174

Chapter 5
Pipe sizing
Ppes and fttngs shoud be szed so that the fow rates for ndvdua draw-offs are
equa to
the desgn fow rates shown n tabe 5.1. Durng smutaneous dscharges, fows from
taps
shoud not be ess than the mnmum fow rates shown n tabe 5.1.
BS 6700 recommends that fow veoctes shoud not exceed 3 m/s. BS EN 805
recommends
0.5 m/s to 2 m/s wth a maxmum of 3.5 m/s n exceptona crcumstances. Fng
tmes for csterns may range from 1 to 4 hours dependng on ther capacty and the
fow
rate avaabe from the oca water suppy. In dwengs the fng tme shoud not
exceed
1 hour.
Desgn fow rates may be cacuated by dvdng the cstern capacty by the requred
fng tme.
Table 5.1 Design flow rates and loading units
Outet fttng Desgn fow rate Mnmum Loadng
fow rate unts
/s /s
WC fushng cstern snge or dua fush - 0.13 0.05 2
to f n 2 mnutes
WC trough cstern 0.15 per WC 0.10 2
Wash basn tap sze 1-2 - DN 15 0.15 per tap 0.10 1.5 to 3
Spray tap or spray mxer 0.05 per tap 0.03 -
Bdet 0.20 per tap 0.10 1
Bath tap, nomna sze 3-4 - DN 20 0.30 0.20 10
Bath tap, nomna sze 1 - DN 25 0.60 0.40 22
Shower head (w vary wth type of head) 0.20 hot or cod 0.10 3
Snk tap, nomna sze 1-2 - DN 15 0.20 0.10 3
Snk tap, nomna sze 3-4 - DN 20 0.30 0.20 5
Snk tap, nomna sze 1 - DN 20 0.60 0.40 -
Washng machne sze - DN 15 0.20 hot or cod 0.15
Dshwasher sze - DN 15 0.15 0.10 3
Urna fushng cstern 0.004 per poston served 0.002 -
Pressure fushng vave for WC or urna 1.5 1.2 -
Notes:
(1) Fushng troughs are advsabe where key use of WCs s more than once per mnute.
(2) Mxer fttngs use ess water than separate taps, but ths can be dsregarded n szng.
(3) Fow rates to shower mxers vary accordng to type ftted. Manufacturers shoud be consuted.
(4) Manufacturers shoud be consuted for fow rates to washng machnes and dshwashers for other
than a snge
dweng.
(5) For cstern fed urnas demand s very ow and can usuay be gnored. Aternatvey, use the
contnuous fow.
(6) Loadng unts shoud not be used for outet fttngs havng hgh peak demands, e.g. those n ndustra
nstaatons. In these cases use the contnuous fow.
(7) BS 6700 does not gve oadng unts for snk tap DN 20 or pressure fushng vave for WCs or urnas.
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 174
Ppe Szng 175
Correct ppe szes w ensure adequate fow rates at appances and avod probems
caused by overszng and underszng; see fgure 5.1.
Overszng w mean:
addtona and unnecessary nstaaton costs;
deays n obtanng hot water at outets;
ncreased heat osses from hot water dstrbutng ppes.
Underszng may ead to:
nadequate devery from outets and possby no devery at some outets durng
smutaneous
use;
some varaton n temperature and pressure at outets, especay showers and
other
mxers;
some ncrease n nose eves.
Avaabe head = vertca dstance n metres from water ne
(from cstern) n cstern to pont under consderaton
= head at man mnus heght above man
Avaabe head = 20 m - 4 m
(mans suppy) = 16 m head
(a) flow rate
through ppe under consderaton
at pont of devery
(b) available head (pressure)
at the water man
from the storage cstern
at pont of devery
(c) resistance to flow
through ppes, vaves
and fttngs
pont of
devery
man
e.g. 20 m head
head
e.g. 4 m
head
head
CWSC
igure 5.1 Pipe sizing considerations
In smaer, straghtforward nstaatons such as snge dwengs, ppes are often
szed on
the bass of experence and conventon.
In arger and more compex budngs, or wth suppy ppes that are very ong, t s
necessary
to use a recognzed method of cacuaton such as that shown n sectons 5.1 and
5.2.
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 175
17! Hot and Cod Water Suppy
BS EN 806-3 gves an aternatve smpfed method of ppe szng that can be used
for
standard nstaatons.
5.1 "izing procedure for suppl# pipes
The procedure beow s foowed by an expanaton of each step wth approprate
exampes.
(1) Assume a ppe dameter.
(2) Determne the fow rate:
(a) by usng oadng unts;
(b) for contnuous fows;
(c) obtan the desgn fow rate by addng (a) and (b).
(3) Determne the effectve ppe ength:
(d) work out the measured ppe ength;
(e) work out the equvaent ppe ength for fttngs;
(f) work out the equvaent ppe ength for draw-offs;
(g) obtan the effectve ppe ength by addng (d), (e) and (f).
(4) Cacuate the permssbe oss of head:
(h) determne the avaabe head:
() determne the head oss per metre run through ppes;
(|) determne the head oss through fttngs;
(k) cacuate the permssbe head oss.
(5) Determne the ppe dameter:
() decde whether the assumed ppe sze w gve the desgn fow rate n (c) wthout
exceedng the permssbe head oss n (k).
Explanation of the procedure
Assume a pipe diameter (1)
In ppe szng t s usua to make an assumpton of the expected ppe sze and then
prove
whether or not the assumed sze w carry the requred fow.
Determine the flow rate (2)
In most budngs t s unkey that a the appances nstaed w be used
smutaneousy.
As the number of outets ncreases the kehood of them a beng used at the same
tme
decreases. Therefore t s economc sense to desgn the system for key peak fows
based on
probabty theory usng oadng unts, rather than usng the possbe maxmum fow
rate.
(a) Loading units. A oadng unt s a factor or number gven to an appance whch
reates
the fow rate at ts termna fttng to the ength of tme n use and the frequency of
use
for a partcuar type and use of budng (probabe usage). Loadng unts for varous
appances are gven n tabe 5.1.
By mutpyng the number of each type of appance by ts oadng unt and addng
the resuts, a fgure for the tota oadng unts can be obtaned. Ths s converted to a
desgn fow rate usng fgure 5.2.
An exampe usng oadng unts s gven n fgure 5.3.
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 176
Ppe Szng 177
(b) Continuous flows. For some appances, such as automatc fushng csterns,
the fow rate must be consdered as a contnuous fow nstead of appyng
probabty theory and usng oadng unts. For such appances the fu
desgn fow rate for the outet fttng must be used, as gven n tabe 5.1.
However, n the exampe shown n fgure 5.3, the contnuous fow for the
two urnas of 0.008 /s (from tabe 5.1) s neggbe and can be gnored for
desgn purposes.
(c) Design flow rate. The desgn fow rate for a ppe s the sum of the fow rate
determned from oadng unts (a) and the contnuous fows (b).
Determine the effective pipe length (3)
(d) Find the measured pipe length. Fgure 5.4 s an exampe showng how the
measured ppe ength s found.
8000 30
25
20
15
10
8
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
5000
2000
1000
500
400
300
200
100
50
20
10
Loadng unts
Fow rate n tres per second
igure 5.$
%onversion
chart & loading
units to flow rate
6 wash basns 5 WCs
5 WCs
ceaners snk
2 urna bows
6 wash basns snk
12 wash basns 11-2
= 18
10 WCs 2 = 20
2 urna bows - = -
2 ceaners snks 3 = 6
Tota oadng unts 44
Therefore, from fgure 5.2, the requred fow rate for the system s 0.7 /s.
igure 5.' ()a*ple of use of loading units
Assumed ppe dameter 20 mm.
doube check vave
assemby
stopvave
1 m
ppe bend
0.25 m
draw
off
taps
ebows
0.5 m
3 m
Measured ppe ength 4.75 m.
Note There s no need to consder both branch ppes to taps.
igure 5.4 ()a*ple of *easured pipe length
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 177
17+ Hot and Cod Water Suppy
(e, f ) Find the equivalent pipe lengths for fittings and draw-offs. For convenence the
frctona resstances to fow through fttngs are expressed n terms of ppe engths
havng the same resstance to fow as the fttng. Hence the term equvaent ppe
ength
(see tabe 5.2).
For exampe, a 20 mm ebow offers the same resstance to fow as a 20 mm ppe
0.8 m ong.
Fgure 5.5 shows the equvaent ppe engths for the fttngs n the exampe n fgure
5.4.
(g) Effective pipe length. The effectve ppe ength s the sum of the measured ppe
ength
(d) and the equvaent ppe engths for fttngs (e) and draw-offs (f ).
Therefore, for the exampe shown n fgure 5.4 the effectve ppe ength woud be:
Measured ppe ength 4.75 m
Equvaent ppe engths
ebows 2 0.8 = 1.6 m
tee 1 1.0 = 1.0 m
stopvave1 7.0 = 7.0 m
taps 2 3.7 = 7.4 m
check vaves 2 4.3 = 8.6 m
Effectve ppe ength = 30.35 m
Permissible loss of head (pressure) ()
Pressure can be expressed n the foowng ways.
() In pascas, the pasca (Pa) beng the SI unt for pressure.
() As force per unt area, N/m2.
1 N/m2 = 1 pasca (Pa).
Table 5.$ (,uivalent pipe lengths (copper- stainless steel and plastics)
Bore of ppe Equvaent ppe ength
Ebow Tee Stopvave Check vave
mm m m m m
12 0.5 0.6 4.0 2.5
20 0.8 1.0 7.0 4.3
25 1.0 1.5 10.0 5.6
32 1.4 2.0 13.0 6.0
40 1.7 2.5 16.0 7.9
50 2.3 3.5 22.0 11.5
65 3.0 4.5 - -
73 3.4 5.8 34.0 -
Notes:
(1) For tees consder change of drecton ony. For gate vaves osses are nsgnfcant.
(2) For fttngs not shown, consut manufacturers f sgnfcant head osses are expected.
(3) For gavanzed stee ppes n a sma nstaaton, ppe szng cacuatons may be based on the data n
ths
tabe for equvaent nomna szes of smooth bore ppes. For arger nstaatons, data reatng specfcay
to
gavanzed stee shoud be used. BS 6700 refers to sutabe data n the Plumbing Engineering ervices
Design
!uide pubshed by the Insttute of Pumbng.
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 178
Ppe Szng 17.
() As a mutpe of atmospherc pressure (bar).
Atmospherc pressure = 100 kN/m2 = 100 kPa = 1 bar.
(v) As metres head, that s, the heght of the water coumn from the water eve to
the
draw-off pont.
1 m head = 9.81 kN/m2 = 9.81 kPa = 98.1 mb.
In the szng of ppes, any of these unts can be used. BS 6700 favours the pasca.
However,
ths book retans the use of metres head, gvng a more vsua ndcaton of pressure
that
compares ready to the heght and poston of fttngs and storage vesses n the
budng.
(h) "vailable head. Ths s the statc head or pressure at the ppe or fttng under
consderaton,
measured n metres head (see fgure 5.1).
() #ead loss through pipes. The oss of head (pressure) through ppes due to
frctona
resstance to water fow s drecty reated to the ength of the ppe run and the
dameter
of the ppe. Ppes of dfferent materas w have dfferent head osses, dependng
on the roughness of the bore of the ppe and on the water temperature. Copper,
staness stee and pastcs ppes have smooth bores and ony ppes of these
materas
are consdered n ths secton.
(|) #ead loss through fittings. In some cases t s preferabe to subtract the key
resstances
n fttngs (partcuary draw-offs) from the avaabe head, rather than usng
equvaent ppe engths.
Tabe 5.3 gves typca head osses n taps for average fows compared wth
equvaent
ppe engths. Fgures 5.6 and 5.7 provde a method for determnng head
osses through stopvaves and foat-operated vaves respectvey.
Note Where meters are nstaed n a ppene the oss of head through the meter
shoud be deducted from the avaabe head.
Usng the exampe from fgure 5.4:
20 mm ebow = 0.8 m ppe ength
20 mm tee = 1.0 m ppe ength
20 mm draw-off tap = 3.7 m ppe ength
20 mm stopvave = 7.0 m ppe ength
20 mm check vave = 4.3 m ppe ength
igure 5.5 ()a*ples of e,uivalent pipe lengths
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 179
1+/ Hot and Cod Water Suppy
Table 5.' T#pical head losses and e,uivalent pipe lengths for taps
Nomna sze of tap Fow rate Head oss Equvaent
ppe ength
/s m m
G 1-2 - DN 15 0.15 0.5 3.7
G 1-2 - DN 15 0.20 0.8 3.7
G 3-4 - DN 20 0.30 0.8 11.8
G 1 - DN 25 0.60 1.5 22.0
8
10
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
Head oss n metres (wa frcton gradent)
Fow n tres per second
Nomna sze of stopvave
2
11/2
11/4
3/4
1/2
1
Note Gate vaves and spherca pug vaves offer tte or no resstance
to fow provded they are fuy open.
igure 5.! 0ead loss through stopvalves
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 180
Ppe Szng 1+1
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
20
25
30
40
50
Head of water n metres (pressure)
Dameter of orfce
Fow through orfce n tres per second
Mmetres
Inches
35
20
15
10
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
11/4
1
30
25
20
15
10
8
6
5
4
3
15/16
3/4
5/8
1/2
3/8
1/4
3/16
1/8
Based on $ = "%0.75
% = 2g#
$ s fow (/s)
" s cross sectona area of ppe (m2)
% s veocty (m/s)
g s acceeraton due to gravty (m/s2)
# s head of water (m)
where
igure 5.7 0ead loss through float1operated valves
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 181
1+$ Hot and Cod Water Suppy
(k) Permissible head loss. Ths reates the avaabe head to the frctona resstances
n the
ppene. The reatonshp s gven by the formua:
Permssbe head oss (m/m run) =
Ths formua s used to determne whether the frctona resstance n a ppe w
permt
the requred fow rate wthout too much oss of head or pressure. Fgure 5.8
ustrates
the permssbe head oss for the exampe n fgure 5.4.
Avaabe head (m)
Effectve ppe ength (m)
Pressure at taps 45 m head
tee ppe bend
draw-off
taps
20 mm ppene
ebows
doube check vave
assemby
stopvave
Fow rate for 2 taps 0.4 /s
Permssbe head oss = avaabe head (45 m)
effectve ppe ength (30.55 m)
= 1.48 m/m run
igure 5.+ ()a*ple of per*issible head loss
Determine the pipe diameter (!)
In the exampe n fgure 5.4 a ppe sze of 20 mm has been assumed. Ths ppe sze
must gve
the desgn fow rate wthout the permssbe head oss beng exceeded. If t does not,
a fresh
ppe sze must be assumed and the procedure worked through agan.
Fgure 5.9 reates ppe sze to fow rate, fow veocty and head oss. Knowng the
assumed ppe sze and the cacuated desgn fow rate, the fow veocty and the
head oss
can be found from the fgure as foows.
(1) Draw a ne |onng the assumed ppe sze (20 mm) and the desgn fow rate (0.4
/s).
(2) Contnue ths ne across the veocty and head oss scaes.
(3) Check that the oss of head (0.12 m/m run) does not exceed the cacuated
permssbe
head oss of 1.48 m/m run.
(4) Check that the fow veocty (1.4 m/s) s not too hgh by referrng to tabe 5.4.
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 182
Ppe Szng 1+'
% s veocty (m/s)
d s dameter (mm)
i s hydrauc gradent
% = 0.5545 d0.6935 i 0.5645
Lamonts smooth ppe formua S3:
Where
1
6
5
4
3
2.5
2
1.5
1.0
0.75
0.5
0.25
0.1
0.80
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
Head oss n metres per metre run
Veocty n metres per second
Formua apped between these mts ony
Fow n tres per second
Outsde dameter of copper ppe n mmetres
Actua bore of ppe n mmetres
50
40
30
76.1
67
54
42
35
28
22
18
15
12
10
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
5
8
6
20
10
8
6
5
4
3
2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.05
Notes Fgures shown are for cod water at 12C.
Hot water w show sghty more favourabe head oss resuts.
BS 6700 gves head oss n kPa.
1 m head = 9.81 kPa.
igure 5.. Deter*ination of pipe dia*eter
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 183
1+4 Hot and Cod Water Suppy
5.$ Tabular *ethod of pipe sizing
Ppe szng n arger and more compcated budngs s perhaps best done by usng a
smpfed
tabuar procedure. BS 6700 gves exampes of ths but for more detaed data
readers
shoud refer to the Insttute of Pumbngs Plumbing Engineering ervices Design
!uide.
The data used n the tabuar method that foows are taken from BS 6700 but the
author
has smpfed the method compared wth that gven n the standard.
The tabuar method uses a work sheet whch can be competed as each of the steps
s foowed n the ppe szng procedure. An exampe of the method foows wth some
expanaton of each step.
Explanation of the tabular method
Pipewor" diagram
(1) Make a dagram of the ppene or system to be consdered (see fgure 5.10).
(2) Number the ppes begnnng at the pont of east head, numberng the man ppe
run
frst, then the branch ppes.
(3) Make a tabe to show the oadng unts and fow rates for each stage of the man
run.
Cacuate and enter oadng unts and fow rates; see fgure 5.10.
#alculate flow demand
(1) Cacuate maxmum demand (see fgure 5.10):
add up oadng unts for each stage (each foor eve);
convert oadng unts to fow rates;
add up fow rates for each stage.
(2) Cacuate probabe demand (see fgure 5.10):
add up oadng unts for a stages;
convert tota oadng unts to fow rate.
(3) Cacuate percentage demand (number of stages for whch frctona resstances
need
be aowed). See fgure 5.12.
Table 5.4 2a)i*u* reco**ended flow velocities
Water temperature Fow veocty
Ppes ready Ppes not ready
accessbe accessbe
C m/s m/s
10 3.0 2.0
50 3.0 1.5
70 2.5 1.3
90 2.0 1.0
Note Fow veoctes shoud be mted to reduce system nose.
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 184
Ppe Szng 1+5
Bb tap at 0.3 /s n frequent use.
servcng vaves
doube check vave
assemby
wc wb b
0.5 m
5
1 m
2.4 m 2.4 m 2.4 m 2.8 m
1 m
1
2
3
6
2 m
1 m
1 m
3 m
2 m
snk
0.5
4
tap
0.5
m
1 m
1 m
0.5 m
7
wc wb b
Assume draw-offs on each branch
a to be at the same eve.
Sze for argest draw-off at each
branch, .e. bath.
+
+
=
2
1.5
10
13.5
+
=
0.35
0.3
0.65 /s
0.3 /s
+
=
3
13.5
16.5
+
=
0.4
0.3
0.7 /s
+
+
+
=
2
1.5
10
16.5
30
+
=
0.55
0.3
0.85 /s
CWSC
oadng
unts
tres per
second
Note Fgure s not to scae for convenence, water eve n
cstern taken to be at base of cstern. Servcng vaves assumed
to be fu-fow gate vaves havng no head osses.
Refer aso to fgure 5.12.
igure 5.1/ Pipe sizing diagra*
$or" through the calculation sheet
See fgure 5.11, usng the data shown n fgures 5.10 and 5.12.
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 185
1+! Hot and Cod Water Suppy
Enter ppe reference on cacuaton sheet
Determne oadng unt
(tabe 5.1)
Convert oadng unts to fow rate
(fgure 5.2)
Make assumpton as to ppe sze
(nsde dameter)
Work out frctona resstance per metre
(fgure 5.9)
Determne veocty of fow
(fgure 5.9)
Consder frctona resstances n fttngs
(tabe 5.2 and fgures 5.6 and 5.7)
Measure ength of ppe under consderaton
Add totas n coumns 7 and 8
Head consumed - mutpy coumn 5 by coumn 9
Add head consumed n coumn 10 to progressve
head n prevous row of coumn 11
Record avaabe head at pont of devery
Compare progressve head wth avaabe
head to confrm ppe dameter or not
Notes
(1) Ppe
reference
(2) Loadng
unts
(3) Fow rate
(/s)
(4) Ppe sze
(mm dameter)
(5) Loss of head
(m/m run)
(6) Fow veocty
(m/s)
(7) Measured ppe
run (m)
(8) Equvaent ppe
ength (m)
(9) Effectve ppe
ength (m)
(10) Head consumed
(m)
(11) Progressve
head (m)
(12) Avaabe
head (m)
(13) Fna ppe
sze (mm)
(14) Remarks
%alculation sheet
Ths s an exampe of a sutabe cacuaton sheet wth expanatory notes.
Note If, for any ppe or seres of ppes, t s found that the
assumed ppe sze gves a progressve head that s n
excess of the avaabe head, or s notceaby ow, t w be
necessary to repeat the szng operaton usng a revsed
assumed ppe dameter.
igure 5.11 %alculation sheet & e)planation of use
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 186
Ppe Szng 1+7
%alculation sheet
Refer aso to fgure 5.10.
(1) Ppe
reference
(2) Loadng
unts
(3) Fow rate
(/s)
(4) Ppe sze
(mm dameter)
(5) Loss of head
(m/m run)
(6) Fow veocty
(m/s)
(7) Measured ppe
run (m)
(8) Equvaent ppe
ength (m)
(9) Effectve ppe
ength (m)
(10) Head consumed
(m)
(11) Progressve
head (m)
(12) Avaabe
head (m)
(13) Fna ppe
sze (mm)
(14) Remarks
1
5
2
6
3
7
4
0.85
0.35
0.7
0.3
0.65
0.35
0.3
32
20
25
20
25
20
20
0.05
0.095
0.12
0.07
0.1
0.095
0.07
1.2
1.25
1.5
1.0
1.4
1.25
1.0
0.21
1.87
2.16
3.13
3.37
5.03
5.34
32
20
25
20
25
20
20
2.8
3.3
5.2
5.7
7.6
8.1
10.0
0.21
1.66
0.29
0.97
0.24
1.66
0.31
2.8
5.5
2.4
3.5
2.4
5.5
2.9
4.2
17.5
2.4
13.9
2.4
17.5
4.5
1.4
12.0
-
10.4
-
12.0
1.6
30
13.5
16.5
3
13.5
13.5
-
igure 5.1$ %alculation sheet & e)a*ple of use
Estmated maxmum demand = 1.4 /s
Probabe demand = 0.85 /s
Percentage demand =
= = 60%
Therefore ony 60% of the nstaaton need be consdered.
For exampe, f we were desgnng for a mut-storey budng
20 storeys hgh, ony the frst 12 storeys need to be cacuated.
However, n the exampe foowed here, the whoe system has
been szed because the ast fttng on the run has a hgh fow rate
n contnuous use.
For branches ony the ppes to the argest draw-off, .e. the bath
tap, need be szed.
100
1
0.85
1.4
100
1
probabe demand
estmated maxmum demand
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 187
1++ Hot and Cod Water Suppy
5.' "izing cold water storage
In Brtan, cod water has tradtonay been stored n both domestc and non-
domestc
budngs, to provde a reserve of water n case of mans faure. However, n recent
years
we have seen an ncrease n the use of drect pressure systems, partcuary for hot
water
servces where many combnaton boers and unvented hot water storage vesses
are now
beng nstaed.
BS 6700 no onger gves storage capactes for houses. The foowng fgures are
based on
the 1997 edton.
Smaer houses cstern suppyng cod water ony - 100 to 150
cstern suppyng hot and cod outets - 200 to 300
Larger houses per person where cstern fs ony - 80
at nght per person - 130
However, n cause 5.3.9.4 t recommends a mnmum storage capacty of 230
where the
cstern suppes both cod water outets and hot water apparatus, whch was a
requrement
of byeaws n the past. The author st favours the od byeaw requrements, whch
are
more specfc and whch st seem to be the norma capacty nstaed.
Cod water storage cstern - 115 mnmum
Feed cstern - No mnmum but shoud be equa to the
capacty of the hot store vesse supped
Combned feed and storage cstern - 230 mnmum
For arger budngs the capacty of the cod water storage cstern depends on:
type and use of budngs;
number of occupants;
type and number of fttngs;
frequency and pattern of use;
kehood and frequency of breakdown of suppy.
These factors have been taken nto account n tabe 5.5, whch sets out mnmum
storage
capactes n varous types of budng to provde a 24-hour reserve capacty n case
of
mans faure.
#alculation of minimum cold water storage capacit%
Determne the amount of cod water storage requred to cover 24 hours nterrupton
of suppy n a combned hote and restaurant. Number of hote guests 75, number of
restaurant guests 350.
Storage capacty = number of guests storage per person from tabe 5.5
Hote storage capacty = 75 200 = 15 000
Restaurant storage capacty = 350 7 = 2450
Therefore tota storage capacty requred s 15 000 + 2450 = 17 450
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 188
Ppe Szng 1+.
Assumng 12-hour f tme, the desgn fow rate to the cstern woud be:
Desgn fow rate = 17 450 cstern capacty 12 hours
= 17 540 (12 3600 seconds)
= 0.4 /s
Table 5.5 3eco**ended *ini*u* storage of hot and cold water for do*estic purposes
Type of budng Mnmum cod Mnmum hot
water storage water storage
tres () tres ()
Hoste 90 per bed space 32 per bed space
Hote 200 per bed space 45 per bed space
Offce premses:
wth canteen factes 45 per empoyee 4.5 per empoyee
wthout canteen factes 40 per empoyee 4.0 per empoyee
Restaurant 7 per mea 3.5 per mea
Day schoo:
nursery #
prmary $
15 per pup 4.5 per pup
secondary #
technca $
20 per pup 5.0 per pup
Boardng schoo 90 per pup 23 per pup
Chdrens home or
resdenta nursery 135 per bed space 25 per bed space
Nurses home 120 per bed space 45 per bed space
Nursng or convaescent home 135 per bed space 45 per bed space
Note Mnmum cod water storage shown ncudes that used to suppy hot water outets.
5.4 "izing hot water storage
Mnmum hot water storage capactes for dwengs, from BS 6700, are:
35 to 45 per occupant, uness the heat source provdes a quck recovery rate;
100 for systems heated by sod fue boers;
200 for systems heated by off-peak eectrcty.
The feed cstern shoud have a capacty at east equa to that of the hot storage
vesse.
Informaton on storage capactes for arger budngs s gven n tabe 5.5 usng data
based on the Insttute of Pumbngs Plumbing Engineering ervices Design !uide.
The
cacuatons are smar to those n secton 5.3 for the mnmum cod water storage
capacty
n arger budngs, and requre the number of peope to be mutped by the storage
per
person, shown n tabe 5.5.
BS 6700 takes a dfferent approach to the szng of hot water storage and suggests
that
when szng hot water storage for any nstaaton, account must be taken of the
foowng:
pattern of use;
rate of heat nput to the stored water (see tabe 5.6);
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 189
1./ Hot and Cod Water Suppy
recovery perod for the hot store vesse;
any stratfcaton of the stored water.
Table 5.! T#pical heat input values
Appance Heat nput kW
Eectrc mmerson heater 3
Gas-fred crcuator 3
Sma boer and drect cynder 6
Medum boer and ndrect cynder 10
Drecty gas-fred storage hot water heater (domestc type) 10
Large domestc boer and ndrect cynder 15
Stratfcaton (see fgure 3.41) means that the hot water n the storage vesse foats
on a
ayer of cod feed water. Ths enabes hot water to be drawn from the storage vesse
wthout
the ncomng cod feed water mxng apprecaby wth the remanng hot water. In
turn,
ths aows a ater draw-off of water at a temperature cose to the desgn storage
temperature,
wth ess frequent reheatng of the contents of the storage vesse and savngs n
heatng
costs and energy.
Stratfcaton s most effectve when cynders and tanks are nstaed vertcay
rather
than horzontay, wth a rato of heght to wdth or dameter of at east 2:1.
The cod feed net shoud be arranged to mnmze agtaton and hence mxng, by
beng
of ampe sze and, f necessary, ftted wth a baffe to spread the ncomng water.
Stratfcaton s used to good effect n off-peak eectrc water heaters (see fgure
5.13). In
ths case no heat s normay added to the water durng the daytme use and
consequenty
very tte mxng of hot and cod water takes pace. In other arrangements the
heatng of
the water w nduce some mxng.
#alculation of hot water storage capacit%
As noted above, the storage capacty requred n any stuaton depends on the rate
of heat
nput to the stored hot water and on the pattern of use. For cacuatng the requred
storage
capacty BS 6700 provdes a formua for the tme & (n mn) taken to heat a quantty
of
water through a specfed temperature rse:
&= %'/(14.3P)
where
% s the voume of water heated (n );
' s the temperature rse (n C);
P s the rate of heat nput to the water (n kW).
Ths formua can be apped to any pattern of use and whether stratfcaton of the
stored
water takes pace or not. It gnores heat osses from the hot water storage vesse,
snce over
the reatvey short tmes nvoved n reheatng water after a draw-off has taken
pace, ther
effect s usuay sma.
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 190
Ppe Szng 1.1
The appcaton of ths formua to the szng of hot water cynders s best ustrated
by
the foowng exampes, n whch fgures have been rounded.
In these exampes a sma dweng wth one bath nstaed has been assumed.
Maxmum
requrement: 1 bath (60 at 60C pus 40 cod water) pus 10 hot water at 60C for
ktchen use, foowed by a second bath f after 25 mn.
Thus a draw-off of 70 at 60C s requred, foowed after 25 mn by 100 at 40C,
whch may be acheved by mxng hot at 60C wth cod at 10C.
Example 1 Assuming good stratification
Good stratfcaton coud be obtaned, for exampe, by heatng wth a top entry
mmerson
heater. Wth a rate of heat nput of 3 kW, the tme to heat the 60 for the second
bath
from 10C to 60C s:
&= %'/(14.3P)
&= (60 50)/(14.3 3)
&= 70 mn
more even
temperature
throughout
cynder
hot at top
warm
cod at bottom
(a) 4otto* entr# heater
Wth a bottom entry mmerson heater mxng w occur when
the water s beng heated.
(b) Top entr# heater
Wth top entry mmerson heater stratfcaton w prevent
mxng.
(c) Twin entr# i**ersion heater
Wth a twn entry mmerson heater the top entry eement can
provde economca energy consumpton for norma use wth
the bottom entry eement operatng when arge quanttes of
water are needed, for exampe, for bathng and washng.
Wth off-peak heaters the top eement can be brought nto use
durng on-peak perods when needed to top up hot water, and
stratfcaton w ensure that on-peak eectrcty s not used to
excess.
hot
warm
cod
igure 5.1' (ffects of stratification
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 191
1.$ Hot and Cod Water Suppy
Snce the second bath s requred after 25 mn, t has to be provded from storage.
But n the
25 mn the voume of water heated to 60C s:
% =&(14.3)/'
% = (25 14.3 3)/50
% = 21
Therefore the mnmum requred storage capacty s:
70 + 6 21 = 109
Example 2 Assuming good mixing of the stored water
Good mxng of the stored water woud occur, for exampe, wth heatng by a prmary
co
n an ndrect cynder.
Immedatey after drawng off 70 at 60C for the frst bath and ktchen use, the heat
energy n the remanng water pus the heat energy n the 70 repacement at 10C
equas
the heat energy of the water n the fu cynder.
The heat energy of a quantty of water s the product of ts voume and temperature.
Then, f % s the mnmum sze of the storage cynder and ' s the water temperature
n the
cynder after refng wth 70 at 10C:
(% 70) 60 + (70 10) = %'
' = (60% 4200 + 700)/%
' = (60% 3500)/%
' = 60 3500/%
The second bath s requred after 25 mn. Hence, wth a rate of heat nput of 3 kW:
25 = %'/(14.3 3)
and the temperature rse ' = (25 14.3 3)/%
and ' = 1072.5/%
A temperature of at east 40C s requred to run the second bath. Therefore the
water
temperature of the refed cynder after the frst draw-off of 70 , pus the
temperature rse
after 25 mn, must be at east 40C, or:
(60 3500/%) + (1072.5%) = 40 (or more)
60 2427.5/%= 40
20 = 2427.5/%
%= 122
These cacuatons, whch may be carred out for any stuaton, show the vaue of
promotng
stratfcaton wherever possbe. They aso show the savngs n storage capacty that
can
be made, wthout affectng the quaty of servce to the user, by ncreasng the rate
of heat
nput to the water. Resuts of smar cacuatons are shown n tabe 5.7 and are
taken from
BS 6700.
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 192
Ppe Szng 1.'
5.5 &egionella & i*plications in sizing storage
It has been common practce n the past for water suppers to recommend cod
water
storage capactes to provde for 24 hours of nterrupton n suppy. Tabe 5.5 n ths
book
and Tabe 1 of BS 6700 refect ths practce.
Recent nvestgatons nto the cause and preventon of Legionella contamnaton
suggest
that hot and cod water storage shoud be szed to cope wth peak demand ony, and
that n
the past, storage vesses have often been over-szed.
Reduced storage capactes woud mean qucker turnover of water and ess
opportunty
for Legionella and other organsms to foursh.
Stratfcaton n hot water can ead to dea condtons for bactera to mutpy, as the
base of some cynders often remans wthn the 20C temperature range. The base
of the
cynder may aso contan sedment and hard water scae whch provde an dea
breedng
ground for bactera.
Where, however, good mxng occurs, hgher temperatures can be obtaned at the
cynder
base durng heatng up perods. Ths s hepfu because Legionella w not thrve for
more
than 5 mnutes at 60C and are ked nstanty at temperatures of 70C or more.
Table 5.7 0ot water storage vessels & *ini*u* capacities
Heat nput Dweng wth 1 bath Dweng wth 2 baths*
to water
Wth Wth Wth Wth
stratfcaton mxng stratfcaton mxng
kW tres () tres () tres () tres ()
3 109 122 165 260
6 88 88 140 200
10 70 70 130 130
15 70 70 120 130
Note * Maxmum requrement of 130 drawn off at 60C (2 baths pus 10 for ktchen use) foowed by a
further bath (100 at 40C) after 30 mn.
HAC_C05.qxd 7/24/08 9:35 Page 193