CHEMISTR

Y
MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY

NAME : Muhammad Amiruddin Bin Rajudin

CLASS : 4D
TEACHERS NAME : Puan Aini
MATRIC NO. : 13574
OBJECTIVE

i.

Understand the manufacture of sulphuric acid.

ii.

Synthesise the manufacture of ammonia and its salts.

iii.

Understand alloys.
iv.

Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymer.

v.

Apply the uses of glass and ceramics.

vi.

Evaluate the uses of composite materials.

SULPHURIC ACID
(H4S O4)
USES OF SULPHURIC ACID

1. Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertilizer such as

ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate, which are highly
soluble in water and can be easily obsorbed by plant.
2. Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is used as the electrolyte.
3. Sulphuric acid also used in the making of artificial silk-like fibres and
rayon.
4. Chemical like paints, dyes and drug use sulphuric
acid as one of their component materials.

MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC
ACID

1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured in industry though contact process

2. The process contain three stage

STAGE1: Production Of Sulphur Dioxide From Sulphur

i.

Combustion of sulphur or sulphide ores in the air produce

sulphur dioxide SO2.
S(s)
+O2(g) SO2(g)
sulphu
r

ii.

sulphur dioxide is dried and purified.

STAGE2: Production Of Sulphur Trioxide From Sulphur Dioxide

i.

The purified sulphur dioxide SO2 and excess air are passed
over vanadium(V)
oxide V2O5 at controlled optimum condition optimum condition to
produce sulphur trioxide SO3.
2SO2(g)+O2(g)

2SO3(g)

ii. The optimum used

are a)
Temperature:450500C
b) Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres
c) Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide

iii. Under controlled optimum conditions, 98% conversion is possible.

Sulphur dioxide and oxygen that have not reacted are allowed to flow
back again over the catalyst in the converter.
STAGE3: Conversion of trioxide to sulphuric acid

i. Sulphur trioxide SO2 is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4 to

form oleum
H2S2O7 which is then diluted with water to form sulphuric acid H2SO4.

SO3(g)+H2SO4(l)
H2S2O7(l)
Oleum

H2S2O7(l)+ H2O(l)
2H2SO4(aq)

ii. The two reactions in stage3 are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide
directly into water.

SO3(g)+H2O(l)
H2SO4(aq)

ii.

The addition of sulphur trioxide directly into is not carried out

because the reaction is very vigorous; a lot of heat is given off. As a
result, alarge cloud of sulphuric acid fumes is produced, which is
corrosive and causes severe air pollution.

The Contact Process

Sulphur

Oxygen
In The Converter

S(s) +

O2(g)

2SO(g) + O2(g)
2SO3(g)
Temperature: 450-500C
Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres

2%so

Catalyst: Vanadium(V) oxide

Oxygen

SO2(g) + H2SO4(aq)
H2S2O7(l)

Unreacte
d2%so2
is flowed
back to
converter
together
with
oxygen

H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l)

Outline of Contact
Process

SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION

1.Sulphur dioxide is one of the by-product of contact process. It is
a colourless and poisonous gas with a vary pungent smell.
2.Sulphur dioxide which escape into the air causes air pollution.
3.Sulphur dioxide is an acidic which dissolves in water to form
sulphurous acidic, H2SO3. In the atmosphere, sulphur dioxide dissolve in
water droplets to form sulphurous acidic.

SO2(g) + H2O(l)

H2SO3(aq)

4.Oxidation of sulphur acid by oxygen produce sulphuric acid, H2SO4,

which falls to the earth as acid rain. Sulphur trioxide is also easily
oxidised in the air to form sulphur trioxide. Sulphur trioxide dissolve in
rainwater to produce sulphuric acid.

SO3(g) + H2O(l)

H2SO4(aq)

Acid rain and environmental pollution

(NH3)
USES OF AMMONIA
1. Ammonia that is produce commercially has many uses.

2. It uses:
In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such as ammonium
sulphate, ammonia nitric, ammonia phosphate and urea.
i.

ii.

To manufacture nitric acid and explosive.

iii.

In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon.

As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains

in the kitchen.
iv.

PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA GAS

1.The physical properties of ammonia gas include the following:

i.

It colourless and has a pungent odour.

ii.

It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution.

iii.

It less dense then water.

iv.

It easily liquified (at about 35.5C) when cool.

2.The chemical properties of ammonia gas:

a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali.

NH3(g) + H2O(l)
NH4+(aq) +
OH-(aq)

b) The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to

become alkaline. Thus aqueous ammonia solution:
i.

Turns red litmus paper blue.

Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization

reaction.
ii.

NH3(aq) + HCI(aq)

NH4CI(aq)

2NH3 + H2SO4(aq)

iii.

(NH4)2SO4(aq)

Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce

precipitates..

Fe+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
(Form ammonia solution)

Fe (OH)2(s)
Dirty green precipitate

MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY

1. Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry

through the haber process. In this process, ammonia is
formed form direct combination of nitrogen and
hydrogen gas in the volume ratio 1:3.
2. The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of
liquefied air. The hydrogen gas is obtained form the
cracking of petroleum or from the catalysed reaction of
natural gas, CH4, with steam.

CH4(g) + H2O(g)
3H2(g)

CO(g) +

3.The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over

an iron catalyst under controlled optimum condition as
below to form ammonia gas.

Temperature:
450-500C
i.

Pressure: 200500 atmospheres

ii.

Catalyst used:
Iron fillings
iii.

N2(g) + 3H2(g)

2NH3(g)

4.Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the

gas mixture turn into ammonia gas. The nitrogen and
hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow back over the
catalyst again in the reactor chamber.
5.The ammonia product is then cooled at a low
temperature so that it condenses into a liquid in the
cooling chamber.

The Haber Process

AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS

1. Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make proteins which

are necessary for growth and cell repair.
2. Most plant are not able to get a nitrogen supply directly from the air
although it is abundant in the air (78%). Plants can only absorb
soluble nitrogen compounds from soil through their roots.
3. The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and
ammonia salt which are manufacture as chemical fertilizer.
4. Reactions of ammonia with acids produce ammonium fertilizers.

NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq)
NH4NO3(aq)
Ammonium
nitrate

3NH3(aq) + H3PO4(aq)
(NH4)3PO4(aq)
Ammonium
phosphate

2NH3(aq) +H2SO4(aq)
(NH4)2SO4(aq)
Ammonium
sulphate

ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN MATELS

1. The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This

causes the metal to have a hight density
2. The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are
strong. More heat energy is needed to overcome the metallic
bond so that the atoms are further apart during the melting.
This is why metals usually have hight melting point.
3. Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the
next by vibration. This make metal good conduct of heat.
4. The freely moving outermost electrons within the metals
structure are able to conduct electricity. Metal are, therefore,
good electrical conductors.
5. Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are
arranged orderly in a regular layered pattern. When a force is
applied to metal, layer of atom slide easily over one another.
This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.

Layer of atom slide

For
ce

Metals
are
ductile

The
shape of
the metal
change

F
or
ce

Metal are
malleable

WHAT ARE ALLOYS

1. Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low
resistance to corrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.
2. To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of
another element
(usually metal) is added to form another an
alloy.
3. An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in
a specific proportion. For example:
a.

Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)

b.

Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)

4.The purposes of making alloys include the following:

a) Increase the strength
i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon
is added to iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is
added, the stronger the steel becomes.
ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of
copper and magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light and
durable alloy call duralumin is produced.
b) Improving the resistance to corrosion
i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4%
of carbon,
18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These
properties make stainless steel suitable for making surgical
instrument and cutlery.
ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow
alloy which is known as brass develops a high resistance to
corrosion.

c) Enhancing the appearance

i. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard
but also has a more beautiful white silvery appearance.
ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy
that has an attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which
is suitable for making coins.
Alloy
High carbon
steel
Stainless steel

Composition
99% iron
1% carbon
80.6%
iron

Bras
s

0.4%
carbon
70%
copper

Bronz
e

30%
zinc
90%
copper

Pewte
r

90%
tin

Duralumin
Cupronickel

2.5%
copper
95%
aluminium
4%
75%copper
25%nickel

Properties
Strong,hard and
high wear
resistance
Do not rust
and tarnish,
strong and
durable
Hard, do not
rust, bright
appearance
Hard, do not
corrode easily
and durable
Ductile and
malleable,
white silvery
appearance
Light, strong
and
durable
Attractive,
silvery
appearance,
hard and tough

Use
Makings of
cutting tools,
hammers and
Making
of
surgical
instrument,
knives
forks
Making of
ornaments,
electrical
wiring and
For casting
bells, medals,
swords and
Making of
ornaments,
souvenirs
and mugs
Making part of
aircrafts and
racing cars
Making of
silver coins

Composition, properties and uses of alloys

The formation of alloy

WHAT ARE POLYMER

1.Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units

joined together repeatedly are called polymer.
2.The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are
caller monomer.
3.The process of joining together a large number of monomers to
form a long chain polymer is called polymerisation.

4.Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural

polymer are found in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers
are starch cellulose, protein and rubber.

5.Two type of polymerisation

are additional polymerisation.

in

producing

synthetic

polymer

Some Common Addition Polymers

6.Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition
polymerisation.
Name(s)
Formula
Monomer
Properties
Polyethyl
ene low
density
(LDPE)
Polyethyl
ene high
density
(HDPE)
Polypropyl
ene (PP)
different
grades

(CH2-

2
Poly(vinylid
ene
chloride)

CH2=CH2

CH2)n

ethylene

(CH2-

CH =CH

CH2)n

[CH CH(CH3)]n

Poly(vi
nyl
chlorid
e) (PVC)

ethylene

propylene
CH2=CHCH3

film
soft, waxy solid wrap,
plastic
bags
rigid,
translucent
solid
atactic: soft,
elastic solid
isotactic:
hard,
strong solid

(CH CHCl)n

vinyl
chloride

CH2=CHCl

(CH CCl2)n

vinylide
ne
chloride
CH2=CCl

strong rigid
solid
dense, highmelting solid

hard, rigid,
clear solid

[CH2-

styrene

(PS)

CH(C6H5)]n

CH2=CHC6H5 soluble in
organic
solvents

electrical
insulation
bottles,
toys
similar to
LDPE carpet,
upholstery

Polystyrene
2

Use
s

pipes,
siding,
flooring

seat covers,
films
toys,
cabinets
packaging
(foamed)

Polyacryloni
trile (PAN,
Orlon, Acrilan)

(CH2-

acrylonitrile

CHCN)n

CH2=CHCN

Polytetrafluor
oeth ylene
(PTFE, Teflon)

Poly(methyl
methacrylat
e) (PMMA,
Lucite,
Plexiglas)
Poly(vinyl
acetate)
(PVAc)
cisPolyisoprene
natural rubber

high-melting
rugs,
solid soluble in
blankets
organic
clothing
solvents

tetrafluoroet
resistant,
hyl ene
(CF2-CF2)n
smooth solid
CF2=CF2

[CH C(CH3)CO2
C H3]n

(CH2CHOCOCH3
) n
[CH2CH=C(CH3
)- CH2]n

methyl
methacrylat hard,
e
transparent
CH2=C(CH3) solid
C O2CH3

nonstick
surface
s
electric
al
lighting
covers,
signs
skylights

vinyl acetate
latex
CH2=CHOCO soft, sticky solid
paints,
C H3
adhesives
isoprene
CH2=CHC(CH3)=C

requires
soft, sticky solid vulcanizati
on
for practical
use

H2

Polychloropr [CH2chloropre
Uses
of
synthetic
ene (cis +
ne
CH=CCl
polymers
trans)
CH2=CH- CH2]n
(Neoprene)
CCl=CH
2

tough,
rubbery
solid

synthetic
rubber oil
resistant

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE

1.Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type of materials:

a.They are cheap, light-weight and translucent.
b.They are easily coloured, easily moulded and
shaped. c.They are non-corrosive, waterproof
and good insulator.
d.They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant to
decay, rusting and chemical attacks.
2.There are disadvantage using synthetic polymer:
a.Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a synthetic
polymer material catches fire, poisonous fumes are produce causing
air pollution.
b.Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are
discharge, they cause litter problem and pollute the environment.
c.Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect rainwater
which becomes the breeding ground for mosquitoes.
d.There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the
addition of non- recyclable polymers in the mixture affect the properties
of the recycled polymers

WHAT ARE GLASS

1.Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world.
Many products are made from glass because of its specials properties.
2.Glass is:
a. Transparent, hard but
brittle.
b.
A heat and electric
insulator.
c.

Resistant to corrosion.

d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to

chemical attack.
e.

Easy to maintain.

Type of glass

Composition

Properties

Use
s

Fused glass

Soda-lime glass

Borosilicate
glass

Lead crystal
glass
(flint
glass)

SiO2: 100%

SiO2:
75%
Na2O:15
% CaO:
9%
Other:1
%

SiO2:
78%
B2O3:
12%
Na2O:
5% CaO:
3%
Al2O3:2%
SiO2: 70%
Pbo/PbO2:20
% Na2O:
10%

Transparent

Lens

High melting
point

Telescope
mirrors
Laboratory
apparatus

Good
heat
insulato
Low melting
point, easily
molded into
desired shape
and size
Low resistant
to chemical
attacks
Brittle
Resistant
chemical
attack and
durable High
melting point
Good insulator
to heat
High
refractive
index
High
density
Attractive
glittering

Drinking
glass,
bottles
Electric bulbs
Window glass

Cooking
utensils
Laboratory
glassware
such as
conical flaks
and boiling
tube
Lenses and
prisms
Decorative
glassware and
art object
Imation
jewellery

CERAMICS
1. Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay
such as kaolin to a very high temperature.
2. Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most
useful materials in our everyday life. That:
a. Are hard, strong but brittle
b. Have high melting point and remain stable at high
temperature
c. Are heat and electric instrument

d. Are resistant to corrosion and

wear
e. Are chemically not reactive
f. Do not readily deform under stress

3. Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They

are uses as a.
Construction materials
i. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks
cement, sinks, and toilet bowls.
ii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high
resistant to heat.
b.

Decorative items
i. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they
do not tarnish easily and are durable.

ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor

and wall tiles.
c.

Electrical insulator
i. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items
such as toasters, fridges and electrical plug.

Materials
Oxide
ceramic
Alumina,AL2O
3

Beryllia,
BeO
Zirconia,
Nonoxide
ceramics
Boron
carbide,B4
C3
Silicon
nitride, Si3,

Melting
point/

Density/G
cm-3

Elastic
modulus/
GPa

205
4

3.9
7

38
0

257
4

3.0
1

37
0

271

5.6

21

235
0

2.5
0

28
0

283

3.1

40

Hardness/
mohs
9
8
8

9
9

Metals
Aluminiu
m Steel

66
0

2.7
0

151
5

7.8
6

70

20
5

WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1. A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is

formed by two or more different substances such as metal, glass,
ceramic and polymer.
2.

Some common composite materials are:

a.
b.

Reinforces concrete
Superconductor

c. Fibre optic d.
Fibre glass
e.

Photochromic glass

REINFORCES CONCRETE

1. Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap and easy to

maintain. It is more important construction materials.
2. The reinforces is a combination of concrete and steel.

SUPERCONDUCTOR

1. Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but
20% of the electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission.
2.

Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of

electricity at a particular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity
transmission is possible.

3. One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability

to levitate a magnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically
levitate high-speed train (at about 552 km/h).
4. Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster
supercomputer.
Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data
processing in internet communication.

FIBRE OPTIC

1. Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light
wave.
2. Fibre optic is used in
a.
Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre
optic cables. b.
Domestic cable television network

c.
3.

Closed circuit television security system.

Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of

instrument which enable the investigation for internal body part without
having to perform surgery.

FIBRE GLASS

1. Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto
a refractory rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre.
2.

Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to
fire and water but is brittle.

3. When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass
reinforces plastic is formed.
4. Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass
and plastic. It is a.Extremely strong
b.

Light weigh

c.

Resistant to fire and water

d.

Can be molded, shaped and twisted

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS

1. When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances)

and a small amount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon
dioxide, photochromic glass is formed.

2. The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when exposed

to strong sunlight or ultraviolet.
3. Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.