Qualitative inorganic analysis

SCHEME FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE CATIONS

ORIGINAL SOLUTION
2+ + Pb2+, Ag+, Hg 2 , Hg2+, Bi3+, Cu , Cd2+, As3+, As5+, Sb3+, Sb5+, Sn2+, Sn4+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4 2+

NaOH heating

NH3
sharp smelling gas

1540 C

Higher oxidation zone (melting zone) Higher reduction zone

1550 C 1560 C 520 C

HCl (3 mol/L)

FLAME COLORING
Lower oxidation zone

PRECIPITATE
PbCl2
white ppt.

SOLUTION

1450 C

Lower reduction zone

AgCl
white ppt.

Hg2Cl2
white ppt.

300 C

Hg , Bi , Cu , Cd , As , As , Sb , Sb , Sn , Sn , Fe , Fe , Cr , Al , Co , Ni , Mn , Zn , Ba , Sr , Ca , Mg , Na , K ,

2+

3+

2+

2+

3+

5+

3+

5+

2+

4+

2+

3+

3+

3+

2+

2+

2+

2+

2+

2+

2+

2+

+ NH4

H2O (100 C)

Sodium

Potassium
violet

H2S (in acidic medium)

PRECIPITATE
HgS
black ppt.

yellow

AgCl
white ppt.

Hg2Cl2
white ppt.

Pb2+

SOLUTION
Sb2S5
orange ppt.

NH3 (conc.)

K2Cr2O7

Bi2S3
brown ppt.

CuS
black ppt.

CdS
yelow ppt.

As2S3
yelow ppt.

As2S5
yelow ppt.

Sb2S3
orange ppt.

SnS
smei talog

SnS2
yelow ppt.

+ Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4

Calcium
yelow precipitate

Strontium
crimson red

Barium
apple green

HgNH2Cl + Hg
black precipitate

+ Ag(NH3)2

Pb
PbCrO4

KOH (3 mol/L)

NH4Cl + NH4OH
PRECIPITATE
Fe(OH)3 Cr(OH)3 Al(OH)3
white ppt.

brick red

II a subgroup HNO3 (conc.)

HgS
black ppt.

II b subgroup
CdS AsS43-, AsO2- , SnS32-, SnO32-, SbS43-, SbO2-

SOLUTION
+ Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4

Bi2S3
brown ppt.

CuS
black ppt.

yelow ppt.

brown ppt. grey-green p.

AgCl
white precipitate

HNO3 (3 mol/L)
As2S3
yelow ppt.

HCl (6 mol/L)

NaOH (6 mol/L) + H2O2 (3 %)

Sb2S3
orange ppt.

H2S (in basic medium)

PRECIPITATE SOLUTION
+ Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4

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As2S5
yelow ppt.

SnS
smei talog

SnS2
yelow ppt.

Sb2S5
orange ppt.

Hg(NO3)22HgS
black ppt.

Bi3+, Cu2+, Cd2+

Fe(OH)3
brown ppt.

CrO42-, Al(OH)4-

CoS
black ppt.

NiS
black ppt.

MnS
pink ppt.

ZnS
white ppt.

HCl (conc.) HNO3 + HCl (1:3) SnCl2 NH3 (conc.)

HAc + Pb(Ac)2 HNO3 (6 mol/L) + H2O2 (3 %) NH4SCN

NH4Cl HCl (0.5 mol/L)

(NH4)2PO4 (0.5 mol/L) + NH3 (conc.)

PRECIPITATE SOLUTION
+ Na+, K+, NH4

As2S3

As2S5
yelow ppt.

Hg2Cl2 + Hg

Bi(OH)3
white ppt.

Cu(NH3)42+ , Cd(NH3)42+

yelow ppt.

Sb , Sn

3+

2+

yelow precipitate

Cr
PbCrO4

Al(OH)3
white precipitate

grey precipitate

HAc + SnO22-

Fe(CN)64-

KCN + H2S

NaNO2 + rhodamine B HCl + HgCl2 HNO3 (conc.) NaAc + AgNO3

Sb-rhodamine
purple solution

Fe(SCN)2+
blood red solution

CoS
black ppt.

NiS
black ppt.

Mn2+, Zn2+

Ba3(PO4)2 Sr3(PO4)2 Ca3(PO4)2 MgNH4PO4

white ppt. white ppt. white ppt. white ppt.

Cu2Fe(CN)6
reddish brown ppt.

yelow precipitate

Cd
CdS

Sn

4+

HNO3 (conc.)

NaOH (6 mol/L) + H2O2 (3 %)

Zn - uranyl acetate CH3COOH (conc.) K2CrO4

Na-uranyl acetate
pale yelow precipitate

Na3Co(NO2)6

grey ppt. Hg2Cl2

K3Co(NO2)6
yelow precipitate

Bi0
brown precipitate

Ag3AsO4
chocolate brown p.

Co , Ni

2+

2+

MnO2
brown ppt.

Zn(OH)3

NH4SCN
+ amyl alcohol

NH3 (3 mol/L)
+ dimethylglyoxime

yelow precipitate

HNO3 + NaBiO3

H2S

Ba
BaCrO4

Sr , Ca , Mg

2+

2+

2+

NH3 (conc.)
Sr3(PO4)2 Ca3(PO4)2 MgNH4PO4

1
1

IA

H
1.0079 2 4 3

P E R I O D I C TA B L E O F T H E E L E M E N T S
IIA
5 6 7 8 9

18 VIIIA
2

Co(SCN)42deep blue solution

Ni-dimethylglyoxime
red precipitate

MnO4purple solution

ZnS
white precipitate

white ppt.

white ppt.

white ppt.

He
10

13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA 4.0026

CH3COOH (conc.) (NH4)2SO4

Li
6.941 11

Be
9.0122 12

B Al
11
29

C Si Ge Sn Pb
207.2

N P As Sb Bi
208.98

O S Se Te Po
(209)

F Cl Br I At
(210)

Ne
Test tubes

10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180 13 15 16 17 18 14

Na K Rb Cs Fr
(223)

Mg
3 IIIB 4 IVB 5
21 22 23

22.990 24.305 19 20

VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8
24 25 26

VIIIB 9 10
27 28

Ar Kr Xe Rn
(222)

SrSO4
white precipitate

Ca2+, Mg2+

IB 12 IIB 26.982
30 31

28.086 30.974 32.065 35.453 39.948 32 33 34 35 36 74.922 78.96 51 52 79.904 83.798 53 54

(NH4)2C2O4

Ca
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Sc Y
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

Ti Zr Hf

V Nb Ta

Cr Mo W

Mn Tc
(98) 75

Fe Ru Os

Co Rh Ir

Ni Pd Pt

Cu Ag Au

Zn Cd Hg

Ga In Tl
204.38

39.098 40.078 37 38

44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38 43 39 47 48 45 46 40 44 42 41 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.96 73 72 74 71

69.723 72.64 49 50

Sr Ba Ra
(226)

CaC2O4
white precipitate

Mg2+

85.468 87.62 55 56

101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29 83 78 79 77 76 86 80 81 82 84 85

NaOH + quinalizarine

La

Ce

Pr

Nd

Pm Sm

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

Re

132.91 137.33 138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 87 88 89 93 90 91 92

150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 110 111 112 104 107 106 109 105 103 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 108

Ac
(227)

Th
232.04

Pa
231.04

U
238.03

Np
(237)

Pu Am Cm Bk
(244) (243) (247) (247)

Cf
(251)

Es
(252)

Fm Md No
(257) (258) (259)

Lr
(262)

Rf
(267)

Db
(268)

Sg
(271)

Bh
(272)

Hs
(277)

Mt
(276)

Ds
(281)

Rg
(280)

Cn
(285)
Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 81, No. 11, (2009) 2131-2156)
Heating in the water bath

Separate the clear liquid from the precipitate

Mg-quinalizarine
blue solution

Determined in the original solution