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CHAPTER 1

Forests Are Not Green


by Mac Margolis

Think of global warming and the usual set of apocalyptic images comes to mind, from glaciers crashing into the sea to Biblical deluges. But what does climate change sound like? "Usually when you walk through the rain forest you hear a squishy sound from all the moist leaves and organic debris on the forest floor," says ecologist aniel !epstad, a researcher at the "oods #ole $esearch %enter and longtime scholar of the &ma'on rain forest. "!ow we increasingly get rustle and crunch. That(s the sound of a dying forest." )redictions of the collapse of the tropical rain forests have been around for years. *et until recently the worst forecasts were almost e+clusively linked to direct human predation, such as clear,cutting and burning for pastures or farms. -eft alone, it was assumed, the world(s rain forests would not only flourish but might even rescue us from greater folly by sopping up the e+cess carbon dio+ide and other planet,warming greenhouse gases. !ow it turns out that may be wishful thinking. .ome scientists believe that the rise in carbon levels means that the &ma'on and other rain forests in &sia and &frica may go from being assets in the battle against rising temperatures to liabilities. &ma'on flora, for instance, holds more than /00 billion metric tons of carbon, equal to /1 years of tailpipe and smokestack emissions. 2f the collapse of the rain forests speeds up dramatically, it could eventually release 3.1 billion to 1 billion metric tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year4making forests the leading source of greenhouse gases. The issue casts a pall over the United !ations( climate talks in Bali this week, where e+perts are discussing how to cut emissions after the 5yoto )rotocol winds down in 60/6. The evidence is worrisome. Uncommonly
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severe droughts brought on by global climate change have led to forest, eating wildfires from &ustralia to 2ndonesia, but nowhere more acutely than in the &ma'on. .ome e+perts say that the rain forest is already at the brink of collapse. The direst predictions come from the British meteorological office(s #adley %enter, where a team led by )eter %o+ forecast a massive "dieback" of plants, killing the rain forest by 6/00. %ritics dismissed these claims as too pessimistic, but #adley(s scientists went beyond the research norm by plotting not only temperature and rainfall but how carbon from the forest4say from fires or rotting trees4 feeds back into the atmosphere. Because the "carbon cycle" is ve+ing to plot, most meteorologists leave it out of their computer models. *et e+treme weather and rogue development are conspiring against the rain forest in ways that scientists have never seen. Trees need more water as temperatures rise, but the prolonged droughts have robbed them of moisture, making whole forests easy marks for the pioneers( cocktail of chainsaws and kerosene. The picture worsens with each round of 7l !i8o, the unusually warm currents in the )acific 9cean that drive up temperatures and invariably presage droughts and fires in the rain forest. $unaway fires pour even more carbon into the air, which :acks up temperatures, starting the whole vicious cycle all over again. Understanding the &ma'on now means tracking the assault on the ground and from the air, and the view isn(t pretty. ""ith the synergy between climate change and deforestation, you don(t have to invent any numbers to show that over half the &ma'on will be cleared or crippled by 6030," !epstad says. ;ore than paradise lost, a perishing rain forest could trigger a domino effect4sending winds and rains kilometers off course and loading the skies with even greater levels of greenhouse gases4that will be felt far beyond the &ma'on basin. 2n a sense, we are already getting a glimpse of what(s to come. 7ach burning season in the &ma'on, fires deliberately set by frontier settlers, ranchers and developers hurl up almost half a billion

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metric tons of carbon a year, placing Bra'il among the top five contributors to greenhouse gases. The prospect of collapse is forcing a profound change in environmental thinking. !ot long ago, those who lobbied for the rain forests did so on the earnest but limited argument that biodiversity was at risk. %onservation groups raised funds to rescue imperiled species, like the :aguar or the blue macaw, and pressured governments to stop ra'ing ecological "hot spots." %limate change has widened the focus. The ecological hot spot today is the biosphere. "The loss of biodiversity and the composition of landscapes are important, but as symptoms, not determinants of life on this planet," says !epstad. "2t(s the big cycles that are running the show, and that(s where the rain forests come in." !ot everyone believes the rain forests are fated to desiccate and die. &mong the two do'en computer climate models, some say the &ma'on will hold its own, and a few predict even more rainfall. &ri'ona .tate University ecologist .cott .aleska found that the &ma'on bounced back impressively after the withering 6001 drought, "greening up" as intense sunlight penetrated through to the normally shadowy understory. But a greener canopy is not the same thing as a flourishing forest. "<reening comes from the leaves, not the big trees," says )hilip =earnside, a scholar at the Bra'ilian 2nstitute for &ma'on $esearch. " rought kills the big trees first." Too much carbon in the air could also pose a double threat. &t first, the forests may flourish> since plants need carbon to grow, processing it into life,giving sugars and chemicals through photosynthesis, the e+tra dose of %96 will :olt them into overdrive. "But the forest cannot e+pand forever," says .cott -ewis, a scientist at -eeds University. 7ventually, the overworked machinery of trees will fail, along with the nutrients in the soils. Trees sated with carbon also tend to shut down their stomates, tiny pores on the leaves that take in %96 and e+hale o+ygen and water vapor 4 leading to even drier forests.

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The best,case scenario for the &ma'on shows temperatures rising 3 to 1 degrees %elsius this century, well above world averages, with rainfall dropping by as much as /1 percent, according to Bra'ilian climate e+pert ?os? &ntonio ;arengo. That means even more blistering droughts, and with every drought, the forest(s talent for pumping vapor into the air grows feebler, opening the door to the ne+t drought. The e+perts will surely continue to quibble over the details, but no one doubts anymore that keeping the planet habitable will be a lot easier with the rain forests than without them. =rom @ http@AAwww.thedailybeast.comAnewsweekA600BA/6A0/Aforests,are, not,green.html

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CHAPTER 2 D9%&BU--&$*

! o /

"ords

)art of speech

.ynonym s

&ntony ms

escripti on make a soft, muffled crackling sound like that caused by the moveme nt of dry leaves or paper

7+ample

rustle

noun

sound, go, steal, scrounge, forage

there was a rustle in the undergrowth behind her

worrisom e

ad:ective

distressin g, distressfu l, disturbin g, perturbin g, troubling, worrying, unreassur ing, heavy

reassuri ng

causing an+iety or concern

he sits on a worrisomely flimsy plastic chair

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brink

noun

verge

a point at which somethin g, typically somethin g unwelco me, is about to happen

the country was on the brink of a constitutional crisis

ve+ing

ad:ective

e+aspera ting, infuriatin g, maddeni ng

displeasi ng Evs. pleasing F

make Esomeon eF feel annoyed, frustrate d, or

,the memory of the conversation still vexed him -the most vexing questions for policymakers

disagree annoying, able Evs. botherso me, galling, irritating, nettleso me, pesky, pestering , pestifero us, plaguy, plaguey, agreeabl eF

worried, especiall y with trivial matters

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teasing, ve+atious

worsen

Derb

, aggravat e , e+acerba tee

make or become worse

arguing actually worsens the problem

?acks up

!oun

raise, lift, elevate, get up, bring up

informal a dishonest or underhan d way of achieving somethin g /. the dog was

Dicious

&d:ective

7vil, wicked

vituous

/.deliber ately cruel or violent

vicious and likely to bite

2. a vicious flu bug 6 literary immoral 3 archaic Eof language


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3. every soul on earth, virtuous or vicious, shall perish

or a line of reasonin gF imperfect > defective H %rippled &d:ective halt, halting, lame, gimpy, game unfit disabled fit /.Eof a personF unable to walk or move properly> disabled 6. Eof a machineF severely damaged 2. the pilot displayed skill and nerve in landing the crippled plane I )erishing &d:ective 1.dated used for emphasis or to e+press annoyanc e 6. predic.! e+tremel y cold
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/. a crippled old man

/. " could murder that perishing kid#

6, it$s perishing in the tent

/0 <limpse

noun

see

/.see or perceive briefly or partially 2. no ob%ect! archaic shine or appear faintly or intermitt entl

/. he glimpsed a figure standing in the shade 2. glow-worms glimpsing in the dark

//

eliberat ely

&dverb

designedl y, on purpose, purposely , advisedly , by choice, by design, measure dly

conscious the fire was started ly and intention ally> on purpose deliberately

/6 #url up /3 =rontier !oun the e+treme limit of understa nding or the success of science in extending the frontiers of knowledge

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achievem ent in a particular area /C ?olt Derb :ar move push or shake Esomeon e or somethin gF abruptly and roughly /1 Tend Derb be given, lean, incline, run be regularly or frequentl y behave in a particular way or have a certain character istic /G blistering &d:ective e+tremel y fast, forceful, or impressiv e the blistering heat of the desert &urke set a blistering pace written language tends to be formal her hair tended to come loose a surge in the crowd behind him %olted him forwards

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Eof heatF intense /B Juibble noun niggle, pettifog, bicker, squabble, brabble argue, contend, debate, fence /H habitable ad:ective liveable unliveab le suitable or good enough to live in the house should be habitable by 'hristmas argue or raise ob:ection s about a trivial matter they are always quibbling about the amount they are prepared to pay

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CHAPTER 3 .7!T7!%7 &!&-*.2.

/. !ow it turns out that may be wishful thinking

6. .ome scientists believe that the rise in carbon levels means that the &ma'on and other rain forests in &sia and &frica may go from

being assets in the battle against rising temperatures to liabilities

3. 2f the collapse of the rain forests speeds up dramatically, it could eventually release 3.1 billion to 1 billion metric tons of carbon

into the atmosphere each year4making forests the leading source of greenhouse gases

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C. The issue casts a pall over the United !ations( climate talks in Bali this week, where e+perts are discussing how to cut emissions

after the 5yoto )rotocol winds down in 60/6

1. .ome e+perts say that the rain forest is already at the brink of collapse

G. Because the "carbon cycle" is ve+ing to plot, most meteorologists leave it out of their computer models.

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B. The picture worsens with each round of 7l !i8o, the unusually warm currents in the )acific 9cean that drive up temperatures

and invariably presage droughts and fires in the rain forest

H. !ot long ago, those who lobbied for the rain forests did so on the earnest but limited argument that biodiversity was at risk

I. !ot everyone believes the rain forests are fated to desiccate and die

/0.

&ri'ona .tate University ecologist .cott .aleska found that the &ma'on bounced back impressively

after the withering 6001

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drought, "greening up" as intense sunlight penetrated through to the normally shadowy understory

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CHAPTER 4 )&$&<$&)# &!&-*.2.

/. Theme A .ub:est ;atter @ !ature A =orests 6. Topic @ The depletion of forests

3. ;ain 2dea, .upporting 2dea and 5eyword

)aragraph / ;2 @ The causes of dying forest .2 @ ying forest caused by global warming 5 @ global warming, glaciers, dying forest

)aragraph 6 ;2 @ The function of rain forests .2 @ rain forest may go from being assets in the battle against rising temperature to liabilities 5 @ rain forest, fluorist

)aragraph 3 ;2 @ The discussing in Bali .2 @ e+perts discussing about how to cut emmision and how to handling this problem 5 @ emmision, evidence

)aragraph C ;2 @ %ause of carbon cycle .2 @ The deteriorating state of nature is accompanied by the "carbon cycle"

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5 @ carbon, fires, :acks up temperatures

)aragraph 1 ;2 @ The effect of parishing rain forests .2 @ triger domino effect, resulting carbon forming green house effect 5 @ perishing rain forest

)aragraph G ;2 @ 7ffort made to reserve rain forests .2 @ raising funds to rescue imperiled species 5 @ imperiled species, stop ra'ing ecological "hot spots", biodiversity

)aragraph B ;2 @ The prediction of the fluorishing of the rain forest .2 @ the survive of ama'on forest 5 @ withering 6001 drought, greening up

)aragraph H ;2 @ The rure of carbon in parishing rain forest .2 @ The fluorishing rain forest, the off world necessary of trees 5 @ a double threat, leading to even drier forests

)aragraph I ;2 @ 7ffect of the degrees amount of ama'on rain forest .2 @ believe blistering drought and with every drought 5 @ blistering droughts, climate e+pert

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CHAPTER 5 T7KT 2.%U..29!

/. 7+plicit Juestion , "hat is the function of the rainforest ? The function of rainforest is even rescue us from greater folly by sopping up the e+cess carbon dio+ide and other planet,warming greenhouse gases , #ow much carbon that can be hold by ama'on flora ? &ma'on flora can holds more than /00 billion metric tons of carbon, equal to /1 years of tailpipe and smokestack emissions. , "hat was discussed by united nationsL climate talks in Bali ? they were discusse about how to cut emissions after the 5yoto )rotocol winds down in 60/6 , "ho have been predicting that rainforest will die in 6/00 ? the British meteorological office(s #adley %enter , "ho said that the forest cannot be e+panded forever ? .cott -ewis, a scientist at -eeds University

2. 2mplicit Juestion , "hat the writerLs purpose write the te+t ? To e+plain the depletion of forest , M!ow it turns out that may be wishful thinkingN, what the writer mean MitN in that sentence ? it means rainforest

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, "!ow we increasingly get rustle and crunch. That(s the sound of a dying forest.". "hat the writerLs mean ? The depletion of forest make a lot of died leaves or branch and it make a sound , "hat type of the te+t ? news , "hy the writer wrote this te+t ? The writer wrote this te+t because he thing that the forest should be kept, nurtured and cared

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CHAPTER 6 <eneral %omment

2 think this te+t is one of thousand te+t about nature. This te+t tell us about the depletion of forest. 7very time, the forest area are narrowing. "=orest are not green" is a te+t that discusses the current state of the forest. %urrently, the forest is not as we imagine, forests have become overgrown with a variety of forest vegetation will rarely even plant trees. Big trees and green leaves fresh have scars of illegal logging and leaving dead roots or dead branches or dry leaves around it. epletion of forests and trees due to several factors, including factors of human needs and natural factors. "e as students are studying science, has taught about the effects and the factor of the depletion the forests and trees. .cience that studies this is biology. 2n biology has been discussed that the forest is an ecosystem that has many functions. =unction of the forest as a source of o+ygen, as a source of raw materials or ingredients fulfilling the need, as a place of biodiversity and others. Biological diversity means having a lot of genes, so that forests are also called germ plasm. There are so many living creatures that live and depend on them. %urrently, the forest depletion that we need and more changed its function. =orest changed as a function of only the fulfillment of human needs, such as forests are cut down for timber and the area used to build large buildings. the more strong buildings standing, the more pollution is generated. 2t makes the accumulation of carbon dio+ide gas in the air, so that the hot air and lower air pressure. %arbon dio+ide gas can hardly be deciphered without the help of trees or forests. & small air pressure and high temperatures make global warming, depletion of the o'one layer and melting of glaciers, so the water evaporates it will come down to a low pressure area and the rain. This resulted in various
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areas of flooding and make the sea water to overflow the land area is reduced. & natural ecosystem is the world(s greatest assets to battle against to global warming and o+ygen supply. "e as consumers, need to care for, maintain and pay attention to the situation, not only consume it. )eople often think that their needs are more important than the environment. This is what makes people not think before they act harming the environment EforestF. &ctions that should be done, including@ replant denuded forests, making the preservation of nature, selective logging techniques, and others. 2n this te+t has been discussed how the impact of forest depletion and discussed how the e+perts to find ways to overcome the depletion of forests. But no results are obtained by the e+perts, because the impact and effects difficult to be solved in a short period of time. There is no other way than kesadarab man to maintain and participate in neighborhood greening program. <overnment as a leader must also provide a model for its people to preserve the environment and does not increase or aggravate natural conditions that e+ist today. There is no quick way to solve this problem. Because of these problems become a serious global problem. Time passed and we are constantly looking for ways to resolve or let him go. But, nobody could, many experts also had a meeting with unted nation and did not produce anything. This means it will continue to burden our minds and our children, if not immediately resolved.

.olution

2 think , we are a human , we need o+ygen and we need forest. .o, the forest should be kept, nurtured and cared

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CHAPTER T$&!.-&T29! /. No! it t"rns o"t t#at $ay be !is#%"l t#in&ing .ekarang yang ada hanya harapan kosong 6. 'o$e scientists belie(e t#at t#e rise in carbon le(els $eans t#at t#e A$a)on an* ot#er rain %orests in Asia an* A%rica $ay go %ro$ being assets in t#e battle against rising te$+erat"res to liabilities Beberapa ilmuwan percaya bahwa kenaikan kadar karbon berarti ama'on dan hutan hu:an di asia dan afrika mungkin beralih men:adi aset dalam pertempuran melawan peningkatan suhu

3. ,% t#e colla+se o% t#e rain %orests s+ee*s "+ *ra$atically- it co"l* e(ent"ally release 3.5 billion to 5 billion $etric tons o% carbon into t#e at$os+#ere eac# year/$a&ing %orests t#e lea*ing so"rce o% green#o"se gases ?ika runtuhnya hutan hu:an mempercepat secara dramatis, akhirnya bisa merilis 3100000000,1000000000 metrik ton karbon ke atmosfer setiap tahun membuat hutan men:adi sumber utama gas rumah kaca

C. T#e iss"e casts a +all o(er t#e 0nite* Nations1 cli$ate tal&s in 2ali t#is !ee&- !#ere e3+erts are *isc"ssing #o! to c"t e$issions a%ter t#e 4yoto Protocol !in*s *o!n in 2512 ;asalah tersebut memuntahkan selubung di atas pembicaraan iklim )BB di Bali pekan ini, di mana para ahli sedang mendiskusikan bagaimana mengurangi emisi setelah )rotokol 5yoto angin turun di 60/6

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1. 'o$e e3+erts say t#at t#e rain %orest is alrea*y at t#e brin& o% colla+se Beberapa ahli mengatakan bahwa hutan hu:an sudah di ambang kehancuran

G. 2eca"se t#e 6carbon cycle6 is (e3ing to +lot- $ost $eteorologists lea(e it o"t o% t#eir co$+"ter $o*els. 5arena "siklus karbon" adalah hal yang membingungkan untuk rencananya, sebagian besar ahli meteorologi meninggalkan model komputer mereka

B. T#e +ict"re !orsens !it# eac# ro"n* o% El Ni7o- t#e "n"s"ally !ar$ c"rrents in t#e Paci%ic 8cean t#at *ri(e "+ te$+erat"res an* in(ariably +resage *ro"g#ts an* %ires in t#e rain %orest <ambaran yang semakin parah dengan setiap putaran 7l !i8o, arus hangat yang luar biasa di .amudera )asifik yang menaikkan suhu dan selalu memberi pertanda kekeringan dan kebakaran di hutan hu:an

H. Not long ago- t#ose !#o lobbie* %or t#e rain %orests *i* so on t#e earnest b"t li$ite* arg"$ent t#at bio*i(ersity !as at ris& Belum lama ini, mereka yang merencanakan untuk hutan hu:an berargumen serius namun terbatas bahwa keanekaragaman merupakan resiko

I. Not e(eryone belie(es t#e rain %orests are %ate* to *esiccate an* *ie Tidak semua orang percaya bahwa hutan hu:an ditakdirkan untuk

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mengering dan mati

/0.

Ari)ona 'tate 0ni(ersity ecologist 'cott 'ales&a %o"n*

t#at t#e A$a)on bo"nce* bac& i$+ressi(ely a%ter t#e !it#ering 2555 *ro"g#t- 6greening "+6 as intense s"nlig#t +enetrate* t#ro"g# to t#e nor$ally s#a*o!y "n*erstory &ri'ona .tate University ekologi .cott .aleska mengemukakan bahwa &ma'on bangkit kembali dengan impresif setelah kekeringan ta:am 6001, menembus "penghi:auan" seperti sinar matahari yang intensif hingga biasanya bayangan dibalik cerita

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Bibliography
2nternet acces. =ebruary Bth, 60/6. http@AAwww.thedailybeast.comAnewsweekA600BA/6A0/Aforests,are,not, green.html 2nternet acces =ebruary, 60/6 http@AA!!!.oxforddictionaries.com( 2nternet acces =ebruary, 60/6 http@AAwww.google.comA

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