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Prototype of Micro Grid based on improved MCU

controlled DCDC Converter



summer 2012
KTH




Name Credits (ECT)
Sima Banijamali 30
Haotian Wu 30
Wanlu Lei 24
Xueyang Luan 24
Project Owner
Bjrn Persson
Project Coach
Robert Olsson

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8evlslon PlsLory ........................................................................................................................................... 3
urpose of Lhe documenL ............................................................................................................................ 4
Audlences .................................................................................................................................................... 4
Cood Lo know before you sLarL ................................................................................................................... 4
1. lnLroducLlon ......................................................................................................................................... 3
2. CurrenL deslgn of MCu conLrolled uC-uC converLer and lLs drawback ............................................... 3
2.1 A brlef vlew of currenL deslgn ...................................................................................................... 3
2.2 urawbacks wlLh currenL deslgn: ................................................................................................... 3
3. A new proLoLype of mlcro grld ............................................................................................................ 6
3.1 roLoLype of opLlmlzed converLer ................................................................................................ 6
3.2 roLoLype of mlcro grld based on opLlmlzed uC-uC converLer .................................................... 7
3.3 CperaLlon mechanlsm of mlcro grld proLoLype ............................................................................ 8
3.3.1 A normal case ....................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.2 A power shorLage case ........................................................................................................ 10
3.3.3 An ldle load case ................................................................................................................. 11
3.3.4 An overload case ................................................................................................................. 12
8eference .................................................................................................................................................. 14











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Revision History
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!"#$%&' 123 2012-10-08 xueyang Luan


















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Purpose of the document
1hls documenL ls lnLended Lo lnLroduce a new mlcro grld proLoLype based on an lmproved MCu
conLrolled uC-uC converLer.
Audiences
1hls documenL ls malnly for CSu coaches and fuLure CSu groups.
Good to know before you start
A brlef vlew of 8eference [1]






















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1. Introduction
!orge Cuerol has deslgned a MCu conLrolled uC-uC buck/boosL converLer ln hls Lhesls work [1]. 1he
converL ls able Lo converL unsLable uC lnpuL volLages (3v - 30v) Lo sLable uC ouLpuL volLages ln Lhe
range of 0v Lo 30v. 1he ouLpuL volLage can be conLrolled by uslng a Pyper1ermlnal. CSu 2012 summer
pro[ecL Leam Mlcrogrld Look over hls work and lmplemenLed LLherneL conLrol of uC-uC converLer and
makes lL posslble Lo conLrol Lhe ouLpuL volLage Lhrough web server. 1hese efforLs make lL feaslble Lo
lmplemenL a small scale power grld (mlcro grld) conLrol by a cenLral server. A mlcro grld ls expecLed Lo
have a cenLral server Lo communlcaLe wlLh a group of converLers and conLrol Lhe power flow.
ConverLers geL power from Lhe grld upon server's managemenL and converL Lhe uC volLage due Lo usage
requlremenL. 1o make Lhe mlcro grld smarLer and more efflclenL, some lmprovemenLs of currenL deslgn
of uC/uC converLer are requlred. ChapLer 2 Lalks abouL drawbacks wlLh Lhe currenL deslgn and comes
up wlLh Lhe requlremenLs of Lhe lmprovemenL. ChapLer 3 descrlbes Lhe proLoLype of server conLrolled
mlcro grld: Lhe sLrucLure of mlcro grld and lLs operaLlon mechanlsm.
2. Current design of MCU controlled DC-DC
converter and its drawback
2.1 A brief view of current design
CurrenL deslgn [1] deals wlLh uC/uC buck/boosL converLer wlLh MCSlL1 swlLches. 1he converLer core
clrculL lncludes four MCSlL1 swlLches, a 100 uP lnducLor and a currenL sensor Lo monlLor Lhe currenL
flowlng Lhrough Lhe lnducLor. 1he MCu conLrolllng Lhe converLer core clrculL ls LC1768 A8M corLex-M3
processor whlch has an LLherneL MAC, elghL AuC channels, four uA81s, moLor WM and up Lo 70 ClC
plns. uue Lo Lhe sofLware deslgn of conLrol funcLlons of converLer core clrculL, Lhe ouLpuL volLage and
Lhe maxlmum currenL flowlng Lhrough Lhe lnducLor can be ad[usLed. 1hose conLrol funcLlons lnvolve
AuC, uA81 communlcaLlon, slmpllfled 1C/l communlcaLlon, sLaLe conLrol of buck/boosL based on
bang-bang Lheory and WM. ln currenL deslgn, all Lhe funcLlons menLloned above are awake when Lhe
converLer ls operaLlng.
2.2 Drawbacks with current design:
1he deslgn goes well for a slngle converLer buL noL wlLh a grld conslsLs of a number of converLers. Some
drawbacks are found wlLh Lhe currenL deslgn:
1) 1he converLer can'L monlLor lLs lnpuL/ouLpuL currenL. lL makes lL dlfflculL Lo know how much power
lL's provldlng Lo Lhe load or how much power lL geLs from power supply. AL Lhe momenL, we're
uslng Lwo mulLlmeLers Lo measure Lhe currenL and manually calculaLe Lhe power. lL works for a
slngle conLroller, buL lL's unaccepLable for a scaled grld. Addlng mulLlple LesL polnLs Lo monlLor Lhe

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power flow ln Lhe power grld can help, buL lL requlres more equlpmenL and ls less efflclenL. A mlcro
grld conLalnlng a varleLy of converLers needs a slmple and smarL way Lo monlLor power flow.
2) All funcLlons are awake all Lhe Llme whlle lL's unnecessary. lL leads Lo wasLe of power. When Lhe
converLer ls noL converLer a volLage, funcLlons relaLed Lo converLer core clrculL, llke AuC, WM and
sLaLe conLrol can be dlsabled. 1hey can be wake up when Lhe converLer ls requesLed Lo converLer
volLage.
3. A new prototype of micro grid
Some lmprovemenLs are requlred Lo make Lhe converLer more sulLable for a mlcro grld:
1. Make Lhe conLroller capable Lo know lLs lnpuL/ouLpuL currenL, for lnsLance, currenL sensors
connecLed Lo lnpuL/ouLpuL power. A power calculaLlng funcLlon needs Lo be added Lo Lhe conLrol
funcLlon Lo make Lhe conLroller smarLer.
2. Add a real swlLch Lo conLrol Lhe power supply for componenLs ln converLer core clrculL. 1he open"
"close" sLaLus of Lhe swlLch needs Lo be conLrolled by Lhe MCu, Lhus a MCSlL1 swlLch can be a
soluLlon. Lnabllng/ dlsabllng conLrol funcLlons should collaboraLe wlLh Lhe swlLch Lo mlnlmlze lLs
power consumpLlon, e.g., when Lhe swlLch ls open", conLrol funcLlons should be dlsabled and
when Lhe swlLch ls close", conLrol funcLlon wlll be wake up.
3.1 Prototype of optimized converter
llgure 1 lllusLraLes a proLoLype of opLlmlzed converLer.
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ln Lhe proLoLype, a swlLch and Lwo currenL sensors are added Lo Lhe converLer. 1he swlLch ls conLrolled
by ouLpuL slgnal of MCu's ClC. 1wo currenL sensors are connecLed wlLh AuC channels of Lhe MCu. 1he
MCu and converLer clrculL share Lhe same power source lsolaLed from power grld. 1he MCu wlLh
LLherneL connecLlon ls Lhe only parL LhaL ls powered on all Lhe Llme whlle Lhe oLher componenLs, such
us converLer clrculL and currenL sensors geLs power supply only when necessary (when Lhey're requlred
Lo converL volLage). When Lhe converLer clrculL ls powered off, conLrol funcLlons should be dlsabled aL
Lhe same Llme: AuC channels won'L read lnpuL/ouLpuL volLages or currenLs, no WM slgnal wlll be
generaLed.
3.2 Prototype of micro grid based on optimized DC-DC converter
A mlcro grld wlll be a small scale power grld whlch has uC lnpuL from renewable energy (sun or wlnd)
and serves lLs load (end devlce) wlLh uC ouLpuL. A number of MlcroCrld ConLrollers (opLlmlzed uC-uC
converLer) wlll be responslble for converLlng a cerLaln volLage of Lhe power grld Lo varlable volLage Lo
meeL Lhe demand of dlfferenL loads. A cenLral server wlll conLrol Lhe power flow ln Lhe power grld by
dlsLrlbuLlng power Lo dlfferenL MlcroCrld ConLrollers. Some power monlLorlng meLhod ls requlred Lo
make power managemenL feaslble. 1he proLoLype won'L go deLall lnLo power managemenL, lL ls
assumed LhaL Lhere
llgure 2 shows a proLoLype of mlcro grld based on Lhe opLlmlzed uC-uC converLer menLloned ln secLlon
3.1. 1here're four roles ln Lhls proLoLype sLrucLure: CenLral server, MlcroCrld ConLroller, end user and
1esL olnL. 1he proLoLype ls more user-orlenLed whlch means Lhe user can requlre Lhe MlcroCrld
ConLroller Lo converL a volLage of a cerLaln value ln Lhe power grld Lo hls deslred value. MlcroCrld
ConLroller wlll handle user's requesL and pass lL Lo Lhe CenLral Server Lo requlre power dlsLrlbuLlon. 1he
web server runnlng on Lhe MCu Lo communlcaLe wlLh CenLral Server and user wlll be menLloned as a
CllenL laLer on. A webpage ul runnlng on Lhe CllenL provldes a vlslble way Lo send requesL for converLed
power and geL response. A 1esL olnL conslsLs of currenL sensors and a/d converLers Lo monlLor Lhe
power flow ln Lhe whole power grld. A web server wlll be runnlng ln Lhe 1esL olnL Lo communlcaLe wlLh
Lhe CenLral Server wlLh real-Llme sLaLus of Lhe power flow ln Lhe grld. 1he CenLral Server make a
declslon wheLher Lo dlsLrlbuLe power Lo a MlcroCrld ConLroller based on Lhe sLaLus of power flow ln Lhe
grld. lf Lhere's enough power ln Lhe grld, Lhe Server wlll agree Lo dlsLrlbuLe Lhe power Lo a MlcroCrld
ConLroller. 1he CLn18AL SL8vL8 can also have a daLabase Lo sLore Lhe lnformaLlon of Lhe users and
CllenLs. 1here can be a varleLy number of MlcroCrld ConLrollers and users buL only one CenLral Server
and one 1esL olnL ln Lhls proLoLype. 1here can be some backup for Lhose Lwo roles Lo keep Lhe sysLem
sLable buL Lhe amounL of Lhem should be llmlLed.

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3.3 Operation mechanism of micro grid prototype
8y defaulL, only web server on Lhe MCu (CllenL) ls operaLlng, all oLher funcLlons relaLed Lo converLer
clrculL are dlsabled. 1he swlLch conLrolllng Lhe power source of Lhe converLer clrculL ls open" and
MlcroCrld ConLroller doesn'L geL any power from Lhe power grld.
1he user wlll send a requesL for power Lo Lhe CllenL Lhrough lLs ul wlLh hls deslred volLage and Lhe
maxlmum currenL he wlll use. Cn recelvlng user's requesL, Lhe CllenL wlll aLLach Lhls requesL ln an
appllcaLlon layer message Lo send Lo Lhe CenLral Server. A message senL by Lhe CllenL can lnclude
followlng lnformaLlon:
Timestamp User ID Client ID Server ID Power Authentication
! A LlmesLamp help Lo synchronlze and avold repeaL message.
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! A user lu Lells Lhe Server wheLher Lhe user ls auLhorlzed Lo beneflL from Lhe power grld.
! A CllenL lu ls unlque ln Lhe grld ln order Lo manage power flow accordlng Lo Lhe CllenL's
physlcal poslLlon.
! Server lu noLlfles Lhe Server Lo Lake responslblllLy Lo manage power flow.
! ower ls Lhe LoLal power needed by Lhe user. 1he value ls calculaLed by CllenL from Lhe
deslred volLage and maxlmum currenL requlred by user.
! AuLhenLlcaLlon ensures a legal message.
1he Server Lhen needs a daLabase Lo sLore daLa abouL ldenLlLles of Lhe users and CllenLs, 1lmesLamp and
cerLlflcaLes or slmllar daLa for auLhenLlcaLlon.
lf you wanL Lo geL rld of daLabase and make Lhe proLoLype as slmple as posslble, Lhe message can be
slmpllfled Lo a slngle value of requlred power and leave oLher Lhlngs Lo neLwork layer and llnk layer.
llgure 3 lndlcaLes Lhe operaLlon mechanlsm of Lhls proLoLype ln a normal case. 1he user requlres 3v
volLage from Lhe converLer and 1A currenL ln maxlmum. Cn recelvlng user's requesL, CllenL send a
message as Lhe one menLloned above. When Lhe CenLral Server recelves Lhe message, lL flrsL requesLs
1esL olnL Lo know how much power ls avallable ln Lhe power grld (SLep 3). 1hen 1esL olnL answers Lhls
requesL wlLh Lhe currenL sLaLus of Lhe power grld (SLep 4).
3.3.1 A normal case
ln normal case where Lhere's plenLy of power ln Lhe grld (and user ls auLhorlzed), CenLral Server
responds CllenL's requesL wlLh an approval message:
Timestamp User ID Client ID Server ID Approve Authentication
CLher lnformaLlon Lhan Approve" make sure Lhls message ls ln respondlng Lo Lhe rlghL requesL. A
slmpllfled response wlll only lnclude someLhlng sLandlng for Approve".
lf Lhe CllenL recelves an approval response, lL wlll lnform Lhe MCu Lo close Lhe swlLch conLrolllng Lhe
power source Lo Lhe converLer clrculL and wake up all relaLed conLrol funcLlons. 1he MlcroCrld
ConLroller Lhen geLs power from Lhe grld, converLer clrculL sLarLs Lo work and serves Lhe user wlLh hls
deslred volLage whlle currenL sensors monlLor Lhe real-Llme lnpuL/ouLpuL currenL of Lhe MlcroCrld
ConLroller Lo geL lnformaLlon wlLh power consumpLlon. AL Lhe meanwhlle, CllenL wlll send Lhe user a
noLlflcaLlon Lhrough ul, e.g., pop-up noLlflcaLlon, Lo lnform Lhe user hls requesL has been handled.

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3.3.2 A power shortage case
SomeLlmes, Lhere mlghL noL be enough power ln Lhe grld Lhus Lhe user's demand can'L be meL and
CenLral Server wlll refuse Lhe requesL from hls CllenL:
Timestamp User ID Client ID Server ID Refuse Authentication
1he 8efuse" response has Lhe same formaL wlLh Approval", Lhe only dlfference ls lnformaLlon
lndlcaLlng Lhe requesL has been refused wlll replace Lhe fleld whlch used Lo be Approval" lnformaLlon.
SlmpllflcaLlon of Lhe message can be done ln Lhe same wlLh slmpllfled Approval".
lf Lhe CllenL geLs a 8efuse" response, Lhe swlLch wlll keep open" Lhus Lhe converLer clrculL ls noL
funcLlonal and relaLed conLrol funcLlons wlll sLlll be dlsabled.
llgure 4 shows Lhe mechanlsm ln power shorLage case.

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3.3.3 An idle load case
1hls case happens when user dlsconnecL Lhe end devlce form Lhe MlcroCrld ConLroller wlLhouL
lnformlng Lhe CllenL durlng Lhe MCC ls operaLlng wlLh volLage converLln. llgure 3 shows Lhe mechanlsm
ln Lhls case. As ls menLloned above, when Lhe MlcroCrld ConLroller sLarLs Lo converL volLage, Lhe currenL
sensors and MCu sLarL Lo monlLor Lhe currenL comlng ln and ouL aL Lhe same Llme. lf MCu noLlces LhaL
Lhere's no consumpLlon of Lhe power produced by MlcroCrld ConLroller for a cerLaln perlod of Llme 1, lL
wlll make Lhe CllenL auLomaLlcally send a noLlce Lo CenLral Server Lo cancel Lhe power dlsLrlbuLed Lo Lhe
MlcroCrld ConLroller (SLep 1 ln llgure 3). 1hls procedure should be LransparenL Lo Lhe user. 1he Server
wlll reLurn CllenL a message Lo show lL's aware of Lhe slLuaLlon and wlll LermlnaLe Lhe power flow (SLep
2). An alerL ls senL Lo user Lo lnform hlm Lhe requesL has explred (SLep 3). Meanwhlle, MCu wlll open
Lhe swlLch Lo cuL off Lhe power supply Lo converLer clrculL and dlsable conLrol funcLlons. 1hls case ls
deslgned Lo save power for Lhe MCC. 1he message senL Lo Lhe Server by Lhe CllenL can have Lhe
followlng formaL:
Timestamp Client ID Server ID Termination Request Authentication
As Lhe procedure ls LransparenL Lo Lhe user, Lhls message can dlscard Lhe uSL8 lu fleld.
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3.3.4 An overload case
An overload case happens when Lhe end devlce connecLed wlLh MlcroCrld ConLroller ls consumlng more
power Lhan lL requlres. When Lhe MCu noLlce LhaL Lhe MlcroCrld ConLroller ls overload, Lhe CllenL wlll
send a warnlng Lo Lhe user lndlcaLlng he's consumlng more Lhan he requlres (SLep 1 ln llgure 6). lL
requlres Lhe user Lo decrease hls consumpLlon. AfLer a cerLaln Llme 1
w,
Lhe MlcroCrld ConLroller wlll
measure Lhe power consumpLlon by Lhe user agaln. lf Lhe user ls found keep uslng more power, Lhe
CllenL wlll auLomaLlcally send a message, llke Lhe one ln ldle load case, Lo Lhe CenLral Server Lo
LermlnaLe Lhe power dlsLrlbuLed Lo Lhe MlcroCrld ConLroller (SLep 2). Cn recelvlng Lhe message, Lhe
CenLral Server wlll respond wlLh an acknowledgemenL message and LermlnaLe Lhe power (SLep 3). When
Lhe CllenL recelves Lhe acknowledgemenL, lL lnforms Lhe MCu Lo cuL off Lhe converLer clrculL and dlsable
all Lhe conLrol funcLlons. Meanwhlle, Lhe user we geL a noLlflcaLlon lnformlng hlm Lhe requesL ls
LermlnaLed due Lo overload (SLep 4). llgure 3 lndlcaLes Lhe operaLlng mechanlsm ln overload case.

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Reference
[1] !. Cuerol, MCu conLrolled uC-uC buck/boosL converLer for supercapaclLors", !une 2012.

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