Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SERIAL PAGE
TOPIC
NUMBER NUMBER
1 EVOLUTION OF TELECOM 2 to10
ERECTION OF SUBSCRIBER LOOP FROM DP POINT
2 TO SUBSCRIBER PREMISES 11 to 21
4 TELEPHONE INSTRUMENTS 27 to 48
EVOLUTION OF TELECOM
First steps
The telephone was discovered almost by accident. What people thought they
were looking for was a way to make the telegraph work faster and more
profitably - by sending distinct musical notes or tones simultaneously along the
wires with a separate message sent on each frequency.
But they soon realized it could also include the human voice - a speaking
telegraph. And if you could talk down a wire, wouldn't that be an entirely new
and better way of communicating?
Someone needed to take all those connections and draw them together into one
working instrument. In the end that someone was Alexander Graham Bell - but
he only just won the race.
Reis's telephone (1860) : the diaphragm man
Who really invented the telephone? There are quite a few
candidates, and the leading one is a German science teacher
called Philipp Reis.
Reis began work on the telephone in 1860, inspired by an
1854 paper by a French investigator named Bourseul, who
suggested:
'Speak against one diaphragm and let each vibration 'make
or break' the electric contact. The electric pulsations thereby
produced will set the other diaphragm working, and [it then reproduces] the
transmitted sound.'
His idea was a little shaky. To send sound, the transmitter diaphragm shouldn't
completely make or break an electrical contact but instead should vary the
current of electricity flowing. His transmitter was a make-and-break device but
Reis's receiver (earpiece) used a vibrating rod (a knitting needle in fact) that
was magnetized to varying degrees by an electric coil.
Reis was let down by his apparatus - it could reproduce continuous musical
notes well but produced indistinct speech. His telephone was shown in
demonstrations all over Europe, including one in Scotland while Alexander
Graham Bell was there, visiting his father.
CHRNOLOGI
Eeeee
EV OLUT ION O F TELEC OM IN INDIA
Eeeevolution of telecomEVOLUTEEEEEEEEEEEEION IMPORTANT EVENTS IN
HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATION
November 1850 The first Experimental Electric Telegraph Line was started between
Calcutta and Diamond Harbour.
October 1851 The Line completed and opened for East India Company’s traffic.
April 1852 Dr. O’Shaughnessy’s report on successful working of the experimental
Line landed before the Bengal Govt.
November 1953 Construction started of 4,000 miles of telegraph lines connecting
Calcutta and Peshawar in the north via Agra and Bombay through
Sindwa Ghats, Bombay and Madras in the South as well as Ootacamund
and Bangalore.
August 1875 The first Private Telephone line supplied by the Telegraph department.
August 1877 Indian Telegraph Department erected telegraph line between
Srinagar and Gilgit on behalf of the Maharaja of Kashmir.
1878 For the first time (except the first year) the receipt of the Indian
Telegraph Department exceeded the expenses, netting a surplus
Of Rs. 182,128.
November 1881 Licences granted to Private Companies to operate Telephone
Systems at Madras, Bombay, Rangoon, Calcutta.
1909 Wireless Telegraph Traffic was maintained with ships at-sea from
Calcutta stations at Diamond Island, Table Island, etc.
April 1910 Birth of Technical Branch as a separate organization for dealing with the
technical matters under Electrical Engineer-in-
Chief.
1913-14 First automatic exchange at Simla with a capacity of 700 lines with 400
actual connections.
August 1921 National Cash Registers introduced in Calcutta C.T.O. for the
first time.
1922 Department erected a line for Tibetan Government from Gyantse to
Lhassa.
1923 Long distance dialing (90 miles) introduced between Lahore and
Lyallpur.
1923 First Trunk Telephone Circuit in Burma established between Rangoon
and Pegu.
1924 Floods and cyclone interrupted Telegraph Traffic throughout India.
23rd July 1927 Radio-Telegraph started working between U.K. and India. The
beam station at Kirkee and Dhond opened by Lord Irwin and greetings
exchanged with the King of England.
May 1933 Radio-Telephone communications between England and India opened
by India Radio and Cable Communication Co. Special Trunk Exchange
was installed at Kirkee.
December 1936 Indo-Burma Radio-Telephone service started functioning between
Madras and Rangoon.
1937 Burma and Aden Telegraph Systems, which were a part of Indian
Telegraph System, separated.
October 1950 The Wireless Telephone Service between Indonesia and India opened.
March 1951 The First Asian Games held at Delhi was conveyed by a direct Radio
telephoto service between India and Japan.
Innovation of Radio-Telephoto Service.
December 1951 Launching of S.S. Jalapushpa of Scindia Steam Navigation Company at
Vizagapatam by Shri N.V. Gadgil from Bombay through telegraph
circuits.
Wireless Telegraph link to Thailand.
June 1951 Wireless Telegraph link to Moscow.
July 1951 Wireless Telegraph and Telephone link to Egypt.
First Toll Cable : Delhi-Ghaziabad.
September 1951 Wireless Telegraph and Telephone link to Iceland.
Mar/Aug 1952 Wireless Telephone link to Iran/Japan.
1953 12 channel carrier systems introduced.
1953 First Automatic Exchange in Calcutta. Telex Service in Bombay.
First 12-Channel Carrier Systems. Introduction of Frequency
Modulation. Mechanisation of Telephone Revenue Accounting.
July 1959 First Coaxial route between Delhi-Agra commissioned.
November 1960 First subscriber trunk dialing route commissioned between Kanpur and
Lucknow
December 1965 First microwave route between Calcutta-Asansol opened
February 1967 First crossbar-local exchange commissioned at Mambalam – Madras.
December 1967 First crossbar trunk automatic exchange out into service at Madras
March 1975 First PCM system between city and Andheri telephone exchanges
commissioned in Mumbai.
‘Advanced Level Telecom Training Centre’ commenced training
activities from Delhi to be eventually shifted to its own campus in
Ghaziabad.
1987 First digital coaxial 140 Mb/s between Ahmedabad and Rajkot
commissioned.
1988 International gateway packet switch system commissioned at
Bombay.
1991 I-Net exchange commissioned.
Inmarsat coastal earth station at ARVI to provide maritime
communication.
Voice Mail Service (VMS) introduced in Delhi.
The drop wire normally used in communication is of two hard drawn cadmium copper
conductors 1.25 mm or 0.91 mm diameter laid parallel side by side and covered with black
PVC of hard grade insulation extruded over them in one operation. A ridge is provided
between the two conductors so that
IDENTIFICATION FIN
B
A
Figure : 1
they can be separated into two fully insulated conductors without any injury to the insulation
of the individual conductors. A fin on one side of the insulation moulding of the cable
facilitates identification of conductors. A cross section of the wire is given in Figure : 1
This drop wire has high tensile strength, adequate conductivity and good electrical insulation
with excellent mechanical resistance for outer protective covering.
1.2 The drop wire can be used in the following typical situations subject to the limitations
imposed by transmission considerations and economics of installation.
• Direct connection from cable terminal to the subscriber premises.
• The loop leading into the subscribers premises in continuation of an aerial line.
• In congested areas to lighten the load on loaded alignments and to reduce the
incidence of failure and faults due to contacts.
Self-supporting drop wire provides reliable service under extreme climatic conditions and has
a fairly long life.
The use of self supporting drop wire in place of bare GI wire for subscribers telephone loops
has several advantages, some of which are detailed below:
• Eliminates the necessity for careful regulation of the dip to avoid contacts;
• Eliminates fault liability due to contact with twigs and foliage,
• Makes for a neat installation in the subscribers compound or premises,
• The method of fixing is simple. A suspension wire is not required for supporting the
cable.
• Any alteration in the position of the lead-in can usually be made easily,
• The use of protective devices at the subscriber’s premises can be dispensed with,
provided bare overhead wires are completely eliminated.
1.4 Specification:
The drop wire manufactured by M/s Hindustan Cables Ltd. Rupnarainpur will however, have
the following electrical and mechanical properties:-
The finished cable supplied by M/s Hindustan cables Ltd. will normally be in lengths of 500
metres or its multiples.
1.5 Installation :
The hardware accessories required for erecting the drop wire have been standardized
and are indicated in TRC Specification No. 52-123/84-TRC/85. These accessories
substitute the accessories indicated in ITD Specification No. S/WZ-101. This
provisional Engineering instruction is supplement to E.1 line and cables -3020.
The Distribution clamp is intended for suspending the self-supporting drop wires
(0.91mm dia) at distribution points and intermediate points on poles. The clamp is
made of stabilised reinforced plastic material capable of withstanding continuous
exposure to all types of weather conditions encountered by overhead telephone lines
in the country.
The support clamp is intended for supporting the Distribution clamp. The support
clamp is first fixed on the channel iron ( C.I.) bracket with U- Back. Distribution
clamp is attached to the support clamp hook by means of any of the three holes
provided in the distribution clamp as per requirement. More than one support clamp
may be fitted on the channel iron bracket. Suggested spacing between two support
clamps on a bracket is 20 cms. One support clamp is able to support two distribution
clamps and thus two-drop wires. The support clamp assembly is made of hot dip
galvanised steel or hooks welded to iron strip.
At Terminal Point:-
The support clamp is first fitted on to the channel iron bracket. The drop wire is next
taken round the grooves of the Distribution clamp. At terminal point, the drop wire to
be terminated is brought straight at the middle hole neck of the Distribution clamp
from the lower side (Figure: 5). It is turned back around the neck, wrapped around
the back hole neck and brought to the lower side of the front hole neck through the
gap between the middle hole and the front hole. The back hole of the Distribution
clamp is attached to the hook of support clamp.
For small angle, the position of the hole in the Distribution clamp is changed
according to convenience. At terminals any of the side holes of the Distribution clamp
is utilized. The position of the Distribution clamp is shown in Figures 6 and 7, if the
drop wire is to run along the left direction along the alignment. If the drop wire is to
be run to the right direction, the arrangement will be like Figure : 8. At heavy angles
and intermediate angle termination post, two different support clamps and distribution
clamps are to be used. In both the cases, the drop wire is fixed to the drop wire
clamps as for termination but the drop wire is not required to be cut. In normal G.I.
Where the line length is more than one span, the drop wire has to be supported at the
intermediate poles; some support clamps and Distribution clamps are used for the
purpose. Support clamp is first fitted on to the channel iron bracket in the manner
similar to the method used at the terminal point. The drop wire is then run through the
Distribution clamp as shown in Figure: 9. The drop wire is taken around the upper
side of the middle hole neck and lower side of the back and front holes necks as
shown in Figure: 10. The Distribution clamp is next fitted on one of the hooks of the
support clamp by using its middle hole as shown in Figure: 11.
1.10 Precaution: -
In order to prevent the Distribution clamp from falling off the hook because of high
velocity wind vibrations etc, a wire taken through the bottom hole of the support
clamp should be tied to the open end of the hook as shown in Figure: 12.
Drop wire should never be taken among the Electrical Service leads. It is observed in
many occasions that the drop wire is run along with bunches of electrical service leads
even in to the subs offices. This gives lot of chance for direct contact with the power
leads where ever the insulation has failed. So it should be made a point not to run the
drop wire near to the electrical leads.
1.11 Joints: -
Normally the drop wire should run without any joint right from the D.P. to the window
(where the subscriber office is having conduit wiring) and up to the Rosette in all
other cases. The joint should be avoided as far as possible. The provision of drop wire
from DP to Sub office is shown in Figure: 13.
a) Wherever it is necessary to join two drop wires, it should be done at a point of fixture.
The wires from both the directions should be terminated at two distribution clamps.
The loose ends should be connected by twist joints with minimum of 10 close twists
and then soldered. The joints should be staggered and lapped individually by adhesive
PVC insulation tape. The lapping should extend about 12 mm on both sides of the
joint.
b) Joint between bare line wire and drop wire:- Cadmium Copper wire should be
used for binding and then soldered.
FIGUR
E :. 8
FIGURE :. 11
FIGURE :. 13
1.14 DIP :-
considering the large dip that is required when span length is increased, normally span
for 1.25 mm drop wire should be limited to 50 M and for 0.91 mm to 35M. The dip
can be regulated approximately by means of bamboo with marker wire as usual.
Figure: 14 shows the complete wiring from D.P. to subs office by drop wire
installation of new telephone connection.
1.0 SCOPE: -
2.0 GENERAL: -
The LJU comprises of a jack, which has the following general requirements: -
2.1 Jack: The jack is a single moulded device carrying metallic contacts designed for
engagement with corresponding plug pins and having provision for direct
termination of the exchange lines or wires from another jack. The jack on which the
exchange lines are directly terminated shall be called the Line Jack Unit (LJU) and
that used for parallel telephone connection in the subscriber’s premises as extension
line jack unit.
2.1.1 A self closing spring loaded shutter shall be provided to shield the line jack when the
Plug is removed. This shutter shall be flush mounted on the front face of the Jack.
2.2 Plug: A device carrying metallic contacts in the form of pins or fingers intended for
engagement with corresponding jack contacts for the purpose of connecting telephone
or other devices to jack.
3.0 FACILITIES: -
The Line Jack Unit shall have provision for direct termination of Exchange line. The
plug connected to the line cord of the telephone instrument when inserted into the jack
shall extend the exchange line to the telephone instrument.
4.1 Components:
4.1.3 The modular type jack shall have provisions for incorporating a GD Tube, 20k-Ohm
Resistance in series with 2.2 mf Capacitor. The provision of GD Tube is preferred.
However in all lightning prone areas ( Hilly / Coastal areas) the line jack unit shall be
equipped with GD tube. The PCB track from line terminals to GD tube (as shown in
figure 3) shall be wide enough to sustain the current flowing during life test on GD
tube.
4.2 Electrical Parameters:
4.2.1 The insulation resistance between any combinations of terminals and ground shall be
minimum of 100 Mega Ohms at 250 Volts DC.
4.2.2 The contact resistance shall not exceed 0.1 Ohms with interface jack and plug in their
normal mated condition.
4.2.3 Dielectric strength of the line jack measured between any two terminals during one
minute test shall not be less than 1000volt R.M.S. The leakage current shall not
exceed 100 Micro Ampere during this test.
4.3 Termination of Exchange Line:
4.3.1 The Line Jack Unit shall have provision for terminating and extending exchange line
on Terminals a & b.
4.3.2 Assignment of contact numbering for the Plug & Jack are given in Fig. 1 & 2 . Circuit
diagram is as per Fig. 3.
4.3.3 Provision shall be made for Four Wire Terminations in Two Terminal Blocks.
The Terminals to be used for the exchange line shall be designated as
Terminals a, b. The remaining Two Terminals shall be interconnected to these
terminals through PCB Tracks to provide for a parallel connection.
The termination arrangement of line wires in Line Jack shall be screw-in type. The
brass screws used for this purpose shall be conforming to the relevant I.S.
The workmanship and the finish shall be of high order free from any tool marks
wave formation and roughness. The covers shall be with glossy finish. Screws shall fit
correctly without any play and shall not have damaged heads. The holes and threads
shall be accurate, straight and free from burrs. The mounting screws fixing the front
plate with cover shall be protected by antislip feature.
The contact springs for the reception of the pins of the plug shall be so shaped and
smooth at the point of entry as to provide easy access for the pins. They shall be such
as to ensure non-resistive electrical contact with appropriate pins over a long period
under normal service conditions.
5.2 Markings:-
5.2.1 The front cover of the jack, having the PCB and the Jack, shall have the
manufacturers identity mark embossed at suitable place along with the
markings for batch number and the year of production etc.
5.2.2. Terminal blocks:
Markings of the tag number or designation shall be done so as to be legible and long
lasting.
5.2.3 PCB:
Printed circuit boards shall carry the markings on the components as well
as on the PCB's with component values clearly indicated. The line wire
termination shall also be indicated on the PCB.
5.2.4 Mounting Holes shall be clearly embossed.
5.2.5 Inlet exchange wires of break through holes shall be easily identifiable.
6.0 Physical Environment :
LJU shall be capable of working under tropical conditions prevailing in various parts
of India. Atmospheric dust, industrial fumes, coal dust. etc. are likely to be present in
the atmosphere at many places and these should not have any adverse effect on the
LJU. It shall be capable of working in the temperature range of
–10o C to 550 C with relative humidity ranging from 10 to 95 %.
6.1 Insulation:
The insulation of the jack and plug contribute to overall insulation of subscriber's
telephone fittings and shall not be less than 50 M ohms when measured after keeping
6.2.1 The spring loaded shutter shall be able to sustain a life test for 2000 operations.
The voltage drop between individual jack contact and a corresponding plug pin after
1000 insertions of plug in the jack shall not exceed 10 mV at 100 mA.
( This is a sample test to be conducted manually ).
2
0
3
0
a1
a
20 K
OHMS
b
b1
JACK
TERMINAL
BLOCK 2.2 MICRO
FARADS
0
4
0
5
INTRODUCTION
The EPBT instruments are being manufactured in India with foreign know-how from (1) M/s
Face ITT, Italy, (2) M/s Ericsson Sweden, M/s Siemens, West Germany (See Appendix I). It is also
being indigenously developed and produced by M/s I.T.T. There are two versions of EPBT, viz.
The basic difference between a Rotary Dialler and EPBT is in the components used.
In the EPBT normally use the IC each for dialling, speech and alert functions.
Ericsson
ITT Type Siemens Type Face Type
Type
1. Alert or
Ringer Cct Siemens JCS Texas
ICLs 1240 PSB 6520
(Piezo 124A TCM 1506
Buzzer)
-
2. Dial Cct. - - S 2560G
Phillipines
a. Decadic SCL 2560G SCL 2560
OM 1032P
RIFA PDB
b. DTMF - S 2559E TCM 5089
3535
3. Speech IC PBL
PBL 3726/6 TEA 1060 TEA 1060
Cct. 3726/6
Moving coil type
Piezo- Electric
Electro- Transducer for
4. Special Linear Micro Transducers
magnetic Trans. and
Features Phone (no moving
Microphone Receiver. They are
part)
interchangeable
Noise :
Advantages of EPBT
Push Button Telephone meets the following requirements for a standard telephone.
(2) It has a form and shape in keeping with modern home and office decors.
(3) It has better speech fidelity with electronic transmission circuit and linear microphone.
(5) Electronic tone ringer using piezoelectric disc provides excellent sound generation and makes
it possible to select various sound levels.
(6) Decadic pulsing circuit offers the last number redial facility. The last dialed number is stored
automatically when the handset is replaced and can be redialed any number of times until a
new number is dialed.
(7) DTMF telephones are normally supplied for use with modern stored program controlled
switching systems such as E-10B, Fetex, C-Dot etc.
(8) Human fatigue introduced during repeated dialing on conventional rotary dial telephone is
avoided.
(11) Dialing can be faster by pressing digit buttons one after the other instead of waiting for each
digit pulses to go on the line.
(12) A light emitting diode indication shows the outputting of digits to the exchange while dialing
and makes the establishment of calls more lively and pleasant.
(13) With little practice, the number can be dialed without actually looking towards key pad, just
as in case of typewriting. This is particularly of great help to blind persons.
1. Dialing function
It should be capable of establishing access to any other telephone within the same
interconnected network.
3. Speech function
After establishing proper contact between two telephones, it should be possible to carry out
two-way conversation between individuals using the telephone.
The above three essential features are accomplished in a conventional telephone as explained
below :
Speech Function
It consist of Transmitter and Receiver. The Transmitter is a carbon granule microphone and
the receiver is of electromagnetic type (Polarised). The transmitter converts speech signals into
Dial Function
Rotary dial is used. The digits dialed are signalled to the exchange by line current
interruptions. The number of Line current interruptions (make and break pulses) correspond with the
digit dialed. In a rotary dial line current breaks occur by means of a switch S1 while the dialer
rewinds (i.e. impulsing contact). To avoid loud clicks in the earpiece, it is necessary to mute the
speech parts of the telephone set. This is done by switch S2 (DONSPRING) that shorts the speech
path during dialing. Impulse spring S1 and spring S2 are operated by the dial.
EAR PIECE
MIC
BELL
Fig. 2
Waveform
In a rotary dialer line current breaks occur by means of a switch while the dialer rewinds. In
case of Electronic Push Button Telephones, this is performed by a transistor switch, which breaks the
line corresponding to the number pressed on the keypad.
A valid digit is defined as one tone out of the low frequency group together with one tone out
of the high frequency group. For example, when a number '6' is dialed, two tones corresponding to
1477 Hz and 770 Hz are transmitted on the line.
These tones are decoded at the exchange and treated as number '6'.
Fig. 3
HIGH FREQ Gr
The advantage of DTMF dialing is mainly the speed of dialing. Time taken to dial any digit is
constant and it is possible to dial typically 7 digits/sec. However, time taken for Decadic dialing
varies with the digits dialed (for dialing '0' maximum time is required). On an average, it is possible
to dial typically 0.8 digits/sec. Thus, DTMF is almost 10 times faster.
• Use of solid-state Electronic components: consequently minimum wear and tear increased
life.
The power to dialer circuit has to be derived from TIP RING ONLY. The supply is derived
after polarity protection and protection against voltage transients. The power consumed by the dialer
Dialer circuit can be connected to the speech circuit in two modes, i.e. in parallel mode and in
series mode. In most of the circuits, the parallel mode is adopted because of better feed voltages to
both the circuitry.
The supply voltage to the dialler has to be highly regulated. Proper care has to be taken to
extend the supply during dialing when power cannot be derived from the exchange battery.
The dialer IC provides all the control signals required for generating the dial pulses and mute
signal.
During dialing, due to the break and make of the DC loop unwanted clicks are heard in the
receiver. By properly muting the speech circuit, this annoyance is eliminated (comparable with DON
springs in the conventional rotary dial instrument). The muting switch forms part of the dialer I.C.
Fig. 4
(A) Decadic (B) DTMF
Ringing Function
An electronic ringer is basically an OSCILLATOR circuit being activated by the incoming
ring signal, i.e. alternating current of 75V rms and 25 Hz. The output of the oscillator is fed to a
transducer for conversion from electrical to acoustical signal. With the latest technology available, it
is possible to design an electronic ringer with an s signal output, which sounds pleasing, and
sufficiently high sound level output.
Piezoelectric Transducers
The basic element in piezoelectric transducer is a piezoelectric diaphragm. This is made up of
a thin layer of piezo material like BATIO. These materials generate a voltage when they are
mechanically deformed. This process can also be inverted, applying a voltage to the material, which
will deform it. This effect is called piezoelectric effect. Let us see how this effect can be used for
generation of sound.
Fig. 5
Piezoelectric Transducers
Fig. 6
The piezo element is usually attached to a cavity to get a bigger sound. Fig.7 shows an
example in which a piezoelectric diaphragm is attached to the cavity by a support.
Fig. 7
piezoelectric diaphragm
Since a piezoelectric transducer offers a capacitive load, the amplifiers used to drive
piezoelectric transducers must be carefully designed to avoid instability caused by phase error.
Tone Ringers
Tone Ringers are of two types:
(1) Single Tone Ringer
(2) Multi Tone Ringer
Fig. 8
Block Schematic of a Single Tone Ringer
Such a Ringer generally produces a very high frequency of the order of 2 to 3 KHz and hence
has certain disadvantages.
(i) Because of high frequency adopted, as people get older their hearing sensitivity at
these frequencies is reduced.
The disadvantages of a single tone ringer are overcome in a multi tone ringer.
Tone
The AC ringing voltage is rectified and a DC power supply is derived for the rest of the
circuitry. Protector provided for any short duration over voltages and surge voltages.
Since the input voltage to the circuit vary over a wide range depending on how far the
telephone is from the exchange voltage, regulation is needed so that the voltage applied to the tone
generation circuit is independent of loop length. It also depends on the number of telephones
connected to the same line.
One type of anti tinkle circuitry suppresses the spiked dial pulses going to the ringer using
frequency selective circuitry and threshold detection.
Simplest scheme for generating a two tone ringing signal is as shown in the block diagram. It
consists of two oscillators, one to operate at a low frequency of about 10 Hz is the switching
frequency generator of 1000 to 1500 Hz is called the Two tone frequency generator.
A good impedance of the ringer output circuit is essential to produce maximum power output
from the small input signal power available. A double-ended output stage will help provide an
increased output.
Speech Function
In an electronic telephone, the speech circuit is to perform the following functions:
(1) 2 Wire to 4 Wire conversion of the transmission signal (Hybrid function).
(2) Send and receive signal amplification.
(3) To provide correct amount of side tone.
(4) To match an average line impedance.
(5) To provide a path for DC loop current.
(6) Interfacing the transducers.
The equivalent circuit of the telephone system, the exchange line and telephone set replaces
with the equivalent circuits as shown in the Fig.10.
ZL/ZB = Z1/Z2
This balance is designed for an optimum value of the sidetone attenuation and different
lengths of the telephone line.
The microphone amplifier is converted to one side of the bridge while the receiving amplifier
is connected to the other side. Note that the transmitter now feeds the signal to a transmission
amplifier marked with the symbol AT and the receiver is driven by a receiver amplifier marked with
the symbol AR.
It is useful to understand the equivalent circuit of the telephone set under varying conditions
of send and receive. The "send" equivalent circuit of the telephone is represented by the transmitter
being the source of 'emf' feeding a Series-parallel resistive network. Note that the voltage drop across
the receiver is minimised to that the sidetone is under control.
The transmitter amplifier provides the required gain and impedance match for the
type of microphone that is used. The output stage is a current generator amplifier driven by
Fig. 12
Z1 Z2
ZL ZB
The receiver amplifier block diagram is shown in Fig.12. It consists of an input stage of
operational amplifier, a gain control stage and an output stage of PUSH PULL configuration to drive
a low impedance receivers. The gain control stage is a variable gain operational amplifier. Signal
from the line current sensing circuit controls the gain.
Line Balancing
The entire telephone set speech network including the handset, the amplifiers and the hybrid
is shown in Fig.13.
TO TELEPHONE LINE
Fig. 13
In the overall operation several factors like amplifier gain, hybrid decoupling, the impedance
balancing etc. affect the transfer of energy between the telephone line, microphone and receiver. The
hybrid imbalance affects the sidetone which may result in 'howling'.
The electrical signal imbalancing depends on the hybrid network and the balancing
impedance.
Different makes of Electronic Push Button Telephone employ different types of microphones
and receiver for the speech function, and comparative idea of the different transducers used by the
different manufacturers is given elsewhere in the handout.
Polarity Guard
A telephone set must function properly independent of the polarity of the line voltage applied
to it. This is no problem for carbon microphone types with a rotary dial since there are no polarity
sensitive components in such telephone sets. It becomes a problem when electronic components are
introduced into a telephone set. Transistors and integrated circuits cannot operate if the supply
polarity is reversed and can even be damaged by a reversal. A diode bridge is, therefore, always
connected between the telephone line and the electronic circuits in the telephone set. The circuit
diagram of such a bridge is given in Fig.14.
FIG 14: Circuit Diagram of Polarity Guard
2355
1255
6165
Nokia 6600 Triband GSM Cellular Mobile Phone
Product Description:
Network: GSM 900 / GSM 1800 / GSM 1900
Dimensions: 109 x 58 x 24 mm, 113cc
Weight: 122 g
Type: TFT, 65k color graphic
Size: 176 x 208 pixels
5way joystick navigation
Selectable themes
Ringtones: In shared memory
Vibration: In phone
Languages: Major Europe and AsiaPacific
Polyphonic ringtones
Photo phonebook
User groups
Numbers in phone: In shared memory
6 MB shared memory
MMC card slot, 32 Mb card included
SMS: Send/Receive
Clock: Yes
Alarm: Yes
Data: GPRS
Infrared port: Yes
Games: Yes, downloadable
Digital camera (640x480)
Video capture
Bluetooth
Java
Series 60 UI
Symbian OS 7.0s
WAP 2.0
POP3/SMTP email client
xHTML browser
T9
Voice command
Voice memo
CHAPTER II
1. The conductor material of drop wire used in the department is made up of ………………
………….
2. The purpose of ridge provided between the two conductors of drop wire is for ……………….
3. The purpose of fin provided on one side of the insulation moulding of the drop wire cable is for
……………………………..
4. Provision of protective devices at the subs. premises if the drop wire is taken from the DP is ……
……..
5. The two standard diameter of bare drop wire conductor are ……………….. and…………………
….
CHAPTER :III
CHAPTER IV
ANSWERS
CHAPTER – II
CHAPTER – III
1. To connect the subs. instrument (voice or non voice terminal) to the telephone exchange.
2. i). reliable electrical contact and ii) mechanical compatibility between plug and jack.
3. i) LJU- jack on which the exchange line directly terminates.
ii)extension LJU-the jack used for parallel telephone connection in the subs. premises.
4. a jack with a self-closing spring loaded shutter and a plug.
5. It is a single moulded device where the direct exchange line gets terminated and gets connected
to pins of a plug of an instrument.
6. It is device carrying metallic contact in the form of pins for the purpose of connecting a
telephone to jack.
7. i) direct exchange line termination and (ii) to extend the exchange line to instrument through a
plug.
8. For extending a condenser click for test form the exchange even when the telephone is removed
from the jack.
The spring-loaded shutter should sustain to life test of 2000 operations.
CHAPTER IV
1) Decadic and DTMF
2) 8 – 22dB
3) Less than -65dBmp
4) Last
5) Dual Tone Multi Frequency
6) 10
7) DTMF
8) 8
9) When a voltage is applied to the opposite electrodes a mechanical distortion takes place.
10) Single Tone, Multi Tone.