2/15/2009

Conventionally generators direction of current transmission is considered positive Negative polarity is considered for devices that current enters into (like R, L, and C combinations). This is because of the voltage drop across the component. As we saw in previous lectures Instantaneous Power:

Review of Real power, Reactive power and Voltamperes

Instantaneous Real Power: Average Real Power

Instantaneous Reactive Power:

Or,

Real Power Fluctuates between 0 and 2VIcos Average real power = VIcos Reactive power fluctuates between +(VmIm/2)sin and -(VmIm/2)sin Average Reactive power =0 Now, Maximum value of reactive power = +(VmIm/2)sin Or,

Reactive elements take power to charge/magnetize and give back power to discharge/demagnetize the capacitor/inductor. Although average energy consumed is zero, it still requires on behalf of the generator to provide a certain amount of volt-amperes. This limits generator capacity. Also, reactive volt-amperes cannot be transferred without copper-loss. This loss is also provided by the generator and therefore even more decreasing generator output.

From here it is seen that when is positive Px is positive and when is negative Px is negative. So it has become convention, as stated earlier, to consider positive when inductive load is used, thus, inductive reactive voltamperes give positive reactive power and capacitive reactive volt-amperes give negative reactive power.

From Icos I We get, P = Vmsint Imcos sint If we consider voltage as the reference, then from the above expression we can say that Imcos is the in-phase component, power component, active component or energy component of current with respect to voltage. V Isin Here Isin is called out-of-phase-component, quadrature component, or reactive component of current with respect to voltage.

Considering RMS values and voltage as the reference axis

If, however, cos was grouped with V as shown below P = Vmcos sint Imsint Then we would have I and Vcos with I as the reference axis. V Vsin I Vcos Here Vcos is called in-phase component, active component, energy component or power component of voltage with respect to current. AND Vsin is the quadrature component, reactive component or wattless component of voltage with respect to current.

2/15/2009

So, V Icos = real power (Vcos I) V Isin = real power (Vsin I)

Volt amperes Product of effective voltage and effective current gives us volt-amperes. Volta-amperes contains both real and reactive components Volt-amperes multiplied by cos gives us real power therefore cos is called power factor Power Factor Cos = Power / Voltamperes = Real Power / Voltamperes Volt-amperes multiplied by sin gives us reactive power therefore sin is called reactive factor Reactive Factor sin = var/ Voltamperes = Reactive voltameres / Voltamperes