AN ALGORITHM FOR THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION BY THE MESH METHOD OF THE CYLINDRICAL BLAST PROBLEM, ALLOWING FOR BACK

PRESSURE*
N. A. AKKH.L\NGEL'SKII Moscow
(Receiued 22 June 1970)

AN algorithm is given for the numerical solution An implicit mesh method in Lagrange variables. employed.

of the cylindrical problem computational scheme is

by the

Two types of scheme are used in computations of ideal gas flows involving schemes with artificial dissipative terms simulating the properties of the jumps: actual physical medium, where the jumps are manifested automatically, and schemes in which the isolation of singularities has to be provided for in advance. Both types non-linear of scheme statement have been used to solve the spherical D-31. relationships differs from the above problems [4]; it has been blast problem in its

The method of integral used for solving The present cylindrical computational

both the spherical paper describes is employed. I.

and the cylindrical an algorithm

[5, 61. solution of the

for the numerical variables.

problem

by the mesh method in Lagrange

An implicit

scheme

Formulation straight

of the problem cord occurs at the instant t = 0 in a

The explosion

of an infinite

perfect ideal gas at rest with constant pressure P, and constant density R,, and is accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy and a rise in the pressure and temperature. The resulting strong cylindrical shock wave travels through the gas at a speed C, .w . , separating the medium into a disturbed and an undisturbed part. The gas movement is cylindrically symmetric, i.e. onedimensional. The problem will be stated theoretically -1971.

under the usual

simplifying -.

*Z/z. u?chisl.

Mat. mat. Fit..

11, 1, 222-236,

289

290

N. A. Arkhngelskii

assumptions; in particular, the release of finite energy E, per unit length is assumed to occur instantaneously, while changes in the gas properties at high temperatures are ignored. The equations of motion and continuity in Lagrange variables are
-e-m-

PR

ap

(4.1)

9i!R$= 9l!OS,
where s is the Lagrange coordinate of the particle, R (s, t) is the Euler coordinate, P (s, t) is the pressure, and % (s, t) is the density. The Lagrange coordinate is chosen in such a way that R (ss w., t) = s, w on the shock wave. Since heat exchange is ignored, the gas flow is adiabatic with the equation of state

atz

5x! dR

P = S(S)W~,
where 6 6) is the entropy function and y Poissons process is reversible, adiabatic index. Since the

(1.2)

$0(S)). = +w$

= 0,

where the subscript s ipdicates that the entropy S is constant for all particles with the given Lagrange coordinate s. When the shock wave passes through a particle, its entropy increases; this is bound up with the representation of the ideal gas flow as the limiting Let flow of a viscous heat-conducting gas.

u=

aR/at.
Equations (l.l), (1.2) may then be replaced by

be the particle velocity. (1.3) $= ---

ap

seas as 7

yZRg=%$s,

;=

U,

g(Pe) = 0.
To avoid being concerned with specific values of the problem parameters E,, P,, R,, we transform to dimensionless variables in (1.3). according to the expressions

R,
where

(l.c;j

Eo = a(y) E,
of proportionality problem a 0,) is determined dimensionless from the solution variables, Eqs. of the (1.3) can

and the coefficient relevant similarity to be transformed (1.7)

171. In these

g+A$=O, $w) = 0, B = IA,

z+R$+n=O,

A%& h

where u = variables

4 =

r/v:

ll = ypu / r, I = a.p (acoustic

of sound. symmetric and initial a. The set (1.7) describes conditions

impedance), Before

and

T(1.p /p)

is the velocity

in dimensionless

a smooth cylindrically the set, boundary conditions.

motion of the ideal gas. must be stated.

integrating

1. Boundary

At the centre

(I.81
b.

u(0, T) = 0,

r(0, z) = 0.

At the shock wave (moving boundary)

(I.91

r(r s.w.4=

rl

S.W.

and we have the Hankin-Wugoniot

relations

where the dimensionless of r. 2. Initial conditions

velocity

of the shock wave cs L. w . is the required

functior:

at T T

To.

These

are

292

N. A. Arkhmgelskii

(1.11)

u = 4% TO),

F = P (rl* Go3 9

r = rhz),

(3 =

P(17. TO),

while r will be defined below. They are found where O<q<q(~')=q,.G, by using the similarity solution [71. For a cylindrical motion, the similarity variable is the following combination of parameters E, and j?, and variables s and t (P, = 0 for the similarity motion):

~zL._=

R S.W.

(_ 1
E

9,

4 s
th

The functions and derivatives (1.12) u =

in (1.3) will be replaced by the combinations

ff(%

J=$&h),
.+= S2 ww7
0

R = sZ(Qy

93 = 4eog(h),

where o = hg+. As a result, the following set of orindary differential equations in f(x), h (X) and 2(h) is obtained:

dh -= dh

4h Z(Z-2f)+y(f 7 [4yhZ-(Z-2f)]Z

2hI)

dZ dh-

--1

2f h

g=[Z(Z-2f)]-. The boundary conditions for integration of the set (1.13) in the interval 0 < X 6 1 follow from the conditions on the shock wave for the similarity motion: (1.14) 1 2(y-c 1)

h(i)

f(l)=&.

Z(1) =

1.

Integrating the set (1.13) under conditions (1.14) by any suitable numerical method gives

In the dimensionless

form, (1.12) may be written as

Algorithm

for the numerical

solution

293

rm

h&.z(L),

Pm = conditions P (%,

mm)%
(1.11): To) = PVI, r(VW rO) = r7Jz,

and we can take as the initial (1.15) u(rhn, zO) = &I,

P (rim, To) = pm. Let us define the parameter 7. The Rankin-Hugoniot relations represent three

connections between four quantities. If the value of any one of them is specified, in such a way that the similarity set gives a reasonably accurate description of the actual physical picture of the blast, the other three can be found, then r and VS.W. o=rg.W.o can be found from

which hold for the similarity chosen + l)/(y choices value, wave differ by a reasonably

motion.

we take the condition

As a criterion for the suitability of the that the density p (q7,_WI),r) on the shock value g (1) = (y Such a choice was made in [31. Other

small amount from its constant

case. - 1) in th e similarity are also possible [l, 81.

To sum up, to find the required Q={O0lCW), boundary value 9 < c < problem, i.e. integrate

functions

u, p, r, p, and cs w in the region conditions (1.8)~(1.10)

T < DO} we have to solv;? the (mixed)

(1.7) with boundary

and initial conditions (1.111, obtained approximately by virtue of (1.15). Knowing the solution as a function of n and T for a given y, all the quantities can be found for any other values of the parameters E,, P, and so. new computation of the entire problem. ,4 change in y demand a

Expressions will be needed later for the asymptotic behaviour of the solution of (1.7) in the neighbourhood of the centre, at which it has a singularity. If the usual assumption is made, that a change in the boundary conditions on the shock wave does not change the type of the density expansion when account is taken of back pressure, i.e. the asymptotic behaviour of the density is assumed to hold for the non-linear problem, it can be shown that the similarity asymptotic expression expressions must also hold for the remaining functions [7, 81. Asymptotic were used for computing a spherical blast in 11, 31.

294

N. A. Arkhangelskii

Starting

from the density

expansion

in powers

of the Lagrange

variable

A, with constants

x, n and 6, = ai tY), i In

1, 2,. . . ) expansions of h (A), 1 (A) and f(h) can be obtained from the similarity set (1.131, after which the asymptotic behaviour is obtained for the set (1.7). its final form, the asymptotic solution of (1.7) is described by the expansions U(%Z) (1.16) r(q,-c)= &WL-/~(~ + &h2 + &A +. . .), = Pi ~(l+s~A+Ir,hl+...).

P(9,)=$(1+vlhl+y~~L+...), p(q, ?) = 6iP(13_ where h = v/~T, and the coefficients 62A.2 + 633L+ . . .)) have the values

2y--vi=sygs
112= &(2Y---), Es=

VI
2=--r

~*=-~Y
2 2y-1 2yv&, , P3=--%(4Y-1). data (1.11) at and in the neighbourhood rhey were employed in the computations. solution of the mixed Cauchy in a modified

va = 2

63=8&2, By using expansions of the center of symmetry form, to be described Assuming

b2 -- E2

(1.16). the initial can bc cvaluatcd.

in the next section.

the existence

of a generalized

problem abovcl stated (it,s uuiqucness is ensured by the condition that the entropy increase [9])% it may bc found by the mesh method; for this purpose, the differential problem is wduced to a ditfcrtwce problem. 3 Xeduction of the differential _. problem to a finite-difference problem boundary boundary value value

on a mesh a distance qz.w. from the centse

Suppose thilt the shock wave has travelled at T Y TO(Fig. 1 ). \\o illtroduw thr) space step

Algorithm

for the numerical

solution

295

(2.1)

*q = *; Let qtlm = mA,q, m = 0, 1,. .., M LO, T]~.~_]. Since dn,.,,_./dr = cS ,w., be the points of

where XI is an integer. division of the interval

(2.2)
Neglecting

AT =$+O[(Aq)']
S.W.

.
terms, this relationship will in fact be taken as the

the second-order

algorithm for finding the time step 3~. The straight lines r = rn, n = 0, 1,. . . , N, will be call4 layers. The set of base-points (n,, rn) forms a mesh, on which the mesh functions Fl(q17, z) = W, will be considered. The interval of length qr = interval. IAq, I? < M, next to be centre, will be termed the central

PIG.

1.

When the time step is given by (2.2). the shock wave will always pass, with an acceptable error, through the computational base-points of the mesh. This type of algorithm was originated by M. V. Keldysh and realized earlier in [3]. The mesh region the solution is sought, < -C}, Q(*) = (0 < qrn < nnrl,., T? < tn thus splits into two regions: the central region in which Q,nn,

consisting of the central intervals, and the interior region s!i,T) = fi2(9 - $11). In Q,!tn the values of functions at points other than base-points will extrapolation of their values at the be found by interpolation, while in QL*n base-points r, r + 1, r t 2 by means of asymptotic expressions is used. Let us now reduce the differential boundary value problem to a finite-difference problem equations for the mesh functions (u, p, r, p),, in Q*n; for this, the differential and boundary conditions are approximated by finite-difference analogues. The difference scheme will be written with respect to four points, while the actual derivative is taken at the centre of the rectangle:

296

N. A. Arkhngelskii

(2.3)

(WZ - w:+) + (WZ+1-Km)

2Arl

(2.4)

n+iWm+J + (w,+!- Wm)

28-r n+l + wi"+ W m+% - l/&(Wi=: WC.1 + Wmn).

This scheme is well known to be stable whatever the ratio Ar/Aq,and is a scheme of the second order of accuracy. On replacing the partial derivatives

in

FIG. 2.

the first two equations of (1.7) by finite-differences rules, we obtain the difference set

in accordance with these

U,,l)+ (u;+i - z&n) $, _-_

2A2

p$

(PZ

- P:+i

) + (P?z+12Atl

Pm")

()

Algorithm

for the numerical

solution

297

(u*+* Bm+m
n+h

n+l

z&E+ ) + (d,, 2611

Urn) = _

$y

m+ *

Using

(1.2), the fourth equation of (1.7) becomes

on the mesh

(2.7)
The third equation of (1.7) may be written on the (n + l)_th layer as

(2.8)

(CI) 2

=2gi,
by a quadrature formula. in accordance since the stability a ratio of (1.7) by a difference equation scheme becoming unstable, demands for computational

where the integral Approximation

on the rigi& will be evaluated

of the third equation

with the rule (2.3) leads to the entire resulting explicit difference equation

Arjhrl, which violates condition (2.2). It follows from Tsemplens theorem that, if condition (2.2) holds, then the Courant stability criterion is certainly violated on the wave, i.e. a stable scheme cannot he explicit [91. Let us turn to the approximation cell on the wave (Fig. 2) and replace the rules on the shock wave. Take the parallelogram the partial derivatives in accordance with

which have the same order of accuracy as (2.3) and (2.4). equations (1.7) on the wave then be written as
n+1
(2.*1)

The first two of

II

UM

/1,

uhf +&+%

)S(pj: -pL) (PZ - PM 2Arl

a+1

i2.12)

pM A; pM +

! (u,,:-uM+)+(u~-u~--L) B,+ 2Arl

= _n,*

298

N. A. Arklrmg~~lskii

With these

equations

we associate

the conditions $1 and pltl

(1.9) and (1.10) on the shock from these equations by

wave, which are written means of a pivotal

in an obvious

way on the mesh, and also the set (2.5)which will be obtained below,

(2.8) with m -: Al - 1. On eliminating condensation

relationship,

nine equations are obtained for the nine quantities (u, p, r, p)$i M and c:;. . . nt l , their values at all other base-points of the layer conKnowing (u, p, r, plM sidered can be found. A boundary value problem is thus obtained for the quasilinear difference set (2.5H2.8) with linear boundary conditions at m = 0 and non-linear conditions at m = 111. It has to be determined whether this problem well posed, and what method can be used for solving it. First consider the method of solution. We find u,$: and u: from (2.5)-(2.6): is

(2.13)

(2.14)

where

Replacing equation (2.15) is obtained,

m by m - 1 in (2.13) and eliminating

u+I m

from (2.14),

the difference

i,+1,: n+i + (& 18,: ,5p,,t;i where a,::: = e$p:+, ZL

+ F;+-;)p,:+i+

y::ti;,p:,_:

S:,+_!h,

+(r:,E

+ r:%:

+ &JL

2[U,,:;-1 Equation

I+ +~:?,z)An]. + (Y,+S

(2 15) is in fact a set of III - 1 linear algebraic equations in the M n-!l .i 11 FL 1. To complete the set, we satisfy the first boundary unkI10w11s po %I. I... , pA\I-condition (1.8) by setting m 0 in (2.14), as a result of which we obtain the condition

Algorithm

for the numerical

solution

299

Equations :2.15), (2.16) have a triangular matrix and may be solved by the pivotal condensation method in the form described in [lOI. We introduce into (2.16) n+li n+% 6% = pin - poay2 -

and consider (2.17)

is obtained from (2.17). On eliminating p,_r ntl from this and (2.15) and solving the resulting equation for pk+ l, recurrence relations are obtained for computing the pivotal condensation coefficients (direct pivotal condensation):

instead of (2.16). Applying induction,

PC-: = a,z_;zp, n+l+ pi:;*

(2.18)

where CI{ and p, nt s are defined above, and the reverse pivotal condensation expression (2.19)
pi+, =

a~$-bZ

+ S2$,

m =

M -

1, M - 2,. . . , I + 2.

Computation by this method is stable because all the C&Z are uniformly bounded on the layer, in fact, Ju~+~ mi q)]1/,1< 1, since <1. For,whenm=O,(ay,(=([(x--)/(x-k Let Ial_.s( < 1, then x>Oandq>OinQ(*n).

300

N. A. Arkhangelskii

since 1[y / salt-55 1 < 1. Assuming that CL,+,/ depends only on m and not on the required functions, (2.18) can be varied. Up to first order terms in the variation &z,,,_~, we obtain

Hence the error m computrng a,,,+ % does not increase with stable.

and the sweep is

Now consider the computation on the wave. Eliminating us; from (2.11) and (2.12), the result can be written as

(2.20)

K, = (2x - /zq) ,+, Putting m = m - 1 in (2.13) and (2.19), and recalling (2.11), a set of equations is obtained from which z$ l and pi_: can be eliminated. The result is (2.21) - q:+p::i
+ La&+

= T,,

From the conditions (1.10) on the shock wave, (2.22) II+1 U+i = pBf+t - 1 -0 (Y + l)J572 +(y I)/21
7l+i

Algorithm

for the numerical

solution

301

where the radical is taken with the + sign, since we are concerned with a compression shock wave (ps w > 1). Equations (2.2OH2.22) form a non-linear . . set of equations in u;yi, p,,+:, pMfl. It can be reduced to a single equation in
p+i S.W. by

using the first of Eqs. (1.10);

the result is the cubic equation

(2.23) where

Ga~c;.,)

LMC~;W_

(Y+1)&+(y---)Gx 2

c 8 .wT YLM = 0,

GM

+= (L,/2 + K,) , qna

H, = Q&M - &Tar.

It will be shown that this equation has a single, physically meaningful, positive root. Considering the coefficients I,,, G, and H, in Q*n), we have fly >

L, = Xlr_%(i +

aBe-yJ+QM--h(i - a-a)+

min {XM-5, QM--ya}+ Qna > 0,

Descartes

theorem on the number of,positive

roots is now applicable to (2.23),

whence it follows that cS .w . is in fact such a root. Equation (2.231 will be solved by the method of tangents. and using the tangents formula we have 2(GJL&r? + xiz + Y Writing cz:d. = x,

(2.24)

zi+i = i=O,,l,...,

3(G,/L,)~i+2zi-[(y+~)H~+(v--)~~]/~~~

where x, = ci .w . . The fact that it is well posed in the neighbourhood of the required root follows from the following inequality for the denominator: 39,: + 2Xi-(y + l)H, +(Y 2LM + 2% i;;;j$j8.W.

~)GM =

:[3x, M
It

(c,^:jz]

>

27%.

will be assumed in this case that <\: . . = xi. Having found <Ti. , we can find (u, p, p)M:l and $:I = rl%?~ =

302

N. A. Arkhangelskii

= qM -I- Aq from (1 .lO). For u$ * and pit l we have the linear set (2.1 I ), (2.21). which is always solvable in view of the above bound for L,,. rhis gives US
;+I=

(2.25)

TN+

t+p;:: .
N
nt'k

(2.26)

u;+~=

una - -Q:::

- p:+ + pMn - pL),

after which pbI ntl can be found from (2.7). Using (2.19), (2.14) and (2.71, can now be obtained. ,..., r+2. (n, P* P) $5 n =M-&M--2 Let us now compute rz+l. We write (2.8) in the recurrence form
1mt1

(r:+y = (r:f:1)2 -25

InI

fdq,

f=$

With m = M, the following quadrature formula is used: (2.27) (riti) = (r;:i)Aq[f.sr +fw

- $(fi+i

- 2fx + fs-l)].

At the remaining base-points of the layer, the integral on the right is evaluated from the improved trapezoid formula [ll] (2.28) (r,? ) = (rz-?d -

%2(-fm-i

Aq[fm -I- fm+l -i+ fnti + fm- f743,

m=M-&...,I?+2

Now consider the computation at the base-point r + 1, inside the central interval at base-points r, . . ., 1, and at the centre. On the n-th layer the asymptotic expressions (1.16) are (2.29) W(q,t.) = $W{U(T) + b(z)$ + c(GnN + - - *I*

Consequently, in the neighbourhood of the centre, Wn-kWcan be written on the layer as a polynomial in T]. Retaining only the first three terms in (1.16), and applying the Lagrange interpolation formula, we obtain for the base-points nv, 7vtl and v,+~:

.An algorithm for the numerical

solution

303

where the notation

J: = $, has been used for brevity.

k, = k, = In particular,

(y -

1) / y, kp ==:2 / yp k, = 0. on putting kp = 0, then x = 0, the value

FS+of the pressure PO

at the centre

is obtained.

FIG. 3.

Let us now describe

1Mh layer, difference quantities of the difference equations

how the required depend

quantities

are computed functions,

on the (n + of the

when their values

on the n-th layer are known. on the required

Since the coefficients the solution

set has to be found by iterations. At the first iterative step, the are taken from the n-th layer in accordance with the scheme illustrated linear interpolation in accordance at the mid-point, and 6~ denotes has been ~rforrn~ with (2.30) with I,>:: r.

in Fig. 3, where x denotes that averaging

approximation &- is determined from C&2), then the pivotal condensation cients ;im+ % and grn+% are evaluated. The values of q,,, uy2, and I,,,~ are found
from the following, obtained from (1.16) in which one term is retained:

The first coeffi-

We find ??:A Next, (2.19j,

from the equation (2.23) on the wave, and then (Z, p, p) lz:,M. i2.14) and (2.7) are used to find their values at the interior base-

points up to and including r + 2, I- + 1 and r. The quantity r, is computed in the first iterative step from the centre to the shock wave as follows: on integrating (2.8) with m = r, r +- 1, r + 2 by means of (2.30) with k = 1 - 2/y, the

304

N. A. Arkhangelskii

expression

(2.31)

G (x/xr+d (x/xr+2) + cz (x/xr+i + x/xr+2) + P(x)=Y{ (Q/G+1 - 1) (Zr/Zr+z - 1)

cs

x ( ii )

(-$
r

G (x/n)

(hk+J

+ G(x/xr

+ x/xr+z) + CJ
1)

(Xr+z/Xr -

1) (Xr+zlXr+i -

( &)(sNVr+2},

is obtained, where C, = 1/(3y - I), Cz = - 1/(2y - 1), Cz = l/(y - I), V = X/P = rl//p. From this, taking x = xr, xr+r, ~r+~ we obtain respectively from (2.28), after solving T?, rg+l, r$+* We then find Tcgl ;;I;, . . ., -$?
l

it for r$i.

This concludes the computation of the first iterative step.

The second iterative step starts with averaging of the functions, i.+. finding their values at the mid-points of the computational cells in accordance with the scheme of Fig. 3; the + sign denotes the arithmetic mean of the four points, @ the arithmetic mean of two points, and e the values at the mid-points of the cells, obtained from (2.30) with v = r + h. We improve the time step:

and find

z n+j = 7 + AZ.
The rest of the computation follows the same lines as in the first iterative step, except that the coefficients of the difference equations are now found in terms of the averaged values of the required functions. We compute rz+r from the shock wave to the centre, in accordance with (2.27) and (2.28). Knowing the values of the required functions at the base-points r + 4, I + 3, and r + 2, we can use (2.30) with v = r + 2 to find their values in the-central interval*up to and including the centre, and thus terminate the computation of the (n + l)_th layer. Now consider the check computation. Since the initial equations are written in Lagrange variables, the law of conservation of mass is satisfied automatically to the required accuracy in the finite-difference approximation; this follows from the expression d ($12) = qdq for the differential of the mass in Lagrange variables.

An algorithm

for the numerical

solution

305

Ihc energv check is performed according to the expression I, + I2 = -

a(r)
x

2.. +q :;*
Y

Let us clarify this.

According to the law of conservation

of energy [71

The integral on the left is written as the sum of an integral I, from 0 to n,- and f, from nr to Q~.~.~ and the second integral is evaluated from the trapezoid formula

where

while the first is evaluated as foliows from the asymptotic expressions: the integrand can be written in RLAn) in the form (2.29) with k = 1 - 2/y. Hence

is equal to the right-hand side of 12.31) with x = x,- and J = l)PIr12.

(u / 2 + p I (v -

The ulocaln check was performed according to the relationship 8r(q,, T) / where the time derivative was approximated by fh = =(vr, 4,

( 1
h =
z -

lb-

1 a)h
=

dz *= at1 +
,f--,

(7-Y +
T+l g_

a2 (rln - r:-

)-

riiz>

ah

Since the number of computation base-points increases by unity on moving to the next layer, as soon as the number of them on a layer has doubled the space step is doubled and the length of the central interval is increased. The fact that

306

N. A. Arkhangelskii

rI can be evaluated in two ways (from (2.31) and from (2.30)) enables us both to check the computational accuracy as regards the Euler coordinate, and to
assess the degree to which the increase boundary in the central value problem interval stated solvable is acceptable. at the beginning for (2.5)--(2.6), boundary

The fact that the difference of this section is well posed Conditions (1.8), and (2.25).

means that it is uniquely for the unique solvability

of a difference

value problem obtained by approximation of any hyperbolic All these conditions are satisfied for the case in question. Since the number of iterative it is actually which needs the second a question iterative step, of dealing to be investigated steps afresh. is finite

set were found in [12].

when solving

the difference of starting

set, from

with a new difference order of accuracy

set, the stability is maintained,

It can be shown [12l that,

the second

so that it

is not necessary The algorithm computer

to make more than two iterations. here described was used for numerical
y =

solution

by high-speed

of the cylindrical

problem with

1.4 and

y = 4.

Translated

by D. E. Browr

REFERENCES

1.

GOLDSTINE, H. and NEUMANN, J. APP~. Rfath., 8, 327-345, 1955. BRODE. H. Numerical 766-775, 1955. solutions

Blast

wave calculation,

Communs.

Pure

and

2.

of spherical

blast

waves,

J. Appl.

Ph.ys..

26, 6,

3.

OKHOTSIMSKII, D. E., KONDRASHEVA, I. L., VLASOVA, Z. P. and KAZAKOVA, R. K. Calculation of a point explosion, allowing for back pressure, Tr. MIAN SSSR, 50. 1957.

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