CONSERVATION OF MASS, MOMENTUM AND ENERGY

Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Delhi E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in

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Conservation of mass

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The rate at which fluid enters the control volume from the left surface is u(dy 1) The rate at which the fluid leaves the control volume from the right surface can be expressed as

u u + dx (dy 1) x
u (dx 1) u (dy 1) + (dx 1) = u + dx (dy 1) + + dy x y

u + =0 x y
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Conservation of Momentum
Mass Acceleration x inaspecifieddirection = Netforce(bodyandsurface) actinginthatdirection

m a x = Fsurface, x + Fbody , x
m = (dx dy 1)
u u du u dx u dy = + =u + ax = x dt x dt y dt y
u u dx + dy du = x y

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Do you think that acceleration is zero in steady flow ? Since acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time, and in steady flow there is no change with time Steady simply means no change with time at a specified location (and thus u/ t = 0), but the value of a quantity may change from one location to another (and thus u/ x and u/y may be different from zero)

m a x = Fsurface, x + Fbody , x
The viscous stress can be resolved into two perpendicular components: one normal to the surface called normal stress and another along the surface called shear stress. The normal stress is related to the velocity gradients u/ x and v/y, that are much smaller than u/y, to which shear stress is related
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Neglecting the normal stresses, the net surface force acting in the x-direction becomes

P P = Fsurface, x = dy ( dx 1 ) dx ( dy 1 ) (dx dy 1) y x y x 2 u P = y 2 x (dx dy 1)

m a x = Fsurface, x + Fbody , x
m = (dx dy 1)
ax = du u dx u dy u u + = =u + dt x dt y dt x y
u u 2 u P u x + y = y 2 x

X-momentum equation
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General Equation

Elemental Cartesian fixed control volume showing the surface forces in the x direction only
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Splitting this row into pressure plus viscous stresses, we can rewrite

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For a newtonian fluid, the viscous stresses are proportional to the element strain rates and the coefficient of viscosity

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Navier-Stokes Equation

These are the Navier-Stokes equations, named after C. L. M. H. Navier (17851836) and Sir George G. Stokes (1819 1903), who are credited with their derivation. They are second-order nonlinear partial differential equations and are quite formidable
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C.L.M.H.Navier Born:February 10,1785,Dijon Died:August21,1836,Paris Education:cole Polytechnique,cole Nationale des Ponts et Chausses

Conservation of Energy
E in E out = E system
= 0 for a steady flow

The total energy of a flowing fluid stream per unit mass is estream = h + ke + pe = cpT + 0+ 0

& (E

in

& ) & & & & E out by _ heat + (E in E out )by _ work + (E in E out )by _ mass = 0

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By mass:

The total energy of a flowing fluid stream per unit mass is estream = h + ke + pe = CpT + 0+ 0

By heat:

& e stream ) x (m & & & & (E in E out ) by _ mass, x = (me stream ) x (me stream ) x + dx x u (dy 1)C p T u T = dx = C p u + T dx.dy x x x T u T & E & ) + T dx.dy + dx . dy C = T (E C u in out by _ mass p p y x x y T T + = C p dx.dy u x y

& & Q x & & & + dx (E in E out ) by _ heat , x = Q x Q x x T 2T = k (dy 1) dx = k 2 dx.dy x x x & E & ) (E in out by _ heat
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2T 2T 2T 2T = k 2 dx.dy + k 2 dx.dy = k + 2 dx.dy 2 x y y x

By work:

& E & ) (E in out by _ work

Another mechanism of energy transfer to and from the fluid in the control volume is the work done by the body and surface forces The surface forces consist of the forces due to fluid pressure and the viscous shear stresses. The work done by pressure (the flow work) is already accounted for in the analysis above by using enthalpy

Can be neglected

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Energy Conservation
Then the energy equation for the steady two-dimensional flow of a fluid with constant properties and negligible shear stresses is obtained as:

T T T T C p u x + y = k x 2 + y 2
2 2

The net energy convected by the fluid out of the control volume is equal to the net energy transferred into the control volume by heat conduction

When the viscous shear stresses are not negligible, their effect is accounted for by expressing the energy equation as

2T 2T T T C p u x + y = k + x 2 + y 2
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u 2 2 u 2 + = 2 + + x y y x

Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent Flow

Most flows encountered in engineering practice are turbulent, and thus it is important to understand how turbulence affects wall shear stress and heat transfer. Turbulent flow is characterized by random and rapid fluctuations of groups of fluid particles, called eddies, throughout the boundary layer. These fluctuations provide an additional mechanism for momentum and heat transfer. In laminar flow, fluid particles flow in an orderly manner along streamlines, and both momentum and heat are transferred across streamlines by molecular diffusion. In turbulent flow, the transverse motion of eddies transport momentum and heat to other regions of flow before they mix with the rest of the fluid and lose their identity, greatly enhancing momentum and heat transfer
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The instantaneous values of the velocity fluctuate about a mean value, which suggests that the velocity can be expressed as the sum of a mean value and a fluctuating component,

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u = u + u

The time mean u of a turbulent function u(x, y, z, t) is defined by

u = u + u u = u u
However, the mean square of a fluctuation is not zero and is a measure of the intensity of the turbulence

It follows by definition that a fluctuation has zero mean value

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Turbulent stresses

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Consider the upward eddy motion of a fluid during flow over a surface. The mass flow rate of fluid per unit area normal to flow is v. Noting that h = CpT represents the energy of the fluid and T is the eddy temperature relative to the mean value, the rate of thermal energy transport by turbulent eddies is qt= CpvT By a similar argument on momentum transfer, the turbulent shear stress can be shown to be

t = u ' '

Reynolds stress The random eddy motion of groups of particles resembles the random motion of molecules in a gascolliding with each other after traveling a certain distance and exchanging momentum and heat in the process. Therefore, momentum and heat transport by eddies in turbulent boundary layers is analogous to the molecular momentum and heat diffusion. Then turbulent wall shear stress and turbulent heat transfer can be expressed in an analogous manner as

t = u ' ' = t
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u y

and

& t = C p 'T ' = k t q

T y

The total shear stress and total heat flux can be expressed conveniently as

total = ( + t )

u u = ( + M ) y y

& total = (k + k t ) q

T T = C p ( + H ) y y

eddy diffusivity of momentum eddy diffusivity of heat transfer

Eddy motion and thus eddy diffusivities are much larger than their molecular counterparts in the core region of a turbulent boundary layer. The eddy motion loses its intensity close to the wall, and diminishes at the wall because of the no-slip condition. Therefore, the velocity and temperature profiles are nearly uniform in the core region of a turbulent boundary layer, but very steep in the thin layer adjacent to the wall, resulting in large velocity and temperature gradients at the wall surface. So it is no surprise that the wall shear stress and wall heat flux are much larger in turbulent flow than they are in laminar flow
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