Science Study Guides

Study Guide and Reinforcement
Student Edition
earth.msscience.com
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240 ISBN 0-07-866972-3 Printed in the United States of America 7 8 9 10 045 09 08 07
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Chapter 2: Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Chapter 3: Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Chapter 4: Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Chapter 5: Earths Energy and Mineral Resources . . . . . . . . . . .15 Chapter 6: Views of Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Chapter 7: Weathering and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Chapter 8: Erosional Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Chapter 9: Water Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Chapter 10: Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Chapter 11: Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Chapter 12: Volcanoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Chapter 13: Clues to Earths Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Chapter 14: Geologic Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Chapter 15: Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Chapter 16: Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Chapter 17: Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Chapter 18: Ocean Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Chapter 19: Oceanography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Chapter 20: Our Impact on Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Chapter 21: Our Impact on Water and Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Chapter 22: Exploring Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Chapter 23: The Sun-Earth-Moon System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Chapter 24: The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Chapter 25: Stars and Galaxies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
iii
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Science All Around
Chapter
1
1. (neicse) a process of observing, studying, and thinking about things to gain knowledge 2. (mutains) a large wave caused by an earthquake 3. (erte grisn) a way to learn information about events in an area long ago 4. (treemixepn) a way to test a hypothesis 5. (streemsiy) scientific methods can be used to solve these 6. (yoncoleght) the application of science for practical purposes 7. (hanic) the country that used a seismograph to detect earthquakes in the year 132 A.D. 8. (nnnotivie) an application of scientific discovery to make something that has a useful purpose 9. (serpia) the country that had windmills in the year 650 A.D. 10. (pinedeendt) the variable that you change in an experiment to see what will happen
Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks.
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
11. (kyeurt) the country that was working with copper metal in 7000 B.C. 12. (fictiensic dothem) an organized set of investigation procedures 13. (tennddeep) a type of variable that changes according to changes in other variables 14. (cottanns) something that does not change when other variables in an experiment change
Directions: List six common steps in the scientific method. Explain or define each step and/or tell why its important. Give an example from the dishwashing liquid experiment in the text.
Step
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Explanation
Example from Text
The Nature of Science
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Scientific Enterprise
Chapter
Directions: Complete the paragraphs by writing the correct terms in the spaces.
Early people observed their surroundings and relied on 1. ______________________________ to explain storms, volcanoes, and seasons. When people observed seasonal phenomena, they developed a 2. ______________________________ of about 365 days. Knowledge collected over time about weather evolved into the science of 3. ______________________________. Instruments were developed to measure weather phenomena. The 4. ______________________________ gauge was probably the first weather instrument. In the 1600s in Italy other instruments were developed to set up weather stations. The 5. ______________________________ measures air pressure. The 6. ______________________________ measures temperature. Water vapor in the air is measured by a 7. ______________________________. Wind speed is measured by an 8. ______________________________. The first American to suggest weather could be predicted was 9. ______________________________. The Weather Bureau of the late 1800s became the 10. ______________________________. Scientists form and test 11. ______________________________. New 12. ______________________________ is gathered over long periods of time. When tests are repeated, an explanation and hypothesis becomes a 13. ____________________. When a rule is proposed to describe the behavior of something in nature, it is called a 14. ____________________. Usually laws describe what will happen but dont give an 15. ____________________.
2 The Nature of Science
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Atoms
Chapter
2
atoms matter building blocks minerals elements model isotopes native elements
Directions: Use the word banks provided to complete the following section summary.
Anything that has mass and takes up space is called (1)____________________. Matter is made up of tiny particles called (2)____________________. The structure of atoms and how they join together determine all the properties of matter. Atoms sometimes are called (3)____________________ of matter. Substances that are made of only one type of atom are called (4)____________________. They may combine to make up (5)____________________, found in Earths crust. Some minerals are made up of only one element and are called (6)____________________.
atomic number neutrons negative

atoms isotopes number
electron cloud mass number protons
electrons negative three
A Greek philosopher first proposed that matter was made up of small particles which he called (7)____________________. The current model of the atom is made up of (8)____________________ basic parts. Particles with a positive charge are (9)____________________. Particles with no charge are (10)____________________. Both neutrons and protons are located in the nucleus. Particles with a negative charge that exist outside the nucleus are called (11)____________________. Electrons have specific amounts of energy and move around in a(n) in a(n) (12)____________________, similar to bees in a beehive. All atoms of the same element have the same (13)____________________ of protons, shown as the (14)____________________. Atoms can lose or gain electrons, making the overall charge positive or (15)____________________. The number of protons plus the number of neutrons is the (16)____________________. Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called (17)____________________.
Matter
Name
Date
Class
2
2. mixture
Study Guide
Combinations of Atoms
Chapter
Directions: Define the following terms.

1. compound
Directions: Identify each of the following as a mixture or a compound.

3. NaCl 4. solution 5. water 6. NaCl + H2O 7. salt 8. H2O 9. air 10. salt water 11. vinegar and oil
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.

12. Sweetened tea is a type of mixture called a(n) ____________________. 13. A water molecule is made up of two atoms of ____________________ and one atom of ____________________ 14. The substances in a(n) ____________________ can be physically separated from one another. 15. Table salt is made up of one ion of ____________________ and one ion of ____________________. 16. A(n) ____________________ cannot be separated into its individual elements by physical means.
4 Matter
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Properties of Matter
Chapter
2
gas water
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below. Pay particular attention to the linking words or statements between boxes. The completed diagram will help you organize the relationships between physical states of matter on Earth. liquid definite size and shape freely moving and independent takes the shape of its container
Matter on Earth
may be melt solid
may be boil 1. freeze cool
may be 2.
molecules are
molecules are
molecules are
fixed position
close together and moving freely
3.
results in
results in
results in
4.
5.
completely fills its container
unique Earth example
unique Earth example 6.
unique Earth example
Matter
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Minerals
Chapter
3
Definition
1. naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms 2. salt formed by the natural evaporation of seawater 3. describes atoms arranged in a pattern over and over 4. a solid in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly, repeating pattern 5. melted rock that forms crystals 6. the part of a solution that evaporates, leaving a mineral
Directions: Place the letter of the term beside the correct definition. Vocabulary
a. crystal b. crystalline c. eight d. evaporation e. five f. halite g. magma
7. the process, in a dry climate, where the solution leaves the mineral h. mineral i. oxygen 8. number of common elements in Earths crust 9. group of rocks forming minerals that contain silicon and oxygen 10. two most abundant elements in Earths crust
j. silicon k. silicate l. water
Directions: List four characteristics of a mineral.

11. 12. 13. 14.
Directions: Arrange the eight most common elements in Earths crust from most common to least common. (Hint: refer to Figure 5 in your textbook for additional help.)
Most common
22. 21. 20. 19. 18. 17. 16. 15.
Least common
Minerals
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Mineral Identification
Chapter
Directions: In the blank at the left, put a check mark () next to each statement that agrees with the textbook.
1. The physical properties of a mineral can be seen or measured in some way. 2. The physical properties of a mineral make it possible to identify the mineral. 3. Any mineral can be identified by a careful check of one physical characteristic. 4. Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral can be located. 5. Friedrich Mohs developed a scale which lists minerals according to their hardness. 6. Quartz will scratch a piece of copper, so quartz is harder than copper. 7. The luster of a mineral is described as metallic or nonmetallic. 8. The luster of chrome would be described as nonmetallic. 9. Color alone is not usually enough to identify a mineral. 10. When some minerals are rubbed across unglazed porcelain, they leave a streak of powdered material. 11. Graphite is a mineral that does not leave a clear streak. 12. Topaz is a mineral that does not leave a clear streak.
13. Most minerals cannot be broken. 14. Mica shows clear cleavage. 15. Quartz is a mineral with cleavage.
Directions: Match the mineral names in Column I with the descriptions in Column II. Write the letter of the correct description in the blank at the left. Column I
16. magnetite 17. pyrite 18. talc 19. calcite 20. gold
Column II
a. light yellow color; metallic luster; greenish-black streak b. light color; fingernail will scratch it; leaves thick, powdery streak c. black color; black streak; dull metallic luster; is attracted to magnets d. yellow color; scratched by copper penny; often found in flakes e. glassy luster; hardness of 3
8 Minerals
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Uses of Minerals
Chapter
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

1. Why are diamonds and rubies valuable? What are minerals like these called?
2. What characteristics make gemstones beautiful?
3. Quartz crystals can be used as gems. What other more practical uses can quartz crystals have?
4. What useful material may be obtained from bauxite? What useful material may be obtained from hematite? What are bauxite and hematite called, since they produce useful materials?
5. Where are vein mineral deposits found? How did they get there?
6. What is titanium and why is it useful?
Minerals
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
The Rock Cycle
Chapter
4
Definition
1. a mixture of minerals, volcanic glass, organic material, or other materials 2. illustrates the processes that create and change rocks 3. formed when particles and bits of rock are cemented together 4. formed when heat, pressure, or fluids act on other types of rock and affect their composition 5. formed when hot magma cools and hardens (may be intrusive or extrusive rock) 6. rock fragments, mineral grains, or organic remains that have been moved by wind, water, ice, or gravity 7. principle that illustrates chemical elements from minerals and rocks are not lost or destroyed, but changed to a new form
Directions: Place the letter of the term beside the correct definition. Vocabulary
a. conservation of matter b. igneous rock c. James Hutton d. metamorphic rock e. Mt. Rushmore, South Dakota f. rock g. rock cycle h. sediments i. sedimentary rock j. Siccar Point, Scotland k. volcanic
8. location where scientists first recognized the rock cycle
Directions: List possible changes for each type of rock. (Hint: Refer to Figure 2 in your textbook for additional help.)
Type of Rock 9. 10. 11. 12. Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Sediments sediments May Change To magma Or May Change To
Rocks
11
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Igneous Rocks
Chapter
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below on the spaces provided. The boxed letters should spell the kind of rocks that form from magma.
1
8. Magma forms this kind of rock.
12 Rocks
1. Igneous rocks that are dense and dark-colored. They form from magma that is rich in iron and magnesium and poor in silica. 2. Thick, gooey, molten material inside a volcano or deep inside Earth 3. Igneous rocks that are light-colored and have a lower density. They form from thick, stiff magma that contains lots of silica and lesser amounts of iron and magnesium. 4. Igneous rocks that have mineral compositions between those of granitic and basaltic rocks 5. One kind of volcanic glass that has holes caused by pockets of gas 6. The kind of igneous rock that forms below Earths surface 7. The kind of igneous rock that forms on or near Earths surface
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Metamorphic Rocks
Chapter
4
nonfoliated rocks sandstone granite
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms below. metamorphic rocks marble gneiss foliated rocks quartzite shale
1.
can be classified as
2.
3.
two examples are
two examples are
4.
slate
5.
6.
forms from
forms from
forms from
forms from
7.
8.
9.
limestone
Directions: Write T if the statement is true. Write F if the statement is false.

10. Metamorphic rocks form only from igneous rocks. 11. An igneous rock like granite can be formed into a metamorphic rock like gneiss. 12. Heat and pressure have no effect on rocks. 13. One type of rock, such as shale, can change into several different kinds of metamorphic rock.
Rocks
13
Name
Date
Class
4
A. B. C.
Study Guide
Sedimentary Rocks
Chapter
Directions: Complete the outline by filling in the blanks. Sedimentary Rocks

I. Materials that make up sediments
II. Ways sedimentary rocks can form A. Definition:
B. Definition:
C. Definition:
III. Classification of sedimentary rocks A. Examples: B. Examples: C. Examples:
14 Rocks
Name
Date
Class
1
1.
Study Guide
Nonrenewable Energy Resources

Made From
plants and organisms buried and altered over millions of years
Chapter
5
Commonly Used For
heating, electricity, gasoline, making plastics
Directions: Use the information from your textbook to complete the energy resources chart below.
Resource
Fossil fuel
Description
2.
a sedimentary rock containing hydrocarbons Oil a thick, black liquid hydrocarbon, commonly called petroleum hydrocarbons in a gaseous state
bacteria reacting with dead plants
3.
heating, gasoline, manufacturing plastics the remains of marine animals, lighter than oil heating, electricity
4.
5.
Synthetic fuel
a human-made liquid or gaseous fuel hydrocarbons trapped in ice structures on the seafloor uranium-235
6.
Methane hydrate
heating, electricity
7.
Nuclear energy the splitting of heavy elements to produce energy when materials of low mass are fused together to form substance of higher mass
8.
electricity
9.
in the future, hydrogen fused into helium molecules
Earths Energy and Mineral Resources
15
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Renewable Energy Resources
Chapter
Directions: Write the correct term after each description below on the spaces provided. Then unscramble the boxed letters to spell a type of energy resource in question 16.
1. where solar energy comes from 2. used indirectly when winds and ocean currents are used to do work 3. collect the Suns energy 4. use wind energy 5. hydroelectric power uses this 6. built to retain water 7. energy from hot magma 8. state where geothermal energy is being used 9. energy from burning organic material 10. ethanol mixed with gasoline 11. a large number of windmills placed in one area to generate electricity 12. when using magma and water to create energy, the magmas heat turns the water into this 13. a tall, leafy, renewable energy resource 14. using wood for energy can create this 15. cars that use solar cells as a power source ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
16. a type of energy resource: ____________________________________________________
16 Earths Energy and Mineral Resources
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Mineral Resources
Chapter
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.
1. Deposits in which minerals exist in large enough amounts to be mined for profit are hydroelectric.
2. Bauxite is an iron ore. 3. The process of extracting a useful substance from an ore involves concentrating and recycling.
4. Waste rock removed before a mineral can be used is gravel.
5. Sandstone removes unwanted elements from metal being processed.
6. Iron is a nonmetallic mineral resource. 7. Limestone is a source of silica.

8. Gypsum is used as an industrial material. 9. Resourcing is using old materials to make new ones. 10. Gypsum is used to make sandpaper.

11. Why do economic factors play a part in determining what an ore is?
12. What are mined nonmetallic resources used for? Give some examples.
Earths Energy and Mineral Resources
17
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Landforms
Chapter
Directions: Unscramble the geology terms provided to correctly complete the section summary paragraph.
The three basic types of landforms are sipnal (1)____________________, uptesala (2)____________________, and taisonnum (3)____________________. Large, flat areas in the dimdel (4)____________________ of a continent are spinal (5)____________________. With thick fertile soil, they are ideal for gramfin (6)____________________. Coastal plains are formed near sonace (7)____________________ and formed as part of a nnnettellfohsiac (8)____________________, as sediments dropped onto the ocean floor. Interior plains, such as the Great Plains in the central United States, consist of nearly horizontal layers of yockadesnemitrr (9)____________________. Flat areas of land that have been uplifted by forces within Earth are sauptlae (10)__________________. They differ from plains in that their geeds (11)____________________ rise steeply above the land around them. River valleys and scayonn (12)____________________ commonly cut through these high, horizontal rock layers.
Mountains are classified into rouf (13)____________________ main types. naccilov (14)____________________ mountains are formed over time when many layers of magma pile up, creating a cone-shaped structure. drappewu (15)____________________ mountains are formed when sections of Earths crust are pushed up by Earths internal forces. They have high speak (16)____________________ and sharp ridges. ftauollbck (17)____________________ mountains are separated from surrounding rock by faults, or huge fractures in the rock. Huge, tilted blocks of rock are pushed up, while the next block is dropped down, producing majestic peaks and steep spoles (18)____________________. Some extreme forces inside Earth may push rock layers horizontally, forming ddelof (19)____________________ mountains. This type of mountain often shows spectacular sraley (20)____________________ of rock that look like they have been pushed together or folded. Earths ronmdalfs (21)____________________ offer a variety of beautiful landscapes that continue to be shaped by Earths natural forces.
Views of Earth
19
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Viewpoints
Chapter
6
60 East (E) 90 120 150 180F 90
Directions: Study the map. Write the letter of each map feature or location on the line provided.
180F 150 120 West (W) 90 60 30 0C C D E L F M A B G
N W S E
30
60 45
H J
O I
30 15 0 15 30 45 60
90
_______ 1. equator _______ 2. prime meridian _______ 3. International Date Line _______ 4. 15S latitude, 90E longitude _______ 5. 15N latitude, 165E longitude
_______ 6. 45S latitude, 15E longitude _______ 7. 30N latitude, 165W longitude _______ 8. 15S latitude, 60E longitude _______ 9. 30N latitude, 120W longitude _______ 10. 30S latitude, 15E longitude
Directions: The map shows longitude in 15-degree increments, which correspond to the time zones. Use the lines of longitude to estimate the time for the following places.
11. Youre at point B on the map. Its 7:00 A.M. What time is it at point E? 12. Youre at point H on the map. Its 5:00 P.M. What time is it at point G? 13. Youre at point H on the map. Its 7:00 P.M. What time is it at point D? 14. Youre at point J and you travel eastward to point L. Do you lose or gain a day?
20 Views of Earth
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Maps
Chapter
Directions: Write the letter of the term that best completes or answers the sentence.
1. A ______ projection has parallel latitude lines and parallel longitude lines. The areas of the continents are distorted, especially near the poles. a. conic b. Robinson c. Mercator 2. On a ______ projection, latitude lines are parallel and longitude lines are curved. The land areas are less distorted at the poles. a. conic b. Robinson c. Mercator 3. A ______ projection is made from projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone. a. conic b. Robinson c. topographic 4. A ______ map shows changes in elevation of Earths surface. a. conic b. Robinson c. topographic 5. The 1 on the map scale 1:24,000 represents 1 cm. What does the 24,000 represent? a. 24,000 cm b. 24 cm c. 24,000 km 6. On a map scale, 1 cm equals 1 km. What distance is represented by 10 cm on the map? a. 1,000 km b. 1,000 cm c. 10 km
Directions: Use Figures 13 to answer the following questions. Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3
kR uc r ive
19
00
m
0 80 m
15 m
40 m
Scale 1 cm = 10,000 cm Contour interval 500 cm
7. What is the contour interval for Figure 1? 8. What is the contour interval for Figure 2? 9. Which figure represents a hill, and how do you know?
10. In which direction does the Buck River flow, and how do you know?
Views of Earth
21
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Weathering
Chapter
7
chemical reactions natural acid plant chemical weathering oxidation ice wedging physical processes
Directions: Using the terms provided, complete the weathering comparison chart below. animals mechanical weathering plant acid
Weathering
(1)________________ (3)_______________: rocks are broken apart; new rocks are similar to original rocks
2 Types of Weathering
(2)_______________ (4)_______________: dissolves or changes the minerals; new rocks are different from original rocks (6)________________: carbonic acid dissolves rock, creating caves (8)________________: oxygen and water react with minerals to break down into rust (10)_________________ from decaying plants weakens rocks
Definition
(5)_______________: water freezes in rock cracks
(7)_______________: roots force into cracks, then grow and break rock
Ways Weathering Occurs
(9)_______________: digging, scratching at rocks, causing rocks to move
Directions: Number the following events about ice wedging in the order they happen. The first step in the sequence has been numbered for you.
11. Ice Wedging water freezes and expands ice melts, allowing more water to enter crack pressure builds and extends the crack 1 water enters crack in rock crack extends and breaks apart the rock
Weathering and Soil
23
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
The Nature of Soil
Chapter
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. Study the diagram of a soil profile to answer questions 15.
1. Which soil layer contains the most humus?
2. How far into the soil do plant roots grow?
3. Where in this soil profile is organic matter broken down?
4. Where in this soil profile is solid rock being weathered into soil?
5. What is the name of the process by which water carries dissolved minerals from the upper horizons down to the lower levels? 6. What factors help determine the type of soil, such as the thickness of the layers and their
composition?
7. Choose a factor from Question 6 and explain how it can affect the soil in an area.
24 Weathering and Soil
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Soil Erosion
Chapter
Directions: Unscramble the terms in italics to complete the sentences below. Write the terms on the lines provided.
1. gonPliw mechanically turns and loosens the soil to grow crops. 2. When soil is moved from the place where it formed, the process is called sieroon. 3. There is no plowing and plant stalks are left in the field in li-toln gimnarf. 4. In artericeng, flat-topped areas are built into the sides of steep hills and mountains to grow crops. 5. In dry regions where sheep and cattle eat the grasses, reggianvorz increases soil erosion. 6. Each year, clearing thousands of square kilometers of nair setrof destroys soil in the tropics.

7. What can be done to reduce erosion at construction sites?
8. What effect does overgrazing have on topsoil?
9. Why shouldnt more land be cleared for farming and grazing as old land is worn out?
10. Why do people need soil?
11. What can farmers do to reduce soil erosion?
Weathering and Soil
25
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Erosional Forces
Chapter
8
gravity rockfalls
Directions: Using the word bank provided, complete the following statements. creep deposition erosion landslide mass movement mudflow rock slide slump wins
called _________________.
1. The process that wears away surface materials and moves them from one place to another is
2. The force of attraction that pulls all objects toward Earths center is _________________. 3. Blocks of rock break loose and tumble through the air in _________________. 4. A mass movement with sediments slowly shifting their positions down hill is called _________________. 5. A combination of mass movements such as slump, rock slides and mudflow would be called a(n)________________. 6. When agents of erosion lose energy and drop their sediments, it is referred to as ________________.
7. Layers of rock breaking loose and slipping downhill suddenly is a(n) ________________. 8. A mass of material slipping downhill along a curved surface creates a(n) ________________. 9. The general term used to describe erosion that happens as gravity moves materials down a slope is ________________. 10. A thick mixture of sediment and water flowing down a slope is commonly called a(n) ________________. 11. The process of erosion may be slowed down, but mass movement cannot be eliminated because gravity always ________________.
Directions: List three factors most mass movements have in common.

12. 13. 14.
Erosional Forces
27
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Glaciers
Chapter

1. How are continental glaciers and valley glaciers similar?
2. How are continental glaciers and valley glaciers different?
Directions: Use your answers above to identify the glaciers described below. You may need to use both types to answer a question.
3. They form U-shaped valleys. 4. They covered much of Earth during ice ages. 5. They deposit till and outwash. 6. They weather rocks by plucking. 7. They form in areas that have cold temperatures all year. 8. They are now located only in the polar regions. 9. They are the kind of glaciers found in Montana today. 10. They can create cirques on the side of mountains.
28 Erosional Forces
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Wind
Chapter

1. Wind erosion called __________________ pits and polishes rocks when blown sand grains hit them. 2. ___________________ are a common form of wind deposit in desert regions and near oceans and lakes. 3. Much of the midwestern United States is on fertile soil that developed from ____________________ deposits. 4. ______________________ is sediment that is as fine as talcum powder. 5. Erosion and ____________________ are part of a cycle that shapes and reshapes the land. 6. ____________________ is wind erosion that can be compared to sandblasting. 7. When windblown sediments pile up behind obstacles, ___________________ are formed. 8. Abrasion and deflation are forms of ___________________ erosion. 9. Loess and dunes are ___________________ of wind-eroded sediments. 10. ___________________ is wind erosion that picks up small particles and leaves heavier particles behind.
11. The side of a sand dune away from the wind has a _________________ slope than the side facing the wind. 12. ____________________ erosion is common in deserts, beaches, and plowed fields. 13. During a __________________, sand grains form a low cloud just above the ground. 14. _________________ blow topsoil from open fields, overgrazed areas, and places where vegetation has disappeared. 15. People in many countries plant trees to act as _________________ to reduce wind erosion. 16. Along many seacoasts and deserts, _________________ is planted to reduce erosion. 17. Plants with fibrous _________________ systems, such as grasses, work best at stopping wind erosion. 18. One common dune shape is a crescent-shaped dune known as a _________________.
Erosional Forces
29
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Water Erosion and Deposition

bed load gully erosion silt delta meander stream erosion
Chapter
9
drainage basin rill erosion suspended load
Directions: Write the correct term from the word bank on the line next to its definition. alluvial fan flood plain sheet erosion
1. light weight sediments that are picked up and moved 2. erosion caused by a thin, broad layer of water 3. area of land from which streams or rivers collect runoff 4. broad, flat valley floor formed by meandering stream dropping fertile sediment 5. flat, triangular land extending into the ocean, formed from dropped sediment 6. process by which stream channel becomes deeper and wider 7. small groove that continues to enlarge, forming a channel 8. larger, heavy particles that roll along the bottom of a stream 9. very fine sediment
10. sediment deposits onto valley floor at the base of a mountain stream 11. created by rill channel becoming broader and deeper 12. broad, curved arc in the path of a stream
Directions: Complete the study chart below on the life and characteristics of a stream. (Hint: Refer to Figure 8 in the text book for additional help.)
Type of Stream
13. 14. 15. Mature
Speed and Location

swiftly runs through steep valleys smooth flowing in valley
Physical Characteristics
waterfalls, rapids
Location of Erosion
flat floodplain, oxbow lakes
erodes sides and bottom only slightly
Water Erosion and Depostion
31
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Groundwater
Chapter
9
stalactite zone of saturation
Directions: Study the following diagrams. Then label the parts using the correct terms from the list below. artesian well stalagmite
1.
aquifer water table

2.
Cave
Soil 3. 4. Saturated with groundwater Impermeable 5.
6.
Imp erm eab le la Satu yer rate d pe rme able Imp erm laye eab r le la yer
32 Water Erosion and Deposition
Name
Date
Class
3
a. b. c.
Study Guide
Ocean Shoreline
Chapter
Directions: For each item, write every other letter, beginning with the first letter, on line a. Next, beginning with the second letter, write every other letter on line b. Add spaces between words in a and b. Then on line c, write an explanation of the relationship between the terms in lines a and b.
1. N B O A T R O R N I A E M R A I I S N L L A A N N D D S
2. P L A O R N A G L S L H E O L R S E T C H U E R S R H E O N R T E a. b. c.
3. S B E E D A I C M H E E N S T a. b. c.
4. T S I U D R E F S A C C U E R W R A E V N E T S S a. b. c.
Water Erosion and Deposition
33
Name
Date
Class
1
1. Pangaea:
Study Guide
Continental Drift
Chapter
10
Directions: In the space provided, briefly discuss Pangaea and continental drift and the scientific clues that support Alfred Wegeners theory.
2. Continental drift:
3. Puzzle-like fit clues:
4. Fossil clues:
5. Plant clues:
6. Climate clues:
7. Rock clues:
8. New ideas about continental drift developed through advanced technology. One new explanation for how the continents could drift is _________________________________________.
Plate Tectonics
35
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Seafloor Spreading
Chapter
10
Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.
1. During the 1940s and 1950s, scientists began using radar on moving ships to map large areas of the ocean floor in detail.
2. The youngest rocks are found far from the mid-ocean ridges. 3. The scientist Henry Hess invented echo-sounding devices for mapping the ocean floor.
4. As the seafloor spreads apart, hot saltwater moves upward and flows from the cracks. 5. As the new seafloor moves away from the ridge and becomes hotter, it moves upward and forms still higher ridges.
6. The research ship Glomar Challenger was equipped with a drilling rig that records magnetic data.
7. Rocks on the seafloor are much older than many continental rocks. 8. When plates collide, the denser plate will ride over the less-dense plate. 9. Earths magnetic field has always run from the north pole to the south pole. 10. The magnetic alignment in rocks on the ocean floor always runs from the north pole to the south pole.
36 Plate Tectonics
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Theory of Plate Tectonics
Chapter
10
Directions: Use the following words to fill in the blanks below. asthenosphere convection lithosphere plate tectonics plates
1. The theory of ____________________ states that Earths crust and upper mantle are broken into sections. 2. These sections, called ____________________, are composed of the crust and a part of the upper mantle. 3. The crust and upper mantle together are called the ____________________. 4. Beneath this layer is the plasticlike ____________________. 5. Scientists suggest that differences in density cause hot, plasticlike rock to be forced upward toward the surface, cool, and sink. This cycle is called a ____________________ current.
Directions: Four diagrams are shown in the table below. Label and describe each diagram in the space provided in order to complete the table.
Diagram 6.
Type of boundary and motion at boundary 8.
Diagram
Type of boundary and motion at boundary
7.
9.
Plate Tectonics
37
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Forces Inside Earth
Chapter
11
elastic limit fault normal fault Definition
1. force that squeezes rocks together 2. vibrations produced by the breaking of rock 3. rocks bent and stretched out of shape by force 4. constant motion of plates 5. surface along which rocks move when they pass their elastic limit and break 6. forces on either side of fault cause rocks to slide past each other 7. limit to how far rocks can bend and stretch 8. force that pulls rocks apart
Directions: Write the correct term on the line in front of its definition. compression earthquake elastic deformation reverse fault plate movement shear strike-slip fault tension
9. rocks on either side of the fault move past each other without much upward or downward movement 10. results from tension, pulling rock apart; where the rock above the fault surface drops in relation to rock below the fault surface 11. results from compression forces squeezing rocks together; rock above the fault surface is forced up and over rock below the fault surface
Directions: Number the following events about seismic pressure in the order in which they happen. The first step in the sequence has been numbered for you.
12. Seismic Pressure an earthquake results 1 rough edges catch due to friction, temporarily halting movement along a fault stress causes the rocks to bend and change shape rocks bend beyond their elastic limit, break, move along the fault, and return to their original shape forces keep driving the rocks to move and pressure builds
Earthquakes
39
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Features of Earthquakes
Chapter
11
Directions: The graph below shows travel time in minutes and distance traveled for primary and secondary waves. Primary and secondary waves start at the same time but do not travel at the same speed. Study the graph. Use the graph to help answer the questions that follow.
24 22 20 18 Travel time (min) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Distance traveled (1,000 km units) Primary wave Secondary wave
1. How long does it take for a primary wave to travel 2,000 km? 2. How long does it take for a secondary wave to travel 2,000 km?
3. How far does a secondary wave travel in 10 min? 4. How far does a primary wave travel in 10 min? 5. What happens to the time difference between primary and secondary waves as the distance traveled gets longer? 6. Suppose a primary and secondary wave both travel a distance of 4,000 km before they are picked up by a seismograph. Which wave will arrive first? 7. How much time lag at 4,000 km will there be between these two waves? 8. Suppose both a primary and secondary wave start together and travel for 5 min. Which wave will travel farther?
40 Earthquakes
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
People and Earthquakes
Chapter
11
Directions: In the space provided, write R if the description refers to the Richter scale and M if it refers to the modified Mercalli scale.
1. based on the height of the lines traced by a seismograph 2. describes the strength of an earthquake 3. describes the amount of damage an earthquake causes 4. an earthquake with an intensity of VII 5. an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.5
Directions: Write true if the statement is true. If the statement is false, rewrite the word or words in italics to make the statement true.
6. The paper record of a seismic event is called a seismograph. 7. Far from shore, a large ship might ride over a seismic sea wave without anyone noticing it. 8. A seismogram consists of a rotating drum of paper and a pendulum with an attached pen. 9. An intensity-XII earthquake would cause little destruction.
10. For safetys sake, people who live in earthquake regions should build their houses on loose soils. 11. When liquefaction occurs, the soil becomes more liquid and buildings can sink into it and collapse. 12. A seismic sea wave and a tsunami are the same thing. 13. The water along a shoreline may flow toward the sea just before a tsunami crashes on shore. 14. In some new buildings made of steel plates and rubber parts, the steel acts like a cushion to absorb earthquakes. 15. One way to make your home earthquake-safe is to place heavy objects on high shelves so they wont fall on you.
Earthquakes
41
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Volcanoes and Earths Moving Plates

lava flow magma plates pyroclastic flow rise vent
Chapter
12
volcano volcanologists
Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the following summary paragraph. acid rain falling ash igneous rock
Earths crust is formed from (1)____________________ that are constantly moving. Pressure between these shifting plates causes rock deep within Earth to melt, forming liquid rock called (2)____________________. Because it is less dense than the surrounding rock, this molten rock begins to (3)____________________ to the surface and escape through a (4)____________________. As the lava cools, it builds up in layers which become (5)____________________. Spewing gases, ash, and lava around the opening creates a (6)____________________. Volcanoes can have dramatic effects on peoples lives and their property. Volcanic ash and debris may pour down a mountain side as (7)____________________ crushing crops, villages, forests, and wildlife. (8)____________________ forms when gases mix with water vapor raining
down and killing plants. Entire villages may be buried below (9)____________________ as in Herculaneum. A (10)____________________ destroys everything in its path. These eruptions can be violent and unpredictable, but volcano scientists, also known as (11)____________________, still find them beautiful, exciting, and intriguing to study.
Directions: Complete the summary chart of volcanoes characteristics. (Hint: Refer to Figure 6-8 for additional help.)
Cause of Volcano
12. 13. 14. divergent plate boundary convergent plate boundary
Activity Taking Place
Characteristics
riftslong, deep cracks one plate moves under another occurs in the middle of plate
Real-World Example
Soufriere Hills, Montserrat
Volcanoes
43
Name
Date
Class
2
Lava flows
Study Guide
Types of Volcanoes
Chapter
12
Tephra
Directions: Identify each form of volcano and then fill in the chart with the appropriate information about each form.
Tephra Lava flows
Figure 2
Form of volcano 1. Type of Magma Shape of Volcano
Figure 3
Materials in Volcano
2.

4. What is the relationship between the amount of gases in magma and the explosiveness of a volcanic eruption?
5. What is the relationship between the silica content of magma and the explosiveness of a volcanic eruption?
44 Volcanoes
3.
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Igneous Rock Features
Chapter
12
4.
Directions: Identify each volcanic feature shown in the figure. Describe how it is formed.
6. 2.
5. 3. 1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Volcanoes
45
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Fossils
Chapter
13
carbon films cast coal fossils index fossils mineral replacement mold original remains permineralized remains trace fossils
Directions: Write the correct Earth science term from the word bank on the line next to its definition.
1. thin film of carbon residue forming a silhouette of the original organism 2. soft spaces inside an organism are filled with minerals from groundwater 3. hard, outer cavity in the rock where fossil has been dissolved 4. fossilized tracks and evidence of activity of organisms 5. traces of species that existed on Earth, used to judge climate, environment, and geologic time 6. minerals or sediments fill a fossil mold 7. totally carbonized remains, now used as fuel source
8. the replacement of hard and soft parts of an organism 9. remains, imprints, or traces of prehistoric organisms 10. entire, complete organism found in amber, ice, or natural tar pit
Directions: List three requirements for a fossil to be considered an index fossil.

11. 12. 13.
Directions: Discuss three things scientists studying fossils might learn about the environment.
14.
Clues to Earths Past
47
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Relative Ages of Rocks
Chapter
13
Directions: In the blank at the left, write the term that completes each statement.
1. Natural laws govern the way geologists determine the age of rock deposits. This technique is called _____. 2. The principle of _____ states that an older rock layer and things buried in it occur beneath younger layers unless the layers have been disturbed. 3. Some rock layers are incomplete. The gaps are called _____. 4. A common cause of gaps in rock layers is _____.
Directions: Look at the cross-sectional view of the rock layers shown in Figure 1. For each question, decide which of the two named materials is older. Assume the layers have not been overturned. Write the name of the older material on the line provided.
5. tan sandstone and brown sandstone 6. brown sandstone and gray limestone 7. gabbro dike and brown sandstone 8. gabbro dike and gray shale 9. snail fossil and trilobite fossil 10. snail fossil and dinosaur bone 11. snail fossil and green shale 12. dinosaur bone and red sandstone 13. red sandstone and gray limestone 14. tan limestone and tan sandstone 15. tan limestone and gray limestone 16. The type of unconformity shown in Figure 1 is a(n) ____________.
Figure 1
Red sandstone Dinosaur bone Tan limestone Gray limestone Tan sandstone Brown sandstone Black shale Brown sandstone Snail fossil Green shale
Gabbro dike
Gray shale
Trilobite fossil
48 Clues to Earths Past
Name
Date
Class
3
Column I
Study Guide
Absolute Ages of Rocks
Chapter
13
Directions: Match the terms in Column I with their definitions in Column II. Write the letter of the correct phrase in the blank at the left. Column II
a. time it takes for half of the atoms in an isotope to decay b. breaking down of a neutron into a proton and an electron c. principle that Earth processes occurring today are similar to those that occurred in the past d. process that uses the properties of atoms in rocks and other objects to determine their ages e. calculating the absolute age of a rock by measuring the amounts of parent and daughter materials in a rock and by knowing the half-life of the parent material 1. absolute dating 2. half-life 3. radioactive decay 4. radiometric dating 5. uniformitarianism
Directions: Follow the steps below to demonstrate the radioactive decay of carbon-14. Then answer the questions.
1. Cut a strip of paper 8 cm long. Think of the paper as all of the carbon-14 in an animal when it died. 2. The idea is to show how you find the age of a rock that contains an animal fossil by using the half-lives of isotopes. Cut the strip of paper in half. 3. Discard one half of the paper. This represents the decayed material. Record the cut in Item 6 below with an X. 4. Continue by cutting the second half of the paper in half. Record the cut below with an X. 5. Continue Steps 3 and 4 until the paper is so small you cannot make another cut. Record each cut you make with an X. 6. Number of cuts: 7. What is the total number of times you were able (practically) to cut the sample in half? 8. Each cut represents the half-life of carbon-14. What is the total amount of time represented by each cut? 9. Multiply the number of cuts by the half-life of carbon-14. What is the total amount of time represented by the cuts? 10. Could using the half-life of carbon-14 determine when dinosaurs died? Explain.
Clues to Earths Past
49
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Life and Geologic Time
Chapter
14
artificial selection eon epoch Definition
1. theory that species have changed over time 2. longest geologic time unit; based on abundance of fossils 3. shortest geologic time unit; based on difference in life forms that vary regionally, such as from continent to continent 4. time unit based on major, striking, and world-wide changes in types of fossils present 5. division of Earths history into time units based on the lifeforms that lived only during certain periods; consists of periods, epochs, eras, and eons
Directions: Use the following word bank to complete the summary statements below. era evolution geologic time scale natural selection period species trilobites
6. theory proposed by Charles Darwin to explain how species change over time 7. breeding of certain species by humans for desired traits 8. time unit characterized by types of life existing world-wide at the time 9. group of organisms that normally reproduces only with other members of their group 10. three-segment-bodied organisms used as index fossils
Directions: Define natural selection and then give a real-world example of an organism that is well adapted to its environment and has a good chance of survival.
11. Natural selection:
Example:
Geologic Time
51
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Early Earth History
Chapter
14
Directions: List the events and types of organisms below in the order in which they happened or appeared on Earth. The oldest one is Number 1. amphibians complex organisms cyanobacteria fish invertebrates organisms with hard parts shielding of Earth from ultraviolet rays Pangaea reptiles oxygen is major atmospheric gas
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. Which of the events in your list above occurred in the Precambrian time? Which occurred in the Paleozoic Era?
12. Why is so little known about the Precambrian time?
13. Where did most life-forms of the Paleozoic Era live?
14. What might have caused the mass extinctions at the end of the Paleozoic Era?
52 Geologic Time
Name
Date
Class
3
Column I
Study Guide
Middle and Recent Earth History
Chapter
14
Column II
a. Gondwanaland b. mammals c. Australia d. Laurasia e. Cretaceous f. gymnosperms g. angiosperms h. Mesozoic i. Quaternary
Directions: Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the letter of the correct term in the space provided in the left-hand column.
1. seed plants which first appeared in the Paleozoic Era 2. era of middle life 3. most recent period in the Mesozoic Era 4. oldest period in the Mesozoic Era 5. northern part of Pangaea 6. southern part of Pangaea 7. fast-moving dinosaur 8. dinosaur thought to nurture hatchlings 9. winged animal resembling both dinosaurs and birds 10. milk-producing animals; first appeared in the Triassic Period 11. flowering plants
j. Maiasaura k. Triassic l. Cenozoic m. marsupials n. tyrannosaurs o. cooling p. Archaeopteryx q. Gallimimus
12. most recent era 13. most recent period in the Cenozoic Era 14. climate change that allowed flowering plants to increase 15. where most marsupials live 16. animals with pouches
Directions: Complete the following statements.

17. The bones of cold-blooded animals have _________________________________________. 18. The bones of dinosaurs resemble those of ____________________-blooded animals. 19. Some dinosaurs may have ____________________ their young.
Geologic Time
53
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Earths Atmosphere
Chapter
15
heat absorbed heat that escapes life-forms liquids nitrogen oxygen ozone layer protective covering rays salt
Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the summary paragraph about Earths atmosphere. atmosphere balance dust gases
Earths (1)____________________ is defined as a thin layer of air that forms a (2)____________________ around the planet. It maintains a crucial (3)____________________ between the amount of (4)____________________ from the Sun and the amount of (5)____________________ back into space. Earths atmosphere also protects (6)____________________ from the Suns harmful (7)____________________. The atmosphere is made up of a mixture of (8)____________________, solids, and (9)____________________ . When Earth was young, there was little (10)____________________ in the atmosphere. It contained mostly (11)____________________ and carbon dioxide. As more plants grew, releasing oxygen through photosynthesis, Earths atmosphere changed. Today, the atmosphere contains bits
of (12)____________________, (13)____________________, and pollen, as well as liquid droplets. It is important to protect the (14)____________________ in Earths atmosphere so that it will continue to protect life on Earth from the Suns harmful rays.
Directions: Arrange the four most common gases in Earths atmosphere from most common to least common. (Hint: refer to Figure 2 in your textbook for additional help.)
Most common
. 17 . 16 . 15 . 18
Least common
rg he Ot
Atmosphere
es as
55
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere

What happens to radiation coming to Earth from the sun? Absorbed by Earth's surface 5%
Chapter
15
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided using information from the graph.
1. Why doesnt all radiation directed at Earth reach the surface?
Reflected by Earth's surface Absorbed by clouds and atmosphere 20%
2. What percent of radiation is lost before reaching Earths surface? 3. What percent of radiation is lost after reaching Earths surface?
50% 25% Scattered by clouds and air
4. What factors in the atmosphere seem to have the greatest effect on the amount of radiation received from the Sun?
Types of heat transfer 5. Radiation 6. Conduction 7. Convection produced by produced by produced by
How they are produced
8. If you put a frying pan on a burner on a stove and turn the burner on, the bottom of the frying pan gets hot. What type of heat transfer has occurred? 9. When you get in a closed car on a sunny day and the temperature inside is much warmer than outside, what type of heat transfer has taken place? 10. In some home heating systems, warm air is blown by a furnace fan into one side of a room. On the other side of the room cold air sinks to the floor. What type of heat transfer is this?
56 Atmosphere
Directions: Complete the chart using the correct terms and phrases from the chapter. Then answer the following questions on the lines provided.
Name
Date
Class
3
___ ___
Study Guide
Air Movement
Chapter
15
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below in the spaces provided. Unscramble the letters in the boxes to write a phrase related to the lesson. Use your textbook as a reference.
1. Caused by the uneven heating of Earth and its atmosphere ___
2. Imaginary line around the middle of Earth ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 3. Windless zone at the equator which sailing vessels try to avoid ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4. Winds generally responsible for the movement of weather across the United States and Canada ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
5. Winds that provide a dependable route for trade ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
6. Cool breezes during the day caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
7. Narrow belts of strong winds at high altitudes which blow near the top of the troposphere ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
8. Cool breezes at night caused by differences in heating and cooling rates of land and water ___ ___ ___ ___ 9. Heat from the Sun ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
10. The deflection of air masses resulting from Earths eastward rotation ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
11. Winds that blow from the North and South Poles ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
12. The phrase is:
Atmosphere
57
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
What is weather?
Chapter
16
dew point fog humidity precipitation relative humidity temperature weather wind wind vane
Directions: Write the correct Earth science term from the word bank on the line next to its definition. air anemometer condensation
1. air moving in a specific direction 2. formation of liquid water from water vapor 3. cloud droplets combine and grow large enough to fall to Earth 4. measurement of average amount of motion of molecules 5. instrument for testing wind direction 6. amount of water vapor present in the air 7. the temperature at which air is saturated and condensation forms 8. made up of molecules that are always moving randomly 9. amount of water vapor present in air compared to the amount needed for saturation at a specific temperature
10. state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place 11. a stratus cloud on the ground, forms when warm, moist air cools at ground level 12. instrument for measuring wind speed
Directions: Describe how each of the four types of precipitation forms.

13. Rain: 14. Snow: 15. Sleet: 16. Hail:
Directions: Describe each cloud type listed below, and describe the weather associated with that cloud type.
17. Stratus: 18. Cumulus: 19. Cirrus:
Weather
59
Name
Date
Class
2
Figure 1
Cold air Topeka, KS
Study Guide
Weather Patterns
Figure 2
Chapter
16
Cold air Columbus, OH
W a r m ir a Kansas City, KS
W a r m a ir
Indianapolis, IN
Directions: Use the diagrams to answer the following questions.

1. What kinds of clouds form along the front in Figure 1? 2. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds? 3. What kind of clouds form along the front in Figure 2? 4. What kind of precipitation might come from these clouds? 5. Figure 1 represents a ____________________________________________. 6. Figure 2 represents a ____________________________________________. 7. What will happen to the temperature in Columbus, Ohio, when the front passes?
9. Fill in the chart about the elements of thunderstorms.

Element of Thunderstorms a. heavy rain Caused by
b. strong winds
c. lightning
d. thunder
e. tornado
60 Weather
8. Compare the temperatures in Topeka and Kansas City, Kansas.
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Weather Forecasts
Chapter
16
10 163 2
L
20 103 17
17 109 16
21 B 15
127
Directions: Use the weather map and Weather Map Symbols Reference Handbook to answer the following questions.
1. Which station has the lowest pressure? 2. How would you describe the wind at Station B? 3. Which station is recording the highest wind speed?
4. Which station has the highest pressure? 5. What kind of front is south of Station A? 6. Which station has the most cloud cover? 7. How might the temperature change at station C over the next few hours? Why?

8. What is the difference between an isobar and an isotherm? 9. On a weather map for county A, the isobars are far apart. On a map for county B, about 100 miles away, the isobars are close together. Which map shows high winds? How can you tell?
Weather
61
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
What is climate?
Chapter
17
Directions: Answer the question below.

1. Define climate and explain how climate differs from weather.
Directions: Explain how each of the following factors affects the climate of the surrounding area.
2. Large bodies of water:
3. Ocean currents:
4. Mountains:
5. Rain shadows: a. Windward side of mountain:

b. Leeward side of mountain:
6. Cities:
Directions: List the five factors used to determine climate.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Climate
63
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Climate Types
Chapter
17

1. The type of plants found in a region depends on the regions ____________________. 2. The fur of mammals ____________________ them from the cold. 3. A(n) ____________________ is a characteristic that helps an organism survive. 4. Desert turtles and lizards obtain the moisture they need from their ____________________. 5. Some mammals survive cold winters in a state of reduced activity called ____________________. 6. Lungfish survive intense heat in an inactive state called ____________________. 7. A body structure that helps an organism survive in its environment is a(n) ____________________ adaptation. 8. In the Kppen System, climate groups are classified according to temperature and ____________________.

9. What is an adaptation?
10. What behavioral adaptations help snakes survive in hot, dry places?
11. What are three body structures that help cactus plants survive in dry climates?
12. How do the body structures you listed above help the cactus plants survive in dry climates?
13. Name the six groups of climates in the Kppen classification system.
64 Climate
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Climatic Changes
Chapter
17

1. In the illustration, what season is it in the northern hemispheres? In the southern hemisphere?
To Sun
2. Where on Earth are the seasonal variations of temperature and day length greatest? Least?
3. What are the effects of El Nio?
4. What is global warming?
5. How might global warming affect Earth?
6. What are some possible causes for climatic changes in the past?
7. What is the greenhouse effect?
8. How does the greenhouse effect influence Earth?
9. How do scientists know what Earths climate was like in earlier geologic eras?
Climate
65
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Ocean Water
Chapter
18
desalination dissolved gases fish groundwater halite nitrogen oxygen photosynthesize salinity steady state volcanoes water
Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the following ocean summary.
Ocean water contains many (1)____________________. The greatest portion of natural elements in the ocean, 96.5%, is oxygen and hydrogen combined in pure (2)____________________. Other gases dissolved in ocean water are carbon dioxide, (3)____________________, and oxygen. (4)____________________ comes directly from the atmosphere, as well as from ocean plants that (5)____________________. Chloride and sulfate ions are deposited into the ocean from (6)____________________, while sodium, magnesium, and calcium are deposited from rocks dissolved slowly in rivers and (7)____________________. Scientists measuring the (8)____________________, the amount of salts dissolved in seawater, have discovered that the oceans are not growing saltier. (9)____________________ and other
ocean creatures use the gases and salts to make bones and shells. Elements naturally are being added back to the oceans at the same rate that they are removeda concept called (10)____________________. Scientists continue to experiment with methods of (11)____________________, where salts are separated from pure water through evaporation, use of straining membranes, or melting frozen ice. This process leaves behind the natural salt, (12)____________________, also known as sodium chloride, or table salt.
Directions: Give an example of how humans use ocean resources in each of the following ways.
13. Food from the ocean: 14. Ocean transportation: 15. Energy and minerals from the ocean: 16. Oceans affect weather and climate: 17. Ocean currents:
Ocean Motion
67
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Ocean Currents
Chapter
18

1. What kind of current forms when more dense seawater moves toward less dense seawater? 2. What causes an upwelling?
Directions: Use the information from the figures below to help answer the following questions.
L a b ra
m trea lf S
. rC do
Gu
Sargasso Sea
C. N. E q u a t o r i a l Equatorial S. Eq Counter Current ua t ori a l C.
Per u
t rren Cu
Equatorial Counter Current S. Equatorial Current

nt rre
3. What is the name of the current that flows southerly along the west coast of the United States?
Is this current warm or cold? 4. In what direction do cold currents generally flow in the northern hemisphere? 5. Because of the influence of the Coriolis effect, what is the general motion of surface currents north of the equator? south of the equator? 68 Ocean Motion
rent Benguela Cur . A gulhas C umpolar C. rctic Circ Anta
nt urre oC i h ros Ku N. Equatorial Current
ra
ific Current h Pac Nort Cali for ni aC ur re
z il C.
nt
E. Australian
Cu
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Ocean Waves and Tides
Chapter
18
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below on the spaces provided. Unscramble the boxed letters to answer question 11.
1. collapsing wave 2. kind of tide that occurs when the Sun, Earth, and the Moon form a right angle 3. horizontal distance between two waves or two crests 4. lowest point of a wave 5. rise and fall in sea level 6. rhythmic movement that carries energy through matter or space 7. kind of tide that occurs when the Sun, Earth, and the Moon line up together
___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___
___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___
8. pulls the water back into the sea after a wave breaks 9. highest point of a wave 10. vertical distance between a waves crest and trough
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
11. What is the difference between the level of the ocean at high tide and low tide?
Ocean Motion
69
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
The Seafloor
Chapter
19
continental shelf mid-ocean ridge seafloor spreading continental slope ocean basin seamount deep-water deposits oceanic trench subduction zone
Directions: Write the correct oceanography term on the line in front of its definition. abyssal plains manganese nodules placer deposits
1. the area in all ocean basins where new ocean floor is formed 2. steep slope between the continental shelf and the ocean floor 3. location of deep ocean trenches where crustal plates of old ocean floor slide beneath another plate 4. lumps of mineral resources that formed from minerals dissolved in seawater which then came out of solution to form solids, rich in manganese, copper, iron, nickel, and cobalt 5. concentrated deposits of denser mineral-grains from rivers dropped on continental shelves, may contain gold, titanium, or diamonds 6. underwater, inactive volcanic peaks, most common in the Pacific Ocean 7. low areas of Earth that are filled with ocean water
8. flat seafloor, valleys filled with sediment 9. location of underwater vents of superheated water that cool, creating sulfur, iron, zinc, copper, and silver; too expensive to mine 10. process of ocean plates separating, hot magma rising from Earths crust forming new crust 11. gradual sloping edge of a continent that extends under the ocean 12. long, narrow, deep-sided depression where one crustal plate sinks beneath another; most common in the Pacific Basin
Directions: Answer the question below.

13. Discuss the importance of mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, and ocean trenches and how these land-forms work to create and recycle Earths crustal plates.
Oceanography
71
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Life in the Ocean
Chapter
19
Directions: For each item below, explain what the terms have in common with one another.
1. beaches, rocky shores, estuaries 2. fish, manatees, whales 3. carbon dioxide, light energy, water 4. bottom-dwelling fish, sponges, corals 5. plankton, nekton, benthos 6. photosynthesis, chemosynthesis 7. jellyfish, diatoms, copepods 8. salt-tolerant grasses, nutrients from rivers, newly hatched fish
Directions: Rewrite each statement to make it true.

9. Energy is transferred through the food chain from plant-eating animals to plants to animal-eating animals.
10. One-celled diatoms are forms of zooplankton.
11. Sea urchin capsules cement together to form a reef. 12. Sea anemones, barnacles, and octopuses are most likely to be found on sandy beaches.
72 Oceanography
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Ocean Pollution
Chapter
19
educate plankton recycle food chain
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms below. sewage pollutant silt insecticides rain roadways solid waste fish kill
1. One major source of oil pollution is runoff from ____________________. 2. Plastic bags and styrofoam are examples of ____________________. 3. Acting like a fertilizer, ____________________ is rich in nutrients that cause some algae to reproduce rapidly. 4. A substance that causes damage to organisms by interfering with life processes is called a____________________. 5. Toxic blooms of Pfiesteria, a type of ____________________, can cause rashes, nausea, and memory loss. 6. Pollutants in the air can enter the ocean through ____________________.
7. Human activities that tear up the soil cause ____________________ to wash into streams and eventually into the ocean. 8. To prevent pollution, people must ____________________ themselves about the ways in which the things they do can affect the ocean. 9. One of the ways to reduce pollution is to ____________________ materials. 10. ____________________ used by farmers can eventually reach the ocean and cause the death of organisms. 11. A ____________________ can result when oxygen in the water is depleted as bacteria decompose algae. 12. Biological amplification means that chemicals build up in organisms at the top of the ____________________.
Oceanography
73
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Population Impact on the Environment

modern medicine population
Chapter
20
population explosion size
Directions: Use the word bank provided to complete the summary paragraph about population growth. better nutrition carrying capacity clean water increased rapidly
The human population has (1)____________________ in recent history. Scientists refer to this as a(n) (2)____________________. Scientists study all the individuals of one species that occupy a particular area and define this as a (3)____________________. They look for the factors that affect population size and growth. They study a specific environment to determine the largest number of individuals that environment can supportreferred to as the (4)____________________. Population (5)____________________ depends on the available resources and how they are used. The human population has increased rapidly because people are living longer due to (6)____________________, (7)____________________, and (8)____________________.
Directions: Describe how each activity below affects the environment.

9. Using electricity:
10. Burning fossil fuels:
11. Using water:
12. Eating food:
13. Using pesticides and herbicides:
14. Using plastic:
15. Using paper:
16. Mining resources (metals or gems):
Our Impact on Land
75
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Using Land
Chapter
20
Directions: Decide which of the following effects on the environment are due to natural causes and which are due to the actions of people. Write natural if the cause is natural. Write people if the cause is people.
1. Fires are set by lightning in a national forest. 2. Groundwater near a sanitary landfill that is close to a school is found to be radioactive. 3. An earthquake causes damage in some homes. 4. Increasing amounts of herbicides and pesticides are found in rivers and groundwater. 5. A woodland area in Pennsylvania is torn up for coal mining. 6. Topsoil becomes dust and is blown from farms in a midwestern state. 7. A beach is eroded by high waves. 8. The landfills in a large city are overflowing, and the city wants to ship its garbage to a landfill on an island south of the United States. 9. A small country can no longer feed its growing population. 10. Some suburbs cannot find landfill room for the grass clippings and leaves collected.

11. Write the number of the first item above that you decided was due to people. What would you want to be sure of first if you were called in to solve the problem? 12. Write the number of the last item above that you decided was due to people. What would you recommend to the people in that area?
13. Which effects might be due to farming methods? 14. Which effects could be lessened if most people practiced conservation by reusing and recycling materials? Explain your answers.
76 Our Impact on Land
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Conserving Resources
Chapter
20

1. What is a recyclable object? 2. Give three reasons why paper should be recycled.
3. Why should aluminum be recycled? 4. How do container laws encourage recycling?
5. How much does recycling reduce the amount of trash a person generates in a lifetime? 6. List two ways governments encourage recycling.
7. List three ways you can reduce your consumption of materials at school and at home.
8. Do you think governments should require recycling? Why or why not?
Our Impact on Land
77
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Water Pollution
Chapter
21
Directions: Write the correct term on the line next to its definition. fertilizers metal pollutants gas and oil pollutants nonpoint source pollution sediment hazardous waste pesticides sewage heat pollutants point source pollution
1. mercury, lead, nickel, and cadmium used in mining and processing 2. human waste, household detergents, chemicals contaminating water 3. chemicals used to kill insects and weeds may run off into streams 4. chemicals containing nitrogen and phosphorus used to help plants grow 5. pollution that enters water from a specific location, such as drains and ditches 6. the largest source of U.S. pollution, contains rock fragments, mineral grains, soil erosion 7. contains less oxygen than cool water; may kill fish and other organisms 8. paint, motor oil, gasoline, and batterieswaste collected by government officials 9. pollution enters water from large areas such as lawns, construction sites, and roads 10. run-off from roads or boat and tanker leaks that causes unsafe lakes and groundwater
Directions: Sequence the following events in the order in which they occur. The first has been numbered for you. (Hint: Refer to Figure 3 in your text for additional help.)
11. Death of a Pond lack of oxygen causes fish and other organisms to die algae living in the water use lawn chemicals to grow and multiply quickly oxygen is used up rapidly when algae die and decompose 1 human applies fertilizer rich in nitrogen and phosphorus to lawn or farmland lakes and ponds become choked with algae overgrowth rain washes chemicals into ponds, streams and rivers
Our Impact on Water and Air
79
Name
Date
Class
2
3
Study Guide
Air Pollution
Chapter
21
2 5
Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.

1 4
6 8 9
10 11 13 14 12
15
Across
1. Type of alternative power that uses the sun 3. Used in smokestacks to reduce air pollution 6. Colorless, odorless gas that replaces oxygen in the blood (2 words) 9. Pollutants from air conditioners and refrigerators (abbreviation) 11. Landforms and temperature inversions are _____ conditions that contribute to air pollution. 13. The Montreal Protocol has been signed by 184 different ______. 14. Passed in 1990 to attack problems of automobile exhaust, factory pollution, destruction of the ozone, and acid rain (3 words) 15. Type of smog formed from fossil fuel pollutants with the aid of light 80 Our Impact on Water and Air
Down
2. Substances with a pH lower than 7 4. Combination of smoke and fog 5. ______ from buses and trucks contains particulate matter. 7. The burning of ______ for energy adds polluting chemicals to the air. (2 words) 8. Pollutant created when sulfur dioxide from coal-burning power plants combines with moisture in the air to form sulfuric acid (2 words) 10. Measures whether a substance is an acid or a base 12. Breathing ozone and other smog damages peoples lungs, making them more susceptible to pneumonia and ______.
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Radiation from Space
Chapter
22
observatory optics radio telescope reflecting telescope refracting telescope speed of light
Directions: Write the correct term on the line in front of its definition. active and adaptive electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic waves Hubble space telescope
1. an instrument with small mirrors pieced together to create a larger, clearer image 2. carry energy through empty space and through matter 3. 300,000 km/s 4. a device placed outside Earths atmosphere to minimize absorption and distortion of energy from space 5. energy that is transmitted from one place to another by electromagnetic waves 6. an instrument with a concave mirror that focuses an image on a second mirror for viewing through the eyepiece
7. telescopes with computer enhanced and corrected images 8. detects radio waves as they travel freely through Earths atmosphere 9. an instrument for distance viewing through a convex lens that focuses the image to be viewed through an eyepiece 10. a building with an open roof used to house a telescope
Directions: Arrange the seven types of electromagnetic radiation from longest to shortest wavelength on the spectrum. (Hint: Refer to Figure 1 in the text for additional help.)
Longest wavelength
Lowest frequency
Shortest wavelength
Highest frequency
11.
12.
13.
t ligh ible vis
14.
15.
Exploring Space
16.
81
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Early Space Missions
Chapter
22
T M
Directions: Circle the term in the puzzle that fits each clue. Then write the term on the line. The terms read across or down.
S A T E P R O J C L L I T E A R T I N T R O N G J L I U N I J T A L I L P T H A I I E C T G E M
A R M A R M S E O T E P R O J O B I L R D E C T
T N E G E S A
S G A O E S O P M H A E
A P O L
R B S A N U Y S
A C N R O C K E T N I
T B V O Y A G E R D E R R K R R M O S E
E S P U
1. The Moon is a natural ____________________ of Earth. 2. The first human to set foot on the Moon was Neil ____________________. 3. The path of one object circling another is an ____________________. 4. ____________________ was the program that first sent people to the Moon. 5. The ____________________ probes flew past Jupiter and other planets before heading outward toward deep space. 6. The first citizen of the United States to orbit Earth was John ____________________. 7. In ____________________, a team of American astronauts first met and connected with a spacecraft in orbit. 8. A ____________________ travels far into the solar system, collecting information and returning it to Earth. 9. Galileo dropped a smaller probe into Jupiters ____________________. 10. Cooperative missions between countries are being planned to send spacecraft to ____________________ and elsewhere. 11. Launched in 1989, ____________________ provided information about Jupiter. 12. Space exploration began when the Soviets launched ____________________, the first artificial satellite. 13. The simplest _____________________ engine is made of a burning chamber and a nozzle. 14. Weather satellites provide information about the global weather systems on______________. 15. Project ____________________ began the United States effort to reach the Moon. 82 Exploring Space
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Current and Future Space Missions
Chapter
22
A.
Directions: Identify Figure A and Figure B as a space station or a space shuttle. Before each statement at the bottom of the page, write the name of the spacecraft that the item describes. If an item describes both types of spacecraft, write both.
A. ______________________________ B. ______________________________
B.
_________________________ 1. This spacecraft orbits Earth.

_________________________ 2. Astronauts were able to conduct experiments when working in this. _________________________ 3. This glides back to Earth and lands like an airplane. _________________________ 4. The Americans launched Skylab in 1973. _________________________ 5. This reusable spacecraft transports astronauts and other materials. _________________________ 6. A former Soviet cosmonaut spent a record 438 days aboard one of these. _________________________ 7. The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 by one of these. _________________________ 8. This spacecraft provides living quarters and working space for people living and working in space. _________________________ 9. Several countries may cooperatively build one of these in the future. _________________________10. Its astronauts move mechanical arms to launch and recover satellites. _________________________11. The Soviet craft is named Mir. _________________________12. Its solid-fuel booster rockets are reused. _________________________13. American astronauts spent up to 84 days working in this.
Exploring Space
83
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Earth
Chapter
23
axis seasons revolves rotates equinox solstice elliptical spherical magnetic field
Directions: Complete the following statements. Write the correct word on the blank provided.
1. Earth is ____________________ in shape, with a slight bulge at the equator. 2. The day when the Sun reaches the greatest distance north or south of the equator is the ____________________. 3. Earth turns on its ____________________ once every 24 h. 4. Earth ____________________ around the Sun in a(n) ____________________ orbit. 5. When the Sun is directly above Earths equator, we refer to it as the ____________________. 6. Earth is tilted on its axis at a 23.5-degree angle creating a short period of climate change commonly called ____________________. 7. Scientists hypothesize that the movement of material inside Earths core and Earths rotation generate a(n) ____________________.
8. Earth ____________________, creating day and night.
Directions: Define the terms revolve and rotate in your own words and give an example of each.
9. Revolve: Example: 10. Rotate: Example:
Directions: Explain how the tilt of Earths axis causes seasons. (Hint: Refer to Figure 3 and your text to discuss the hours of sunlight and angle of direct rays at different times of the year.)
11.
The Sun-Earth-Moon System
85
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
The MoonEarths Satellite
Chapter
23
Directions: Identify each phase of the Moon in Figure 1 by writing its name on the line beneath the phase shown. Then answer the following questions on the lines provided. Figure 1
1. ____________
2. ____________
3. ____________
4. ____________
5. What phase occurs between the full moon and the third quarter? 6. What phase occurs between the third quarter and the new moon? 7. What phase occurs between the new moon and the first quarter? 8. What phase occurs between the first quarter and the full moon?
Directions: Identify Figures 2 and 3 as either a total lunar eclipse or total solar eclipse. Then on the lines below, explain why each type of eclipse happens and who would be able to see the eclipse. Figure 2
Shadow Sun Light
Earth
Moon
9.
Figure 3
Shadow Sun Light rays
Moon
Earth
10. 11. Figure 2:
12. Figure 3:
86 The Sun-Earth-Moon System
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Exploring Earths Moon
Chapter
23
thinner surface
Directions: Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below. crust basin ice lunar minerals shadow water core
1. Information from Clementine helped scientists measure the thickness of the Moons ____________________. 2. Lunar Prospector enabled scientists to confirm that the moon has an iron-rich ____________________ 3. Hydrogen is one of the elements that make up ____________________. 4. The South Pole-Aitken Basin is an impact crater, or impact ____________________, on the surface of the Moon. 5. The Clementine spacecraft was placed in ____________________ orbit. 6. Throughout the Moons rotation, most of the South Pole-Aitken Basin stays in ____________________.
7. Clementine also took photographs for use in making a map of the Moons _______________. 8. Some scientists theorize that ____________________ may exist in the floors of the craters at the Moons poles. 9. Data show that the Moons crust is ____________________ on the side of the Moon facing Earth. 10. Another kind of information collected by Clementine indicates what kinds of ____________________ make up Moon rocks.

11. Why might the South Pole-Aitken Basin be a good place for a solar-powered Moon colony?
12. Where did the spacecraft Clementine get its name?
The Sun-Earth-Moon System
87
Name
Date
Class
1
1.
Study Guide
The Solar System
Chapter
24
Model
(also known as the geocentric model)
Directions: List the historical models and astronomical ideas of the solar system by completing the study chart below.
Supporter of the Model
early Greek astronomers Moon revolved around Earth, all planets revolved around the Sun in circular orbits (also known as the heliocentric model) Modern View of Solar System Johannes Kepler
Key Ideas
2a.
2b.
3.
current understanding
Directions: List the planets of our solar system in order. (Hint: refer to Figure 1 in the text for additional help.)
Sun
11.
6.
8.
10.
5.
7.
9.
Directions: Describe the four steps that help explain how the solar system may have formed. (Hint: refer to Figure 3 in the text for additional help.)
12.
4.
13.
14.
15.
The Solar System
89
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
The Inner Planets
Chapter
24
4.
Directions: Write the names of the inner planets as headings in the chart in the order of their position from the Sun. Then fill in the chart using information from your textbook.
1. 2. 3.
5. Size and composition
6.
7.
8.
9. Atmosphere
10.
11.
12.
13. Temperatures
14.
15.
16.
17. Surface features
18.
19.
20.
21. Moons (number/ names) 23. Space probes 24.
22.
25.
90 The Solar System
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
The Outer Planets
Chapter
24
4.
Directions: List the outer planets across the top of the chart in the order of their usual position from the Sun. Then fill in the chart using information from your textbook.
1. 2. 3.
(
5. Size and Composition
Fifth from Sun
from from from ) ( Seventh ) ( Sixth ) ( Eighth ) Sun Sun Sun 6. 7. 8.
9. Atmosphere
10.
11.
12.
13. Below the Atmosphere
14.
15.
16.
17. Notable Features
18.
19.
20.
21. Moons (number/ names) 25. Space Probes
22.
23.
24.
26.
27.
28.
The Solar System
91
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Other Objects in the Solar System
Chapter
24

1. What is the Oort Cloud, and where is it located? 2. What is an asteroid, and where are most asteroids located?
Directions: Identify Figure 1 and its parts, then answer the question that follows.
3. Figure 1: A.
C
Figure 1
B. C.
B
4. How does a comet begin and end?
Directions: Identify the parts of Figure 2, then answer the question that follows.
5. A. B. C.
Earth's atmosphere B C A Earth's atmosphere
Figure 2
Earth's atmosphere
Earth
6. What two space objects produce meteorites?
92 The Solar System
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Stars
Chapter
25
24 hours 88 constellations absolute magnitude apparent magnitude atmosphere chemical elements circumpolar constellations constellation light-year parallax Polaris Proxima Centauri spectroscope stars temperature
Directions: Use the vocabulary terms to complete the summary paragraph about stars.
Modern astronomy has divided the sky into (1)____________________. A (2)____________________ is defined as a pattern of stars in the sky that looks like a familiar object. However, the (3)____________________ in the constellation have no relationship to each other in spacesome may be close, and some light-years away. The North Star, also called (4)____________________, is positioned almost directly over Earths north pole. Some constellations can be viewed all year round near Earths poles. (5)____________________ appear to rotate above the pole one full circle in the sky every (6)____________________ as Earth rotates on its axis. Scientists measure the brightness of stars to determine a stars age and chemical makeup. They are
able to measure the actual amount of light the star gives off, called (7)____________________, as well as the amount of light received on Earth, called (8)____________________ . The distance a star is from Earth can be measured by studying the apparent shift in position of the star when viewed from two different positionsreferred to as (9)____________________. The nearer the object is to the observer, the greater the apparent shift in position. Scientists are able to measure the distances between Earth and stars such as (10)____________________ which is 4.3 light-years away and is the closest star to Earth, excluding the Sun. A (11)____________________ is the distance light travels in one year. Astronomers are also interested in the color of a star, as it indicates the (12)____________________ and age of a star. When attached to a telescope, a (13)____________________ acts like a prism and spreads light out into a band of colors called a spectrum. As light from the star passes out of the stars atmosphere, (14)____________________ in the stars atmosphere absorb specific wavelengths of light, producing a unique pattern of dark lines. These patterns of lines can be used to identify which chemical elements are in the stars (15)____________________.
Stars and Galaxies
93
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
The Sun
Chapter
25
5.
Directions: The diagram shows interior and outer features of the Sun. Write the name of each feature on the lines provided in the diagram.
1. 6. 2. 3.
4.
Directions: Answer the questions in complete sentences.

7. How can the Sun be classified?
9. How does our Sun differ from most other main sequence stars?
10. How do CMEs (coronal mass ejections) affect Earth?
11. How are sunspots related to prominences and solar flares?
94 Stars and Galaxies
8. How is the energy of the Sun produced?
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Evolution of Stars
Chapter
25
T
Directions: Circle the term in the puzzle that fits each clue. Then write the term on the line. In the puzzle, the terms read across or down.
E I B L I I A C K H O L T R O N S T E N S A R H N E U R M A D C E I A
N S E Q U E N C E E N P R P O P O G T H I A T I U M A S R S C A L I R T E F D
O S E B L U E E D L A T
G O Y E A W H I
L O W G N B E N
R R C O A N V E
T E D W A R I
M N T S U P E R N O V A O E N F U S O N T E R G Y
1. A ____________________ is a large cloud of dust and gas that becomes a star. 2. A graph that shows the relationship between a stars absolute magnitude and temperature is an ____________________.
3. A star that is a ____________________ has exhausted its supply of hydrogen. 4. The ____________________ of atoms powers the Sun and other stars. 5. The temperature and brightness of stars are indicated by their ____________________. 6. About 90 percent of the stars, including our Sun, are ____________________ stars. 7. A ____________________ is produced when the outer core of a star explodes after the core collapses. 8. The hottest, brightest stars are ____________________ and white. 9. Medium hot and bright stars like our Sun are ____________________ in color. 10. When a star has no fuel left and its outer layers escape into space, it is a ____________________. 11. As heavier elements are formed by fusion, a massive star expands into a ____________________. 12. When a collapsed core becomes so dense only neutrons can exist there, a ____________________ is formed. 13. A ____________________ is so dense that nothing, including light, can escape its gravity field. 14. Write the remaining letters in the puzzle in the order in which they appear to reveal a famous scientists theory.
Stars and Galaxies
95
Name
Date
Class
Study Guide
Galaxies and the Universe
Chapter
25
Directions: Use the terms below to complete the following sentences. Milky Way one trillion Local Group Steady state theory galaxy Doppler shift Big Bang theory irregular elliptical Clouds of Magellan Andromeda cluster spiral Oscillating model
1. The two types of ______________________________ galaxies are barred and normal. 2. A ______________________________ is a group of galaxies. 3. ______________________________ galaxies have many different shapes and are usually smaller and less common than other types of galaxies. 4. An elliptical galaxy about 2.9 million light-years away is in the constellation of ______________________________. 5. Galaxies shaped like footballs are ______________________________ galaxies. 6. Two irregular galaxies called the ______________________________ orbit the Milky Way. 7. A ______________________________ is a large group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity. 8. The _______________________________ is an explanation for the formation of the universe. 9. The solar system in which we live is in the ______________________________ Galaxy. 10. The Milky Way Galaxy may contain ______________________________. 11. The Andromeda Galaxy is a member of the ______________________________. 12. The ______________________________ causes changes in the light coming from distant stars and galaxies. 13. One model of the origin of the universe is the ______________________________, which proposes that the universe was always as it is now. 14. Another model of the origin of the universe is the ______________________________, which believes that the universe expands and contracts in a regular pattern.
96 Stars and Galaxies

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Study Guide and Reinforcement

Science All Around

Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Example from Text

The Nature of Science

2 The Nature of Science

atomic number neutrons negative

atoms isotopes number

electron cloud mass number protons

electrons negative three

Directions: Define the following terms.

Directions: Identify each of the following as a mixture or a compound.

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.

may be melt solid

may be boil 1. freeze cool

close together and moving freely

completely fills its container

unique Earth example

unique Earth example 6.

unique Earth example

j. silicon k. silicate l. water

Directions: List four characteristics of a mineral.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

2. What characteristics make gemstones beautiful?

6. What is titanium and why is it useful?

The Rock Cycle

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

8. location where scientists first recognized the rock cycle

8. Magma forms this kind of rock.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

two examples are

two examples are

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Directions: Write T if the statement is true. Write F if the statement is false.

Directions: Complete the outline by filling in the blanks. Sedimentary Rocks

II. Ways sedimentary rocks can form A. Definition:

III. Classification of sedimentary rocks A. Examples: B. Examples: C. Examples:

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Nonrenewable Energy Resources

bacteria reacting with dead plants

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

in the future, hydrogen fused into helium molecules

Earths Energy and Mineral Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

___ ___ ___ ___ ___

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

16. a type of energy resource: ____________________________________________________

16 Earths Energy and Mineral Resources

4. Waste rock removed before a mineral can be used is gravel.

5. Sandstone removes unwanted elements from metal being processed.

6. Iron is a nonmetallic mineral resource. 7. Limestone is a source of silica.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

Earths Energy and Mineral Resources

Directions: Use Figures 13 to answer the following questions. Figure 1 Figure 2

Scale 1 cm = 10,000 cm Contour interval 500 cm

(5)_______________: water freezes in rock cracks

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Ways Weathering Occurs

(9)_______________: digging, scratching at rocks, causing rocks to move

The Nature of Soil

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ ___

_ _ _ _ _ _ ___

_ _ _ _ _ _ ___

_ _ _ _ _ _ ___