Statics Lecture 10 Review of Statics Dr JD Shephard

Trigonometry: basic rules and equations Resolution of Forces Moments in a Plane Free Body Diagram Definition Reactions at supports Line of Action Point of Concurrence (POC) Force and Moment Equilibrium Pin Jointed Structures Lever Systems (Frames and Machines)

Trigonometry: basic rules and equations

Pythagoras

b c
Sine rule

a2 = b2 + c 2

b A

C c

a B

a b c = = sin A sin B sin C

Cosine rule

b A

C c

a B

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A

Resolution of Forces General Vector Addition Triangle rule

F2 F1 F2 F1 F1 FR F2

Resultant

Resolution of Forces
In ANY defined co-ordinate system a force F has components:
Fcos Fsin Fcos F Fsin

In this case the co-ordinate system is:y

Resultant
The resultant of any set of forces can be determined by adding all the x components: Fx, all the y components: Fy, and using Pythagoras to work out the magnitude of the resultant: i.e. magnitude of resultant FR is:

FR = ( Fx ) 2 + ( Fy ) 2
The angle which the resultant makes with the x-axis is given by:

= tan

F F

y x

Moments in a Plane Definition

The moment of a force about a point is defined as the magnitude of the force times the perpendicular distance from the point to the line of action of the force.

Mo: magnitude of the force F around point O

O
d: perpendicular distance from point O to the line of action of F

F d

Mo = Fd

Calculating the moment in 2-D using components

Moments add together as vectors. Select a positive direction (CCW or CW), then calculate each moment and add them using the proper sign for each term. For example: Fy
F

Fx
d1

O CCW positive

d2

M o = Fx d1 + Fy d 2

If a force is moved off its line of action, a couple must be added to the force system so that the new system generates the same moment as the old system. F F
O d O

=
F

MO
O

F B

Where Mo = Fd

Free Body Diagram - Definition

A Free Body Diagram (FBD) is a sketch of the body showing all the forces that act. Free implies that supports have been replaced by reactions.

Producing a Free Body Diagram

Step 1 Imagine the body to be isolated or cut free from its surroundings. Hence the name free body diagram. Draw or sketch its outlined shape. Indicate on the sketch ALL the forces that act on the body. Active forces forces which tend to try to set the body in motion e.g. forces caused by attached cables, weight, someone applying a force (to a pedal). Reactive forces forces caused by the constraints or supports that tend to prevent motion. You could trace around the body outline and carefully note each force acting on it.

Step 2

 Step 3

Label all the known forces with correct magnitude and directions (angles). Use letters to label all unknown magnitudes and directions (angles). If a force has a known line of action but unknown magnitude the arrowhead, or sense of the force, can be assumed. The correct sense will be found once the unknown magnitude has been found. A negative sign will indicate that the force is in the opposite direction to that originally assumed.

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Types of contact or support 1. Flexible cable/belt/chain or rope

T 2. Smooth Surface

RN 3. Rough Surface RF R RN 4. Roller Support

RN

RN

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5. Freely sliding guide

RN 6. Pin connection

RN

Pin free to turn

Pin NOT free to turn

Rx Ry 7. Built-in or fixed support

A

Rx Ry

Weld

Rx

A M
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Ry

Line of Action and Point of Concurrence (POC)

Forces whose lines of action intersect at one point are said to be concurrent.

The point at which the lines of action of the forces intersect is known as the Point of Concurrence (POC).

A system of concurrent forces acting on a body can be replaced by an equivalent force, i.e. by the resultant FR. The line of action of the resultant force will act through the POC.
Line of action of Resultant FR F1

POC
FR F2 F1 F2 R

If body is supported then this is also the line of action of reactive force R

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Force and Moment Equilibrium (Recap)

Equilibrium: the resultant force and resultant moment are zero, i.e.:

Fx = 0, Fy = 0 and M = 0
Solving an equilibrium problem Always best if we use a Free Body Diagram to represent all the forces Active and Reactive acting on the body. Crucial that we get the FBD correct! FBD is the most important single step in a solution to a mechanics problem. Get the reactions correct! Choose an appropriate axes to simplify the solution.

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Pin Jointed Structures or trusses

Consider the internal forces of a structure i.e. forces of action and reaction between connected bars or struts -members.

What is a Pin Jointed Structure or Truss?

It is an Engineering term used to describe a structure composed of pin jointed members. Only two forces can act on the member (there are only two joints in a given member) Assumption: The mass of the members can be neglected; and a truss is only loaded or supported at the joints of its members.

Principle of analysis
To analyse we dismember the structure and look at separate FBDs of individual members or combinations of members. NB: Have to think carefully about Newtons 3rd law!

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Formal analysis of pin jointed structures or trusses

3 Key assumptions: All joints are frictionless pin joints therefore each member is subject ONLY to tensile or compressive forces. No bending. External loads are applied ONLY at joints. Members are light compared to applied loads or induced forces and therefore the weight of the member is negligible.

Two methods of analysis 1. Method of Joints

In this method we consider satisfying the conditions for equilibrium for the forces acting on the connecting pin of each joint. Equilibrium of concurrent forces at pins only two independent equilibrium equations are involved (force equilibrium)

2. Method of Sections
In this method we consider an entire section of the structure for the free body under equilibrium. Takes advantage of the third equilibrium equation (moment equilibrium) as well as the force equilibrium.
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Lever Systems (Frames and Machines)

Lever Systems also known as Frames and Machines are structures containing pin-connected multiforce members. Multiforce member defined as one with three or more forces acting on it. Frames: designed to support loads and usually fixed Machines: Contain moving parts designed to transmit forces or couples.

Principles of analysis of frames and machines

They contain multiforce members (or levers) so generally the forces in these members will NOT be in the direction of the members! CANNOT use Method of Joints or Method of Sections. We have looked previously at equilibrium of a single rigid body. Here we look at equilibrium of interconnected rigid bodies. Forces are found by isolating the member (or lever) with a Free Body Diagram and applying equilibrium conditions. We must carefully consider actions and reactions when we represent the forces of interaction on the FBD.
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