[152]

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE
SCOPE OF WORK

he conclusions drawn fromthe analytical and simulation studies made and reported in the
thesis are included in this chapter. This study augments the performance of existing OFDM
system.

7.1 CONCLUSION
The importance of multi-carrier communication system has been established in the present
communication era. The merits and demerits of OFDM system along with its implication are discussed in
first chapter. Multi-carrier communication system especially OFDM has been evolved as one of such
potential candidate which are bandwidth efficient and robust to multipath channel condition (frequency
selective fading). The research activities in OFDM have grown tremendously during last two decades.
Due to its advantageous features like high spectral efficiency, easy equalization and robustness to
frequency selective fading channel, the OFDM has been adopted by many broadband wireless
communication standards like DAB, DVB-T, IEEE 802.11, 802.16 and UWB communication systems.
Besides so many advantageous and favorable features, there exist some major drawbacks of
OFDM which must be resolved for getting all the advantages. Therefore, for overall improvement in the
performance of OFDM system, it is required to handle all these issues separately. This thesis presents a
brief review of major problems of OFDM system with their existing solutions. The main focus of work
was to provide an appropriate solution to each and every major problem like high PAPR, timing
synchronization, frequency synchronization and ICI reduction. After the review of different concerns and
their solutions, following objectives were set for this study:
Development of a suitable timing offset estimator,

Algorithmenumeration for frequency offset estimation,

Establishment of methods for PAPR reduction, and

Induction of new pulse shape in OFDM receiver for ICI reduction


T

[153]

A new technique which is based on the use of FRFT and chirp signal is proposed for timing offset
estimation in an OFDM system. The proposed method uses chirp signal as a training sequence and
employed the FRFT as a tool to localize the training sequence (chirp) at the receiver. The comparative
study shows the superiority of the proposed estimator in terms of mean and MSE of timing offset. The
MSE of timing offset with proposed method is found 76% (5 dB SNR) and 63% (8 dB SNR) lower than
Awoseyila et.al method, in HIPERLAN/2 indoor channel-A and in Wi-Max system (strong fading
channel) respectively. However, the betterment in MSE is obtained in the proposed method at the cost of
increased computational complexity, in terms of (N 4 1+1.4427 N log
10
N) more complex
multiplication than Awoseyila et.al method.
OFDM works on the principle of orthogonality, sub-carriers are orthogonal to each other. This
orthogonality between sub-carriers may be destroyed if carrier frequency offset arises between them due
to Doppler spreading while transmission. The main task of frequency synchronization in OFDM systemis
to estimate and correct this carrier frequency offset at the receiver. Lot of frequency offset estimators is
available in the literature. Out of which, chirp signal based estimator (given by Wei et.al) performs better
than others. It is also found that, the FRFT is better tool than FT to determine the frequency offset when
chirp signal is used as a training sequence.
Thus, on the basis of modulation property of FRFT, new frequency offset estimation has been
proposed. With the proposed method, the MSE of frequency offset estimation is found very low in
comparison to other discussed methods, in multipath fading channel. There is an approximately 3 dB
betterment of SNR for obtaining same MSE, as compared with existing methods. In terms of
computational complexity, the proposed algorithmis better than Wei et.al and Schmidl & Cox method.
It is known fact that the high PAPR is one of the major issues associated with the OFDM system.
High PAPR exists due to large dynamic range of input signal. Due to this high PAPR, the efficiency of
high power amplifier at the output of transmitter decreases. Several PAPR reduction methods are available
in the literature. Each technique has its own merit and demerit in terms of PAPR reduction capability,
bandwidth expansion, and implementation complexity. It is found that pre-coding and clipping is the
simplest and efficient method of PAPR reduction.
Therefore, a method is suggested to reduce the PAPR which is the combination of pre-coding and
clipping method. For pre-coding matrix generation, a new window family (MBH window family) is
proposed. Also a new algorithm is proposed for clipping process which is based on iterative clipping. The

[154]

CCDF of PAPR with hybrid method (pre-coding with conventional clipping) at = 11% is similar to
CCDF of PAPR with only pre-coding method at = 22%. Therefore, a 50% overhead is reduced.
With normal OFDM system, at 10
-3
CCDF, the value of PAPR is 10.2 dB and with EC method
it is 2.6 dB, whereas with proposed clipping algorithm(N0I =70, =28), it is obtained 2.1 dB. The
gain of proposed method with respect to Original OFDM signal is 8.1 dB and with respect to EC method
is 0.5 dB.
Literature survey reveals that the results of CFO and STO will appear in the form of inter-carrier
interference. CFO and STO can be estimated and corrected by frequency and timing offset estimators, but
residual errors are inevitable. Therefore, suitable methods are required to reduce ICI at the receiver. It is
also found that receiver windowing is one of the best methods available to reduce ICI. For receiver
windowing, a Nyquist pulse shape is required. Several Nyquist pulse shapes (like RC, BTRC, SOCW,
ISP, PMSP, etc) are available in the literature.
A new window family called as MBH window family is proposed for the improvement in OFDM
systemboth in terms of ICI power and BER. It is found that many existing pulse shapes are the member
of this window family at different value of pulse shape parameter [. The MBH window family (with
different ) provides bit error rate better than BTRC, Frank, SOCW and PMSP pulse shapes. With the
help of SIR analysis, the value of [
opt
has been determined for given frequency offset and roll-off factor.
In terms of ICI, the performance of MBH pulse shapes is in between BTRC and Frank pulse when the
pulse roll-off factor o is less than unity. For o =1, its performance is equivalent to Frank and SOCW.
The PMSP gives best ICI reduction among all the pulse shapes considered here, but its BER performance
is worst and close to non-windowing option. In this way, the BER performance of MBH window family
is found best amongst all available pulse shapes. This clearly establishes that MBH window family
provides best pulse shapes for improving an OFDM system in terms of both ICI and BER together. With
the proposed window family, the ICI is reduced from -14.28 dB (without windowing) to -36.71 dB at
e =0.1, and BER decreases from4.55910
-3
to 3.2910
-6
at 50 dB SNR.




[155]


Figure-7.1: Augmented baseband OFDM system model

After incorporating all the proposed modifications, which are included from Chapter-3 to
Chapter-6, the augmented block diagramof OFDM communication link has been redrawn in Figure 7.1.
The shaded blocks are added to the original OFDM communication link as shown in Figure 2.2.1. This
clearly depicts the contribution made in this study and reported in this thesis.

7.2 FUTURE SCOPE

In this study, different problems of OFDM system have been considered and suitable solutions have
been provided. As it is an established fact, that research is never ending process, a new beginning is
always waiting. Therefore, following are the works that may be considered as a future scope in this
direction:

(a) The channel estimation is an area which required a lot of attention and improper channel
estimation degrades the performance of system. In this work, it is assumed that channel is
estimated perfectly. Hence one can evaluate the performance of proposed work with different
channel estimation method.

[156]

(b) The algorithmof timing offset estimation can be extended for channel estimation in OFDM
system.
(c) The proposed timing offset and frequency offset estimator can be utilized for MIMO OFDM
system.
(d) The proposed PAPR reduction method can be used with MIMO OFDM system.
(e) The closed formexpression of BER can be derived for OFDM system with proposed PAPR
reduction method.
(f) The windowing method of ICI reduction can be clubbed with ICI self cancellation scheme.

*******************************************************



[157]

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