Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ENGG1960
Chapter Objectives
Determine the forces in the members of a truss using the method of joints and the method of sections Analyse forces acting on the members of frames and machines composed of pinconnected members
Chapter 4 Outline
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Plane Trusses 4.3 The Method of Joints 4.4 The Method of Sections 4.5 Space Trusses 4.6 Frames and Machines 4.7 Chapter Review
4.1 Introduction
In 1867, an anatomist named Meyer presented his work on trabecular orientation at a scientific meeting. An engineer, Culmann, noticed a remarkable resemblance between the structures of trabecular bone being displayed by Meyer and the elements present in his own engineering drawings. Principle stress lines calculated for the curved beam of a crane he had designed appeared to closely follow the architecture of the bone. Shown below in Fig. 18. is a famous drawing depicting the principal stress lines of Culmanns crane alongside Meyers femural bone
The basic element of a plane truss is a triangle. Three bars joined by pins at their ends constitute a rigid frame. A non-rigid, moveable frame can be made with four or more bars joined at their ends. This can be made rigid by addition of a diagonal bar.
Usually assume the connections are pin joints, when the centrelines of the beams are concurrent as in this diagram. Assume all forces act through the pin joints.
Basic Method:
1. Find any unknown reaction forces at the constrained edges of the truss using the overall equilibrium of the truss. 2. Choose a joint at which you know one force, and have no more than 2 unknown forces. ie. choose a joint where there are only 2 bars.
3. Draw the free body diagram for the pin in that joint.
4. Apply equilibrium to the joint in both x and y directions. Write down the equilibrium equations. 5. Solve the equilibrium equations for the unknown forces in the two bars. 6. Repeat 3-5 for all the joints in the truss, using the forces you have just found, until all forces are known.
asdas
asdas
We draw a "line" through the members we are interested in, dividing the structure in two, and then apply equilibrium to that substructure.
3. Draw the free body diagram for the subsection of the truss.
4. Write the equilibrium equations for that section 5. Solve the equilibrium equations to find the unknown forces in the members.
It consists of either:
(1) 3 bars in triangle shape on ground or other fixed surface (2) 6 bars which form a non-collapsible triangular prism.
(1)
(2)
F = 0
Begin at a joint which has at least 1 known force and no more than 3 unknown forces Method of Sections for Space Trusses This method is not widely used. The vector equations
F = 0
and
M = 0
Must be satisfied for any section of the truss, where the zero moment sum will hold for all moment axis.
Usually, you should break into rectangular components. This means the calculation of the moment arms is simplified.
Sometimes you need to assign an arbitrary direction to a force if you are not sure of the true direction. It is essential you are consistent. For example, in the figure, Ax is in the opposite direction when it is pictured in the two different bodies.
For a ball-and-socket connection between members of a space frame, we must apply the actionand-reaction principle to all three components.
The assumed directions are wrong if the answers turn out ve. So, you would need to change the directions of the force on both members and to reverse the sign of its force in terms of its equations.
SOLUTION
1. Find the reaction forces at A and C.
Analyse Joint A. We choose A because it has only 2 members, and we know the reaction force. We could also have chosen joint C first. 2. Draw the free body diagram for the pin at joint A: o
4. Solve the equilibrium equations to find the force in members AB and AD.
5. Solve the equilibrium equations to find the force in members BC and BD.
Next, analyse joint C: 6. Draw the free body diagram of the pin at joint C: o 7. Write the equilibrium equations at joint C
Overview:
SOLUTION
2. Choose the section line through members GE, GC and BE. 3. Draw the free body diagram of the subsection:
5. Solve the equilibrium equations to find the unknown forces in the members.