Unfired pressure vessel classifications

Unfired Pressure Vessel

Drums

Storage vessel

Reactor

Columns

Separators

Exchangers

Surge drum

Atmospheric

Radial flow

Fractionation

Liquid-solid

Reboiler

Accumulator

Pressure

Axial flow

Distillation

Liquid-liquid

Evaporator

Catalyst drum

Radial & axial

Separation

Gas-liquid

Condenser

Resin & filter

Single bed

Gas-solid

Cooler

Storage

Multi bed

Filter

Plate

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers What are they for.. For exchanging heat, of course. Most importantly, to recover and reuse generated heat, rather than merely exchanging heat

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they work.. By transferring the heat from a hot medium to another colder medium, without mixing the fluids In most exchangers, heat is transferred by means of conduction through the fixed walls of the exchangers This process relies on the thermal conductivity of a solid material and those of the fluids

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they work..continued When designing exchangers, consider the following; Thermal conductivity of tubes Corrosion resistance Heating surface areas

Turbulence of fluid must be as high as possible because thermal conductivity of fluid varies in direct proportion to the fluid turbulence
Fluid flow rate

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they work..continued Generally, the thermal conductivity of a substance is lower when it is in vapor phase or gas phase, than when it is in liquid phase

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like..

Figure 6.1: Heat exchanger nomenclatures

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like..

Figure 6.1: Heat exchanger nomenclatures

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like..

Figure 6.2: Heat exchanger classifications, as per TEMA

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. Shell & tube bundle exchangers The most widely used type of exchangers A bundle is enclosed inside a shell Fluids never come into contact with each other

Tubes are attached to tubesheet by welding, brazing, or rolling

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. Shell & tube bundle exchangers Baffle plates For causing the fluid flow inside the shell side to come into contact with as much tube surface as possible, hence more heat transfer will take place They also provide support to the tubes

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. Shell & tube bundle exchangers Fixed tubesheet Both ends of the tube bundle are rigid little expansion of the tubes Used when temperature difference between two fluids is small

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. Shell & tube bundle exchangers Fixed tubesheet

Figure 6.3: A fixed tube plate exchanger

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. Shell & tube bundle exchangers Floating head with removable bundle Allows the floating tubesheet to be slipped into the shell for ease of installation and removal

Figure 6.4: An example of a floating head exchanger

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. Shell & tube bundle exchangers U-tube exchanger Allows large amount of tube expansion

Figure 6.5: An example of a U-tube heat exchanger

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.

Figure 6.6: Tube passes arrangements

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.

Figure 6.7: An example of a tubesheet

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they work.. Reboilers Installed at bottom of columns Used to provide boilup for distillation and similar towers They generate pressure required to push the vapor up the column Vapor pressure generated must overcome pressure drop inside column

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. Reboilers

Figure 6.8: Various types of reboilers

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they work.. Reboilers Kettle type Tube bundle inside an oversize shell which provides large vapor space above the bundle This large vapor space is where liquid and gas phases are separated and then withdrawn separately

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. Reboilers Kettle type

Figure 6.9: A kettle type reboiler

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they work.. Reboilers Thermosyphon The fluid will circulate at a rate which the pressure losses in the system are just balanced by the available hydrostatic head The driving force for circulation round the system is the difference in density of the cold liquid at the bottom column base and inlet piping, and the hot two-phase fluid in the upper exchanger tubes and outlet piping Top tubesheet at same level as liquid level inside tower

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers What are they for.. Evaporators To remove solvent by vaporization from solids that are not soluble Used to produce concentrated liquid

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they work.. Evaporators Circulation of flow may be natural or forced with pumps Forced circulation evaporators are for viscous and fouling services but also more expensive Most evaporators use natural circulation

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. Evaporators

Figure 6.10: A few types of evaporators

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. Evaporators

Figure 6.11: Other examples of evaporators

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers What are they for.. Condensers To reduce vapor temperature to the point of condensation i.e. vapor transforms into condensate

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they work.. Condensers When freezing can occur, condensation is normally performed on the shell side to prevent clogging When condensing mixtures whose lighter components are soluble in the condensate, tube side condensation is preferred because drainage is less complete and allows condensation to take place at higher temperatures

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like..

Condensers

Figure 6.12: Various types of condenser

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. Condensers

Figure 6.13: A badly clogged seawater condenser

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers What are they for.. exposed tube bundles Air coolers Cooler when a hot fluid is cooled to a lower desired temperature by transfer of heat to water Air cooler when a hot fluid is cooled by air

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they work.. exposed tube bundles Air coolers Since air is not as good as water in removing heat, the process of exchanging heat is further enhanced by installing fins outside the tubes The process fluids flows through finned tubes and cooling air is blown across them with fans Air cooler is easier to maintain than water cooler because air is not corrosive and unlikely to foul

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. exposed tube bundles Air coolers

Figure 6.14: Two types of air coolers

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. Plate heat exchangers

Figure 6.15: A plate heat exchanger being serviced

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. Plate heat exchangers

Figure 6.16: A schematic of a plate heat exchanger

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like.. Plate heat exchangers

Figure 6.17: Fluid flow inside a plate heat exchanger

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like..

Figure 6.18: Various tube fins constructions

PMTSB 2006

Heat exchangers How do they look like..

Figure 6.19: Various tube fin attachment constructions

PMTSB 2006

End of PART B

PETRONAS Management Training Sdn Bhd 2006. All right reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.