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1.1.2.1 The drive for the development of the third generation cellular mobile communication
system
The first generation cellular mobile communication system represented by AMPS and
TACS has solved the people’s calling-while-moving problem, and greatly satisfied the
users’ requirements. However, as the first generation mobile system had such problems as
poor voice quality, low frequency spectrum utilization, poor security etc., it was soon
replace by the digital second generation cellular mobile communication system
represented by GSM and IS95. Compared with the first generation, the second generation
cellular mobile communication system been greatly improved in aspects such as voice
quality, frequency utilization, security and privacy, and has satisfied the people’s
requirement within a period of time. Along with the development of mobile
communication technologies and the growth of the scale of mobile communications, the
shortcomings of the second generation cellular mobile communication system have been
gradually uncovered.
1. Scanty Wireless Frequency Resource
The rapid growth of the number of mobile subscribers has caused the frequency resource
of the second generation cellular mobile communication system to become relatively
insufficient. The fastness of the mobile communication development has gone far beyond
people’s expectation. Today, China has over 60 million mobile subscribers, and the
number is growing at a speed of 10 to 20 million per year. It is believed that China will
have 350 million mobile subscribers by the year 2010. As a result of system capacity
expansion, cells of certain major cities have shrunk to less than 500 meters, and the
system capacity can hardly be further increased by means of cell splitting. On the other
hand, the small cell ranges are causing frequent handoffs and serious interference, which
greatly lower the voice quality.
Low frequency utilization is another reason for the scanty frequency resource. Compared
with the first generation mobile communication system, the second generation cellular
mobile communication system that uses digital technology has greatly improved the
frequency utilization. However, when compared with the third generation cellular mobile
communication system that uses the CDMA technology as its kernel, its frequency
utilization is still low.
2. Unable to Satisfy the Requirements of New Services
The second generation cellular mobile communication system adopts the voice-oriented
design. To provide high-quality and high-efficiency voice services is the main objective
of the second generation cellular mobile communication system. Along with the
development of the Internet and e-business, data services will take the dominating
position. In the future, multimedia services with the medium- and high-speed data
services as the bearer will become the application most frequently used by the users, and,
as second generation cellular mobile communication system with voice services as its
main design objective can hardly provide high-speed data services, and therefore it is
doomed to be replaced by the new generation.
1.1.2.2 Brief descriptions of the third generation cellular mobile communication system
The third generation cellular mobile communication system (3G) is also called IMT-
2000, implying that the system’s working frequency band is 2000MHz, and its maximum
service rate can be as high as 2 Mbit/s. Its technical basis is broadband W-CDMA,
characterized mainly by multimedia and intelligent features. It can improve the multi-
element transmission rate, and realize the general integration of ground cellular system,
cordless system, cellular mobile communication system and satellite system - the real
global services. It provides a unified platform for the combination and distribution of
various services. Although the third generation cellular mobile communication system
still has room for perfection, the general framework has been defined. It has the following
tree major features:
Seamless global roaming.
High-speed transmission. High-speed mobile environment: 144kbit/s; walking low-speed
mobile environment: 384kbit/s; Indoor static environment: 2Mbit/s;
Seamless service transfer. That is, interworking is available in fixed networks, mobile
networks and satellite services.
The technology of 3G is the multimedia communication system that uses the IP
technology as bearer to realize end-to-end IP and provide multiple serviced. Although the
development of 3G and the formulation of its standard have been held up due to different
technical, political and commercial interests, and there are as many as ten commercial
standards for 3G have been put forward up to now, yet the basis for the transmission
mode of all these standards is CDMA.
The following paragraphs will present a simple description of the 3G system structure.
1. System Vertical Layers
Bearer Layer
Located at the bottom of the structure is the bearer layer. The IP technology-centered
bearer layer is responsible for the transmission and routing of all the data applied on the
upper layer, including voice, data and video frequency etc. As the corner stone of the
future third generation cellular mobile communication system, the IP protocol should
have major progresses in various aspects such as security, efficiency, address space etc.,
should be able to provide end-to-end QOS guarantee, and should be able to use multiple
transmission mechanisms, such as IP Over ATM, IP Over SDH and IP Over DWDM.
High speed, high efficiency and flexibility will its main features.
Switching Layer
The second layer is the switching layer. In this layer contains multiple servers with
concentrated functions, that is each server implements a certain specific function. For
example, the CSCF call status control server is responsible for call establishment,
maintenance and release, the RADIUS server performs subscriber identity authentication,
the HSS (Home Subscriber Server) stores various subscription and location information
of the subscribers and takes part in the mobility management, and the VOD server
provides the VOD server. By coordinating with one another, these servers can provide
some basic services. For example, by cooperation with other entities, the CSCF server
can provide the basic voice service.
Application Layer
The highest layer is the application layer, which is equivalent to the SCP layer in an
intelligent network. The functional entity of this layer work in coordination with various
functional servers of the switching layer to control the connection flow of subscriber calls
and quickly generate various new services to satisfy the users’ requirements.
2. System Lateral Layers
3G mobile Station
The 3G mobile stations should completely support the IP protocol and various
applications on the IP protocol, such as Web browsing, VOD etc. It should become the
center of the future personal office work and entertainment.
Full-IP Radio Access Network
The RAN system of 3G supports all-roundly the high-speed packet services, and can
perform transparent transmission of IP data. RAN is also responsible for wireless
resource management, including the distribution, maintenance and release of the
subscriber resources, and implements the mobility management by coordinating with
other entities.
Full-IP Core Network
The kernel network is responsible for the subscribers’ call control, multimedia data flow
transmission, routing etc., so as to provide abundant multimedia services for the
subscribers. The core network of 3G is connected with other networks through various
media gateways. For example, it is connected with the PSTN via signaling and
transmission gateways, with the Internet via PDSN, and with the traditional second
generation networks through roaming gateways.
CDMA2000
Phase II
2Mbps
CDMA2000
Phase I
144kbps
IS95-B
64kbps
IS95-A
14.4kbps
Cell decoding
Cell coding
Channel coding
Carrier Carrier Cell decoding (de-
(spread spectrum) modulation demodulation spread spectrum)
8KHz 20 ms Tone
parameter Refresh
sub-frame
Channel
Combination
160 sampled LPC Refresh
Voice Sample values (non- filter 20 ms
quantified) parameter Fixed
sub-frame
Code table
Noise parameter Refresh
Adaptive sub-frame
threshold
Parameter frame
Data rate