EEE311:DigitalSignalProcessingI

CourseTeacher:Dr.NewazMd.SyfurRahim AssociatedProfessor, DeptofEEE,BUET,Dhaka1000. Syllabus:Asmentionedinyourcoursecalendar ReferenceBooks: 1. DigitalSignalProcessing:Principles,Algorithms,andApplicationsJohnG.Proakis 2. DigitalSignalProcessing:APracticalApproachEmmanuelC.Ifeachor 3. SchaumsOutlinesofDigitalSignalProcessing 4. ModernDigitalSignalProcessingRobertoCristi CourseOutlines: ThiscoursewillcoverChapter1through5ofProakissandChapter5through7ofIfeachorsbook.

SignalsSystemsandSignalProcessing
A signal is a function of one or more independent variables that usually represent time and/ or space. A signal contains some kind of information that can be conveyed, displayed, or manipulated. Examples of signals of particular interests are: Speech,whichweencounterintelephony,radio,andeverydaylife. Biomedicalsignals,suchaselectrocardiogram Soundandmusic,suchasreproducedbyCDplayer Videoandimage,whichpeoplewatchontelevision Radarsignals,whichareusedtodeterminetherangeandbearingofdistanttargets

A system is a practical device that performs an operation on a signal to modify the signal or extract additional informationfromit.Asystemmaybeelectrical,mechanical,thermal,hydraulicoranalgorithm. By signal processing we mean the type of operations that is performed by the system to the signal. Digital signal processingisconcernedwiththedigitalrepresentationofsignalsandtheuseofdigitalprocessorstoanalyze,modify,or extractinformationfromsignals.ThesignalsusedinmostDSParederivedfromanalogsignalswhichhavebeensampled at regular intervals and converted into a digital form. DSP is now used in many areas where analog methods were previouslyusedandinapplicationswhicharedifficultorimpossiblewithanalogmethod.

AdvantagesofDSP
ThemainattractionsofDSPareduetothefollowingadvantages: Digitalsignalcanwithstandchannelnoiseanddistortionmuchbetterthananalogsignal. Repeaterscanbeusedforlongdistancedigitalcommunication Digitalsystemcanbeeasilymodifiedwithsoftwarethatimplementsthespecificapplications. Digitalsignalscanbecodedtoreduceerrorrate. Storageofdigitalsignaliseasyandinexpensiveanddoesnotdeterioratewithage. Reproductionofdigitalmessagesisextremelyreliablewithoutdistortion DSP allows sophisticated applications such as speech recognition and image compression to be implemented withlowpowerportabledevices Theaccuracyisonlydeterminedbythenumberofbitsused. Nodriftinperformancewithtemperatureorage LinearphaseresponsecanbeachievedandcomplexadaptivefilteringalgorithmscanbeimplementedusingDSP techniques.

DSP designs can be expensive when large bandwidth signals are involved. The ADCs/ DACs may not have sufficient resolution for wide bandwidth DSP applications. In some DSP systems if an insufficient number of bits are used to representvariablesseriousdegradationinsystemperformancemayresult.

ApplicationsofDSP
DSPhasrevolutionizedmanyareasofscienceandengineering.Theyaresummarizedbelow: Measurements and analysis: Preconditioning the measured signal by rejecting the disturbing noise and interference. The digital filters can be found in ECG and EEG equipment to record the weak signals in the presenceofheavybackgroundnoiseandinterference.DSPtechniquesarealsousedfortheanalysisofradarand sonar echoes. In most GPS receivers today advanced DSP techniques are employed to enhance resolution and reliability.[+patientmonitoring,Xraystorage,enhancement] Telecommunications: DSP is used in telephone systems for DTMF (dualtone multifrequency) signaling, echo cancellingof telephonelines,equalizersforhighspeedtelephonemodems,etc.Errorcorrectingcodesareused to protect digital signals from bit errors during data transmissions. Data compression algorithms are utilized to reduce the number of data bits to represent given information. DSP is used for speech coding in GSM (global systemformobilecommunication)telephones,inmodulatorsanddemodulatorsetc.[+videoconferencing,data communication]

 Audio and television: Digital signal processing is mandatory in CD players, digital audio tape (DAT) and digital compact cassette (DCC) recorder. Digital methods are also used in digital audio broadcasting (DAB). HDTV systemsareutilizinglotsofdigitalimageprocessingtechniques. Digital image processing: Digital image processing is used for restoring blurred or distorted images, data compression, identification and analysis of pictures and photos. [+pattern recognition, satellite weather map, facsimile] Automotive: In automotive business DSP is used for control purposes. For example, ignition and injection control system, intelligent suspension system, antiskid brakes, climate control systems, intelligent cruise controllers, airbag controllers etc. Some speech recognition and speech synthesis are being tasted in automobiles. Experiments have been performed for background noise cancellation in cars using adaptive digital filters.

BasicElementsofDSPSystems
TheblockdiagramofatypicalDSPsystemisshowninFigurebelow.

The analog input filter is used to bandlimit the input signal before digitization to reduce aliasing. The ADC converts the analog input signal into a digital form. The heart of the system is the digital processor (Motorola MC68000, Texas Instruments TMS320C25). The digital processor may implement one of the several DSP algorithms, such as, digital filtering.Afterprocessingthesignalmaybestoredinacomputermemoryforlateruseoritmaybedisplayedgraphically onadisplayunit.

Sampling

Sampling is the acquisition of a continuous signal at discrete time intervals. The sampled signal is continuous in amplitude but defined only in discrete points in time. The process is shown in Figure above. The signal obtained in this wayiscalleddiscretetimesignalandisrepresentedas x ( n ) .

x(n) = xa (nT ) ;

< n <

where,Tisthesamplingperiod.Theinverseofitissamplingfrequency, Fs . [ Fs = 1/ T ]

Basicsignals

1. Unitsampleorunitimpulse, ( n)

( n) =

1 n = 0 0 n 0

x (n) = 1.5 (n + 2) (n + 1) + 1.2 (n) 0.5 (n 2) + 1.6 (n 3)

Note:AnyD.T.signalcanbeexpandedinto, x( n) = 2. Unitstep, u ( n)

k =

x(k ) (n k ) .

1 n0 )= u (n 0 n < 0
3. Sinusoidalsignals Acontinuoustimesinusoidalsignalisdefinedas, x(t ) = A cos(0t + ) .Adiscretetimesinusoidisobtainedby samplingacontinuoustimesinusoidwithsamplinginterval, Ts as,

x(n) = x(nTs ) = A cos(0 nTs + ) = A cos(0 n + )

2 F0 = 2 f 0 = 0 iscalledthedigitalfrequency. Fs

where, 0Ts =

4. Exponentialsignal, a n (or e n where, a = e and = + j )

Somepeculiaritiesofdiscretetimesinusoids
Therearetwounexpectedpropertiesofdiscretetimesinusoidswhichdistinguishthemwithcontinuoustimesinusoids. 1. A continuoustime sinusoid is always periodic regardless of its frequency, . But a Discretetime sinusoid is periodiconlyif is 2 timessomerationalnumber. 2. A discretetime sinusoid does not have unique waveform for each value of . In fact, discretetime sinusoids with frequencies separated by the multiples of 2 are identical. Thus a sinusoid cos 0 n = cos(0 + 2 k )n = cos k n wherekisaninteger. Adiscretetimesinusoid x(n) = A cos(0 n + ) isperiodicwithperiod N 0 ,if x(n) = x(n + N 0 ) .Applyingthiscondition weget, 0 N 0 = 2 m or, N 0 = 2

. N 0 andmareintegers.

4 Figure above shows three sinusoids, cos n, cos n and cos 0.8n . The period of first and the second sinusoids are 8 4 17
and17respectively.Thethirdsinusoidisnotperiodic. Fromthesecondpropertyitcanbesaidthatsinusoidalsignalhasuniquewaveformoverarangeof 2 .We mayselect this range to be to , 0 to 2 , to 3 etc. We shall select this range as to . We call this range as the fundamental range of frequencies. Thus a sinusoid of any frequency is identical to some sinusoid of frequency f in thefundamentalrange to .Thus, cos(8.7 n + ) = cos(0.7 n + ) and cos(9.6 n + ) = cos( 0.4 n + ) . Therefore, the frequency 8.7 is identical to the frequency 0.7 in the fundamental range. Also the frequency 9.6 is identicaltothefrequency 0.4 inthefundamentalrange. Furtherreductioninfrequencyrange Consider, cos(9.6 n + ) = cos( 0.4 n + ) = cos(0.4 n ) . Thisresultshowsthatasinusoidofanyfrequency canalwaysbeexpressedasasinusoidoffrequency f ,where

f liesinthefrequencyrange0to .
Asystematicproceduretoreducethefrequencyofasinusoid cos( n + ) istoexpress as,

= f + 2 m ;

f andmisaninteger.

Nonuniquenessofdiscretetimesinusoid Figurebelowshowshowtwodifferentcontinuoustimesinusoidsofdifferentfrequenciesgenerateidenticaldiscrete timesinusoid.

Highestoscillationrateindiscretetimesinusoid Therateofoscillationofasinusoidincreasescontinuouslyas increasesfrom 0 to .Therateofoscillationdecreases

15 0 = or 8 8 7 0 = or 4 4 3 0 = or 2 2

As increases from to 2 . This is illustrated in Figure above. A frequency ( + x ) actually appears as the frequency

( x ) .
Samplingcontinuoustimesinusoidandaliasing Iftwosequences x1 (n) = A cos(1n + 1 ) and x2 (n) = A cos(2 n + 2 ) havefrequenciesandphasesrelatedby,

2 = 1 + 2k , 2 = 1

or, 2 = 1 + 2k , 2 = 1

with k an integer, then the two sinusoidal sequences have the same samples, i.e. x1 (n) = x2 (n) . This is illustrated in Figurebelow. Here, 1 , 1 + 2 , 1 and 1 + 2 representsthesamesignal in the time domain. If we limit the digital frequency within the interval to then there is one to one correspondence between the signals and their frequency representation. For each frequency in the interval to the corresponding aliasesarealloutsidetheinterval to itself. Now,therangeofuniquedigitalfrequencies,

T
Or,

/ T / T or, Fs Fs
Or,

s s 2 2

This implies that the highest frequency of an analog signal must be less than half the sampling frequency to avoid aliasing.