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+(&+#(&, $-.
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kA?L 8ALuCnAuC
AlLLLn C8uZ
l! CPAn-CCnZACA, S.!.
PlLl LvA8uCnL
CLLC CLnL8
8ACPLLLL Cu1lL88LZ
CnCL LCLZ
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l!!l A8AS
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Au8lAn 1An
L8lkA vALuLZ



8emlnders:
use aL your own rlsk. AlLhough lL ls made wlLh
Lhe besL efforL, we cannoL guaranLee lLs
accuracy.
We'd appreclaLe lL lf you could please keep Lhls
wlLhln Lhe block !
!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

!!! (!) " !!!
Lega| kesearch Def|ned
! Legal 8esearch ls Lhe process of flndlng Lhe laws, rules and
regulaLlons LhaL govern acLlvlLles ln human socleLy and whlch
are enforced by Lhe SLaLe.
! lL ls also deflned as Lhe lnvesLlgaLlon for lnformaLlon necessary
Lo supporL legal declslon maklng.
1he Need for Lega| kesearch
! Legal research ls necessary for compeLenL represenLaLlon whlch
requlres legal knowledge, sklll and Lhoroughness.
! CuesLlons relaLlng Lo compeLency ln legal research may arlse ln
sulLs for damages, arlslng from legal lncompeLence or clalms for
mallclous prosecuLlon.
Sources of Lega| kesearch
! Legal research lnvolves Lhe use of a varleLy of prlnLed and
elecLronlc sources.
! rlnLed Sources:
o ConsLlLuLlon
o SLaLuLes
o CourL ueclslons
o AdmlnlsLraLlve 8ules
o Scholarly CommenLarles
Sources of Law
! rlmary Sources ! recorded laws and rules whlch wlll be
enforced by Lhe sLaLe. 1hese are leglslaLure, regulaLlons, rullng
of admlnlsLraLlve and declslons of appellaLe courLs whlch are
publlshed ln Lhe Cfflclal CazeLLe.
o 3 CaLegorles:
" rlmary Clvll Laws ! producLs of leglslaLlve
acLlons (codes and sLaLuLes)
" !udlclal ueclslons
" AdmlnlsLraLlve laws or Lhe rules and regulaLlons
and declslons of governmenL agencles.
! Secondary MaLerlals ! publlcaLlons whlch are noL prlmary
auLhorlLy buL whlch dlscuss or analyze legal docLrlne.
o Lxamples: 1reaLlse, CommenLarles, Lncyclopedlas.
o Secondary Sources can help analyze a problem and
provlde research references Lo boLh prlmary sources
and oLher secondary maLerlals.
I|nd|ng 1oo|s
! ulgesLs ! reprlnL headnoLes summarlzlng polnLs of law from
courL declslons.
! AnnoLaLlons ! summarlze cases on parLlcular Loplcs.
! llndlng Lools do noL persuade, nor do Lhey Lhemselves have any
prlmary or persuaslve auLhorlLy. llndlng Lools are only a means
for locaLlng prlmary sources.
Importance of Lega| kesearch
! ln Lhe maLLer of Lhe charges of plaglarlsm, eLc. agalnsL AssoclaLe
[usLlce Marlano C. uel 8osarlo
o laglarlsm ln Lhe [udlclary has dlfferenL sLandards where
lnLenL ls maLerlal. ln conLrasL Lo Lhe academe where
lnLenL ls lmmaLerlal ln plaglarlsm.

CLASS DISCUSSICN
! rlmary source v. rlmary AuLhorlLy
o rlmary Source ! refers Lo Lhe maLerlal you sourced lL
from (publlshed by Lhe Cfflclal CazeLLe)
o rlmary AuLhorlLy ! ls Lhe welghL you glve Lo Lhe
maLerlal before you.
! LxAMLL: ConsLlLuLlonal CommenLary of lr. 8ernas
o rlmary Source ! no
o rlmary AuLhorlLy ! 1he ConsLlLuLlon whlch ls quoLed
verbaLlm ln Lhe book.
o Secondary Source ! ?es.
o Secondary AuLhorlLy ! lr. 8ernas' commenLarles.

Sources of Law
r|mary Sources
! SLaLuLory Law
!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

!!! (!) " !!!
o 1987 ConsLlLuLlon of Lhe hlllpplnes
" WhaL do you follow, Lhe ConsLlLuLlon or Lhe
laws?
8oLh. lL ls only when Lhere ls a confllcL
of law LhaL Lhe ConsLlLuLlon ls followed
over laws.
" ln 8e Cunanan
1he lssue was noL wheLher Lhe
leglslaLure had Lhe power Lo leglslaLe a
law prescrlblng sLandards for Lhe bar
examlners. lL was wheLher Lhe law
whlch Lhe leglslaLure passed
encroached on Lhe declslon maklng
power of Lhe [udlclary on who are
consldered as Lo have passed Lhe bar
exam. k.A. 972 reversed a prevlous
declslon of Lhe [udlclary, whlch was
beyond Lhe auLhorlLy of Lhe leglslaLure.
o 1reaLles and lnLernaLlonal AgreemenLs
" AgusLln v. Ldu
1he valldlLy of resldenL Marcos' Letter
of Instruct|on No. 229 ls rooLed, noL ln
a leglslaLlve acL of Congress, buL raLher
on Lhe V|enna Convent|on on koad
S|gns and S|gna|s and Lhe Un|ted
Nat|ons Crgan|zat|on (UN).
Accordlng Lo Sect|on 2, Art|c|e VI of Lhe
h|||pp|ne Const|tut|on, Lhe LreaLlse
slgned by Lhe hlllpplnes becomes a
parL of Lhe law of Lhe land.
! Congresslonal SLaLuLes:
o WhaL are sLaLuLes? 8efers Lo leglslaLlve acLs. lL lncludes
noL only laws passed by Congress buL also Lhe oLher
Lypes of general legal rules LhaL are prescrlbed ln
admlnlsLraLlve regulaLlons, local governmenL ordlnances
and Lhe llke.
o Sect|on 26(2), Art|c|e VI of Lhe 1987 Const|tut|on
" "No b||| passed by e|ther nouse sha|| become a |aw un|ess |t has
passed three read|ngs on separate days, and pr|nted cop|es
thereof |n |ts f|na| form have been d|str|buted to |ts Members
three days before |ts passage, except when the res|dent
cert|f|es to the necess|ty of |ts |mmed|ate enactment to meet a
pub||c ca|am|ty or emergency. Upon the |ast read|ng of a b|||, no
amendment thereto sha|| be a||owed, and the vote thereon sha||
be taken |mmed|ate|y thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered
|n the Iourna|."
o Sect|on 27, Art|c|e VI of Lhe 1987 h|||pp|ne
Const|tut|on
" (1) Lvery b||| passed by the Congress sha||, before |t becomes a
|aw, be presented to the res|dent. If he approves the same he
sha|| s|gn |t, otherw|se, he sha|| veto |t and return the same w|th
h|s ob[ect|ons to the nouse where |t or|g|nated, wh|ch sha|| enter
the ob[ect|ons at |arge |n |ts Iourna| and proceed to recons|der |t.
If, after such recons|derat|on, two-th|rds of a|| the Members of
such nouse sha|| agree to pass the b|||, |t sha|| be sent, together
w|th the ob[ect|ons, to the other nouse by wh|ch |t sha|| ||kew|se
be recons|dered, and |f approved by two-th|rds of a|| the
Members of that nouse, |t sha|| become a |aw. In a|| such cases,
the votes of each nouse sha|| be determ|ned by yeas or nays,
and the names of the Members vot|ng for or aga|nst sha|| be
entered |n |ts Iourna|. 1he res|dent sha|| commun|cate h|s veto
of any b||| to the nouse where |t or|g|nated w|th|n th|rty days
after the date of rece|pt thereof, otherw|se, |t sha|| become a
|aw as |f he had s|gned |t.
" (2) 1he res|dent sha|| have the power to veto any part|cu|ar
|tem or |tems |n an appropr|at|on, revenue, or tar|ff b|||, but the
veto sha|| not affect the |tem or |tems to wh|ch he does not
ob[ect.
! Local Crdlnances and 8esoluLlons
o Sect|on 1, Art|c|e k of Lhe 1987 Const|tut|on
" 1he terr|tor|a| and po||t|ca| subd|v|s|ons of the kepub||c of the
h|||pp|nes are the prov|nces, c|t|es, mun|c|pa||t|es, and
barangays. 1here sha|| be autonomous reg|ons |n Mus||m
M|ndanao and the Cord|||eras as here|nafter prov|ded.
o Sect|on 2, Art|c|e k
" 1he terr|tor|a| and po||t|ca| subd|v|s|ons sha|| en[oy |oca|
autonomy.
" 1he local governmenLs wlll en[oy auLonomy
!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

!!! (!) " !!!
" 1hey can serve ordlnances so long as Lhese are
noL conLrary Lo congresslonal law.
! 8ules and 8egulaLlons
o lssued by admlnlsLraLlve agencles whlch have Lhe force
of sLaLuLes
o vlcLorlas Mllllng Co., lnc v. Soclal SecurlLy Commlsslons
" 8ackground: vlcLorlas Mllllng Co., lnc. alleges
LhaL SSC's C|rcu|ar No. 22 (LhaL requlres LhaL
companles lnclude bonuses and overLlme pay ln
Lhe employee remuneraLlon whlch ls Lhe basls
for Lhe monLhly conLrlbuLlon Lo SSC) ls
conLradlcLory wlLh C|rcu|ar No. 7 (LhaL was
lssued prevlously and does noL make Lhe
menLloned requlremenLs).
" lssue: WheLher or noL C|rcu|ar No. 22 ls a mere
lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe laws LhaL reflecLs Lhe
amendmenLs LhaL k.A. 1792 made on k.A.
1161.
" 8ullng: C|rcu|ar No. 22 ls a mere lnLerpreLaLlon
of k.A. 1792. SLaLuLes are usually couched ln
general Lerms, and lL ls up Lo Lhe admlnlsLraLlve
agency enLrusLed wlLh lLs enforcemenL Lo
promulgaLe rules and regulaLlons (whlch may
come ln Lhe form of Clrculars) for lLs
lmplemenLaLlon.
o naLlonal lederaLlon of Sugar Workers (nlSW) v.
LLhelwoldo 8. Cver[era, CenLral Azecarera ue Le CarloLa
(CAC)
" 8ackground: nlSW wenL on sLrlke allegedly
because CAC falled Lo glve Lhelr 13
Lh
monLh pay
as allegedly requlred by .D. 8S1.
" lssue: WheLher or noL .D. 8S1 obllges CAC Lo
provlde 13
1P
monLh pay Lo lLs employees on Lop
of Lhelr ChrlsLmas, mllllng and amelloraLlon
bonuses.
" 8ullng: 1he decree does noL requlre CAC Lo glve
13
Lh
monLh pay. lL only requlres Lhose
companles who do noL have an equlvalenL
pracLlce Lo do such.
o When should rules and regulaLlons be publlc, and when
should lL noL be publlc?
" rlvaLe bllls perLaln Lo lndlvlduals and excluslve.
" ubllc bllls are all-encompasslng and applles Lo
Lhe general populaLlon.
SLandard for non-publlcaLlon:
o lf lL does noL apply Lo all
lndlvlduals/publlc.
o lf lL ls a mere lnLerpreLaLlon of
law for beLLer appllcaLlon.

"#$%&%'() *+ ,&-.
Const|tut|on



1reat|es Laws (k.A.)
|
ku|es and kegu|at|ons

Loca| Crd|nances


Case Law
! Art|c|e 8, C|v|| Code
o Iud|c|a| dec|s|ons app|y|ng or |nterpret|ng the |aws or the Const|tut|on sha||
form a part of the |ega| system of the h|||pp|nes. (n)
o lloresca v. hllex Mlnlng Company
!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

!!! (!) " !!!
" 8ackground: Pelrs of Lhe hllex Mlnlng
Company sued Lhe company under Lhe Clvll
Code for damages caused by an accldenL. 1he
company says LhaL Lhe peLlLloners can'L because
Lhey had already recelved from Lhe
Workemen's CompensaLlon AcL.
" lssue: WheLher or noL Lhe peLlLloners have a
rlghL of cholce beLween avalllng of Lhe
Workmen's CompensaLlon AcL or sulng under
Lhe Clvll CourL for hlgher damages.
" 8ullng: 1he peLlLloners may sLlll sue under
Art|c|e 2176, 2178, 2201 and 2231 of Lhe Clvll
Code, because Lhey had accepLed Lhe
compensaLlon unlnformed.
! 1exL Source
o Supreme CourL ueclslons v. CourL of Appeals/Lower
CourL ueclslons
" ueclslons made by Lhe Supreme CourL ls parL of
Lhe law of Lhe land and Lherefore blndlng.
" ueclslons made by CourL of Appeals, are
persuaslve, buL noL blndlng.
" ueclslons by Lhe 8eglonal 1rlal CourLs and
Munlclpal 1rlal CourLs are nelLher blndlng nor
persuaslve.
" ueclslons of Lhe lower courLs are persuaslve
only lf Lhey come from an auLhorlLaLlve [udge.
o lnLerneL sources (even governmenL webslLes) are sLlll
noL wldely accepLed as legal prlmary sources.
o ,$/ ,#0%#. ls anoLher source of full LexL cases.
! Covernlng rlnclples
o SLare ueclsls ! refers Lo Lhe lmpacL of Lhe declslon as a
precedenL for fuLure cases.
" SLare ueclsls applles Lo subsequenL cases wlLh
Lhe same facLs.
o 8es !udlcaLa ! refers Lo Lhe effecL of Lhe Supreme
CourL declslon as belng an auLhorlLaLlve seLLlemenL of
Lhe parLlcular conLroversy before lL.
" lLs effecL ls Lo puL an end Lo llLlgaLlon.
" Somehow relaLed Lo double [eopardy, buL
double [eopardy ls appllcable only Lo crlmlnal
cases.
" Lven lf Lhe same parLles are sulng, lf Lhe cause
of acLlon dlffers, Lhen 8es !udlcaLa applles.
" Lxample: 8 owes A renLal for Lhe monLh of
!anuary. A sued 8, and 8 pald ln accordance Lo
Lhe CourL's order. Come lebruary, 8 dld noL pay
renL once more. Can A sue 8 agaln? 1234
o 8aLlo uecldendl ! seLs Lhe precedenL and ls blndlng on
courLs ln Lhe fuLure.
o CblLer ulcLa ! Lhe language ln a declslon LhaL ls noL
necessary Lo Lhe declslon.
" ulcLum: Lo say", refers Lo whaL ls sald by Lhe
way."
" lL ls noL slgnlflcanL Lo Lhe maln lssue, and
Lherefore may only be persuaslve buL noL
blndlng - ln conLrasL Lo raLlon decldendl.
o Law of Lhe case ! Lhe [udgmenL lald down by a [udge or
[usLlce concernlng a case ls flnal and may no longer be
changed.
" When you go up Lo an appellaLe courL regardlng
a parLlcular lssue ln favor of someone. When lL
ls remanded back Lo Lhe lowered courL, Lhe
declslon ln Lhe case can no longer be reversed.
! ueclslons
o Sect|on 1, Art|c|e VIII of Lhe 1987 Const|tut|on
" 1he [ud|c|a| power sha|| be vested |n one Supreme Court and |n
such |ower courts as may be estab||shed by |aw.
" Case Law ls found prlmarlly ln Lhe declslons of
Lhe Supreme CourL
!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

!!! (!) " !!!
! Case Law MaLerlals (ueclslons roper)
o Supreme CourL
" Cfflclal 8eposlLorles of ueclslons of Lhe SC
Advance SheeL
Cfflclal CazeLLe
hlllpplne 8eporLs
hlllpplne 8eporLs (8eprlnLs)
!urlsprudence llllplna (Spanlsh ed.)
" unofflclal 8eporLlng of Supreme CourL ueclslons
hlllpplne ueclslons
hlllpplne 8eporLs AnnoLaLed
hlllpplne 8eporLs AnnoLaLed (CenLra)
Supreme CourL 8eporLs AnnoLaLed
(SC8A)
Supreme CourL ueclslons (SCu)
hlllpplne Law and !urlsprudence
(PlLA!u8)
Supreme CourL unpubllshed ueclslons
(SCuu)
Supreme CourL Advance ueclslons
(SCAu)
Supreme CourL LxcerpLs (SCLx)
Summary of Supreme CourL 8ullngs
ClLaLlons: LxcerpLs of Supreme CourL
ueclslons
1lLle lndex Lo Supreme CourL ueclslons
1943-1978
1he Sandlganbayan 8eporLer
1he CCC 8eporLer
o ueclslons of Lhe CourL of Appeals
" AppellaLe CourL 8eporLs
" Advance SheeLs
" Cfflclal CazeLLe
" CourL of Appeals 8eporL
" CourL of Appeals 8eporLs AnnoLaLed
o ueclslons of Lhe Sandlganbayan
o ueclslons of Lhe CourL of 1ax Appeals
o ueclslons of Lhe 8eglonal 1rlal CourLs
o ueclslons of Lhe MeLropollLan 1rlal CourLs, Munlclpal
1rlal CourLs, and Munlclpal ClrculL 1rlal CourLs
! CasL Law MaLerlals (SubordlnaLe ueclslons)
o 1he SenaLe LlecLoral 1rlbunal and Lhe Pouse of
8epresenLaLlves LlecLoral 1rlbunal
o AdmlnlsLraLlve Agencles Lxerclslng Cuasl-!udlclal
owers
" Agencles wlLh lmplled quasl-[udlclal powers
" Agencles wlLh express quasl-[udlclal powers
! Cplnlon of Lhe CourL
o Cplnlon" of Lhe courL, ls lL commonly wrlLLen on behalf
of Lhe courL by a slngle [usLlce whose name precedes
Lhe oplnlon.
o Ma[orlLy declslon ! declslons on cases are made by
ma[orlLy voLe. lL ls sLaLed aL Lhe end of Lhe oplnlon. lL
may also be unanlmous. lL may afflrm, reverse or
modlfy Lhe declslon of Lhe lower courL declslon.
o SeparaLe Cplnlon ! separaLe concurrlng oplnlons may
be wrlLLen by a [usLlce who agrees wlLh Lhe declslon buL
noL wlLh Lhe oplnlon.
" SeparaLe oplnlons can concur Lo cerLaln parLs of
Lhe ma[orlLy oplnlon and dlssenL oLher parLs of
Lhe declslon.
o ulssenLlng Cplnlon ! A [usLlce who dlsagrees wlLh Lhe
declslon may dlssenL and wrlLe a dlssenLlng oplnlon
abouL lL.
" lL ls noL posslble for a [udge Lo dlssenL wlLhouL
explalnlng.
o Concurrlng Cplnlon ! May wrlLe an oplnlon ln order Lo
sLaLe hls concurrence wlLh Lhe declslon and/or oplnlon.
!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

!!! (!) " !!!
o er Curlam ueclslon ! An unslgned and usually shorLer
oplnlon by Lhe courL when for example, Lhe polnL ln
lssue ls LhoughL Lo be well-seLLled.
" 8easons for er Curlam:
1he case ls senslLlve so lL seeks Lo
proLecL Lhe members of Lhe courL.
AdmlnlsLraLlve cases agalnsL [udges or
Lhe dlsbarmenL of a lawyer are usually
seLLled Lhrough a per curlam declslons.
! CuesLlons of lacL v. CuesLlons of Law
o 1here ls a quesLlon of law ln a glven case when Lhe
doubL or dlfference arlses as Lo whaL Lhe law ls on a
cerLaln sLaLe of facLs, Lhere ls a quesLlon of facL when
Lhe doubL or dlfference arlses as Lo Lhe LruLh or Lhe
falsehood of alleged facLs (8amos v. epsl-Cola 8oLLllng
Co.)
o 8amos v. epsl Cola 8oLLllng Co.
" 8ackground: 8amos sues epsl-Cola 8oLLllng Co.
and lL's drlver Andres 8onlfaclo due Lo a
colllslon lnvolvlng Lhe car of lacldo 8amos and
Lhe company's Lruck, whlch was Lhen drlven by
8onlfaclo. upon reachlng Lhe Supreme CourL,
Lhe peLlLloners assall Lhe credlblllLy of !uan
Anasco's LesLlmony LhaL Lhe company had
exerclsed due dlllgence ln selecLlng lLs drlver.
" lssue: WheLher or noL Lhe Anasco's LesLlmony
can be assalled as blased and noL credlble
durlng Lhe Supreme CourL Lrlal.
" 8ullng: Cnly quesLlons of law can be ralsed
durlng a Supreme CourL Lrlal. CuesLlons of facL
such as asslgnmenLs of error lnvolvlng Lhe
credlblllLy of wlLnesses and whlch ln effecL
dlspuLe Lhe flndlngs of facL of Lhe CourL of
Appeals, cannoL be revlewed ln Lhese
proceedlngs (Co 1ao v. CourL of Appeals).
!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

!!! (!) " !!!
WLLk 3 to 6: CASLS

Case Iacts Issues ne|d kat|o]ku||ng
ln Lhe MaLLer of Lhe
Charges of laglarlsm,
eLc. agalnsL AssoclaLe
!usLlce Marlano C. del
CasLlllo
A.M. no. 10-7-17-SC
lebruary 8, 2011

AgusLln v. Ldu
88 SC8A 193
1979

ln 8e: Cunanan, eL al.
94 hll. 343
1931 ! Senate 8||| No. 12 almed Lo
reduce Lhe passlng general average ln
bar examlnaLlons Lo 70 effecLlve
slnce 1946. lL was veLoed.

!une 21, 1933 ! Senate 8||| No. 371
(whlch was of Lhe same essence oas
S.8. No. 12) was Lhen passed and
became law wlLhouL Lhe presldenL's
slgnaLure. 1hls became k.A. No. 972
popularly known as Lhe "8ar
I|unker's Act of 19S3".

k.A. No. 972 has for lLs ob[ecL Lo
admlL Lo Lhe 8ar Lhose candldaLes
who suffered from lnsufflclency of
readlng maLerlals and lnadequaLe
preparaLlon.

AfLer lL's approval, many
unsuccessful posLwar candldaLes flled
(1) WheLher or noL k.A.
No. 972 ls
unconsLlLuLlonal on Lhe
ground LhaL Lhrough lL,
Lhe leglslaLlve
encroaches on Lhe
!udlclary's excluslve
power Lo admlL
candldaLes Lo Lhe 8ar.


(2) ls k.A. No. 972 a
class leglslaLlon?
(1) ?es. k.A. No.
972 ls noL
leglslaLlon buL a
[udgmenL by Lhe
leglslaLlve
deparLmenL
whlch revokes
Lhose
promulgaLed by
Lhe CourL.

(2) ?es, lL seL's
aslde a class of
people and
excluslvely
applles a law for
Lhelr beneflL.
(1) k.A. No. 972 wlll endanger Lhe
publlc by admlLLlng unquallfled
lndlvlduals Lo Lhe 8ar.
o 8y lLs declared ob[ecLlve, Lhe law ls
!"#$%&%' $" )*+,-! -#$.%./$ because
lL quallfles 1,094 law graduaLes who
confessedly had lnadequaLe
preparaLlon for Lhe pracLlce of Lhe
professlon, as was exacLly found by
Lhls 1rlbunal ln Lhe aforesald
examlnaLlons. 1he publlc lnLeresL
demands of legal professlon
adequaLe preparaLlon and
efflclency, preclsely more so as
legal problem evolved by Lhe Llmes
become more dlfflculL.
o 1o Lhe legal professlon ls enLrusLed
Lhe proLecLlon of properLy, llfe,
honor and clvll llberLles. 1o approve
offlclally of Lhose lnadequaLely
prepared lndlvlduals Lo dedlcaLe
!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

!!! (!) " !!!
peLlLlons for admlsslon Lo Lhe bar
lnvoklng lLs provlslons.
Lhemselves Lo such a dellcaLe
mlsslon ls Lo creaLe a serlous soclal
danger.

! ln Lhe hlllpplnes [udlclal sysLem, Lhe
admlsslon, suspenslon, dlsbarmenL and
relnsLaLemenL of aLLorneys aL law ln Lhe
pracLlce of Lhe professlon and Lhelr
supervlslon have been lndlspuLably a
[udlclal funcLlon and responslblllLy.
o 1he relaLlon of Lhe bar Lo Lhe courLs
ls a pecullar and lnLlmaLe
relaLlonshlp. 1he bar ls an aLLache
of Lhe courLs. 1he quallLy of [usLlce
dlspensed by Lhe courLs depends ln
no small degree upon Lhe lnLegrlLy
of lLs bar. An unfalLhful bar may
easlly brlng scandal and reproach Lo
Lhe admlnlsLraLlon of [usLlce and
brlng Lhe courLs Lhemselves lnLo
dlsrepuLe.
o 1he CourL can revoke lLs own
[udgmenLs wlLh regard Lo
admlLLance Lo Lhe 8ar, buL 0123
Lhe courL can do so - noL Lhe
leglslaLlve nor Lhe execuLlve. Any
aLLempL on Lhe parL of any of Lhese
deparLmenLs would be a clear
usurpaLlon of lLs funcLlons, as ls Lhe
case wlLh Lhe law ln quesLlon.
o Congress may repeal, alLer and
supplemenL Lhe rules promulgaLed
by Lhls CourL, buL Lhe auLhorlLy and
responslblllLy over Lhe admlsslon,
!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

!!! (!) " !!!
suspenslon, dlsbarmenL and
relnsLaLemenL of aLLorneys aL law
and Lhelr supervlslon remaln vesLed
ln Lhe Supreme CourL.

(2) lf Lhe leglslaLure had any rlghL Lo
admlL aLLorneys Lo pracLlce ln Lhe
courLs and Lake parL ln Lhe
admlnlsLraLlon of [usLlce, and could
prescrlbe Lhe characLer of evldence
whlch should be recelved by Lhe courL
as concluslve of Lhe requlslLe learnlng
and ablllLy of persons Lo pracLlce law, lL
could only be done by a general law,
and noL by granLlng speclal and
excluslve prlvlleges Lo cerLaln persons
or classes of persons.
o 1he lengLh of Llme a physlclan has
pracLlced, and Lhe sklll acqulred by
experlence, may furnlsh a basls for
classlflcaLlon buL Lhe place where
such physlclan has reslded and
pracLlced hls professlon cannoL
furnlsh such basls, and ls an
arblLrary dlscrlmlnaLlon, maklng an
enacLmenL based upon lL vold.
vlcLorla Mllllng
Company lnc. v. Soclal
SecurlLy Commlsslon
C.8. no. L-16704
March 17, 1962
onenLe: 8arrera, !.

CcL. 13, 1938 ! Soclal SecurlLy
Commlsslon (SSC) lssued C|rcu|ar No.
22 whlch requlred LhaL an employees
remuneraLlon wlll Lake lnLo
conslderaLlon all bonuses &
overLlme pay, as well as Lhe cash
(l) WheLher or noL
C|rcu|ar No.22 ls a rule
or regulaLlon, as
conLemplaLed ln
Sect|on 4(a) of k.A.
1161 empowerlng Lhe
SSC "to adopt, amend
and repea| sub[ect to
(l) no. C|rcu|ar
No. 22 ls a mere
lnLerpreLaLlon of
Lhe amendmenLs
lmposed on k.A.
1161 by k.A.
1792.
(l) When an admlnlsLraLlve agency
promulgaLes rules and regulaLlons, lL
makes" a new law wlLh Lhe force and
effecL of a valld law, whlle when lL
renders an oplnlon or glves a sLaLemenL
of pollcy, lL merely lnLerpreLs a pre-
exlsLlng law.

!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

!!! (!) " !!!
value of oLher medla of
remuneraLlon." lL ls from Lhese
where Lhe 2.3-3.3 conLrlbuLlons wlll
be based.

vlcLorla Mllllng Company lnc.
conLends LhaL C|rcu|ar no. 22 ls
conLradlcLory wlLh prevlous C|rcu|ar
No. 7 whlch expressly excluded
overLlme pay and bonus ln Lhe
compuLaLlon of Lhe employer's and
employee's respecLlve monLhly
premlum conLrlbuLlons.

Company's counsel quesLloned Lhe
valldlLy of Lhe clrcular for lack of
auLhorlLy on Lhe parL of Lhe SSC Lo
promulgaLe lL wlLhouL Lhe approval
of Lhe resldenL and for lack of
publlcaLlon ln Lhe Cfflclal CazeLLe.

SSC conLends LhaL C|rcu|ar No. 22 ls
noL a rule or regulaLlon buL a mere
admlnlsLraLlve lnLerpreLaLlon of
kepub||c Act No. 1792 whlch
amended k.A. No. 1161.
the approva| of the
res|dent such ru|es
and regu|at|ons as may
be necessary to carry
out the prov|s|ons and
purposes of th|s Act."
8ecause sLaLuLes are usually couched ln
general Lerms, afLer expresslng Lhe
pollcy, purposes, ob[ecLlves, remedles
and sancLlons lnLended by Lhe
leglslaLure. 1he deLalls and Lhe manner
of carrylng ouL Lhe law are ofLen Llmes
lefL Lo Lhe admlnlsLraLlve agency
enLrusLed wlLh lLs enforcemenL. ln Lhls
sense, lL has been sald LhaL rules and
regulaLlons are Lhe producL of a
delegaLed power Lo creaLe new or
addlLlonal legal provlslons LhaL have Lhe
effecL of law.

eople v. !olllffe ! sLaLes LhaL a
regulaLlon may be lncorporaLed ln Lhe
form of a clrcular. Such sLaLemenL
means LhaL Lhe subsLance and noL Lhe
form of a regulaLlon ls declslve ln
deLermlnlng lLs naLure.

We flnd, Lherefore, LhaL Clrcular no. 22
purporLs merely Lo advlse employers-
members of Lhe SysLem of whaL, ln Lhe
llghL of Lhe amendmenL of Lhe law, Lhey
should lnclude ln deLermlnlng Lhe
monLhly compensaLlon of Lhelr
employees upon whlch Lhe soclal
securlLy conLrlbuLlons should be based,
and LhaL such clrcular dld noL requlre
presldenLlal approval and publlcaLlon ln
Lhe Cfflclal CazeLLe for lLs effecLlvlLy.

lacldo C. 8amos and onenLe: 8engzon, !.., !. (l) WheLher or noL Lhe (l) no. lacLs of a (l) Co 1ao v. CourL of Appeals !
!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

!!! (!) " !!!
AgusLo L. 8amos v.
epsl-Cola 8oLLllng Co.
or Lhe .l. and Andres
8onlfaclo
C.8. no. L-22333
lebruary 9, 1967

!une 30, 1938 ! lacldo and AgusLo
8amos sued epsl Cola 8oLLllng Co. of
Lhe .l. and Andres 8onlfaclo for a
colllslon lnvolvlng Lhe car of lacldo
8amos (whlch was Lhen belng drlven
by hls son, AgusLo 8amos) and a
LracLor-Lruck and Lraller of LSl-
CCLA (whlch was drlven by lLs drlver
Andres 8onlfaclo).

Aprll 13, 1961 ! CourL of llrsL
lnsLance declared 8onlfaclo negllgenL
and epsl-Cola was declared as noL
havlng exerclsed due dellgence.

!an. 13, 1964 ! CourL of Appeals
upheld LhaL 8onlfaclo was negllgenL,
buL absolved epsl-Cola from llablllLy
saylng LhaL Lhe company had
exerclsed due dlllgence ln Lhe
selecLlon of lL's drlver.




8LSCLu1lCn lC8 MC1lCn lC8
8LCCnSluL8A1lCn (May 16, 1967)
eLlLloners lmpuLe Lo LSl-CCLA Lhe
vlolaLlon of subpars. 1 and 4(d), par.
(a), Sec. 27 of M.V.C. Adm|n|strat|ve
Crder No. 1, daLed SepL. 1, 1931, ln
LhaL aL Lhe Llme of Lhe colllslon, Lhe
Lraller-Lruck, whlch had a LoLal welghL
LesLlmony of epsl-Cola
employee !uan Anasco
can be assalled as
blased and noL credlble.














(ll) WheLher or noL Lhe
company falled Lo
exerclse due dlllgence
ln selecLlng lLs drlver.




MoLlon for
8econslderaLlon
(l) WheLher or noL
epsl-Cola vlolaLed
subpars. 1 and 4(d),
par. (a), Sec. 27 of
M.V.C. Adm|n|strat|ve
Crder No. 1
case can no
longer be
assalled by
peLlLloners ln Lhe
Supreme CourL.













(ll) no.
1esLlmonles
show LhaL Lhe
company had
exerclsed due
dlllgence ln Lhe
selecLlon
process.


(l) no.





asslgnmenLs of error lnvolvlng Lhe
credlblllLy of wlLnesses and whlch ln
effecL dlspuLe Lhe flndlngs of facL of Lhe
CourL of Appeals, cannoL be revlewed ln
Lhese proceedlngs. lor a quesLlon Lo be
one of law lL musL lnvolve no
examlnaLlon of Lhe probaLlve value of
Lhe evldence presenLed by Lhe llLlganLs
or any of Lhem.

45.%. -/ & 6*./$-"# "7 ,&8 -# & 9-:.#
!&/. 85.# $5. ;"*+$ "% ;-77.%.#!.
&%-/./ &/ $" 85&$ $5. ,&8 -/ "# &
!.%$&-# /$&$. "7 7&!$/< $5.%. -/ &
6*./$-"# "7 7&!$ 85.# $5. ;"*+$ "%
;-77.%.#!. &%-/./ &/ $" $5. $%*$5 "% $5.
7&,/.5""; "7 &,,.9.; 7&!$/=

Campo v. CamaroLe ! ln order LhaL Lhe
defendanL may be consldered as havlng
exerclsed all dlllgence of a good faLher
of a famlly, he should noL be saLlsfled
wlLh Lhe mere possesslon of a
professlonal drlver's llcense, he should
have carefully examlned Lhe appllcanL
for employmenL as Lo hls quallflcaLlons,
hls experlence and record of servlce.

(l) 1he provlslon ls vlolaLed only where
Lhere ls a poslLlve flndlng LhaL Lhe
LracLor-Lruck dld noL have boLh rear-
vlslon mlrror and a helper for Lhe
drlver.

!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

!!! (!) " !!!
of 30,000kgms, was:
(a) belng drlven aL a speed of abouL
30kph or beyond Lhe 13kph llmlL seL,
(b) was noL equlpped wlLh a rear-
vlslon mlrror nor provlded wlLh a
helper for Lhe drlver.

1hey also conLend LhaL respondenL
vlolaLed ar. (8) of Sect|on 8-A of the
kev|sed Motor Veh|c|e Law whlch
llmlLs Lhe wldLh of a Lruck Lo be 2.3-
meLers, whereas Lhe Lruck of epsl-
Cola was 3-meLers wlde.







(ll) WheLher or noL
epsl-Cola vlolaLed ar.
(8) of Sect|on 8-A of the
kev|sed Motor Veh|c|e
Law.







(ll) no.
ln Lhls case, Lhere was noL poslLlve
flndlng by Lhe Lrafflc pollcemenL, aL.
8odolfo ahaLe, LhaL Lruck dld noL have
a rearvlew mlrror.



(ll) Sect|on 9(d) of Lhe same law
allowed for Lhe reglsLraLlon or use of
moLor vehlcles exceedlng Lhe llmlLs of
permlsslble dlmenslons. eLlLloners
falled Lo prove LhaL such permlL was
lacklng.
erfecLo lloresca eL al.
v. hllex Mlnlng
CorporaLlon
C.8. no. L-30642
Aprll 30, 1983
onenLe: Makaslar, !.

eLlLloners are Lhe helrs of Lhe
deceased employees of hllex Mlnng
CorporaLlon. 1hey allege LhaL hllex,
ln vlolaLlon of governmenL rules and
regulaLlons, negllgenLly and
dellberaLely falled Lo Lake Lhe
requlred precauLlons for Lhe
proLecLlon of Lhe llves of lLs men
worklng underground.

May 14, 1968 ! hllex flled a moLlon
Lo dlsmlss alleglng LhaL Lhe cuases of
acLlon of peLlLloners based on an
lndusLrlal accldenL are covered by Lhe
provlslons of Lhe Workmen's
CompensaLlon AcL (Act 3428, as
amended by kA 772) and LhaL Lhe
former CourL of llrsL lnsLance has no
[urlsdlcLlon over Lhe case.
(l) WheLher or noL Lhe
peLlLloners have a rlghL
of selecLlon or cholce of
acLlon beLween avalllng
of Lhe worker's rlghL
under Lhe Workmen's
CompensaLlon AcL and
sulng ln Lhe regular
courLs under Lhe Clvll
Code for hlgher
damages (acLual, moral
and/or exemplary) from
Lhe employer by vlrLue
of negllgence (or faulL)
of Lhe employer or of
hls oLher employees.
(l) ?es.
eLlLloners may
choose Lo recelve
beneflLs from Lhe
Workmen's
CompensaLlon
AcL, or flle a clvll
case for
damages.
(l) Pad peLlLloners been aware of sald
vlolaLlon of governmenL rules and
regulaLlons by hllex, and of lLs
negllgence, Lhey would noL have soughL
redress under Lhe Workmen's
CompensaLlon Commlsslon, whlch
awarded a lesser amounL for
compensaLlon. 1he cholce of Lhe flrsL
remedy was based on lgnorance or a
mlsLake of facL, whlch nulllfles Lhe
cholce as lL was noL an lnLelllgenL
cholce. 1he case should Lherefore be
remanded Lo Lhe lower courL for
furLher proceedlngs. Powever, should
Lhe peLlLloners be successful ln Lhelr bld
before Lhe lower courL, Lhe paymenLs
made under Lhe Workmen's
CompensaLlon AcL should be deducLed
from Lhe damages LhaL may
be decreed ln Lhelr favor.

!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

!!! (!) " !!!

May 27, 1968 ! eLlLloners flled an
opposlLlon clalmlng LhaL Lhe causes
of acLlon are noL based on Lhe
Workmen's CompensaLlon AcL buL on
Art. 2176, 2178, 2201, and 2231 lf
Lhe Clvll Code allowlng of acLual,
moral and exemplary damanges.
naLlonal lederaLlon of
Sugar Workers (nlSW)
v. LLhelwoldo 8.
Cve[era, CenLral
Azucarera ue La
CarloLa (CAC)
C.8. no. L-39743
May 31, 1982
onenLe: lana, !.

eLlLlon for prohlblLlon seeklng Lo
annul Lhe declslon of Labor ArblLer
LLhelwoldo Cver[era of Lhe naLlonal
Labor 8elaLlons Commlsslon (nL8C)
whlch declared lllegal Lhe ongolng
sLrlke of Lhe nlSW, and Lo reLraln Lhe
lmplemenLaLlon Lhereof.

nlSW and CAC had a collecLlve
bargalnlng agreemenLs whereln Lhey
agreed LhaL Lhey would conLlnue Lhe
pracLlce of granLlng ChrlsLmas bonus,
mllllng bonus and amelloraLlon bonus
Lo Lhe exLenL as Lhe laLLer ls requlred
by law.

nov. 28, 1981 ! nlSW allegedly
demanded CAC Lo pay Lhe 13
Lh
monLh
pay under .D. 8S1 ln addlLlon Lo
above bonuses menLloned.

nov. 30, 1981 ! 8ased on Lhe SC
declslon of Marcopper Mlnlng Crop v.
8las Cple and Amado lnclong, Lhe
(l) WheLher or noL Lhe
sLrlke declared by nlSW
ls lllegal.



(ll) WheLher or noL
under .D. 8S1, CAC ls
obllged Lo glve lLs
workers a 13
Lh
monLh
salary ln addlLlon Lo
ChrlsLmas, mllllng and
amelloraLlon bonuses,
Lhe aggregaLe of whlch
admlLLedly exceeds by
far Lhe dlspuLed 13Lh
monLh pay.

(l) ?es.





(ll) no.
(l) 1he sLrlke voLe should have been
flled prlor Lo Lhe commencemenL of Lhe
sLrlke. 1hus nlSW vlolaLed Art|c|e
264(c) and (f) of Lhe Labor Code whlch
ls mandaLory.

(ll) 1he decree only requlres Lhose
companles who do noL have an
equlvalenL pracLlce. 1o requlre
employers (already glvlng Lhelr
employees a 13Lh monLh salary or lLs
equlvalenL) Lo glve a second 13Lh
monLh pay would be unfalr and
producLlve of undeslrable resulLs. 1o
Lhe employer who had acceded and ls
already bound Lo glve bonuses Lo hls
employees, Lhe addlLlonal burden of a
13Lh monLh pay would amounL Lo a
penalLy for hls munlflcence or llberallLy.
!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

!!! (!) " !!!

nlSW renewed lLs demand LhaL CAC
pay Lhe 13
Lh
monLh pay, as boLh
parLles had agreed Lo ablde by Lhe
sald rullng.

!an. 22, 1982 ! nlSW flled wlLh Lhe
MlnlsLry of Labor and LmploymenL
(MCLL) a noLlce Lo sLrlke based on
non-paymenL of 13
Lh
monLh pay.

!an. 29, 1982 ! a day afLer Lhe sLarL
of Lhe sLrlke, Lhe sLrlke-voLe of nlSW
was flled Lo Lhe MCLL.

leb. 8, 1982 ! CAC flled Lo declare
Lhe sLrlke lllegal for belng vlolaLlve of
8atas ambansa 8|d. 130 LhaL ls, Lhe
sLrlke was declared before Lhe
explraLlon of Lhe 13-day coollng-off
perlod for unfalr labor pracLlce (uL)
sLrlkes, and Lhe sLrlke was sLaged
before Lhe lapse of seven days from
Lhe submlsslon Lo MCLL of Lhe resulL
of Lhe sLrlke-voLe.
!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$



Statutory Law

Congressional Statutes

1. Section 26(2), Article VI of the 1987 Constitution

(2) No bill passed by either House shall become a law unless it has passed three readings on separate days, and printed copies thereof in its final form
have been distributed to its Members three days before its passage, except when the President certifies to the necessity of its immediate enactment to
meet a public calamity or emergency. Upon the last reading of a bill, no amendment thereto shall be allowed, and the vote thereon shall be taken
immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered in the Journal.

2. Section 27, Article VI of the 1987 Constitution

(1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President. If he approves the same he shall sign it; otherwise,
he shall veto it and return the same with his objections to the House where it originated, which shall enter the objections at large in its Journal and
proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of all the Members of such House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together
with the objections, to the other House by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the Members of that House, it shall
become a law. In all such cases, the votes of each House shall be determined by yeas or nays, and the names of the Members voting for or against shall
be entered in its Journal. The President shall communicate his veto of any bill to the House where it originated within thirty days after the date of receipt
thereof, otherwise, it shall become a law as if he had signed it.

(2) The President shall have the power to veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item
or items to which he does not object.


Local Ordinances and Resolutions (General Provisions)

1. Section 1, Article X of the 1987 Constitution

The territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines are the provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. There shall be
autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras as hereinafter provided.

2. Section 2, Article X of the 1987 Constitution

The territorial and political subdivisions shall enjoy local autonomy.

Rules and Regulations

1. Victorias Milling Co., Inc. v. Social Security Commissions 4 SCRA 627 (1962)
Lhe submlsslon Lo MCLL of Lhe resulL
of Lhe sLrlke-voLe.
!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

2. National Federation of Sugar Workers v. Ovejera 113 SCRA 354 (1982)


Case Law


Article 8, Civil Code
Floresca v. Philex Mining Company, 135 SCRA 141 (1985)
Judicial decisions applying or interpreting the laws or the Constitution shall form a part of the legal system of the Philippines

New Labor Code Art. 173. Extent of liability. Unless otherwise provided, the liability of the State Insurance Fund under this Title shall be exclusive and in place of all
other liabilities of the employer to the employee, his dependents or anyone otherwise entitled to receive damages on behalf of the employee or his dependents. The
payment of compensation under this Title shall not bar the recovery of benefits as provided for in Section 699 of the Revised Administrative Code, Republic Act Numbered
Eleven hundred sixty-one, as amended, Republic Act Numbered Forty-eight hundred sixty-four as amended, and other laws whose benefits are administered by the System
or by other agencies of the government. (As amended by Presidential Decree No. 1921).


Text Source
Supreme Court
Court of Appeals

Governing Principles
Stare decisis
o To stand by decided cases; to uphold precedents; to maintain former adjudications. (Blacks Law Dictionary)

Ratio decidendi
o Known as the rationale for a decision (West Encyclopedia of American Law, Edition 2)

Res judicata
o The doctrine of res judicata, in fact is founded on the public policy that it is the interest of the State that there should be an end to litigation and
that a party should not be vexed twice for the same cause (LINZAG vs. CA, Ibid)
o Refers to the rule that a final judgment or decree on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction is conclusive of the rights of the parties or
their privies in all later suits on all points and matters determined in the former suit.
o The elements of res judicata are as follows: (1) the former judgment or order must be final; (2) the judgment or order must be on the merits; (3) it
must have been rendered by a court having jurisdiction over the subject matter and the parties; (4) there must be, between the first and the
second action, identity of parties, of subject matter and cause of action.

Law of the case
o Once a judge has decided a legal question during the conduct of a lawsuit, he/she is unlikely to change his/her views and will respond that the
ruling is the "law of the case." (Law.com)
o The law of the case expresses the rule that the final judgment of the highest court is the final determination of the rights of the parties. The
doctrine of "law of the case" is one of policy only, however, and will be disregarded when compelling circumstances require a redetermination of
the point of law decided on the prior appeal. Such circumstances exist when an intervening or contemporaneous change in the law has
transpired by the establishment of new precedent by a controlling authority or the overruling of former decisions.

!"#$% '"("$)*+ ,--./ '01$%2 3+4$

Courts have ruled that instructionsdirections given by the judge to the jury concerning the law applicable to the caseare the "law of the case"
where the appealing defendant, the petitioner, accepted the instructions as correct at the time they were given. (Wests Encyclopedia of
American Law, ed. 2)

Obiter dicta
Words of an opinion entirely unnecessary for the decision of the case. A remark made or opinion expressed by a judge in a decision upon a
cause, "by the way", that is, incidentally or collaterally, and not directly upon the question before the court or upon a point not necessarily
involved in the determination of the cause, or introduced by way of illustration, or analogy or argument. Such are not binding as precedent.
(Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, ed. 2)


Decisions
Section 1, Article VIII of the 1987 Philippine Constitution

The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.

Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights, which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to
determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of
the Government.

Opinion of the Court
Majority decision
Dissenting opinion
o A mere expression of the individual view of the dissenting justice from the conclusion held by the majority of the Court. (Philippine Law
Dictionary, 3
rd
ed.)
Concurring opinion
o An opinion that agrees with the court's disposition of the case but is written to express a particular judge's reasoning (Princeton University, Farlex,
Inc.)
Separate opinion
Per curiam decision
o Latin for by the court, defining a decision of an appeals court as a whole in which no judge is identified as the specific author. ( 2005 Gerand Hill
and Katheen Hill)
o A phrase used to distinguish an opinion of the whole court from an opinion written by any one judge. Sometimes, per curiam signifies an opinion
written by the Chief Justice or presiding judge; it can also refer to a brief oral announcement of the disposition of a case by the court that is
unaccompanied by a written opinion. (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, ed. 2)

Questions of Fact v. Questions of Law

Ramos v. Pepsi Cola Bottling Co., G.R. No. L-22533, February 9, 1967