The Nervous System Review Answer Key

00Review Questions:
1. What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system? What do they include 2. What are the 3 main parts of all neurons? Distinguish between an axon and a dendrite. 3. Distinguish between the 3 types of neurons. What is another name for the sensory and motor neurons? 4. What are dendrites and axons of neurons sometimes called? chwann cells lay down several layers of cellular membrane containing myelin ! and are covered by an outermost sheath called the neurilemma ! which plays an important role in nerve regeneration in the "# . $. What is meant by the resting membrane potential? What is its value? %s it positive or negative? &. Describe the distribution of sodium and potassium ions on either side of the axomembrane. What is this une'ual distribution of ions due to? %n which direction will the ions be pumped? (. Why are there always more positive ions outside the axomembrane than inside? What accounts for the polarity recorded on the oscilloscope? What contributes toward the negative charge in the axoplasm? ). %f an axon is stimulated! the trace that appears on an oscilloscope screen is called the action potential . *. During the upswing of the action potential! what ion will flow into the axon? What happens to the charge on the inside of the axon? What is this termed? 1+. What happens when the potassium gates open? What term is used to describe this? 11. Why is the sodium,potassium pump important after repolari-ation has occurred? .he time period in which the neuron is unable to conduct a nerve impulse is termed the refractory or recovery period. 12. Why is the speed of conduction much faster in myelinated fibers than unmyelinated nerve fibres? What is this type of conduction called? 13. What is the difference between the presynaptic membrane! synapse! synaptic cleft! and the postsynaptic membrane? 14. What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the axon/s presynaptic membrane? .he substances that are released are termed neurotransmitters . 1$. What happens to the postsynaptic membrane if a neurotransmitter substance is excitatory? %f inhibitory? 1&. 0ist 2 excitatory neurotransmitters and the en-ymes that brea1 them down. 1(. What will determine whether a neuron will fire? .his is called threshold 1). #ame the part of our body that integrated the information it receives from all over our body in order to ma1e decisions. 1*. What is the peripheral nervous system made up of? Where are the cell bodies found within the "# ? 2+. Define the all,or,none law. Why doesn/t a nerve obey this law? 21. Distinguish between the 3 types of nerves. 22. 23. What type of nerves are found in the dorsal and ventral roots? What does the somatic nervous system do? 24. What is a reflex? 0ist the path in a simple reflex arc. 2$. What is the function of the autonomic nervous system? 2&. Where does the sympathetic nervous system arise? What neurotransmitter is associated with this system?

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

2 2(. What are the 2 parts of the 2# ? What is the function of the meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid? 2). What are the 2 main functions of the spinal cord? 2*. Which part of the unconscious brain lies closest to the spinal cord and contains centers for the heartbeat! respiration! vasoconstriction! and various reflex centers? 3+. Which part of the brain functions to3 a. maintain homeostasis and control the pituitary gland? b. regulate breathing rate along with the medulla? c. act as a central relay station for incoming sensory impulses traveling to the cerebrum? d. act as a gate1eeper to the cerebrum? #ame the specific part that achieves this function. e. coordinate muscle activity! muscle tone! and maintain power? 31. #ame the largest part of the human brain that is responsible for consciousness. 0ist the lobes of the brain. 32. What is the role of association areas? What is the function of the corpus callosum? 33. Describe what ta1es place during epilepsy. 34. What is the relationship between learning and the number of synapses?

Completion and Short Answer Questions3

1. .he peripheral nervous system may be divided into the somatic autonomic 2. 4 motor neuron has a short long divisions. 5long6short7 axon and and

5long6short7 dendrites. sodium ion moves to synapse .

3. During depolari-ation of the nerve impulse! the the inside of the neuron.

4. .he 8unction between one neuron and another is called a $. 9eflexes outside the body.

are automatic! involuntary responses to changes inside or

&. :ach division of the autonomic nervous system controls the same organs! but they generally have opposite effects. I.e. Sympathetic Vs parasympathetic cerebrum 5cerebral cortex7 .

(. .he largest portion of the human brain is the

). .he parasympathetic nervous system causes the heartbeat to 5increase6decrease7 *. .he system. meninges

decrease

are protective membranes covering the central nervous

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

3 1+. .he limbic system lies 8ust below the cortex of the cerebrum that when stimulated will cause the individual to experience rage! pain! pleasure or sorrow. 11. %n the diagram below! label a! b! and c as either the motor neuron! interneuron! or sensory neuron. 1. 4ll the parts labeled ;1 in the diagram below are called dendrites .heir function is to conduct nerve impulses to cell bodies

2. 4ll the parts labeled ;2 in the diagram below are called cell bodies .heir function is to impulse if re'uired 3. 4ll the parts labeled ;3 in the diagram below are called axons .heir function is to conduct nerve impulses away form the cell bodies ta1e the sum of all impulses collected by dendrites! restores nerve

4. 4ll the parts labeled ;4 in the diagram below are called axon bulbs,terminals7 .heir function is to conduct nerve impulses across the synapses to the next neuron

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

4

12. Dendrites and axons of neurons are sometimes called fibers or processes . chwann cells have a supportive! nutritive and communicative function for neurons. chwann cells are found in the leaving gaps called #odes of 9anvier "# . <yelin and encircle a fiber! a lipid

substance that is an excellent insulator! gives nerve fibers a white! glistening appearance.

13. .he nerve cell of the nervous system is called the which there are three types! sensory 5afferent7

neuron !

! of motor 5efferent7

and interneurons 5association neurons7 neurons ganglia 14. .he voltage

. #erves are composed of a number of

. 2ell bodies are found in the central system and in of the peripheral system. is a measure of the electrical potential difference

between two points! and the instrument that shows the change in voltage with time is called an oscilloscope . When the nerve impulse 8umps saltatory 58umping7

from node of 9anvier to node of 9anvier! it is called conduction.

1$. .he resting membrane potential! when an axon is not conducting an impulse! is about ,&$m= which indicates that the inside of the neuron is compared to the outside. .he concentration of greater outside the axon! and the concentration of >? is greater negatively charged sodium inside ions is the

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

$ axon. .his une'ual distribution of ions is due to the action of the sodium6potassium pump in which #a? are pumped out and >? into the axon. "olarity of the axon is due to potassium negatively charged ions being more permeable than #a? and the presence of large! organic molecules in the axoplasm.

1&. 4n

action potential

! which is the nerve impulse! occurs when a into

threshold is reached. @pon stimulation! the sodium gates open! #a? flows

the axon! and the action potential swings up from ,&$m= to ?4+ m=. During depolari-ation the inside of the fiber becomes positive as #a? enters. During polari-ation! the re,

>? move to the outside! and the action potential swings down to ,&$m=. %n period! the fiber is unable to conduct an impulse.

refractory

1(. .he site where an axon meets a dendrite 5or cell body7 is called a .he membrane of the first neuron is called the presynaptic

synapse membrane!

and the membrane of the next neuron is called the postsynaptic membrane. .he gap between the two is called the cleft . When a nerve impulse ions

reaches a synaptic ending! the membrane becomes permeable to calcium which interact with actin causing microfilaments to pull the synaptic vesicles

to the presynaptic membrane. When the neurotransmitter is discharged! it diffuses across the cleft to a receptor occurs! sodium channels open and a nerve impulse may form. on the postsynaptic membrane. %f excitation

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

1). 4cetylcholine and & norepinephine can be excitatory or inhibitory according to acetylcholinesterase brea1s down

the type of receptor. .he en-yme

acetylcholine! and in other synapses! the neurotransmitter is rapidly reabsorbed so as to prevent continuous stimulation of postsynaptic membranes.

1*. What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? peripheral and

central

. .he peripheral nervous system 5"# 7 contains cranial nerves somatic system controls the

spinal nerves. %n the "# .! the autonomic

s1eletal muscles! and the

system controls the smooth

muscles! cardiac muscles! and glands.

2+.

#erves neurons

are bundles of fibers which are processes of . 2ollections of cell bodies found within the "# are called cranial nerves and 31 pairs

ganglia . Aumans have 12 pairs of

of spinal nerves! which are all classified as mixed nerves. 4n individual nerve fiber! but not a nerve! obeys an all,or,nothing law. 5fires maximally or not at all7

21. What does the somatic nervous system serve? exterior sense organs . 9eceptors

<usculos1eletal system receive bring about a

environmental stimuli and initiate nerve impulses. reaction to the stimulus.

:ffectors

22.

9eflexes

are automatic! involuntary responses to changes occurring inside

or outside the body. %n the spinal reflex! 5reflex arc7! a receptor in the s1in generates a

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

nerve impulse that moves along a ( sensory neuron that passes to many motor

interneurons in the spinal cord. .he interneurons send impulses to a

neuron whose axon causes the muscle fibers 5an effector7 to contract.

23. 0ist three characteristics of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic system. a. b. c. function automatically and subconsciously service all internal organs use 2 neurons and 1 ganglion per impulse 1st , in 2# and a

Where is the cell body of the first and second neuron found? Bpreganglionic fiber

2nd , cell body in the ganglion and a postganglionic fiber. middle ! but

24. <ost preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system arise from the portion of the spinal cord. .he preganglionic fiber is the postganglionic fiber is long. .his system is important during short

emergency

situations and is associated with Bfight or flightC . .he parasympathetic system is referred to as the craniosacral 5dont need to know!) portion of the autonomic long compared to a short

system! and the preganglionic fiber is

postganglionic fiber. .he parasympathetic system promotes responses associated with a relaxed state while releasing acetylcholine .

2$. .he central nervous system consists of the

brain and spinal cord meninges .

which

are wrapped in three protective membranes 1nown as cerebrospinal

fluid is found between the meninges! within the ventricles #euroglial cells

of the brain! and in the central canal of the spinal cord.

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

outnumber neurons nine to one! and they ) ta1e up more than D the volume #euroglial

cells absorb the neurotransmitter glutamate and lie between neurons and the capillary. <icroglial cells denrocytes are phagocytes that clean up debris! whereas form myelin sheaths in the 2# . oligo,

2&. What are the two main function of the spinal cord?

2enter for reflex actions

2. 2ommunication between brain and spinal nerves 5rest of bodies nerves7 .he gray matter has unmyelinated cell bodies! loo1s li1e a butterfly! and short interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons. White

contains

matter has myelinated interneurons that run together in bundles called tracts. Dorsal ascending tracts ta1e information to the brain.

2(. .he

medulla,oblongata mid,brain

contains vital and non,vital reflex centers for head acts as a relay station between the

movements. .he

cerebrum and spinal cord or cerebellum.

.ransmission across a synapse3 0abel the numbered parts in the diagram.

1. synapse 2. vesicles 3. axon 5the end7 4. postsynaptic dendrite $. postsynaptic membrane

). "resynaptic membrane *. "ostsynaptic membrane 5with receptors7 1+. 2ell body 11. dendrites 12. vesicles

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

* &. synaptic cleft (. neurotransmitters

2). .he

hypothalamus

maintains homeostasis by containing

centers for hunger! thirst! body temperature! and water balance and serves as a lin1 between the nervous and endocrine systems. .he thalamus serves as a central

relay station for sensory impulses traveling to the cerebrum 5except for smell7. .he cerebellum posture. 2*. .he cerebrum ! the largest part of the brain! is responsible for cerebral cortex is gray in functions in muscle coordination! muscle tone! and

consciousness. .he outer layer! called the

colour and unmyelinated. .he right and left cerebral hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum ! and the cerebrum has 4 lobes.

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

association consciousness. .he 1+ areas integrate information into higher! complex levels of basal nuclei constitute the central gray matter of

the cerebrum and control some voluntary muscle! but precise functions are not 1nown. .he limbic system! when stimulated! causes the sub8ect to experience pain!

pleasure! etc.! as well as learning and memory. DRUG ABUSE - good backg ound know!edge! 3+. timulants can either enhance the action of an excitatory

neurotransmitter or bloc1 the action of an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Depressants can either enhance the action of an inhibitory neurotransmitter or

bloc1 the action of an excitatory neurotransmitter. Drug abusers are apt to display either a psychological and6or physical dependence physical dependence on the drug. With

the person is tolerant to the drug , he or she must

increase the amount of the drug to get the same effect and has withdrawal symptoms when he or she stops ta1ing the drug. 31. 4lcohol disrupts the normal wor1ings of glycolysis and the >reb/s cycle

by using up the supply of #4D in liver cells. 0actic acid builds up! pA of the blood decreases! and excess active acetate a result! the liver turns second stage! fibrous fatty cannot be bro1en down. 4s ! the first stage in liver deterioration. %n the scar tissue appears. Einally! cirrhosis

of the liver occurs. 4lcohol crosses the placenta freely and causes fetal alcohol syndrome ! characteri-ed by mental retardation. .he calories empty because they do not supply

produced from alcohol brea1down are amino acids! vitamins! and minerals.

32. %n the 2# ! nicotine causes neurons to release nicotine stimulates the same postsynaptic receptors as

dopamine acetylcholine

. %n the "# ! ! and

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

11 leads to increased s1eletal muscle activity. What does the affect of mari8uana depend upon? 4mount! strength of dose! experience of user! environment of use <ari8uana is classified as a hallucinogen since it may affect psycological drug. %t may

seretonin! and excitatory neurotransmitter. <ari8uana use can cause a dependence and has been called a gateway lead to long,term brain impairment or reproductive dysfunction.

23. @sers of cocaine often describe the feeling of euphoria that follows inta1e of the drug as a rush dopamine . 2ocaine prevents the re,upta1e of the neurotransmitter by the presynaptic membrane. With continued cocaine

use! the body ma1es less dopamine and the user experiences tolerance! withdrawl symptoms! and an intense craving for cocaine! indications of addiction. 34. Aeroin! derived from morphine! is usually receptors meant for the endorphins in8ected and binds to

F! neurotransmitters that 1ill pain and

produce tran'uility by preventing the release of substance " in the spinal cord. With time! the body/s production of endorphins decrease and tolerance and dependence

develops so that the user needs to ta1e more of the drug. 2$. 4 new form of methamphetamine is 1nown as used as an alternative to cocaine. Designer drugs are ice analogs and ! that is!

chemical compounds of controlled substances slightly altered.

4cross 2. cerebellum 4. neuron &. synapse (. pons

down 1. acetylcholine 3. myelin $. neuroglia ). ?meninges 5not enough spacesG7

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

12 *. oscilloscope 11. brain 12. reflex 13. dendrite 1+. axon

2ompletion and hort 4nswer 'uestions3 1. .he axon of a neuron conducts nerve impulses away from

the cell body. #eurons that conduct messages from a sense organ to the central nervous system are called sensory ! or afferent neurons. .hose

neurons that conduct an impulse from the 2# to a muscle or gland are called motor ! or efferent! neurons. <uscles or glands! in this case! that effectors . #eurons

respond to a nerve impulse are termed

within the 2# that transmit impulses between sensory and motor neurons are called interneurons 2. What is a nerve fiber? . 4nd axon or a dendrite

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

13 chwann cells in the peripheral nervous system will wrap around an axon and lay down an insulator called myelin that gives nerve fibers a white! glistening

appearance. Haps where myelin is not present on the nerve fiber are called nodes conduction! called . .hese gaps allow the speed of nerve impulse saltatory conduction! to be increased.

3. When an axon is not conducting an impulse! the membrane potential is e'ual to about ,&$ m=! with the inside of the neuron being outside. .his polarity is maintained by the in which sodium ions are pumped axon! and potassium outside negative compared to the pump

sodium6potassium

5inside/outside7 the

ions are pumped into the axon. 4nother name for action potential sodium which forms when the axon

the nerve impulse is the is stimulated. When the

gates open! #a? flow into the axon! causing

the action potential to swing up to ?4+ m= and the membrane to become depolari-ed #ow the >? gates open! >? flow oscilloscope records a repolari-ation out 5out/into7 the axon! and the .

4. 0abel the following diagram of the reflex are and spinal cord. a. effector b. sensory neuron c. interneuron d. motor neuron e. sensory receptor f. dorsal,root ganglion g. white matter h. gray matter i. ventral horn 8. central canal $. %n the above diagram of a spinal reflex arc! a stimulus is received by a receptor such as the s1in! which initiates a nerve impulse in the sensory

neuron. .his neuron conducts the impulse to the gray matter of the spinal cord. 4t this site! a second neuron! called the impulse to the motor interneuron ! conducts the

neuron! whose cell body lies in the ventral horn of !

the gray matter. .his neuron! in turn! innervates an effector usually a muscle or a gland.

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

14 &. "lace each of the following statements in proper se'uence by using the numbers 1,* to describe the transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse. & 1 4 3 $ * en-yme 2 ) "resynaptic membrane becomes permeable to 2a?? #eurotransmitter and receptor initiate excitation or inhibition of postsynaptic #eurotransmitter diffuses across cleft #erve impulse travels to presynaptic membrane <icrofilaments pull synaptic vesicle to presynaptic membrane 2a?? interact with actin filaments ynaptic vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane #eurotransmitter reabsorbed by presynaptic membrane or inactivated by

membrane. ( #eurotransmitter binds to receptor on postsynaptic membrane

(. .he peripheral nervous system contains cranial to the brain and spinal somatic

nerves that connect

nerves that attach to the spinal cord. .he system! which serves the autonomic

"# is subdivided into the

musculos1eletal system and the exterior sense organs! and the

system! which serves the internal body organs. .his last system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

0abel the following parts of the human brain. a. medulla oblongata d. brain stem b. pons e. cerebrum 5cerebral cortex7 c. midbrain

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

1$ f. corpus callosum i. cerebellum g. thalamus 8. spinal cord h. pituitary gland

*. fill in the table below to indicate the functions of the following parts of the brain. I94%# "49. 2:9:I9@< 2:9:I:00@< .A404<@ AK"J.A40<@ <%DI94%# "J# <:D@004 JI0J#H4.4 E@#2.%J# 2onscious thought <uscle coordination and balance 9elay station between sensory input and cerebrum Lunction between nervous6exocrine systems , homeostasis 9elay station between spinal cord and cerebrum ? reflexes Iridge between cerebellum and 2# ? part of resp. centre and some reflexes =ital centers! reflexes Bprimitive brainC , @9=%=40

.rue6 Ealse3 %f you believe the statement to be false! rewrite the statement as a true one. 1. ensory neurons ta1e a message from a sense organ to the 2# and have a short dendrite but a long axon. 4nswer3 f short axons 2. .he sodium,potassium pump maintains a high concentration of #a? inside the membrane and a high >? concentration outside the membrane. 4nswer3 f 9estatement3 sodium outside 6 potassium inside 9estatement3 sensory neurons have long dendrites! and

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

1& 3. %n the "# ! sensory nerves contain long axons! and motor neurons contain long dendrites. 4nswer3 f 9estatement3 oppositeG

4. 4 nerve! when stimulated ! will obey the all,or, none law. 4nswer3 f 9estatement 3 a #:@9J# wiil , nerves are bundles of neuronsa

and they have an additive effect $. .he corpus callosum is a bridge of nerve fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres. 4nswer3 t 9estatement 3

&. .he outer layer of the cerebrum is gray 5unmyelinated7! whereas the outer layer of the spinal cord is white. 4nswer3 t 9estatement3

"atc#ing: "atc# t#e $o!!owing answe s to one o$ t#e state%ents be!ow. a. resting potential d. depolari-ation b. sodium,potassium pump e. repolari-ation c. action potential f. refractory period e >? move out of the axon d b a!f 2harges inside the axon change to positive 4ctive transport system 4xon is not conducting an impulse

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

f c 1( .ime when the axon cannot conduct an impulse 4xon is depolari-ed! then repolari-ed

a. central nervous system c. somatic nervous system e. sympathetic nervous system c d a e b f serves the s1in and muscles serves internal organs

b. peripheral nervous system d. autonomic nervous system f. parasympathetic nervous system

composed of the brain and spinal cord used in Bfight of flightC composed of cranial and spinal nerves used in a relaxed state

a. alcohol b. mari8uana c. cocaine d. heroin e. methamphetamine f. designer drugs f controlled substances that are slightly altered c a e d b an al1aloid that binds to endorphin receptors most abused drug in the @nited tates called BiceC and effect is similar to cocaine causes a rush by affecting dopamine BgatewayC drug that can cause psychological dependence

a. somatic motor pathway b. sympathetic autonomic motor pathway c. parasympathetic autonomic motor pathway b!c a c b uses two neurons per message uses one neuron per message uses acetylcholine as neurotransmitter uses norepinephrine as neurotransmitter

The Nervous System Review Answer Key

b!c a b!c a c b b c c b 1) innervates smooth! cardiac muscle and glands innervates s1eletal muscles used in involuntary muscle movement used in voluntary muscle movement preganglionic motor neuron shorter than postganglionic preganglionic motor neuron shorter than postganglionic neuron preganglionic nerves arise from thoracic,lumbar region preganglionic nerves arise from cranial and sacral region called the Bhouse1eeper systemC used in Bfight or flightC activity