Q: 1.

Why when you have pin connection which means that we only allow a small torsional restrain there is not a bending moment at the end?

Things to learn:

Bracing 1. For roof bracing, method of joints- general structural analysis 2. Moment amplification factors

3.

Section properties, I and G

4. Wind loading

Try to do an examples of the purlins after I did the wind loading

Things to download http://steelandtube.co.nz/sites/steelandtube.co.nz/files/publications/S%26T_Purlins_%26_Girts_Ca talogue_2013_2.pdf

Notes from Christmas 2014

Bracing Design
The most important thing is the analysis and find the correct action effects

Beam design
General notes: 1. Type of connection 2. Type of failure: 5 types 3. Section capacity and member capacity for bending- torsional buckling Design: Ms Ms needs Ze (from tables) Mb For Mb need as and am Am for the bending diagram As takes under account the effective length factor Le effective length Fully restrained, partial restrained Compact, non-compact and slender members Continuously laterally restrained beams Beam column design Web design: Shear yielding p.93 Web buckling p.94 Shear and bending interaction for unstiffened webs p.94 Bearing capacity of unstiffened webs p.95, Bearing yield capacity, Buckling capacity, Combined bending and bearing

Column DESIGN
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Members loaded only axially

Compressive yielding Local buckling theoretical elastic buckling load inelastic range- precise influence of the initial camber and the residual stresses Concentrically loaded compression members Nominal section capacity Nominal member capacity Nc = cNs = ckf An fy _ Ns Calculate all the above for the beam-column for just an axial force

- Design of beam-columns

Beam-column verification procedure, 15 steps

General Notes:

Buckling

Mathematical analysis of buckling often makes use of an axial load eccentricity that introduces a secondary bending moment, which is not a part of the primary applied forces to which the member is subjected. As an applied load is increased on a member, such as column, it will ultimately become large enough to cause the member to become unstable and is said to have buckled. Further load will cause significant and somewhat unpredictable deformations, possibly leading to complete loss of the member's load-carrying capacity. (If the deformations that follow buckling are not catastrophic the member will continue to carry the load that caused it to buckle. If the buckled member is part of a larger assemblage of components such as a building, any load applied to the structure beyond that which caused the member to buckle will be redistributed within the structure.)

Flexural (Lateral)-torsional buckling[edit]

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When an I-beam is loaded in its major principle plane (i.e. major axis bending), one flange goes into compression, which means it is trying to get shorter. This flange will therefore tend to buckle out sideways. Effectively the flange is behaving like a column, and like a column, the longer it is the more easily it will buckle. However the tension flange does not tend to buckle. So the beam must twist as the compression flange buckles (see Figure 7.1(b)). The greater the length of unrestrained compression flange, the lower the bending moment at which flexural-torsional buckling will occur.

When a simply supported beam is loaded in flexure, the top side is in compression, and the bottom side is intension. When a slender member is subjected to an axial force, failure takes place due to bending or torsion rather than direct compression of the material. If the beam is not supported in the lateral direction (i.e., perpendicular to the plane of bending), and the flexural load increases to a critical limit, the beam will fail due to lateral buckling of the compression flange. In wide-flange sections, if the compression flange buckles laterally, the cross section will also twist in torsion, resulting in a failure mode known as lateral-torsional buckling.

Compact, non compact and sleder sections

Steel sections (usually I sections) used for flexural members are classified in AS 4100 as one of three types according to the width-thickness ratios of the component elements: compact, non-compact, and slender. The effective section modulus Ze is calculated in different ways for the three types of section and this affects the section moment capacity Ms used in design. 1. Compact sections are sections that can develop the full cross-section plastic moment Mp under flexure and sustain that moment through a large hinge rotation without buckling. 2. Non-compact sections are sections that either cannot develop the cross-section full plastic strength or cannot sustain a large hinge rotation at Mp, due to local buckling of the flanges or web. Fig.7.1(a) illustrates local buckling. Non-compact sections can reach the first yield moment My at the extreme fibres. 3. Slender-element sections are sections that fail by local buckling of component elements before My is reached.

A section is classed as compact if all its component elements have widththickness ratios less than the plasticity limit for plate element slenderness 'ep, implying that flanges and web will yield fully without buckling A section is considered to be slender if one or more of its component elements have widththickness ratios that exceed yield limit for plate element slenderness 'ey, implying that buckling will occur before yield