1986 Schijve. Fatigue of aircraft structures.

pdf
The classical review of principles and procedures used to design aerospace structures against fatigue.

2000 Barnes. The FAA operational loads monitoring program.PDF

To specify the loads for different structural members, operational loads are usually taken from flight surveys. For a new aircraft, the data obtained for previous similar aircraft is usually used. The paper presents basic principles, aims and achievements of loads monitoring program carried out by FAA (Federal Aviation Administration of United States). You can read this paper to understand how the load data is obtained.

2006 Statistical Loads Data for the Boeing 777-200ER Aircraft in Commercial Operations.pdf
This is an example of reports composed under the operational loads monitoring program mentioned above. You can look through it to understand what kind of information about the loads is usually available for aircraft. It is also useful if you want to know how the flight load data is being processed.

2003 Taylor et al. A Brief History of Aircraft Loads Analysis Methods.pdf

The name of paper stays for itself.

2005 Divenah, Beaufils. Large Commercial Aircraft Loading Spectra_ Overview and State of the Art.pdf
A must read paper. Indicates basic approaches used in Airbus to calculate the fatigue life for aircraft structural members.

CS-25 Amdt 12.pdf

These Certification Specifications (CS) issued by EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency) represent the airworthiness requirements according to which each aircraft should be designed, tested, certified and used. CS-25 is applicable to large planes, while different parts (CS-23 etc.) are applicable for light aircraft, helicopters etc. Certification Specifications are harmonized with FAR issued by FAA in United States and ( ) issued by ( ) in Russia and post-Soviet countries. Thus, nowadays all aircraft around the world are certified according to same requirements, having practically no difference is physics. Some local differences in documentation are present, though. Before 1990-s Soviet Union had its own airworthiness requirements which were much more detailed and concrete comparing to modern requirements used worldwide. Practically, modern requirements mostly contain general instructions, mostly in verbal description, while formulas and values of coefficients are given only for most basic requirements. Thats why modern airworthiness requirements are very hard to being used by inexperienced engineers which do not know the exact procedures which are usually used to fulfill requirements. You can look though the subpart C (Structure) to get a general idea about the requirements set for static and fatigue strength or aircraft. Concentrate on the chapter 25.571 which is about fatigue. Also read acceptable means of compliance (AMC) for this chapter (they start on page 378). Very important paragraph is 3.2.2 (about scatter factors for safe-life design).