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ARK504ARCHITECTURALSCIENCEIII
AP213 BSc of(Architecture)

Mohd Nasurudin Hasbullah

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Department of Architecture UiTM Perak

EnergyResources
NonRenewableenergy Renewableenergy
WindEnergy GeothermalEnergy Biomassenergy Hydroelectricity WaveEnergy

Fossilfuels
1 2 3

Coal Oil NaturalGas

Nuclearpower
TidalEnergy SolarEnergy

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Background

COAL

Beforethedinosaurs, manygiantplantsdiedin swamps

Overmillionsofyears,the plantswereburiedunder wateranddirt

Heatandpressureturned thedeadplantsintocoals.

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TypesofCOAL
Coal is classified into four main types, depending on the amount of

carbon, oxygen, yg and hydrogen y g p present. The higher g the carbon content, the more energy the coal contains. Lignite is the lowest rank of the coal, with a heating value of 4,000 8,300 Btu per pound. Lignite is mainly used to produce electricity. It contains 2535 percent carbon. Sub Bituminous coal typically contains less heating value than bituminous coal (8,300 13,000 Btu per pound) and more moisture. It contain 35 45 percent carbon. Bituminous coal was formed by added heat and pressure on lignite. lignite Made of many tiny layers, bituminous coal looks smooth and sometimes shiny. Anthracite was created where additional pressure combined with very high temperature inside the earth. It is deep black and looks almost glossy surfaces.

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CoalProcessing

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http://saferenvironment.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/cleancoal.jpg

Advantageofcoal
Widelyandeasilydistributedallovertheworld; Comparativelyinexpensiveduetolargereservesandeasy

accessibility
Goodavailability Inexpensive Verylargeamountsofelectricitycanbegeneratedinoneplace

usingcoal,fairlycheaply.

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Disadvantageofcoal
ItisNonrenewableandfastdepleting; highcoaltransportationcosts,especiallyforcountrieswithno

coalresourcesandhencewillrequirespecialharborsforcoal importandstorage. Itwilleventuallyrunout Itcannotberecycled. Pricesforallfossilfuelsarerising,especiallyiftherealcostof theircarbonisincluded.

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OIL
PROCESS
OILDRILLING: Drillingofawellsoundsverysimple,butinfactitisaverycomplicated procedureasitentailsmanydifferentaspectsofthesolidityoftherock, gaspressureetc Todrillawellonecanstartwithadiameterof70cmbut6,000meters downthediameterisbarelyreaching10cm.Manyenvironmental aspectsmustbealsotakenintoaccountduringdrilling. Seadrilling gismuchmorecomplex p asthedrilling gunitisbasedona platformontheseaandenvironmentalissuesbecomemuchmore difficulttohandle.

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Advantagesofoil
Itcheap Itiseasytofind Itiseasytoextractfromtheground Ithashugepowercomparedtojustaboutanyotherenergysource. Onecupofpetroleumcanmoveavehiclefullofpeoplefortenminutes

athighspeed. Itiseasytodistribute C d Oili Crude isoneof fthe th most tabundant b d tenergyresources LiquidformofCrudeOilmakesiteasytotransportanduse CrudeOilhashighheatingvalue Nonewtechnologyneededtouse

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Disadvantagesofoil
Oilburningleadstocarbonemissions Finiteresources(somedisagree) Oilrecoveryprocessesnotefficientenoughtechnologyneedstobe

developedtoprovidebetteryields Oildrillingendangerstheenvironmentandecosystem Oiltransportation(byship)canleadtospills,causingenvironmental andecologicaldamage

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Background

NATURALGAS

Tinyseaplantsandanimals diedandwereburiedonthe oceanfloor.Overtime,they werecoveredbylayersof sedimentaryrock.

Overmillionsofyears, theremainswere burieddeeperand deeper.Theenormous heatandpressure turnedthemintooil andgas.

Today,wedrilldown throughlayersof sedimentaryrockto reachtherock formationthat containoilandgas deposit.

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NaturalGasUse
Industryisthebiggestconsumerofnaturalgas,usingitmainlyasheat

sourcetomanufacturegoods,fertilizer,photographicfilm,ink,glue, paint,plastics,laundrydetergent,andinsectrepellent. Homeandbusinesslikegaswaterheaters,stoves,andclothesdryers. Commercialuseforindoorspaceheatingofstores,officebuildings, schools,churches,andhospitals.

Naturalgasalsousedtomakeelectricity.[38]

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NaturalGasUseBySectorOfEconomy

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Advantagesofnaturalgas
Burnscleancomparedtocoal,oil(lesspolluting) 70%lesscarbondioxidecomparedtootherfossilfuels helpsimprovequalityofairandwater(notapollutant) doesnotproduceashesafterenergyrelease hashighheatingvalueof24,000Btuperpound inexpensivecomparedtocoal noodor d until iladded dd d

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Disadvantagesofnaturalgas
contributesalargeamountofcarbondioxidetogreenhousegases. itcanbeveryexpensive Itcanleak,potentiallycausinganexplosion. Someelectricalappliancesrequirehighvoltagewhichisdangerousand

costlytoinstall.

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NUCLEARPOWER
Nuclear energy was first discovered by French physicist (Henri

Becquerel) in 1896,When he was saw the photographic plates thats stored in dark place is blacked near the uranium and transform like X ray plat.

Nuclear energy[40]
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Nuclearproduction
Therearetwotypesof nuclearproduction: (Natural manmade) bythisproductionthe nucleiofatoms structurechange. Thisprocessingiscalled nuclearreactions,and theresultisproducing energy.[39]
Nuclear production[60]
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Howthenuclearreactoriswork?
Nuclear reaction is occurring when uranium atom is splitting by the

neutron to other atoms. And this reaction is called ( (fission). ) The reaction is generate large amount of heat and this heat is produce as a result of this fission inside the reactor, the reactor is contain the uranium fuel.

Nuclear Reactors
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Schematic of a Nuclear Power Plant

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electricity generation

electricity l t i it generation ti

medicinal purposes

medicinal purposes
reduce d pollution,

Nuclearproduction

Reduce pollution
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AdvantagesofNuclear Energy
Fossilfuelenergy 1 Thesourceofthistypeislimited Nuclearenergy 1Afterthe(fossilfuel)becomescarce the(nuclearenergy)isstillgenerate electricity. 2Thenuclearpowerplantneedless fueltoworkandgenerateelectricity 3Thenuclearpowerplantisnotrelease thecontainmentstoairor environment[43]

2 The(fossilfuel)powerplantneeds morelargefueltogenerateelectricity. 3Fossilfueliscausedlargeamountof airpollution(CO,CO2,NO2,SO2)

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DisadvantagesofNuclearEnergy
1 Nuclear explosions are produce a radiation, when the people exposure to this radiation the cells of human body become in danger. 2 The nuclear reactors are having disposable waste problems. This waste materials is very dangerous when the human is in touch with it, and this waste must storage in special place or underground. [43]

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Percentageofelectricitygeneratedusingnuclearpowerincountriesthatoperate nuclearpowerplants[50]
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Renewableenergy
WindEnergy GeothermalEnergy Biomassenergy Hydroelectricity WaveEnergy TidalEnergy SolarEnergy

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WINDENERGY
Background
Human have been using wind

power at least 5500 years to propel sailboats and sailing ship. Architect have used wind driven natural ventilation In building since ancient time. Windmills for irrigation pumping & milling grain since the 7th century.

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WindsEnergyGenerated
Sun is the reason for generating winds. The Suns heat, in result some patches of air becomes warm and some

patches remain cold. Hot air gets lighter in weight, hence leaves it place and move towards upside. Colder air patches are bit heavier there for they rushes to fill up the space which is left empty by hot air. This rapid movement of air around us produces winds which can be felt as movement.[61]

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Windenergyworks
Wind turbine with blades are installed on the tower. When wind passes through these blades it makes blades rotate and

produce kinetic energy.

Due to movement of blade, turbine is rotated which in result produces

electricity. Electricity produced can be directly supplied to consumers or can be stored in batteries for later use.[64]

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WindTurbine

Windfarm

Windmill

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WindTurbine

Verticalaxiswindturbine
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Windmillwithrotationsail

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Worldbiggestwindturbine,Britannia,UK
This turbine has a motor diameter of 126 meters 7.5 megawatt electric produced Or 20 million kilowatt hours per year

A quick calculation would be average 300 kwh per home per month. For 12 months, thats 3600 kwh per year per house. That Thats s 5555 Malaysian homes on one wind turbine.

http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/06/queen offshorewindturbinepowerclipper.php
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AdvantagesofWindPower
Wind can be used over for producing electricity. Wind energy is free, clean energy, doesn't require any fuel to operate; It is friendly to environment, doesn't produce any green house gasses It does not contribute in global warming. It does not waste land, normally huge land is involved in developing

wind farm, and land beneath wind farm can be utilized for farming and other productive work.

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DisadvantagesofWindPower

Unpredictableclimatechangeshavebeeninfluencingtooperate windenergy. Suitableareasforbuildingwind indfarmsaretohardfind, find normally normall windfarmsareformedoncoastalareaswhichareexpensivethen otherareas. Itcanbedangerousforbirdsespeciallywhengroupofbirdsare migrating. Itoccupieshugelandforbuildingwindfarm. Itcanaffectsignalreceptionsofcellularcommunicationsand t l h telephone systems t ifwind i df farmsarenearby. b Windsfarmscanbenoisy,itproduceconstantsoundofwings movementwhichcanmakelifehardforneighborhood. Windfarmscanproveveryexpensiveifitisnotlocatenearenduser orgridstation,homes.Connectingwiresbetweenwindfarmand homesmakesitveryexpensive.[63]

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GEOTHERMAL
GeothermalEnergygenerated
There are three types of technologies that are used in geothermal

power plants: Dry Steam, flash and binary cycle. State of the fluid used in the process decides which type of technology suits best.
Dray Steam Power Plants use the steam that comes straight from

the geothermal reservoir and send it on the routes to generators so it may create electricity. They are the first type of geothermal stations. Flash Steam Plant is now the most common technique. They utilize water of more than 182 degrees Celsius and needs high pressure to pump the water to turbines. Binary Cycle Power Plant never lets the heated water in coming contact to the electricity generating generators.
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http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/06/26/us-department-of-energy-t_n_109521.html

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GeothermalEnergy

http://cleanenergyaus.com.au/images/hotrocks_tech2.gif

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AdvantagesofGeothermalenergy
The source of this energy is earth that is capable of maintaining its

temperature.

The heating g cost in this system y is very y low. Almost 60 per cent less

fossil f l fuel f l is required d to run the h geothermal h l power plant. l system.

The plant uses far less electricity than the conventional heating It is also one of the best ecological solutions as the emission of

pollutants is very low and no green house gases are discharged. systems.

The efficiency of this power plant is far greater than other heating The system is not only used for heating a place but also for cooling

down the site. site It generates uniform energy that means there are no cold or hot spots. The system functions quietly and thus create no sound pollution. Maintenance of the geothermal plant is very cheap. The air filter of heat pump unit is the only article that needs replacement. This system can also used in existing houses if the life of their underground piping is more than 50 years. The place should also have a forced air dust system.[65]
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DisadvantagesofGeothermalenergy
The system has very high installation cost that makes it impossible

for a number of people to benefit from the clear technology. technology It is estimated that the installation cost is sometimes paid back in two years and at times in 10 to 20 years. The plant needs large yard for its installation and some pond or well as a reserve of water. The system proves impossible at some places due to its incompatibility. The geothermal power plant cannot be installed by all and sundry. sundry Only authorize technician can access and install the system which in terms means high labor. The energy generated is not 100 per cent clean as coal is used for electricity which in turn emits hazardous green house gases like carbon dioxide.

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BIOMASS
Background
Biomass: Biological material extracted from some living being. The biomass is transformed into chemicals so it can be used to

generate required energy.

Itisusuallycomprisedofthefloragrowntoproduceelectricity/heat Mostly remains of forest such as dead trees or part of trees. The biomass station works just like the fossil fuel power station. It does not include fossil fuels as they are transformed into coal, gas,

petroleum by geological procedures.

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BiomassEnergy

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AdvantagesofBiomassEnergy
Thebiomassisabundantinnatureandisarenewablesourceof

energy.
Sourceofenergyisverycheap. Thebestpartofthisprocedureistheutilizationofwasteofmulti

types.
Thelevelofairpollutants(likecarbonmonooxideandethanol)can

becontrolledandreducedbyEthanol.Thebiomassabsorbscarbon dioxideduring gitsg growthsoonthewholethereisnoadditioninthe quantityofgreenhousegas. Biomasscannotonlyproduceelectricitybutalsoheatforthe homes. Biomassdecreasestherelianceonfuelslikeoilandpetroleum.

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DisadvantagesofBiomassEnergy
Although the net addition of carbon dioxide is zero but the burning

of f biomass b is a polluted ll d procedure. d The plan may not be effective in terms of cost. Like fossil fuels the product is not ready to use. The processing of biomass is comparatively expensive. Hazardous chemicals like nitrogen dioxide are produced as a result of biomass burning. It is not environment friendly method as the number of trees cut down affects the ecological balance. balance Large lands are required to grow enough amount of biomass that are necessary for producing biofuels. The growth and collection of fuel on such massive level is also very tough.

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HydroelectricPowerPlant
Hydroelectricity is electricitygeneratedby hydropower,i.e.,the production d ti of felectrical l t i l powerthroughtheuse ofthegravitationalforce offallingorflowing water

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AdvantagesofHydroelectricPowerPlant
Nodirectgreenhousegasses Renewableenergy Irrigation Floodcontrol

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DisadvantagesofHydroelectricityPowerPlants
The biggest problem of hydro power plant is the change in the quality

of water. Due to the nature of the system, water sometimes gets contaminated with nitrogen and phosphorus. At times it loses its oxygen. Aqua life is largely disturbed by such systems. This problem can be dealt with fish ladders a path to divert the fish from the hydroelectric dams. The small plants depend on the natural flow or speed of the water. The dams are very expensive to build.[68]

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Background
Solar energy is radiant energy that th t is i produced d d by b the th sun. It comes from within the sun itself. Sun is a big ball of gases mostly hydrogen and helium atoms. The hydrogen atoms in the suns core combine to form helium and generate energy in process called nuclear fusion. The solar energy travels to the earth at speed of 186,000 miles per second, the speed of light [1]
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SOLARENERGY

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AdvantagesofSolarEnergy
Savemoney EnvironmentalFriendly Independent/semiindependent Low/nomaintenance

Disadvantageofsolarenergy
Solarenergyisonlyusefulwhenthesunisshining. shining Asolarenergyinstallationrequiresalargeareaforthesystemtobe efficientinprovidingasourceofelectricity. Pollutioncanbeadisadvantagetosolarpanels,aspollutioncan degradetheefficiencyofphotovoltaiccells.
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Solar Islands.mp4

RENEWABLE ENERIES CONSUMING CHART

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t h a n k y o u

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