

FOR THE TEACHER

true in this text, which combines different branches of mathematics.

In teaching the text keep

algebra problems are solved by means of equations.

use the equation

Hilbert notation, a small letter for

Emphasize the manipulation

the use of methods of indication until there

by means of factors and is no longer hope that

disappear through division (see

Insist that pupils study all illustrative

before beginning the examples of an exercise.

The Number System

Our number system

their position is often indicated

by the introduction of one

as nought, cipher, or zero;

position of the 1 being indicated

The numbers expressed by these

digits themselves are often

or the product of any

a factor of the given

is also a factor of 30.*

a number whose parts are not separated by the

composed of two terms.

also called a poly-

It is often necessary to represent a

those supposed to be knoivn numbers.

This kind of notation

used in general arithmetic or algebra.

not possible unless the terms of the expres-

sion are alike or similar.

Similar Terms are terms which differ in their coefficients

exactly divisible by each of