You are on page 1of 27

The Judicial System of Pakistan

by
Registrar, Supreme Court of Pakistan

Dr Faqir Hussain

General The roots of the current judicial system of Pakistan stretch back to the medieval period and even before. The judicial system that we practise today has evolved over a long period of time, spanning roughly over a whole millennium. The system has passed through several epochs covering the Hindu era, Muslim period including the Mughal dynasty, British colonial period and post independence period. !otwithstanding the successive changes i.e. one rule"dynasty substituted by the other, which naturally resulted in the socio economic and political transformation of the #ndian society, the judicial system generally maintained a steady growth and gradual advance towards consolidation and improvement"refinement, without indeed, having to undergo any major disruption or substantial change. $ll in all, the system e%perienced and passed through & distinct stages of historical development, namely, Hindu 'ingdom, Muslim rule and British colonial domination. The (th and current era, commenced with the partition of #ndia and the establishment of Pakistan as a sovereign and independent )tate. The system, thus, has evolved through a process of reform and development. This conclusion enjoys near unanimity among historians and commentators of #ndian legal history. *uring this process of evolution and growth, the judicial system did receive influences and inspirations from foreign doctrines"notions and indigenous norms"practices, both in terms of organising courts+ structure and hierarchy, and following procedures"practices in reaching decisions. Therefore, the present judicial system is not an entirely foreign transplant, as is commonly alleged, but has ac,uired an indigenous flavour and national colour. $nd whereas the system may not fully suit the genius of our people or meet the local conditions, its continued application and practice has made it intelligible to the common man. The very fact that the people are making resort to the courts for the

resolution of their conflicts"disputes indicates that the system enjoys a degree of legitimacy and acceptance. Historical -etrospect . Hindu Period

The Hindu period roughly e%tends from ./00 B1 until ./00 $*. #nformation on the judicial system during Hindu period has been somewhat sketchy, gathered mostly from scattered sources, such as ancient books like *haramshastra, )miritis and $rthashastra, and commentaries of the same by historians and jurists. These sources construct a well defined system of administration of justice during the Hindu period. The 'ing was regarded as the fountain of justice who also discharged judicial functions. #n this task, judges as well as his ministers and counsellors assisted him. He was the final judicial authority and court of ultimate appeal. $t the 1apital, besides the 'ing+s 1ourt, the 1ourt of 1hief 2ustice e%isted. This 1ourt, in hierarchy, was ne%t to the 'ing+s 1ourt and appeal against its decisions lay to the 'ing+s 1ourt. The judges were appointed on the basis of their ,ualifications and scholarship but the choice was mostly restricted to upper caste i.e. Brahmins. $t the village level, tribunals dispensed justice, consisting of the assembly of the village, or the caste or the family.3.4 The village Headman acted as 2udge"Magistrate for the community. *ecisions by such tribunals were usually through conciliation. The decisions of village"town courts"tribunals were appealable in the higher courts and final appeal lay before the 'ing+s 1ourt. Besides, judgment by the courts, the system of arbitration was also invoked. $s regards the procedure followed in the courts"tribunals, no formal rules e%isted, as the law applicable was not statutory but customary and moral. The determination of truth and punishment of the wrong doer was regarded as a religious duty. 1ivil proceedings commenced with the filing of a claim which was replied to by the opposite party. Both parties were allowed to produce witnesses so as to prove their respective claims. 5n the conclusion of the trial, decision was pronounced which was duly enforced. #t appears thus, that the system of administration of justice, as it operated in ancient #ndia, was not

&

substantially different from what it is in the modern times. #n a sense, the current system seems to be a continuation of the former practices and procedures. 6. Muslim Period

The Muslim period in the #ndian )ub 1ontinent roughly begins in the ..th century $.*. This period may be divided into two parts i.e. the period of early Muslim rulers who ruled *elhi and some other parts of #ndia and the Mughal period, which replaced such Muslim and other rulers in ./67 $.*. The Mughal dynasty lasted until the middle of .8th century.

*uring the period of Muslim rulers, the #slamic law generally held the ground and remained the law of the land in settling civil and criminal disputes. However, common customs and traditions were also invoked in settling secular matters. These rulers were not particularly keen on applying the #slamic law to each and every sphere of life, and let the indigenous customs and institutions continue side by side with #slamic law and institutions. *uring this period, different courts were established and functioned at the central, provincial, district and tehsil 9Pargana: level. These courts had defined jurisdiction in civil, criminal and revenue matters and operated under the authority of the 'ing. 5n the top of judicial hierarchy was the 'ing+s 1ourt, presided over by the 'ing himself, e%ercising original as well as appellate jurisdiction. The 'ing was the head of judicial administration and he made all appointments to judicial posts. Persons of recognised scholarship, known competence and high integrity were appointed to such posts. The judges held office during the pleasure of the 'ing.
The Mughals improved upon the previous e%perience and created an organised system of administration of justice all over the country. 1ourts were created at each and every unit of the administrative division. $t the village level, the Hindu system of Panchayats 91ouncil of ;lders: was retained, which decided petty disputes of civil and criminal nature, using conciliation and mediation as means of settling disputes. $t the town level, there e%isted courts, presided over by <a=i e Parganah. )imilarly, at the district 9)arkar: and provincial 9)ubah: level, courts of <a=is were established. The highest court at the provincial level was that of $dalat !a=im e )ubah. )imilarly, for revenue cases, officers known as $min were appointed at the town level. $t the district level, revenue cases were dealt with by $malgu=ar and at the provincial level by *iwan. The )upreme -evenue 1ourt was called, the #mperial *iwan. )ide by side, with civil and revenue

courts, criminal courts, presided over by >aujdar, 'otwal, )hi,dar and )ubedar functioned. 364 The highest court of the land was the ;mperor+s 1ourt, e%ercising original and appellate jurisdiction.

$lthough these courts generally e%ercised e%clusive jurisdiction in different categories of cases, however, sometimes their jurisdiction was inter mi%ed, in as much as, officers dealing with criminal cases were also re,uired to act as revenue courts. >urthermore, whereas territorially these courts formed a concentric organisation, their jurisdiction was not always e%clusive on the basis of territorial limits. Thus, a plaintiff may choose to file his suit in a town or a district or a province. The pecuniary jurisdiction of the courts was also not defined? hence, a case of higher value may be filed in a court of small town. )imilarly, appellate jurisdiction e%isted but was not well defined. Thus, a plaintiff or a complainant, not satisfied with a decision, may file a second suit"complaint in another court. )uch later court would decide the matter afresh, without indeed taking into consideration the earlier finding of the court. The emperor made the judicial appointments and persons of high scholarship and good reputation were appointed to the posts. #nstructions were given to the judges to be neutral and impartial? and complaints against them were taken seriously. 1orrupt officials were removed. 1onse,uently, the scales of justice were very high. 3&4 The procedure followed in civil cases was not much different from the procedure, which is applicable today. 5n a suit being filed, the court summoned the opposite party to admit or deny the claim. #ssues were framed in the presence of both the parties who were then re,uired to produce evidence in support of their respective claims. )imple cases were decided, based on such evidence, however, in complicated cases, the judge may launch his own investigation into the matter. 3(4 Ma%imum effort was made to find the truth. 5n the conclusion of the proceedings, judgment was pronounced and duly e%ecuted. @itigants were allowed to present their cases either personally or through agents. )uch agents were not e%actly lawyers 9in the modern sense of the term: but were fully conversant with the judicial procedure. $n officer of the court called Mufti, attached to the court, made the interpretation of law. 3/4 & British Period

The ;ast #ndia 1ompany was authorised by the 1harter of .76& to decide the cases of its ;nglish employees. The 1ompany, therefore, established its own courts. The President and 1ouncil of the 1ompany decided all cases of civil or criminal nature. The subse,uent charters further e%panded such powers. Thus the 1harter of .77. authorised the Aovernor and 1ouncil to decide not only the cases of the 1ompany employees but also of persons residing in the settlement. #n deciding such cases, the Aovernor and the 1ouncil applied the ;nglish laws. $s the character of the 1ompany changed from one of a trading concern into a territorial power, newer and additional courts were established for deciding cases and settling disputes of its employees and subjects. The administration of justice was initially confined to the presidency town of Bombay, 1alcutta and Madras. #n view of the huge distances between these towns and the peculiar conditions prevailing there, the administration of justice, which developed in these towns, was not uniform. There were established two sets of courts, one for the Presidency towns and the other the mufussil. The principal courts for the town were known as the )upreme 1ourts and -ecorders 1ourts. These courts consisted of ;nglish judges and applied ;nglish laws. The ;nglish people, residing in such towns alone, were subject to their jurisdiction. The native inhabitants, who were mostly living in the mufussil, were governed under separate courts called )adar *ewani $dalat and )adar !i=amat $dalat, dealing with civil and criminal cases respectively. )uch courts applied the local laws and regulations. The )upreme 1ourt of 1alcutta was established under the -egulating $ct .BB&. The 1ourt consisted of a 1hief 2ustice and other 2udges, e%ercising both civil and criminal jurisdiction. The 1ourt could also issue certain prerogative writs. #n .B8C, -ecorders 1ourts were established at Madras and Bombay with powers identical to the )upreme 1ourt of 1alcutta. $fterwards, the -ecorders 1ourt at Madras was substituted by the )upreme 1ourt 9under the Parliament $ct .C00:. $ few years later, the -ecorders 1ourt at Bombay was also replaced by the )upreme 1ourt 9under the Parliament $ct .C6&:. These new 1ourts had indeed the same composition, jurisdiction and powers as e%ercised by the )upreme 1ourt of 1alcutta. The High 1ourt $ct .C7. abolished the )upreme 1ourts as well as the )adar $dalats and in their place constituted the High 1ourt of 2udicature for each Presidency town. This 1ourt consisted of a 1hief 2ustice and such other number of 2udges, not e%ceeding ./.

The $ct prescribed professional ,ualifications for such 2udges together with the mode of their appointment. Thus, it was provided that ."&rd of the 2udges should be appointed from amongst the barristers with / years standing and ."& rd from amongst the civil servants, having & years e%perience as a *istrict 2udge. The remaining ."& rd seats were filled from amongst pleaders and members of subordinate judiciary, having / years e%perience. The 2udges were appointed by the 1rown and held office during his pleasure. The High 1ourts e%ercised original as well as appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters and were also re,uired to supervise the functioning of the subordinate courts in their respective domain. Besides the Presidency towns, High 1ourts were also established in $llahabad in .C77, Patna in .8.8, @ahore in .8.8 and -angoon in .8&7. The )ind 1hief 1ourt was established under the )ind 1ourts $ct .867. )imilarly, under the !D>P 1ourts -egulation .8&. and the British Baluchistan 1ourts -egulation .8&8, the 1ourt of 2udicial 1ommissioner was created in each such area. The 1ode of 1ivil Procedure .80C created principal civil courts, namely, the 1ourt of *istrict 2udge, the 1ourt of $dditional *istrict 2udge, the 1ourt of 1ivil 2udge and the 1ourt of Munsif. Their territorial and pecuniary jurisdictions were also defined. The Aovernment of #ndia $ct .8&/ retained the High 1ourts and also provided for the creation of a >ederal 1ourt. 374 The >ederal 1ourt was established in .8&B. #ts 2udges were appointed by the 1rown and held office till completing the age of 7/ years. The ,ualifications prescribed were, / years e%perience as a 2udge of a High 1ourt or .0 years e%perience as a barrister or .0 years e%perience as a pleader in a High 1ourt. The $ct further provided that the 2udges of the >ederal 1ourt and High 1ourts should hold office during good health and behaviour, meaning they may not be removed e%cept on the grounds of infirmity of mind or body or misbehaviour, only when on a reference made by the 1rown, the 2udicial 1ommittee of Privy 1ouncil so recommends. The >ederal 1ourt e%ercised original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. 3B4 Post #ndependence ;volutionE 5n independence, the Aovernment of #ndia $ct .8&/ was retained as a provisional 1onstitution. $s a conse,uence, the legal and judicial system of the British period continued, of course, with due adaptations and modifications, where necessary, to suit the

re,uirements of the new -epublic. This way, neither any vacuum occurred nor any break resulted in the continued operation of the legal system. The judicial structure remained the same. The @ahore High 1ourt continued to function and so did the )indh 1hief 1ourt and the 1ourts of 2udicial 1ommissioner in !D>P and Baluchistan. $ new High 1ourt was set up at *acca. 3C4 )imilarly, a new >ederal 1ourt for Pakistan was also established.
384

The powers, authority and jurisdiction of the >ederal 1ourt and High 1ourts, as

prescribed in the Aovernment of #ndia $ct .8&/, remained intact. The Aovernment of #ndia $ct .8&/ was amended in .8/( with a view to empower the High 1ourts to issue the prerogative writs. 3.04 The subse,uent 1onstitutions i.e. .8/7, .876 and .8B& did not drastically alter the judicial structure or the powers and jurisdiction of the superior courts. The changes effected were, renaming the >ederal 1ourt as the )upreme 1ourt by the .8/7 1onstitution and the upgradation of the 1hief 1ourt of !D>P and 2udicial 1ommissioner 1ourt of Baluchistan into full fledged High 1ourts, by the .8B& 1onstitution. @ater on, a new 1ourt called, >ederal )hariat 1ourt was created in .8C0 3..4 with jurisdiction to determine, suo moto or on petition by a citi=en or the >ederal or a provincial Aovernment, as to whether or not a certain provision of law is repugnant to the injunctions of #slam. 3.64 )uperior 2udiciary The 1onstitution of Pakistan deals with the superior judiciary in a fairly comprehensive manner and contains elaborate provisions on the composition, jurisdiction, powers and functions of these courts. The 1onstitution provides for the Fseparation of judiciary from the e%ecutiveG and the Findependence of judiciaryG. 3.&4 #t entrusts the superior courts with an obligation to Fpreserve, protect and defendG the 1onstitution. 3.(4 The ,ualifications of 2udges, their mode of appointment, 3./4 service conditions, salary, pension, 3.74 etc are also laid down in the 1onstitution. The remuneration of judges and other administrative e%penditures of the )upreme 1ourt and High 1ourts are charged on the >ederal"Provincial 1onsolidated >und, 3.B4 which means it may be discussed but cannot be voted upon in the legislature. The 1onstitution also provides for the grounds as well as forum and procedure for the removal of judges of the superior courts. 3.C4 The )upreme 2udicial 1ouncil, consisting of the senior judges of the )upreme 1ourt and High 1ourts, on its own or on a reference

made by the President, may recommend the removal of a 2udge on the ground of misconduct or physical or mental incapacity. Thus, the 1onstitution ensures the freedom, independence and impartiality of the superior judiciary. The )upreme 1ourt and High 1ourts have recently been given a degree of financial autonomy. This measure followed the )upreme 1ourt ruling in the case of Aovernment of )ind v )haraf >aridi. 3.84 The 1ourt held that the independence of judiciary also means the elimination of financial control of the ;%ecutive over the judiciary, and therefore, the 1hief 2ustice of the )upreme 1ourt and High 1ourts should be authorised to make re appropriation of funds within the budgetary allocation, without the approval of >inance Ministry. The 1ourt went on to elaborate that the 1hief 2ustices would thus be competent to re appropriate amounts from one head to another and may also create or abolish posts and upgrade or downgrade the same. 3604 This ruling came during the course of interpretation of $rticle .B/9&: of the 1onstitution, which provides that Fjudiciary shall be separated progressively from the ;%ecutive within .( yearsG. The 1ourt held that as per such constitutional mandate, the functions of magistracy should be bifurcated and the judicial magistrates must be placed under the administrative control of the High 1ourt. The 1ourt fi%ed the 6& rd of March .88( as the last date for carrying out this measure. #n its order dated 6( th 2anuary .887 on the review petition, the )upreme 1ourt e%tended the said date to 6& rd March .887 and reiterated that separation must be effected by the due date and added that no re,uest for further e%tension in time will be entertained. 1onse,uently, through appropriate amendments in law, judicial magistrates were placed at the disposal of High 1ourts. @ater, the )upreme 1ourt in the cases of $l 2ehad Trust v >ederation 36.4 and $sad $li v >ederation 3664 further interpreted various provisions in the 1onstitution and clarified the procedure and ,ualifications for appointment to the )upreme 1ourt and High 1ourt and appointment of the 1hief 2ustices of the said courts. 9.: )upreme 1ourt

The )upreme 1ourt is the ape% 1ourt of the land, e%ercising original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. 36&4 #t is the 1ourt of ultimate appeal and therefore final arbiter of law and the 1onstitution. #ts decisions are binding on all other courts.
36(4

The 1ourt

consists of a 1hief 2ustice and other judges, 36/4 appointed by the President. $n $ct of

Parliament has determined the number of judges. The number fi%ed at the moment is .B. 1urrently, the 1ourt is working with full strength. >urther, 6 $d hoc 2udges have also been appointed for one year. $ person with / years e%perience as a 2udge of a High 1ourt or ./ years standing as an advocate of a High 1ourt is eligible to be appointed as 2udge of the )upreme 1ourt. 3674 The standing practice is that the 1hief 2ustice recommends a list of names to the President and the President selects 2udges from the said list. The recommendation of the 1hief 2ustice is binding on the President, e%cept for sound reasons to be recorded by the President. )imilarly, the most senior judge is appointed as the 1hief 2ustice, e%cept for concrete and valid reasons to be recorded by the President. The 1ourt e%ercises original jurisdiction in inter governmental disputes,
36B4

be that

dispute between the >ederal Aovernment and a provincial government or among provincial governments. The 1ourt also e%ercises original jurisdiction 9concurrently with High 1ourts: for the enforcement of fundamental rights, where a ,uestion of Hpublic importance+ is involved. matters.
3684 36C4

The 1ourt has appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal

>urthermore, the 1ourt has advisory jurisdiction in giving opinion to the

Aovernment on a ,uestion of law. 3&04 The 1ourt appoints its own staff and determines their terms and conditions of service. 3&.4 The )upreme 1ourt 9$ppointment of 5fficers and )ervants and Terms of )ervice: -ules .8C6 prescribe the ,ualification for and mode of appointment and promotion of staff together with penalties and procedure for disciplinary proceedings against them. The 1ourt may also frame its own rules of procedure. 3&64 The )upreme 1ourt -ules .8C0 laid down detailed procedure for the filing of petitions and appeals and their processing through the 1ourt. $s compared to the practice elsewhere in the world, particularly the Inited )tates and Inited 'ingdom where fewer cases reach the ape% 1ourt, the )upreme 1ourt of Pakistan deals with cases far beyond its capacity to deal with. #ts jurisdiction, original as well as appellate, is fairly wide. Besides entertaining civil and criminal appeals from the High 1ourts, the 1ourt also hears appeals from the judgments against the >ederal )hariat 1ourt, )ervice Tribunals and some special courts. The 1ourt also entertains cases of violation of >undamental -ights under its original jurisdiction 9$rt .C(9&::. Besides

.0

being deputed to act as special court"tribunal, the judges are also engaged as members of en,uiry commissions. $s a conse,uence, there is always some pending work to dispose of. 5n .st >ebruary, 600B, a total of .08.( cases were pending in the )upreme 1ourt. $ppro%imately .&000 J .7000 cases 9both petitions and appeals: are annually filed in the 1ourt. Besides, around &0,000 applications"letters are annually received under $rticle .C(9&: of the 1onstitution and processed by the 1ourt. 5bviously, the 1ourt has a heavy workload. #t raises the ,uestion as to whether the 1ourt can devote ade,uate time and serious attention to important cases, involving the interpretation of law and the 1onstitution, ensure their timely disposal through sound reasoning and ,uality judgment, as is e%pected of an ape% 1ourt. There is a need, thus, to ponder whether or not the jurisdiction of the 1ourt should be restricted to important and serious cases. There is no system of ade,uate research assistance being made available to the 1ourt so as to facilitate the judges in their research assignments concerning the clarification"elaboration of a legal provision or interpretation of the 1onstitution. )uch a measure will undoubtedly help in improving the ,uality of judgment and facilitate in correct interpretation of law. To facilitate the litigant public and ensure prompt disposal of cases, the 1ourt, e%cept in very important cases, generally operates through benches. Benches have been constituted, and are functional, almost round the year. Besides its Principal )eat at #slamabad, there are ( Branch -egistries, one at each provincial metropolis. Dhereas the constitution of Benches and their operation in various cities, facilitates the public and ensures prompt disposal of cases, this system does affect the ,uality of judgments and deprives the 1ourt of collective wisdom, so very vital for the ape% 1ourt, dealing with important issues and principles. There is, therefore, perhaps a need to re e%amine the wisdom of bench system. This is however not possible with the present workload and rising trend of institution of cases, due to wider jurisdiction of the 1ourt. 96: High 1ourts

There is a High 1ourt in each province. ;ach High 1ourt consists of a 1hief 2ustice and other puisne judges. The strength of @ahore high 1ourt is fi%ed at /0, High 1ourt of )indh at 6C, Peshawar High 1ourt at .7 and High 1ourt of Baluchistan at 8. The 1hief

..

2ustice is appointed by the President in consultation with the 1hief 2ustice of Pakistan and other judges, in consultation with the 1hief 2ustice of Pakistan, Aovernor of the Province and the 1hief 2ustice of the concerned High 1ourt. 3&&4 <ualifications mentioned for the post of a 2udge are, .0 years e%perience as an advocate of a High 1ourt or .0 years service as a civil servant including & years e%perience as a *istrict 2udge or .0 years e%perience in a judicial office.
3&(4

The standing practice for the appointment of

2udges of High 1ourts is that initially the 1hief 2ustice of the concerned High 1ourt prepares a list of candidates which is submitted to the President through the Aovernor of the province and 1hief 2ustice of Pakistan. The President finally selects 2udges from the said list. The recommendation of the 1hief 2ustice of Pakistan and 1hief 2ustice of the High 1ourt is binding on the President, e%cept for sound reasons to the contrary. The most senior judge would have legitimate e%pectancy of being appointed as the 1hief 2ustice e%cept for concrete and valid reasons, to be recorded by the President. The 1ourt e%ercises original jurisdiction in the enforcement of >undamental -ights and appellate jurisdiction in judgments"orders of the subordinate courts in civil and criminal matters. $ large number of cases are pending in various High 1ourts. #n the @ahore High 1ourt, a total of B/,.8/ cases, in the High 1ourt of )indh, 6B,68. cases, in Peshawar High 1ourt, .&,7.0 cases and in the High 1ourt of Balochistan, 6((/ cases were pending on .st 2anuary 600B. The 1ourt supervises and controls all the courts subordinate to it. 3&/4 #t appoints its own staff 3&74 and frames rules of procedure for itself as well as courts subordinate to it. 3&B4 $n e%tremely controversial provision in the 1onstitution has been the transfer of a judge from one High 1ourt to another without his consent or after consultation with the 1hief 2ustice of Pakistan or 1hief 2ustices of the concerned High 1ourts. 3&C4 The original .8B& 1onstitution made such a transfer subject to such consent as well as consultation. $ proviso added by the 1onstitution 9>ifth $mendment: $ct .8B7 empowered the President to order such transfer for a period not e%ceeding one year, and the President 5rder !o. .( of .8C/ e%tended such period from one to two years. )imilarly, $rticle 60& 19(: of the 1onstitution, added by the 1onstitution 9$mendment: 5rder .8C0, also provides that a

.6

judge of a High 1ourt may be transferred to act, for up to two years, as a judge of the >ederal )hariat 1ourt, and in the event of refusal, shall be deemed to have retired from the service. 3&84 ;versince such amendments, the transfer provisions had been the subject of intense criticism, and rightly so, as the provisions were seldom used in public interest. The provisions had often been misused or abused for pressurising the judges so as to obtain from them favourable opinions"judgments or punish them for their upright behaviour. The )upreme 1ourt in the case of $l 2ehad Trust v >ederation
3(04

e%amined

this provision in the light of other provisions pertaining to the independence of the judiciary and concluded that no judge may be transferred to the >ederal )hariat 1ourt, and further, that transfer to another High 1ourt is permissible only in public interest. 9&: >ederal )hariat 1ourt

The 1ourt consists of C Muslim 2udges including the 1hief 2ustice. 3(.4 )uch 2udges are appointed by the President from amongst the serving or retired 2udges of the )upreme 1ourt or a High 1ourt or from amongst persons possessing the ,ualifications of a 2udge of the High 1ourt. 5f the C 2udges, & are re,uired to be Ilema who are well versed in #slamic law. The 2udges hold office for a period of & years and the President may further e%tend such period. 3(64 The 1ourt, on its own motion or through petition by a citi=en or a government 9>ederal or provincial:, may e%amine and determine as to whether or not a certain provision of law is repugnant to the #njunctions of #slam. 3(&4 $ppeal against its decision lies to the )hariat $ppellate Bench of the )upreme 1ourt, consisting of & Muslim 2udges of the )upreme 1ourt and not more than 6 Ilema, appointed by the President. 3((4 #f a certain provision of law is declared to be repugnant to the #njunctions of #slam, the Aovernment is re,uired to take necessary steps to amend the law so as to bring it in conformity with the injunctions of #slam. The 1ourt also e%ercises appellate revisional jurisdiction over the criminal courts, deciding Hudood cases. 3(/4 The decisions of the 1ourt are binding on the High 1ourts as well as subordinate judiciary.
3(74

The 1ourt appoints its own staff

3(B4

and

frames its own rules of procedure. 3(C4 5n .st 2anuary 600B, a total of &&.7 cases 9&0.7 appeals"revisions and &00 petitions: were pending before the 1ourt.

.&

;ver since its establishment in .8C0, the >ederal )hariat 1ourt has been the subject of criticism and controversy in the society. 1reated as an #slamisation measure by the Military -egime 3(84 and subse,uently protected under the controversial Cth $mendment,
3/04

its opponents ,uestion the very rationale and utility of this institution. #t is stated that

this 1ourt merely duplicates the functions of the e%isting superior courts. The composition of the 1ourt, particularly the mode of appointment of its judges and the insecurity of their tenure, is taken e%ception to, and it is alleged, that this 1ourt does not fully meet the criterion prescribed for the independence of the judiciary, hence, is not immune to pressures and influences from the ;%ecutive. #n the past, this 1ourt was used as a dumping ground for the recalcitrant judges. $nd whereas some of its judgments, particularly the ones which relying on the #slamic concept of e,uity, justice and fair play, e%panded and enlarged the scope and contents of individual+s rights were commended, others that validated the controversial Hudood @aws, in particular, the sentence of -ajam 9stoning to death: are severely criticised and deplored. Dith the adoption of Protection of Domen 91riminal @aws $mendment: $ct, 6007 the jurisdiction of the 1ourt is considerably curtailed inasmuch as, appeals"applications for revision arising out of trial of offences taken out from the 5ffence of Kina 9;nforcement of Hudood: 5rdinance, .8B8 are no longer filed before the 1ourt. They are filed before the High 1ourt. #n brief, there is a need for a serious discussion on the independence, utility and functions of this 1ourt. 9(: )ubordinate 2udiciary

The subordinate judiciary may be broadly divided into two classes? one, civil courts, established under the Dest Pakistan 1ivil 1ourt 5rdinance .876 and two, criminal courts, created under the 1riminal Procedure 1ode .C8C. #n addition, there also e%ist other courts and tribunals of civil and criminal nature, created under special laws and enactments. Their jurisdiction, powers and functions are specified in the statutes creating them. The decisions and judgments of such special courts are assailable before the superior judiciary 9High 1ourt and"or )upreme 1ourt: through revision or appeal. The civil courts may be classified as followsE 9i: 1ivil L 1riminal 1ourts

.(

The provincial governments appoint the civil and criminal judges and their terms and conditions are regulated under the provincial civil servants acts"rules. The High 1ourt, however, e%ercises administrative control over such courts. The civil courts consist of *istrict 2udge, $dditional *istrict 2udge and 1ivil 2udge 1lass #, ## L ###. )imilarly, the criminal courts comprise of )ession 2udge, $dditional )ession 2udge and 2udicial Magistrate 1lass #, ## L ###. @aw fi%es their pecuniary and territorial jurisdictions. $ppeal against the decision of civil courts lies to the *istrict 2udge and to the High 1ourt, if the value of the suit e%ceeds specified amount. )imilarly, in keeping with the ,uantum of penalty, appeals against criminal courts lie to )ession 2udge or High 1ourt. 9ii: -evenue 1ourts

Besides the civil courts, there e%ist revenue courts, operating under the Dest Pakistan @and -evenue $ct .87B. The revenue courts may be classified as the Board of -evenue, the 1ommissioner, the 1ollector, the $ssistant 1ollector of the >irst Arade and )econd Arade. The provincial government that e%ercise administrative control over them appoints such officers. @aw prescribes their powers and functions. 9iii: )pecial 1ourts
3/.4

The 1onstitution authorises the federal legislature to establish administrative courts and tribunals for dealing with federal subjects. 1onse,uently, several special courts"tribunals have been created which operate under the administrative control of the >ederal Aovernment. Most of these courts function under the Ministry of @aw L 2ustice, however, certain courts also operate under other ministries"departments. )uch courts"tribunals include the )pecial Banking 1ourt, )pecial 1ourt 1ustom, Ta%ation and $nti corruption, #ncome Ta% 9$ppellate: Tribunal, #nsurance $ppellate Tribunal, etc etc. The judicial officers presiding over these courts are appointed on deputation from the provincial judicial cadre. 9iv: )ervice Tribunals

Inder $rticle 6.6 of the 1onstitution, the Aovernment is authorised to set up administrative courts and tribunals for e%ercising jurisdiction in matters, inter alia, relating to the terms and conditions of service of civil servants. $ccordingly, service tribunals, both at the centre and provincial level have been established and are functional.

./

The members of these tribunals are appointed by the respective Aovernment. $ppeal against the decision of the Provincial )ervice Tribunal and the >ederal )ervice Tribunals lies to the )upreme 1ourt.

.7

Procedure The 1ode of 1ivil Procedure .80C prescribes procedure for proceedings in civil cases. The 1ode is in two parts i.e. )ections, which contain the basic and fundamental principles and can be amended only by the legislature, and )chedules, which contain rules of procedure and can be amended by the High 1ourt. The 1ode is indeed a consolidating statute, prescribing detailed procedure for instituting suit 9meaning who may file a suit, how and where:, pleadings 9filing plaints"written statements, their form and particulars:, proceedings, writing of judgment and e%ecution of decrees, etc. The 1ode has been reviewed from time to time and its provisions amended to keep pace with time and changing condition of the society. )imilarly, the 1riminal Procedure 1ode .C8C as well as various other special statutes prescribe criminal procedure. The <anun e )hahadat .8C( prescribes the competency of witnesses, the e%amination of witnesses, form of evidence and the procedure for presenting the same, etc. The procedure prescribed in the law applies to judicial proceedings and investigations by a court of law in civil or criminal cases. 5rganisation of )ubordinate 2udiciary The subordinate courts 9civil and criminal: have been established and their jurisdiction defined by law. 3/64 They are supervised and controlled by the respective High 1ourt. i3/&4 The administration of justice, however, is a provincial subject and thus the subordinate courts are organised and the terms and conditions of service of judicial officers determined under the provincial laws and rules. The issues of recruitment, promotions and other terms and conditions of service together with disciplinary proceedings, etc are dealt with under the provincial civil servants acts and the rules framed thereunder. Intil recently, the appointing authority for judicial officers happened to be the provincial government but with the separation of the judiciary from the e%ecutive, such authority has been transferred to the High 1ourt. #nitial recruitment as 1ivil 2udge cum 2udicial Magistrate is made through the Provincial Public )ervice 1ommission with the active involvement of the High 1ourt. >or the provinces of Punjab, !D>P and Balochistan, recruitment is made through a competitive e%amination consisting of a written test and viva voce. #n )indh, however, such recruitment is made by the High 1ourt itself through a written test followed by viva voce

.B

and the names of selected candidates are recommended to the Provincial Aovernment for appointment. $ 1ommittee of the judges of the High 1ourt, decides the issue of promotion of judges. >or appointment as $dditional *istrict L )essions 2udge, ,uota is fi%ed for service personnel as well as induction from the Bar. $ppointment as *istrict L )essions 2udge is by promotion on the basis of seniority cum fitness from among the serving judicial officers. $fter appointment, the civil judges are usually attached for a few weeks to the 1ourt of )enior 1ivil 2udge"*istrict L )essions 2udge to get practical training. They also receive specialised training at the >ederal 2udicial $cademy and in the respective provincial academies. )uch training is comprised of education in various substantive laws, court management, case processing and judicial procedure, etc. $s mentioned earlier the High 1ourts e%ercise supervision and control over the functioning of the subordinate judiciary. )uch supervision and control is both administrative as well as judicial. #n the administrative sphere, disciplinary proceedings may be initiated against a judicial officer by the High 1ourt. 2udicial control is also e%ercised through revision and appeals being filed in the High 1ourt against the orders"decisions of the subordinate courts. The High 1ourt carries out its supervisory functions through inspections and calling of record from the courts. The Member #nspection Team 9M#T: mostly deals with the issue? however, the 1hief 2ustice of the High 1ourt or any other judge deputed by the 1hief 2ustice also carries out regular as well as surprise inspections. The 1hief 2ustice is competent to initiate disciplinary action against a judge and take appropriate action in the matter. *isciplinary proceedings against judicial officers are apparently initiated and action taken under the 9provincial: Aovernment )ervants 9;fficiency and *iscipline: -ules. )uch rules were primarily designed for the e%ecutive officers whose duties and functions are different from judicial officers. 1onse,uently, in their application to judicial officers, the rules do contain certain gaps and anomalies. #n particular, the rules are silent on how a judicial officer ought to conduct himself in and outside the court. There is, therefore, a

.C

need for preparing a separate code of conduct for the members of the subordinate judiciary, covering their private and public life and in particular, their conduct in the court so as to maintain propriety and decorum in the court and enhance public confidence in the administration of justice. $s regards the grievance of the judicial officers with regard to the terms and conditions of service, mechanism e%ists for resolving it. There e%ists a Provincial 2udicial )ervice Tribunal for deciding appeals against the final orders of departmental authority. The judges of the respective High 1ourt man such tribunals. The subordinate judiciary in almost all the provinces operates under some constraints. There e%ists shortage of judicial officers, their supporting staff and e,uipment. The strength of subordinate judiciary has not kept pace with the rise in litigation due to which huge arrears of cases are piling up and there are enormous delays in deciding cases. $s against the recommendations of several commissions and committees that the number of cases pending with a civil judge should not be more than /00 and the number of units pending with a *istrict L )essions 2udge should not be more than (/0 at a time, in actual practice the number of cases and units is far in e%cess of this prescribed limit. There is a backlog of civil and criminal cases at the level of subordinate judiciary in all provinces. 5n .st 2anuary 600B, in the Province of the Punjab, the number of cases pending was ..0,/(7. #n the Province of )indh, the number of pending cases was .6&,77&, in !D>P, the figure was &B,000 whereas in Balochistan, it was C&BB. The Province of )indh perhaps presents the worst scenario, but the other provinces particularly Punjab and !D>P also have huge arrears. This phenomenon is caused partly because of the inade,uate budgetary allocation towards the judiciary. Infortunately the administration of justice, so far has been regarded merely as a welfare service to the community rather than a social responsibility. $s a result, the judiciary suffered due to under staffing 9both judicial and ministerial:, lack of courtrooms, e,uipment, residential accommodation and library material, etc. 5bviously these and other problems had to be addressed and resolved if the administration of justice is to improve and become efficient. 'eeping in view the

.8

problems of dilapidated court buildings and shortage of staff, adversely affecting the functioning of courts, the Aovernment of Pakistan launched the $ccess to 2ustice Programme. Inder the Programme, funding is made available to judiciary and other institutions concerning the administration of justice, e.g. department of police, prosecution and investigation, etc. $ccordingly, the strength of judges in subordinate courts is being increased and new court buildings constructed. !ecessary e,uipment is also being provided. #t has brought about an overall improvement in the functioning of judiciary. !eedless to say, a sound and effective judicial system is a sine ,ua non for keeping peace in the society and maintaining growth and development.

60 ORGANISATION AND STRENGTH OF JUDICIAL HIERARCHY


SU"RE#E COURT OF "A$ISTAN
Shariat Appellate Bench of the S pre!e Co rt 5(3SC+2FSC / Ullema)

CJ%&' (Al)o c rrentl* + A,-hoc J ,.e)/

Fe,eral Shariat Co rt CJ+7(3 to be Ulema)

For !) entertainin. Cri!inal Ca)e) n,er H ,oo, La0)

Lahore Hi.h Co rt CJ+49

Hi.h Co rt of Sin,h CJ+27

Hi.h Co rt of Balochi)tan CJ+8

"e)ha0ar Hi.h Co rt CJ+15

A,!ini)trati1e Co rt) 2 Tri3 nal)

District & Sessio J!"#e $3%& '""l District & Sessio s J!"#e $24%&

District & Sessio J!"#e $25& '""l District & Sessio s J!"#e $9(&

District & Sessio J!"#e $24& '""l District & Sessio s J!"#e $22&

District & Sessio J!"#e $23& '""l District & Sessio s J!"#e $84&

Se ior Ci)il J!"#e Ci)il J!"#e 1st Class Ci)il J!"#e 2 " Class Ci)il J!"#e 3r" Class

J!"icial *a#istrate 1st Class J!"icial *a#istrate 2 " Class J!"icial *a#istrate 3r" Class

Se ior Ci)il J!"#e Ci)il J!"#e 1st Class Ci)il J!"#e 2 " Class Ci)il J!"#e 3r" Class

J!"icial *a#istrate 1st Class J!"icial *a#istrate 2 " Class J!"icial *a#istrate 3r" Class

Se ior Ci)il J!"#e Ci)il J!"#e 1st Class Ci)il J!"#e 2 " Class Ci)il J!"#e 3r" Class

J!"icial *a#istrate 1st Class J!"icial *a#istrate 2 " Class J!"icial *a#istrate 3r" Class

Se ior Ci)il J!"#e Ci)il J!"#e 1st Class Ci)il J!"#e 2 " Class Ci)il J!"#e 3r" Class

J!"icial *a#istrate 1st Class J!"icial *a#istrate 2 " Class J!"icial *a#istrate 3r" Class

$545&

$85&

$238&

$28&

$75&

$17(&

*ember *a+lis,e,S-!ra $18&

.a/i $3(&

!oteE .. 6. &. (.

#n Punjab, // *istrict L )essions 2udges, &( $dditional *istrict L )essions 2udges and 6& )enior"1ivil 2udges and Magistrates are working on e% cadre posts. #n )indh, (6 *istrict L )essions 2udges, 8 $dditional *istrict L )essions 2udges and C )enior"1ivil 2udges and .. Magistrates are working on e% cadre posts. #n Balochistan, / *istrict L )essions 2udges, ( $dditional *istrict L )essions 2udges, B )enior"1ivil 2udges and / Magistrates are working on e% cadre posts. #n !D>P, &. *istrict L )essions 2udges, .8 $dditional *istrict L )essions 2udges and .B )enior"1ivil 2udges and Magistrates are working on e% cadre posts.

2udicial 2udicial 2udicial 2udicial

6.

Court Jurisdiction )IP-;M; 15I-T .. 6. &. (. /. 7. B. C. 8. .0. ... .6. .C(9.: 5riginal jurisdiction in inter governmental disputes, issues declaratory judgments? .C(9&: ;nforcement of >undamental -ights involving an issue of public importance? $rt .C/96: $ppeal from judgment"order of High 1ourt in criminal cases, tried in original and"or appellate capacity and having imposed death penalty or life imprisonment? $rt .C/96: $ppeal in civil cases when the value of claim e%ceeds fifty thousand rupees? $rt .C/96: $ppeal when High 1ourt certifies that the case involves interpretation of the 1onstitution? $rt .C/9&: $ppeal 9subject to grant of leave: from High 1ourt judgment"order? $rt .C7 $dvisory jurisdiction on any ,uestion of law involving public importance referred by the President? $rt .CB To issue directions"orders for doing complete justice in a pending case"matter? $rt .CC To review any of its own judgment"order? $rt 60( To punish for its contempt? $rt 6.6 $ppeal from $dministrative courts"tribunals? and $rt 60&> #ts )hariat $ppellate Bench hears appeals from judgments"orders of >ederal )hariat 1ourt.

>;*;-$@ )H$-#$T 15I-T .. 6. &. (. /. $rt 60& * $rt 60& ** $rt 60& ; $rt 60& ; To determine whether a provision of law is repugnant to the #njunctions of #slam? -evisional 2urisdiction in cases under Hudood laws? To review its judgment"order? To punish for its contempt? and

Inder Hudood laws, hears appeals from judgment"order of criminal courts.

66 H#AH 15I-T .. 6. &. (. /. 7. B. C. 8. .0. ... .6. .&. $rt .889.: to issue / writs namely mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, habeas corpus, certiorari and ,uo warranto? $rt .8896: ;nforcement of >undamental -ights? $rt 60&E To supervise"control subordinate courts? $rt 60(E To punish for its contempt? To hear appeal under )..00 of 1P1? To decide reference under )..00 of 1P1? Power of review under )...( of 1P1? Power of revision under ).../ of 1P1? $ppeals under ).(.0 of 1r.P.1? $ppeals against ac,uittal under ).(.B of 1P1? $ppeals against judgment"decree"order of tribunals under special laws? To issue directions of the nature of habeas corpus under ).(8. of 1r.P.1? #nter 1ourt appeal at @ahore High 1ourt and High 1ourt of )indh, MHigh 1ourt of )indh has original jurisdiction in civil cases of the value of above & millionN.

*#)TT. L );))#5!) 2I*A;"$**@. *#)TT. L );))#5!) 2I*A; .. 6. &. (. /. 7. B. C. $ppeal against judgment"decree of a 1ivil 2udge under ).87 of 1P1? $ppeal against order under )..0( of 1P1? Power of revision under ).../ of 1P1? 5riginal jurisdiction in suits upon bills of e%change, hundies or promissory notes under 5rder OOOP## of 1P1? Murder trial under ).67/ $ of the 1r.P.1? 1riminal trial under Hudood laws? $ppeals under ).(6& of 1r.P.1? Power of revision under ).(&/ of 1r.P.1?

6& 8. .0. To issue directions of the nature of habeas corpus under ).(8. of 1r.P.1? and *ecides pre arrest bail applications under ) (8C of the 1r. P1. 9#n 'arachi *istrict, the original jurisdiction of *istt 2udge is limited to -upees & million:

1#P#@ 2I*A; .)T 1@$)) .. 6. &. (. /. To try all civil suits, there is no pecuniary limit on its jurisdiction? #n certain jurisdictions also designated as -ent 1ontroller? #n certain jurisdictions also designated as 2udge, >amily 1ourt? $t 'arachi, pecuniary jurisdiction limited to rupees & million 9'arachi 1ourts 5rder .8/7:? and #n certain jurisdictions designated as Magistrate empowered under ).&0 of 1r.P.1.

1#P#@ 2I*A; 6!* 1@$)) .. 6. To try civil suit up to the value of fifty thousand rupees? and #n certain jurisdictions designated as -ent 1ontroller"2udge, >amily 1ourt.

1#P#@ 2I*A; &-* 1@$)) To try civil suit up to the value of twenty thousand rupees. M$A#)T-$T; .)T 1@$)) To try offences punishable up to & years imprisonment and fifty thousand rupees fine. M$A#)T-$T; 6!* 1@$)) To try offences punishable up to . year and five thousand rupees fine. M$A#)T-$T; &-* 1@$)) To try offences punishable up to . month and one thousand rupees fine

6( Stren.th of J ,.e) an, A,!ini)trati1e Staff of S perior 2 S 3or,inate J ,iciar*


J ,.e) C-ie0 J!stice & J!"#es '"mi istrati)e Sta00 1e "e c2 Distt & Sessio s J!"#es/ '""l Distt & Sessio J!"#e/ Se ior Ci)il J!"#e/ Ci)il J!"#e '"mi istrati)e Sta00 1e "e c2 S pre!e Co rt of "a4i)tan &5 8'9 &6<5&; Fe,eral Shariat Co rt 67 +&' :<:&' Lahore Hi.h Co rt 86 &7'& 98<&58 5:5 Hi.h Co rt of Sin,h +7 596 +9<+5& 867 "e)ha0ar Hi.h Co rt &' :;' &:<'&6 +99 Balochi)tan Hi.h Co rt 67 :67 +<;;8 &59

&6::6 &&6<8;'

&+:<'':

::&9 :9<666

&;86 7<:99

Stren.th of #e!3er) an, A,!ini)trati1e Staff of A,!ini)trati1e Tri3 nal)


Fe,eral Ser1ice Tri3 nal && &+' +6;8: " n=a3 Ser1ice Tri3 nal 68 &8&' Fe,eral O!3 ,)!an 69 85: ;778 Fe,eral Ta> O!3 ,)!an 6& &;8 :89

*embers Sta00 1e "e c2

C rrent Stren.th of La0 Officer) of the Fe,eration an, "ro1ince)


Fe,eration 'ttor e2 3e eral 0or 1a4ista / '")ocate 3e eral De5!t2 'ttor e2 3e eral/'""itio al '")ocate 3e eral Sta "i # Co! sel/ 'ssista t '")ocate 3e eral District 'ttor e2 De5!t2 District 'ttor e2 'ssista t De5!t2 District 'ttor e2 1!blic 1rosec!tor De5!t2 1rosec!tor 'ssista t 1!blic 61S,1% 1rosec!tor 61S,14 3o)er me t 1lea"ers 'ssista t 3o)er me t 1lea"ers Total) Fe,eral 1 1( 9 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, +6 Balochi)tan 1 2 2 31 ,, 1% ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 8+ N?F" 1 5 5 ,, ,, ,, 31 45 42 84 9 31 +8: 1 12 33 58 18( 128 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ;&+ " n=a3 1 8 12 24 152 ,, 31 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ++7 Sin,h Total 8 :9 '& &&: ::+ &;; '+ ;8 ;+ 7; 5 :& 5'8

A,1ocate) on the Roll of the S pre!e Co rt


Senior A,1ocate) 25( A,1ocate) 27453 A,1ocate)-on @Recor, 223 Total 2792%

A,1ocate) on the Roll) of the Hi.h Co rt)


" n=a3 3(7((( Sin,h %784( N?F" 37171 Balochi)tan 17(2(

A,1ocate) on the Roll) of the Di)trict Co rt)

6/

" n=a3 227(((

Sin,h %7%3(

N?F" 8752%

Balochi)tan 1778(

LIST OF LA? COLLEGES


SANo (1 (2 (3 (4 (5 (% (7 (8 (9 1( 11 Na!e of The Uni1er)it* 1es-a8ar U i)ersit27 1es-a8ar 6a-o!,"i 9a4ria U i)ersit27 *!lta S-a- :ati0 U i)ersit27 ;-ari5!r 1! +ab U i)ersit27 :a-ore Si "- U i)ersit27 Jam S-oro <slamia U i)ersit27 6a-a8al5!r 3omal U i)ersit27 Dera <smial ;-a ;arac-i U i)ersit27 ;arac-i 6aloc-ista U i)ersit27 .!etta Fe"eral U i)ersit27 <slamaba" < ter atio al <slamic U i)ersit27 <slamaba" Gran, Total No of affiliate, Colle.e) 17 14 (5 21 (2 (% (3 (2 (1 (2 (1 9;

-eferencesE
3.4 364

3&4

3(4 3/4 374 3B4 3C4 384 3.04 3..4 3.64 3.&4 3.(4 3./4 3.74 3.B4 3.C4 3.84

@aw 1ommission of #ndia+s .(th -eport, .8/C, Pol l, p 67 *r. !asim Hasan )hah, 1onstitution, @aw and Pakistan $ffairs, .8C7, Dajidalis @imited, Aulberg, @ahore, p 88 B.-. )harma, 2udiciary on Trial, .8C8, *eep L *eep Publications, -ajouri Aarden, !ew *elhi, p .( -eport of the @aw -eform 1ommission, .87B B0, p 70 lbid )ection 600 )ection 60(, 60/, 60B, 6.& By the High 1ourt 9Bengal: 5rder .8(B By the >ederal 1ourt of Pakistan 5rder .8(C )ection 66& $ $rticle 60& 1 $rticle 60& * Preamble and $rticle 6$ $rticles .BC L .8( read with &rd )chedule 3&/4 $rticles .BB L .8& $rticle 60& th 3&74 $rticle 60/ read with / )chedule $rticle 60C 3&B4 $rticles C. L 6. $rticle 606 3&C4 $rticle 608 $rticle 600 3&84 P@* .88( )1 .0/ $rticle 60& 1 9/:

3604 36.4 3664 36&4 36(4 36/4 3674 36B4 36C4 3684 3&04 3&.4

#bid p../ P@* .887 )1 &6( P@* .88C )1 && $rticles .C(, .C/ L .C7 $rticle .C8 $rticle .B7 $rticle .BB $rticle .C(9.: $rticle .C( 9&: $rticle .C/ $rticle .C7 $rticle 60C $rticle .8. $rticle .8& #bid

3(84 3/04 3/.4

3&64 3&&4 3&(4

3/64 3/&4

5P cit, p &6( $rticle 60& 1 3(64 #bid 3(&4 $rticle 60& * 3((4 $rticle 60& > 3(/4 $rticle 60& * 3(74 $rticle 60& A 3(B4 $rticle 60C 3(C4 $rticle 60& 2 By the 1onstitution 9$mendment: 5rder .8C0 1onstitution 9$mendment: #tem .( of the >ederal @egislative $ct, Part # in the (th )chedule $rticle .B/ $rticle 60&
3(.4

3(04

penal code ... qanoon e shahadat order ....narotics acts 1997

You might also like