5 Ethics Sample

CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
www.coursemateonline.com
Chapter 1
Business Etbics
1.1 Introduction to Etbics
Meaning of Etbics
LLhlcs ls dolng whaL ls rlghL.
LLhlcs are Lhe prlnclples of rlghL conducL governlng an lndlvldual or a group.
1he word 'LLhlcs ls derlved from Lhe AnclenL Creek LLhos" or LLhlkos" whlch means characLer as
Lhe essence of values and hablLs of a person or group.
LLhlcs ls chooslng whaL ls good or bad and havlng Lo do wlLh moral duLy and obllgaLlon.
LLhlcs ls noL feellngs, rellglon, law, sclence or culLure.
LLhlcal behavlor ls whaL ls morally accepLed as good" or rlghL" ln a parLlcular seLLlng. ln conLrasL,
uneLhlcal behavlor ls LhaL does noL conform Lo generally accepLed soclal norms concernlng beneflclal
and harmful acLlons.
Social Sins
MahaLma Candhl advocaLed people of all falLhs Lo follow eLhlcal prlnclples ln all areas of Lhelr llfe
and parLlcularly avold Lhe followlng seven Soclal Slns:-
(l) ollLlcs wlLhouL rlnclples
(ll) WealLh wlLhouL work
(lll) Commerce wlLhouL MorallLy
(lv) knowledge wlLhouL CharacLer
(v) leasure wlLhouL Consclence
(vl) Sclence wlLhouL humanlLy
(vll) Worshlp wlLhouL sacrlflce
Sources of Etbical Standards
1. Ut|||tar|an approach - 1o make Lhe mosL good & leasL harm Lo anyone.
2. Deonto|og|ca| Approach - 8ellef LhaL our eLhlcs are Lhe rlghLs of oLher person and Lherefore we
should respecL lL.
3. Ia|rness or Iust|ce Approach - Creek phllosophy of followlng eLhlcs because we musL glve equal
LreaLmenL Lo all.
4. Common good approach - LLhlcs for welfare of everyone ln Lhe socleLy.
3. 1he v|rtues approach - 8ellef LhaL eLhlcs wlll become personal hablLs and upgrade personallLy.
Business Etbics
8uslness LLhlcs ls Lhe appllcaLlon of eLhlcal prlnclples Lo buslness.
8uslness LLhlcs are Lhe prlnclples and sLandards LhaL deLermlne accepLable conducL ln buslness
organlzaLlon.
1hese are seL of rules whlch should govern Lhe conducL of buslness boLh aL Lhe lndlvldual or
collecLlve level by Lhe appllcaLlon of eLhlcal reasonlng Lo speclflc buslness slLuaLlons & acLlvlLles.
A buslness man has Lo acL only as a LrusLee of Lhe socleLy for whaLever he has galned from Lhe
socleLy. 1he socleLy has Lhe rlghL Lo expecL LhaL producLlve organlzaLlons wlll enhance Lhe general
lnLeresLs of consumers, employees and communlLy.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 1
Business Etbics
Meaning of Etbics
Social Sins
should respecL lL.
LreaLmenL Lo all.
Business Etbics
organlzaLlon.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 1
Business Etbics
Meaning of Etbics
Social Sins
should respecL lL.
LreaLmenL Lo all.
Business Etbics
organlzaLlon.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Factors influencing etbical bebavior
1. Ind|v|dua| mora| standards and values
2. Inf|uence of managers and co-workers, and
3. Cpportun|ty to engage |n m|sconduct
Requirements in Business Etbics
8elng eLhlcal ln buslness requlres acLlng wlLh an awareness of -
(1) 1he need for complylng wlLh laws, rules and expecLed behavlor l.e. compllance of,
laws of Lhe land,
cusLoms and expecLaLlon of Lhe communlLy
prlnclples of morallLy
pollcles of Lhe organlzaLlon and
general concerns such as Lhe needs of oLhers and falrness.
(2) Pow eLhlcal conducL ln buslness ln Lhe lnLeresL of lLs cusLomers, employees, shareholders,
governmenL and self-lnLeresL of buslness lLself.
Meunlng of StukeholJerx
SLakeholders mean such consLlLuenLs of an organlzaLlon, Lhe lndlvlduals, groups or oLher members,
whlch are affecLed by, or can affecL Lhe organlzaLlon ln pursulL of lLs goals.
Lmployees & ulrecLors
1rade unlons,
CusLomers,
Suppllers,
CovernmenL & LnforcemenL 8egulaLors,
Lenders & CredlLors
Shareholders and lnvesLors
CommunlLy /socleLy as a whole
Benefits of Business Etbics
1. Pelps ln bulldlng beLLer socleLy
2. 8eLLer change managemenL durlng varlous economlc cycles
3. SLrong Leamwork and greaLer producLlvlLy
4. Lnhanced employee growLh
3. Compllance wlLh legal requlremenLs governlng personnel pollcles
6. Lower offences and flnes
7. 8eLLer value managemenL assoclaLed wlLh quallLy managemenL, sLraLeglc plannlng and dlverslLy
managemenL
8. SLronger publlc lmage
1.2 Etbical Dilemma
Meaning of Etbical Dilemma
LLhlcal ullemma means maklng a cholce from varlous alLernaLlves.
ullemma ls noL always chooslng beLween wrong and rlghL buL someLlmes lL may lnvolve chooslng
beLween rlghL and rlghL.
Lxamples of LLhlcal ullemma ln myLhology - ueclslon of Lakshman and SlLa Lo accompany Lord 8ama
ln hls exlle, ueclslon of 8haraL Lo Lake Lord 8ama's Lhrone, ueclslon of Ar[una Lo flghL agalnsL
kauravas ln baLLle of MahabharaLa.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
laws of Lhe land,
1rade unlons,
CusLomers,
Suppllers,
Lenders & CredlLors
managemenL
1.2 Etbical Dilemma
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
laws of Lhe land,
1rade unlons,
CusLomers,
Suppllers,
Lenders & CredlLors
managemenL
1.2 Etbical Dilemma
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Many Llmes Lhe eLhlcs challenges Lhe proflL moLlve for whlch an organlzaLlon exlsLs and lL creaLes
Lhe dllemma. 1hls ls because, someLlmes dolng someLhlng eLhlcally rlghL may lead Lo bad effecLs for
buslness and vlce-versa.
ComplexlLy arlses because of:-
(1) SlgnlflcanL value confllcLs among dlfferlng lnLeresLs (for example confllcL of personal lnLeresL
wlLh corporaLe lnLeresL or confllcL of buslness lnLeresL wlLh publlc lnLeresL)
Examination Questions
1. Answer ?es/no (CorrecL/lncorrecL) wlLh brlef reasons:-
(a) knowledge wlLhouL morallLy ls a soclal sln. [May 2007]
(b) LLhlcs and morals are synonymous. [Nov 2007]
(c) lalrness and honesLy are Lhe plllars of success ln buslness. [Nov 2009]
(d) 1here ls no dlfference beLween eLhlcs and morals. [Nov 2009]
2. Lxplaln Lhe meanlng of Lhe Lerms 'eLhlcs' and 'buslness eLhlcs' and also sLaLe Lhe requlremenLs of
'buslness eLhlcs'. [Nov 2007]
3. 1o pay proper aLLenLlon Lo buslness eLhlcs ls cerLalnly beneflclal ln Lhe lnLeresL of buslness. uescrlbe four
such beneflLs whlch may be obLalned by paylng aLLenLlon Lo buslness eLhlcs. [Nov 2008]
4. 1o malnLaln soclal conLracL beLween socleLy and buslness, Lhe LrusLeeshlp relaLlons are essenLlal".
uescrlbe Lhe role of buslness eLhlcs ln Lhls reference. [Iune 2009]
3. WhaL ls meanL by 'SLakeholders'? uescrlbe Lhose sLakeholders who are affecLed by or can affecL Lhe
organlzaLlon? [Iun 2009]
6. Lxplaln Lhe soclal slns llsLed by MahaLma Candhl. [Nov 2010]
7. Lxplaln Lhe fundamenLal prlnclples relaLlng Lo eLhlcs. [Nov 2010]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 2
Corporate Covernance
2.1 Corporate Covernance
Definition of Corporate Covernance
CorporaLe Covernance ls Lhe sysLem by whlch companles are dlrecLed and conLrolled." - Cadbury
8eporL (uk), 1992
CorporaLe Covernance has Lo do wlLh AccounLablllLy and ConLrol: who exerclses power, on behalf
of whom, how Lhe exerclse of power ls conLrolled." - Slr Adrlan Cadbury, ln 8eflecLlons on CorporaLe
Covernance, LrnesL Sykes Memorlal LecLure, 1993
.Lhe fundamenLal ob[ecLlve of corporaLe governance ls Lhe enhancemenL of Lhe long-Lerm
shareholder value whlle aL Lhe same Llme proLecLlng Lhe lnLeresLs of oLher sLakeholders." - SL8l
(kumar Mangalam 8lrla) 8eporL on CorporaLe Covernance, !anuary, 2000
Meaning of Corporate Covernance
Covernance means Lhe process of dec|s|on mak|ng and Lhe process by whlch declslons are
lmplemenLed.
CorporaLe governance ls abouL promoLlng corporate fa|rness, transparency and accountab|||ty.
CorporaLe governance can be deflned as Lhe forma| system of accountab|||ty and contro| for eLhlcal
and soclally responslble organlzaLlonal declslons and use of resources.
AccounLablllLy relaLes Lo how well Lhe conLenL of workplace declslons ls allgned wlLh Lhe
organlzaLlons sLraLeglc dlrecLlon.
ConLrol lnvolves Lhe process of audlLlng and lmprovlng organlzaLlon declslons and acLlons.
Corporate governance |s about comm|tment to va|ues and eth|ca| bus|ness conduct. lL ls a seL of
laws, regulaLlons, processes and cusLoms affecLlng Lhe way a company ls dlrecLed, admlnlsLered,
conLrolled or managed. 1hls lncludes lLs corporaLe and oLher sLrucLures, culLure, pollcles and Lhe
manner ln whlch lL deals wlLh varlous sLakeholders. Some of Lhe lmporLanL besL pracLlces of
corporaLe governance framework are Llmely and accuraLe dlsclosure of lnformaLlon regardlng Lhe
flnanclal slLuaLlon, performance, ownershlp and governance of Lhe Company.
Cbaracteristics of Corporate Covernance
(l) arLlclpaLory
(ll) Consensus CrlenLed
(lll) AccounLable
(lv) 1ransparenL
(v) 8esponslve
(vl) LfflclenL and LffecLlve
(vll) LqulLable and lncluslve
(vlll) lollows Lhe rule of law
Issues addressed in Corporate Covernance
CorporaLe Covernance ls concerned wlLh sLrucLures & processes for declslon maklng, accounLablllLy
conLrol & behav|or at the top |eve| of organlzaLlon.
lL lnfluences how the ob[ect|ves of an organ|zat|on are set & ach|eved, how Lhe rlsk ls monlLored
and assured & how Lhe performance ls opLlmlzed.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 2
8eporL (uk), 1992
lmplemenLed.
(l) arLlclpaLory
(lll) AccounLable
(lv) 1ransparenL
(v) 8esponslve
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 2
8eporL (uk), 1992
lmplemenLed.
(l) arLlclpaLory
(lll) AccounLable
(lv) 1ransparenL
(v) 8esponslve
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
CorporaLe Covernance measures |nc|ude non-execut|ve d|rectors, placlng consLralnLs on
managemenL power & ownershlp concenLraLlon.
lL lncludes ensurlng of proper d|sc|osure of f|nanc|a| |nformat|on & execuLlve compensaLlon.
Developments in Corporate Covernance in India and abroad
1he Cadbury 8eporL on Lhe flnanclal aspecLs of corporaLe governance, publlshed ln Lhe unlLed
klngdom ln 1992, was a landmark.
AdopLlon of new llsLlng requlremenL by n?SL (new ?ork SLock Lxchange) ln 1998.
CorporaLe Covernance ls geLLlng focused aLLenLlon for saLlsfylng Lhe dlvergenL lnLeresL of Lhe
sLakeholders especlally afLer corporaLe scandals & loss of shareholders value aL Lnron & Wor|dcom.
1he scandals led Lo numerous CorporaLe Covernance reforms lncludlng Sarbanes Cx|ey Act ln 2002.
ln lndla, varlous commlLLees were seL up by SL8l & uCA (ueparLmenL of Company Affalrs) Lo
recommend furLher lmprovemenLs ln CorporaLe Covernance appllcable Lo lndlan companles.
ln lebruary, 2000, based on Lhe recommendaLlon of kumar Mangalam 8lrla CommlLLee, SL8l
speclfled prlnclples of corporaLe governance and lnLroduced a new C|ause 49 |n the ||st|ng
agreement of sLock exchanges.
ln CcLober 2004, SL8l amended Clause 49 ln allgnmenL wlLh Lhe recommendaLlons of Lhe narayana
MurLhy CommlLLee. 1hls was lmplemenLed ln !une 2006.
nASSCCM has consLlLuLed a CorporaLe Covernance and LLhlcs CommlLLee headed by n. 8. narayana
MurLhy.
Framework of Corporate Covernance
1. Appo|nt|ng non-execut|ve d|rectors
2. laclng constra|nts on management power and ownersh|p concenLraLlon
3. roper d|sc|osure of f|nanc|a| |nformat|on and execuLlve compensaLlon
4. Lth|cs and ]or soc|a| respons|b|||ty comm|ttees on Lhelr 8oards
3. Culdellnes governlng management po||c|es and pract|ces
6. lndlan llsLed companles are requlred Lo comply wlLh C|ause 49 of the ||st|ng agreement prlmarlly
focuslng on followlng areas:
a. 8oard composlLlon and procedure
b. AudlL CommlLLee responslblllLles
c. Subsldlary companles
d. 8lsk managemenL
e. CLC/ClC cerLlflcaLlon of flnanclal sLaLemenLs and lnLernal conLrols
f. Legal compllance
g. CLher dlsclosures
Role of Committees in Corporate Covernance
1. 8oard of D|rectors: 1he 8oard's role ls LhaL of LrusLeeshlp Lo proLecL and enhance shareholders value
Lhrough sLraLeglc supervlslon. 1he sLraLegy should alm aL accounLablllLy and fulflllmenL of goals.
2. Aud|t Comm|ttee: 1hey have Lo provlde assurance Lo 8oard on adequacy of lnLernal conLrol sysLems
and flnanclal dlsclosures.
3. Compensat|on Comm|ttee: 1he commlLLee has Lo recommend Lo Lhe 8oard compensaLlon Lerms for
execuLlve ulrecLors and Lhe senlor mosL level of managemenL below Lhe LxecuLlve ulrecLors.
4. Nom|nat|on Comm|ttee: lL ls Lo recommend Lo Lhe 8oard nomlnaLlons for membershlp of Lhe
CorporaLe ManagemenL CommlLLee and Lhe 8oard, and oversee successlon Lo Lhe senlor mosL level
of managemenL below Lhe LxecuLlve ulrecLors.
3. Investor Serv|ces Comm|ttee: lL ls Lo look lnLo redressal of Shareholders' and lnvesLors' grlevances,
approval of Lransmlsslons, sub-dlvlslon of shares, lssue of dupllcaLe shares eLc.
6. Corporate Management Comm|ttee: lLs prlmary role ls sLraLeglc managemenL of company's
buslnesses wlLhln 8oard's approved dlrecLlon/framework.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
MurLhy.
d. 8lsk managemenL
f. Legal compllance
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
MurLhy.
d. 8lsk managemenL
f. Legal compllance
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
7. D|v|s|ona| Management Comm|ttee: lL ls Lo reallze LacLlcal and sLraLeglc ob[ecLlves ln accordance
wlLh CorporaLe ManagemenL CommlLLee/8oard approved plan.
Benefits of good Corporate Covernance
1. roLecLlon of |nvestor |nterest (parLlcularly of small lnvesLors) and overall sLrong caplLal markeLs
2. Lnsures comm|tment of the board ln managlng Lhe company ln a falr and LransparenL manner
3. lnvesLors have a greaL falLh ln companles followlng sLronger corporaLe governance pollcles whlch ls
reflecLed ln h|gher market va|uat|on of such companles.
Fxumple: Corporute 0overnunce ut Infoxyx
1. SaLlsfy Lhe splrlL of Lhe law and noL [usL Lhe leLLer of Lhe law. CorporaLe governance sLandards should
go beyond Lhe law.
2. 8e LransparenL and malnLaln a hlgh degree of dlsclosure levels. When ln doubL, dlsclose.
3. Make a clear dlsLlncLlon beLween personal convenlences and corporaLe resources.
4. CommunlcaLe exLernally, ln a LruLhful manner, abouL how Lhe Company ls run lnLernally.
3. Comply wlLh Lhe laws ln all Lhe counLrles ln whlch we operaLe.
6. Pave a slmple and LransparenL corporaLe sLrucLure drlven solely by buslness needs.
7. ManagemenL ls Lhe LrusLee of Lhe shareholders' caplLal and noL Lhe owner.
MCA Cuidelines on Corporate Covernance
MlnlsLry of Company Affalrs ln 2009 lssued a drafL of CorporaLe Covernance guldellnes Lo be volunLarlly
adopLed by companles.
1. lormal leLLers of appolnLmenL Lo be lssued Lo LxecuLlve & non-LxecuLlve ulrecLors
2. SeparaLlon of offlce of Chalrman and CLC
3. nomlnaLlon CommlLLee for successlon plannlng ln 8oard and managemenL
4. 8esLrlcLlon on ulrecLorshlp ln number of companles
3. AppolnLmenL of lndependenL ulrecLors
6. Culdellnes on remuneraLlon Lo dlrecLors
7. ueLalled 8esponslblllLles of 8oard
8. 1ralnlng of ulrecLors
9. Culdellnes on CuallLy ueclslon Maklng, 8lsk ManagemenL and erformance LvaluaLlon of 8oard
10. SysLems Lo ensure compllance Lo laws
11. SeLup of AudlL CommlLLee
12. SecreLarlal AudlL
13. Mechanlsm for whlsLle blowlng
2.2 Corporate Social Responsibility
Meaning of Corporate Social Responsibility {CSR]
CorporaLe Soclal 8esponslblllLy ls Lhe conLlnulng commlLmenL by buslness Lo behave eLhlcally and
conLrlbuLe Lo economlc developmenL whlle lmprovlng Lhe quallLy of llfe of Lhe workforce and Lhelr
famllles as well as of Lhe local communlLy and socleLy aL large.
8eyond maklng proflLs, a buslness has a soc|a| ob||gat|on Lo produce an overall poslLlve lmpacL on
Lhe socleLy by fulfllllng Lhe needs of employees, consumers, communlLy & socleLy as a whole.
8esldes maklng proflLs & belng answerab|e to shareho|ders, organlzaLlon are also responslble
Lowards lLs sLakeholders llke lnvesLors, credlLors, governmenL, compeLlLors, eLc.
CorporaLe Soclal 8esponslblllLy ls achlevlng commerc|a| success |n ways that honour eth|ca| va|ues
& respecL people, communlLles & Lhe naLural envlronmenL.
Meunlng of Corporute Cltlzenxhlp
CorporaLe ClLlzenshlp means Lhe exLenL Lo whlch buslness meeLs lLs CorporaLe Soclal 8esponslblllLy.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
go beyond Lhe law.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
go beyond Lhe law.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
ln oLher words, lL deLermlnes how far Lhe legal, eLhlcal, economlc and volunLary responslblllLles are
belng meL by an organlzaLlon.
Areas of CSR
a. Lconom|c respons|b|||t|es - SusLalnable proflL for growLh and developmenL of organlzaLlon
b. Lega| kespons|b|||t|es - Compllance Lo Lhe laws and rules of Lhe counLry
c. Lth|ca| kespons|b|||t|es - !usL, falr and LransparenL LreaLmenL ln every acLlon of Lhe organlzaLlon
d. h||anthrop|c kespons|b|||t|es - ConLrlbuLe Lo communlLy resources and lmprovlng quallLy of llfe of
socleLy aL large
Common CSR Policies
1. SLrong lnLernal ConLrols ln areas parLlcularly lmpacLlng lnvesLor lnLerfaclng lssues
2. ulverslLy ln employees and ellmlnaLlng dlscrlmlnaLlon
3. 1reaLlng employees as asseLs raLher Lhan cosLs or llablllLles
4. lnLegraLlng employee oplnlons and suggesLlons ln declslon maklng (arLlclpaLlve declslon maklng)
3. Compllance and exceedlng soclal and envlronmenLal requlremenLs
6. AdopLlng LnvlronmenLal LLhlcs ln uLlllzaLlon of resources
7. rovldlng healLh work envlronmenL and producLlon condlLlons lncludlng Lo conLracLual employees
Need for CSR
1. 1he |ron |aw of respons|b|||ty - ln order Lo conLlnue recelvlng soclal sancLlon, company needs Lo
respond Lo socleLy's requlremenLs.
2. 1o fu|f||| |ong term se|f-|nterest - ln order Lo generaLe more proflLs and wealLh, company ls obllged
Lo use publlc resources responslbly. A beLLer socleLy would produce a beLLer envlronmenL ln whlch
Lhe buslness may galn long-Lerm proflL maxlmlzaLlon.
3. 1o estab||sh a better pub||c |mage - A favorable publlc lmage wlll help company ln esLabllshlng
consumer and reLaller loyalLy, easler accepLance of new producLs and servlces, nlche markeL access
and preferenLlal allocaLlon of lnvesLmenL funds.
4. 1o avold governmenL regu|at|on and contro|
3. 1o avold mlsuse of Nat|ona| kesources and m|n|m|ze Lnv|ronmenta| damage
Factors impacting CSR
1. lncreased awareness as Lo sLakeholders rlghL
2. ueLalled requlremenLs ln flelds of accounLlng, reporLlng, lnvesLmenL and publlc lnvesLmenL ln wake
of corporaLe scandals
3. lncreased responslblllLy for compleLe value chaln
4. lncreaslng requlremenLs as Lo dlsclosure and LransparenL reporLlng
3. Convergence of requlremenLs of CorporaLe Covernance and CS8
6. Crowlng lnvesLor ressure and MarkeL-8ased lncenLlves
7. lncreased access Lo lnformaLlon by developmenLs ln lnformaLlon Lechnology
8. CuanLlflcaLlon of CS8 measures as 8eLurn on lnvesLmenL
Benefits of CSR
1. Lnhanced brand |mage and repuLaLlon
2. 8educed CovernmenL regu|at|ons and contro|s
3. Pelps Lo mlnlmlze eco|og|ca| damage
4. lmproved f|nanc|a| performance
3. 8educed operat|ng costs
6. lncreased sales and customer |oya|ty
7. lncreased producLlvlLy and qua||ty of work ||fe
8. lncreased ablllLy Lo attract and reta|n emp|oyees
9. AchlevemenL of cerLaln oLher ob[ecLlves llke eas|er access to cap|ta| lncludlng lnLernaLlonal caplLal
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Areas of CSR
socleLy aL large
Common CSR Policies
Need for CSR
Benefits of CSR
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Areas of CSR
socleLy aL large
Common CSR Policies
Need for CSR
Benefits of CSR
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Integration of CSR in Business Strategy and Decision Making
nowadays, companles are adopLlng formal Lechnlques Lo dlscuss CS8 lnLo buslness sLraLegy &
declslon maklng framework.
Some companles have estab||shed comm|ttees, sLandlng commlLLees or speclal 8oards Lo lnclude
responslblllLy for CS8 lssues.
Companles lmplemenL CS8 by puLLlng ln place lnLernal managemenL sysLem LhaL generally promoLe:-
Adherence Lo labour sLandards
8especL for human rlghLs
Consumer proLecLlon envlronmenL
Avoldlng brlbery & corrupLlon
roLecLlng envlronmenL
8educlng Lhe negaLlve lmpacLs of operaLlng ln confllcL zones
Lach company dlffers ln how lL lmplemenLs CS8, dlsLlncLlon depends upon company's slze, secLor,
culLure and Lhe commlLmenL of lLs leadershlp.
key sLraLegles used by companles for lmplemenLlng CS8 pollcles are as follows:-
1. lnclude CS8 ln Mlsslon, vlslon & value sLaLemenLs
2. lnclude CS8 ln CulLural values of an organlzaLlon
3. lnclude CS8 ln ManagemenL sLrucLures by creaLlng commlLLees, poslLlons
4. lnclude CS8 ln SLraLeglc plannlng
S. Ceneral accounLablllLy for CS8 measures
6. Lmployee recognlLlon & rewards for CS8 compllances
7. CommunlcaLlon, LducaLlon & 1ralnlng Lo employees
8. CS8 reporLlng ln Lhelr annual reporLs
MlnlsLry of Company Affalrs ln 2009 lssued a drafL of CorporaLe Soclal 8esponslblllLy guldellnes Lo be
volunLarlly adopLed by companles.
Core Flementx
1. Care for lnLeresLs of all sLakeholders
2. LLhlcal luncLlonlng
3. 8especL for worker's rlghLs & welfare
4. 8especL for human rlghLs
3. 8especL for envlronmenL
6. AcLlvlLles for soclal and lncluslve developmenL
Implementutlon 0ulJunce
1. SLraLegy & rograms wlLh clear Llmellnes & LargeLs
2. arLner wlLh local auLh., nCCs eLc.
3. AllocaLe speclflc budgeLs
4. Lngage ln 8esponslble buslness & CS8 forums
3. ulssemlnaLe lnformaLlon on CS8 pollcy & pracLlces
2.3 Clobal Reporting Initiatives {CRI]
Whut lx 0RI
Clobal 8eporLlng lnlLlaLlve ls a reporLlng sLandard for CS8 and susLalnable developmenL.
1he Clobal 8eporLlng lnlLlaLlve (C8l) ls a neLwork-based organlzaLlon LhaL has ploneered Lhe
developmenL of Lhe worlds mosL wldely used susLalnablllLy reporLlng framework and ls commlLLed
Lo lLs conLlnuous lmprovemenL and appllcaLlon worldwlde.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Core Flementx
Whut lx 0RI
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Core Flementx
Whut lx 0RI
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
ln order Lo ensure Lhe hlghesL degree of Lechnlcal quallLy, credlblllLy, and relevance, Lhe reporLlng
framework ls developed Lhrough a consensus-seeklng process wlLh parLlclpanLs drawn globally from
buslness, clvll socleLy, labor, and professlonal lnsLlLuLlons.
Fxtubllxhment of 0RI
lL was esLabllshed ln 1997 wlLh Lhe mlsslon of deslgnlng globally appllcable guldellnes for preparlng
enLerprlse-level susLalnablllLy reporLs lncludlng boLh soclal & envlronmenLal lndlcaLors.
1he C8l ls convened by CL8LS (CoallLlon for LnvlronmenLally 8esponslble Lconomles) & lncorporaLes
Lhe acLlve parLlclpaLlons of corporaLlons, nCC's, lnLernaLlonal organlzaLlon, un agencles,
ConsulLanLs, AccounLancy org., buslness assoclaLlons, unlverslLles & oLher sLake holder around Lhe
world.
1he C8l flrsL released lLs SusLalnablllLy 8eporLlng guldellnes ln 1999 & ls now a permanenL,
lndependenL, lnLernaLlonal body wlLh a mulLl-sLake holder governance sLrucLure.
Vlxlon & Mlxxlon
1he C8l vlslon ls LhaL dlsclosure on economlc, envlronmenLal, and soclal performance ls as
commonplace and comparable as flnanclal reporLlng, and as lmporLanL Lo organlzaLlonal success.
C8l's mlsslon ls Lo creaLe condlLlons for Lhe LransparenL and rellable exchange of susLalnablllLy
lnformaLlon Lhrough Lhe developmenL and conLlnuous lmprovemenL of Lhe GkI Susta|nab|||ty
keport|ng Iramework.
Benefltx of 0RI
SusLalnablllLy reporLs based on Lhe C8l framework can be used Lo benchmark organlzaLlonal
performance wlLh respecL Lo laws, norms, codes, performance sLandards and volunLary lnlLlaLlves,
demonsLraLe organlzaLlonal commlLmenL Lo susLalnable developmenL, and compare organlzaLlonal
performance over Llme.
C8l promoLes and develops Lhls standard|zed approach Lo reporLlng Lo sLlmulaLe demand for
susLalnablllLy lnformaLlon - whlch wlll beneflL reporLlng organlzaLlons and Lhose who use reporL
lnformaLlon allke.
2.4 International Developments in CSR
1he 6/obo/ keportinq lnitiotive: lL ls a reporLlng sLandard esLabllshed ln 1997 wlLh Lhe mlsslon of
deslgnlng globally appllcable guldellnes for preparlng enLerprlse-level susLalnablllLy reporLs lncludlng
boLh soclal and envlronmenLal lndlcaLors.
441000: Launched ln 1999, AA1000, based on !ohn LlklngLon's Lrlple boLLom-llne (38L) reporLlng ls
an accounLablllLy sLandard deslgned Lo complemenL Lhe Clobal 8eporLlng lnlLlaLlve's (C8l) 8eporLlng
Culdellnes wlLh Lhe ob[ecLlve Lo lmprove accounLablllLy and performance by learnlng Lhrough
sLakeholder engagemenL.
5ocio/ 4ccountobi/ity 8000: SA 8000 ls a comprehenslve, global, verlflable performance sLandard for
audlLlng and cerLlfylng compllance wlLh corporaLe responslblllLy. 1he prlnclple of SA8000 ls LhaL
workplaces should be managed ln such a manner LhaL baslc human rlghLs are supporLed and LhaL
managemenL ls prepared Lo accepL accounLablllLy for Lhls. SA8000 ls an lnLernaLlonal sLandard for
lmprovlng worklng condlLlons. 1hls sLandard ls based on Lhe prlnclples of Lhe lnLernaLlonal human
rlghLs norms as descrlbed ln lnLernaLlonal Labor CrganlzaLlon convenLlons, Lhe unlLed naLlons
ConvenLlon on Lhe 8lghLs of Lhe Chlld and Lhe unlversal ueclaraLlon of Puman 8lghLs. 1he
requlremenLs of Lhls sLandard apply regardless of geographlc locaLlon, lndusLry secLor, or company
slze.
united Notions 6/obo/ compoct: 1he Clobal CompacL ls a volunLary lnLernaLlonal corporaLe
clLlzenshlp neLwork lnlLlaLed Lo supporL Lhe parLlclpaLlon of boLh Lhe prlvaLe secLor and oLher soclal
acLors Lo advance responslble corporaLe clLlzenshlp and unlversal soclal and envlronmenLal
prlnclples Lo meeL Lhe challenges Lo globallzaLlon.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
world.
Vlxlon & Mlxxlon
Benefltx of 0RI
lnformaLlon allke.
slze.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
world.
Vlxlon & Mlxxlon
Benefltx of 0RI
lnformaLlon allke.
slze.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Orqonitotion for conomic cooperotion ond ueve/opment {Ocu) 6uide/ines for Mu/tinotiono/
nterprises: 1he guldellnes were flrsL publlshed ln 1976 and updaLed mosL recenLly ln !une, 2004.
1he guldellnes are recommendaLlons addressed by governmenLs Lo mulLlnaLlonal enLerprlses and
are volunLary prlnclples and sLandards, noL legally enforceable. CovernmenLs adherlng Lo Lhe
Culdellnes encourage Lhe companles operaLlng wlLhln Lhe counLrles Lo observe Lhe guldellnes
wherever Lhey operaLe.
8enchmorks for Meosurinq 8usiness Performonce: 1he lnLerfalLh CenLre on CorporaLe 8esponslblllLy
(lCC8) has publlshed 'r|nc|p|es for G|oba| Corporate kespons|b|||ty', whlch ls noL a sLandard buL a
collecLlve dlsLlllaLlon of Lhe lssues of concern for lnsLlLuLlonal lnvesLors developed by groups ln Lhe
u.S., Canada, and Lhe u.k. 1he lCC8 ls comprlsed of more Lhan 273 rellglous lnsLlLuLlons LhaL use
Lhelr lnvesLmenLs Lo promoLe soclal change. 1he prlnclples cover Lhe enLlre specLrum of CS8 lssues,
lncludlng workplace, communlLy, Lhe envlronmenL, human rlghLs, eLhlcs, suppllers and consumers.
1he prlnclples are publlshed as a reference Lool LhaL companles (and lnvesLors) can use Lo
benchmark or monlLor Lhelr own pollcles, or Lhose of Lhe companles ln whlch Lhey lnvesL.
1he coux kound 1ob/e {ck1): 1he C81 ls comprlsed of senlor buslness leaders from Lurope, !apan
and norLh Amerlca, and ls based ln Caux, SwlLzerland. 1he C81 has produced r|nc|p|es for 8us|ness,
a documenL whlch seeks Lo express a worldwlde sLandard for eLhlcal and responslble corporaLe
behavlor for dlalogue and acLlon by buslness and leaders worldwlde. 1he prlnclples lnclude Lhe soclal
lmpacL of company operaLlons on Lhe local communlLy, a respecL for rules and eLhlcs, supporL for
mulLllaLeral Lrade agreemenLs LhaL promoLe Lhe [udlclous llberaLlon of Lrade, respecL for Lhe
envlronmenL and avoldance of llllclL operaLlon, lncludlng brlbery, money launderlng, and oLher
corrupL pracLlces.
1he 6/obo/ 5u//ivon Princip/es: lnLroduced ln 1999, Lhe Clobal Sulllvan rlnclples are an exLenslon Lo
Lhe orlglnal Sulllvan rlnclples, whlch were developed by Lhe laLe 8everend Leon P. Sulllvan ln 1977
as a volunLary code of conducL for companles dolng buslness ln aparLheld SouLh Afrlca. 1he
underlylng prlnclples are economlc, soclal and pollLlcal [usLlce by companles, human rlghLs and equal
opporLunlLy for all employees lncludlng raclal and gender dlverslLy on declslon-maklng commlLLees
and boards, Lralnlng and developmenL, greaLer Lolerance and undersLandlng, lmprovemenL ln
quallLy of llfe for communlLles wlLh dlgnlLy and equallLy.
4sion-Pocific conomic cooperotion {4Pc) 8usiness code of conduct: ALC ls known as Lhe
prlmary lnLernaLlonal organlzaLlon for promoLlng open Lrade and economlc cooperaLlon among 21
member counLrles. 1he ALC Code ls based on a varleLy of oLher lnLernaLlonally recognlzed codes
and sLandards and lL ls deslgned Lo supplemenL and supporL companles' exlsLlng codes of conducL.
8esldes, Lhe ALC Code addresses pollcy recommendaLlons Lo ALC counLry governmenLs.
(a) Company managemenL has responslblllLy only Lowards lLs shareholders [Nov 2007]
(b) 1he Covernance Model poslLlons managemenL as accounLable solely Lo lnvesLors. [Nov 2008]
(c) ln Lhe long run Lhose buslness flrms whlch do noL respond Lo socleLy's needs favorably wlll
survlve. [Iun 2009]
(d) 1rusLeeshlp provldes a means of Lransformlng Lhe presenL caplLallsL order of socleLy lnLo an
egallLarlan one. [Nov 2010]
2. WhaL ls meanL by 'CorporaLe Covernance'? SLaLe Lhe ma[or 'characLerlsLlcs' of good corporaLe
governance. [Nov 2007]
3. Lxplaln Lhe role played by dlfferenL commlLLees ln regulaLlng Lhe 'CorporaLe Covernance'. [May 2008]
4. WhaL ls CorporaLe Soclal 8esponslblllLy? Why lL ls needed ln lndlan 8uslness envlronmenL? [May 2007]
3. SLaLe Lhe beneflLs of soclally responslble corporaLe performance. [May 2008]
6. Lxplaln Lhe meanlng of Lhe ''lron Law of 8esponslblllLy". SLaLe Lhe resulLlng beneflLs whlch may be
acqulred by achlevlng Lhe long-Lerm ob[ecLlves Lhrough Lhe buslness acLlvlLles. [Nov 2009]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
corrupL pracLlces.
survlve. [Iun 2009]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
corrupL pracLlces.
survlve. [Iun 2009]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
7. WhaL ls meanL by 'CorporaLe Covernance'? Lxplaln Lhe beneflLs of Cood CorporaLe Covernance. [May
2010]
8. Lxplaln brlefly Lhe key sLraLegles whlch can be used aL Lhe Llme of lmplemenLaLlon of CorporaLe Soclal
8esponslbly pollcles and pracLlces ln a company. [Nov 2010]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
2010]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
2010]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 3
Workplace Etbics
3.1 Workplace Etbics
Meaning of workplace etbics
Work place eLhlcs ls how one app||es va|ues to work ln acLual declslon maklng, a seL of rlghL and
wrong acLlons LhaL dlrecLly lmpacL Lhe work place.
LLhlcal declslon ln an organlzaLlon ls lnfluenced by 3 facLors:
(l) lndividuo/ moro/ stondords - When a person hlmself has good morals, he wlll noL only carry Lhe
same Lo an organlzaLlon buL also seL a good example Lo fellow workers.
(ll) lnf/uence of monoqers & co-workers - lf Lhe senlors and colleagues behave ln an eLhlcal
manner, an lndlvldual ls bound Lo follow Lhe compllance.
(lll) Opportunity to enqoqe in misconduct - Any opporLunlLy Lo lndulge ln uneLhlcal acLlvlLles
encourages oLher employees Lo follow Lhe same.
1he behavlor of buslness person Lowards cusLomers, suppllers & oLhers ln Lhelr workplace also
generaLes eLhlcal concerns.
LLhlcal behavlor wlLhln a buslness lnvolves keeplng secreLs, meeLlng obllgaLlons & responslblllLles
and avoldlng undue pressures LhaL may force oLhers Lo acL uneLhlcally.
Pence, a clear code of conducL pract|ced at the h|ghest |eve|, fa|rness & honesty |n |ts dea||ngs wlLh
Lhe sLakeholders and proh|b|t|on of any d|scr|m|nat|on & harassment are Lhe characLerlsLlcs of
hlghly eLhlcal workspace.
Importance of workplace etbics {Benefits of workplace etbics]
lf an employer does noL Lake sLeps Lo creaLe a work envlronmenL where Lhe employees have a clear,
common undersLandlng of whaL ls rlghL & wrong, feel free Lo dlscuss & ask quesLlons abouL eLhlcal lssues &
reporLs vlolaLlons, slgnlflcanL problems could arlse whlch are as follows:-
1. lncreased rlsk of employees maklng uneth|ca| dec|s|ons
2. lncreased Lendency of employees Lo report v|o|at|ons to outs|de regu|atory author|t|es because
Lhey lack an adequaLe lnLernal forum
3. lnablllLy to recru|t and reta|n top peop|e
4. D|m|n|shed reputat|on ln Lhe lndusLry and Lhe communlLy
3. S|gn|f|cant |ega| exposure and loss of compeLlLlve advanLage ln Lhe markeLplace
Measures to ensure etbics at workplace {Creating an Etbical Environment]
1. Lnsur|ng emp|oyees are aware of the|r |ega| and eth|ca| respons|b|||t|es
Code of conduct, LLhlcs Manual
LsLabllsh open commun|cat|on
use of cross-funct|ona| teams when developlng & lmplemenLlng Lhe eLhlcs managemenL
program
2. rov|d|ng a commun|cat|on system for report|ng non comp||ance - so LhaL anyone can reporL
wlLhouL fear
Counselors, MenLors
Cmbudsman
Pelp-llnes
WhlsLle-blowers
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 3
Workplace Etbics
program
wlLhouL fear
Counselors, MenLors
Cmbudsman
Pelp-llnes
WhlsLle-blowers
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 3
Workplace Etbics
program
wlLhouL fear
Counselors, MenLors
Cmbudsman
Pelp-llnes
WhlsLle-blowers
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
lnclude a gr|evance po||cy for employees
3. Make eth|cs dec|s|ons |n fa|r and transparent manner
1aklng declslons ln group
Maklng declslons publlc
CreaLlng an atmosphere of trust
4. Integrate eth|cs management wlLh oLher managemenL pracLlces
AppreclaLlon and rewards
SeLLlng examples by conducL
3. 8egularly updat|ng of po||c|es & procedures
3.2 Etbical Issues at workplace
(1) 8elaLlonshlps wlLh suppllers and buslness parLners
8rlbery, glfLs and grafLs
arLlal LreaLmenL beLween suppllers
lmmoral declslon maklng ln selecLlon and keeplng of conLracLs
(2) 8elaLlonshlp wlLh cusLomers
ManlpulaLlve and unfalr prlclng
uefraudlng cusLomers
lncorrecL and mlsleadlng adverLlslng
(3) 8elaLlonshlp wlLh employees
ulscrlmlnaLlon ln hlrlng and handllng of employees
ParassmenL aL workplace
(4) ManagemenL of resources
Mlsuse of employer's funds
LmbezzlemenL and offences lnvolvlng moral LurplLude
1ax evaslon
ulscloslng organlzaLlon's confldenLlal lnformaLlon
Conflict of Interest
ConfllcL of lnLeresL exlsLs when an lndlvldual ls confronLed wlLh declslon maklng beLween self-
lnLeresL and organlzaLlon-lnLeresL.
lL ls when Lhe personal lnLeresL of an employee comes lnLo confllcL wlLh an obllgaLlon Lo serve Lhe
lnLeresL of oLher.
1he confllcL of lnLeresL can be of four Lypes:-
(a) 8|ased [udgment - When declslon ls made noL on merlLs buL for some oLher conslderaLlon
(b) D|rect Compet|t|on - When an employee engages ln dlrecL compeLlLlon wlLh employer
(c) M|suse of pos|t|on - When a person makes use of hls offlclal poslLlon Lo furLher hls personal
lnLeresLs (even lf no harm ls caused Lo employer)
(d) V|o|at|on of conf|dent|a||ty - When a person uses Lhe lnformaLlon acqulred ln confldence
from employer or lLs cllenLs for personal beneflLs.
Managing Conflict of Interest
1. Cb[ect|v|ty - SLrong commlLmenL Lo buslness ob[ecLlves
2. Avo|dance - Any lnLeresL whlch lmpalrs [udgmenL should be avolded
3. A||gnment - ConfllcLlng lnLeresLs whlch are unavoldable are allgned by lnLroduclng new lnLeresLs
4. D|sc|osure - lorewarnlng of consequences, requlremenLs of dlsclosure acL as a deLerrenL
3. o||c|es and ku|es - Company pollcles such as non-accepLance of glfLs eLc.
6. Independent eva|uat|on and [udgment - A Lhlrd parLy lndependenL evaluaLlon of LransacLlon
7. Structura| changes - lollowlng separaLe funcLlons/deparLmenLs, Lransfer pollcles eLc.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
1ax evaslon
lnLeresL of oLher.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
1ax evaslon
lnLeresL of oLher.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
3.3 Discrimination and Harassment
Meaning of Discrimination
1o dlscrlmlnaLe means Lo dlfferenLlaLlng one ob[ecL from anoLher.
ulscrlmlnaLlon ln workplace lnvolves Lhe followlng Lhree componenLs:-
1. 1aklng declslon agalnsL some person whlch ls noL based on merlLs
2. 1aklng declslon on Lhe basls of raclal, sexual, rellglon, age or handlcap pre[udlce
3. 1he declslon ls causlng loss or ln[ury Lo Lhe person sub[ecLed Lo such declslon
Discriminatory Practices in workplace
1. kecru|tment ract|ces: lf Lhe flrm employs people selecLlvely only on Lhe basls of referrals, from a
parLlcular raclal or sexual group, or expressly do noL employ people from mlnorlLles or women eLc.
2. Screen|ng ract|ces: lf Lhe organlzaLlon fllLers people on some crlLerla whlch are noL relevanL Lo Lhe
requlremenLs of Lhe [ob.
3. romot|on & 1ransfer ract|ces: lf Lhe promoLlon, [ob progresslon or Lransfer of an employee ls
based on casLe, creed, sex or any oLher crlLerla oLher Lhan merlLs.
4. Cond|t|on of Lmp|oyment: lf Lhe salary or wages are pald dlfferenLly or dlfferenL work envlronmenL
ls glven Lo people from dlfferenL race or rellglon or sex for Lhe slmllar Lask belng performed by Lhem.
3. D|sm|ssa|: 1ermlnaLlon of an employee on Lhe basls of race or sex ls a clear form of dlscrlmlnaLlon.
Meaning of Harassment
ParassmenL ls LormenLlng by sub[ecLlng Lo consLanL lnLerference or lnLlmldaLlon".
lL creaLes a negaLlve work envlronmenL where work ls exLracLed from Lhe employees by lnLlmldaLlng
Lhem and uslng coerclve measures Lo geL [ob done.
Harassment in workplace
1. kac|a| narassment: 8aclal ParassmenL lncludes offenslve wrlLLen or physlcal conducL aL Lhe
characLerlsLlcs of a person's race, enLlre or naLlonal orlgln name or colour. lL also lncludes
derogaLory name calllng raclsL [okes & so on.
2. Sexua| narassment: Sexual ParassmenL means slLuaLlons ln whlch an employee ls coerced lnLo
glvlng lnLo anoLher employee's sexual demands by Lhe LhreaL of loslng some slgnlflcanL [ob beneflL,
such as promoLlon, ralse or even Lhe [ob.
3. Sexua| harassment |s a very ser|ous offence wh|ch |s prohlblLed and an employer ls held responslble
for all sexual harassmenL engaged ln by employees regardless of wheLher Lhe employer knew or
should have known Lhe harassmenL occurrlng & regardless of wheLher lL was forbldden by Lhe
employer. ln order Lo prevenL sexual harassmenL Lhe followlng acLlons are underLaken by an
organlzaLlon:-
(a) lmplemenLlng Sexual ParassmenL ollcy
(b) CommunlcaLlng Lhe ollcy
(c) LsLabllshlng managlng procedures
(d) 1aklng ApproprlaLe AcLlon agalnsL defaulLers
(a) romoLlon pollcles based on lndlvldual merlL and noL purely on Lhe basls of senlorlLy ls
dlscrlmlnaLory. [May 2008]
(b) LLhlcal behavlor ls noL essenLlal Lo work envlronmenL aL Lhe workplace. [Iun 2009]
2. Lxplaln ln brlef Lhe measures Lo ensure eLhlcs ln Lhe Work place. [May 2007]
3. SLaLe, how far a sound eLhlcal envlronmenL ln a company may be creaLed and corporaLe scandals may be
avolded. [Nov 2008]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
organlzaLlon:-
avolded. [Nov 2008]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
organlzaLlon:-
avolded. [Nov 2008]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
4. Lxplaln Lhe facLors LhaL lnfluence eLhlcal behavlor of an employee. LlsL ouL some examples of varlous
eLhlcal lssues faced ln a workplace. [Iun 2009, Nov 2010]
3. Lxplaln Lhe lmporLance of eLhlcal behavlor aL Lhe workplace. [Nov 2009]
6. WrlLe a noLe on harassmenL aL workplace. [Nov 2010]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 4
Environment Etbics
4.1 Environment Etbics
CloballzaLlon conLlnues Lo unleash far-reachlng changes. 1he blggesL beneflL of globallzaLlon has
been Lhe rlse of companles and economles and Lhe consequenL creaLlon of [obs.
Powever, Lhe mosL Lelllng consequence of developmenL has been Lhe deLerloraLlon of Lhe
envlronmenL.
As a responslble corporaLe clLlzen, an organlzaLlon has Lo LreaL envlronmenL as a parLlclpanL and a
beneflclary of progress.
As buslness expands, Lhe corbon footprint needs Lo be llmlLed.
Lnv|ronmenta| eth|cs |s a |arger |ssue LhaL concerns eLhlcal behavlor of an organlzaLlon.
LnvlronmenLal eLhlcs goes beyond Lhe problems relaLlng Lo proLecLlon of envlronmenL or naLure ln
Lerms of polluLlon, resource uLlllzaLlon or wasLe dlsposal.
lndusLrles LhaL are based on naLural resources llke mlnerals, Llmber, flber & foodsLuffs, eLc. have a
speclal responslblllLy:-
1o adopL pract|ces that have bu||t |n env|ronmenta| cons|derat|on
1o lnLroduce process LhaL m|n|m|ze the use of natura| resources & energy reduce wasLe and
prevenL polluLlon.
Make producLs LhaL are env|ronment fr|end|y wlLh mlnlmum lmpacL on people &
ecosysLem.
AdopL Green Account|ng SysLems
Business as part of Ecological System
1he corporaLe world, Lhe lndusLry or oLhers engaged ln Lhe use of naLural resources or envlronmenL
servlces are closely llnked wlLh envlronmenL and naLural resources.
8uslness organlzaLlons depends on naLural envlronmenL for Lhelr energy, maLerlal resources and
wasLe dlsposal and LhaL envlronmenL ln Lurn ls affecLed by Lhe commerclal acLlvlLles of buslness
flrms.
So all buslness flrm musL ensure LhaL Lhelr acLlvlLles do noL ln[ure Lhe ecologlcal sysLem. 1hls resolve
ls called eco|og|ca| eth|cs.
lL ls based on Lhe ldea LhaL Lhe envlronmenL should be proLecLed noL only for Lhe sake of human
belngs buL for non-human parLs of Lhe eco-sysLem for Lhelr own sake.
Pence, as ecologlcal sysLems are lnLerrelaLed & affecLed by buslness, buslness forms an lmporLanL
parL of lL.
4.2 Sustainable Development
SusLalnable developmenL refers Lo ma|nta|n|ng deve|opment w|thout comprom|s|ng the ab|||ty of
future generat|on Lo meeL Lhelr own needs.
Lvery counLry or socleLy needs Lo undersLand LhaL whlle fulfllllng own soclal, economlc and oLher
requlremenLs, we musL noL [eopardlze Lhe lnLeresL of fuLure generaLlons.
We know LhaL Lhere cannoL be any economlc growLh wlLhouL ecologlcal cosLs. Plgh economlc
growLh means hlgh raLe of exLracLlon, LransformaLlon and uLlllzaLlon of non-renewable resources.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 4
Environment Etbics
envlronmenL.
prevenL polluLlon.
ecosysLem.
flrms.
parL of lL.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 4
Environment Etbics
envlronmenL.
prevenL polluLlon.
ecosysLem.
flrms.
parL of lL.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
1herefore, lncreased developmenL and hlgher Cu ls generaLed aL Lhe cosL of envlronmenLal
damage and resource depleLlon.
Pence, ln charLlng ouL any developmenL program Lhe organlzaLlon musL lnclude an elemenL of
resources re-generat|on and pos|t|ve approach to env|ronment.
LnvlronmenL managemenL should be a prlorlLy area & a key deLermlnanL Lo susLalnable
developmenL for any buslness organlzaLlon.
Key Areas of sustainable development
lnLer-clLy redevelopmenL
8ural developmenL
Clean, efflclenL and susLalnable LransporLaLlon sysLem
ConservaLlon of naLural resources
Lnergy conservaLlon
LcosysLem managemenL
Creen 8ulldlngs
revenLlon of polluLlon
WasLe reducLlon and WasLe managemenL
8ecycllng of resources
reservaLlon of naLural beauLy and wlldllfe hablLaL
4.3 Pollution and Resource Depletion
olluLlon refers Lo Lhe undes|rab|e and un|ntended contam|nat|on of the env|ronment by Lhe
manufacLure or use of commodlLles.
8esource depleLlon refers Lo Lhe consumpLlon of flnlLe or scarce resources.
ln a cerLaln sense, po||ut|on |s a|so a type of resource dep|et|on because conLamlnaLlon of alr,
waLer, or land dlmlnlshes Lhelr beneflclal quallLles.
Moin forms of po//ution
1. Alr polluLlon
2. WaLer polluLlon
3. Land polluLlon
4. lossll luel uepleLlon
Clobal Warming
Creenhouse gases mosL lmporLanLly carbon d|ox|de occur naLurally ln Lhe aLmosphere Lo absorb
and hold heaL from Lhe sun, prevenLlng lL from escaplng back lnLo space, Lo malnLaln earLh's
LemperaLure so LhaL llfe can evolve and flourlsh.
Powever, due Lo lncreased lndusLrlallzaLlon Lhe greenhouse gases have been released far more Lhan
requlred lnLo Lhe aLmosphere, parLlcularly by Lhe burnlng of fossll fuels such as oll and coal.
1hls has caused rlse ln Lhe levels of greenhouse gases and resulLlng ln lncreaslng amounLs of heaL,
ralslng LemperaLures around Lhe globe.
lncreose in 6/obo/ worminq hos coused fo//owinq comp/icotions:-
1. Plgher 1emperaLures
2. varlable cllmaLlc condlLlons
3. MelLlng of glaclers
4. 8lse ln sea levels
3. Cceans becomlng acldlc & desLrucLlon of marlne llfe
6. 8educed agrlculLural and anlmal specles and ylelds
7. lncreased and severlLy of dlseases
8. lncreased droughLs
1o restrict q/obo/ worminq the two moin initiotives ore:-
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
8ural developmenL
Lnergy conservaLlon
Creen 8ulldlngs
1. Alr polluLlon
2. WaLer polluLlon
3. Land polluLlon
Clobal Warming
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
8ural developmenL
Lnergy conservaLlon
Creen 8ulldlngs
1. Alr polluLlon
2. WaLer polluLlon
3. Land polluLlon
Clobal Warming
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
(a) 1992 - 1he unlLed naLlons lramework ConvenLlon on CllmaLe Change
(b) 1996 - kyoLo roLocol (8educLlon by 3 ln emlsslon by developed counLrles by 2012)
Uzone Depletion
Czone ls a layer ln Lhe lower sLraLosphere whlch screens all llfe on earLh from harmful ulLravloleL
radlaLlon.
1hls ozone layer, however, ls desLroyed by ClC gases used ln aerosol cans, refrlgeraLors, alr
condlLloners, lndusLrlal solvenLs, and lndusLrlal foam blowers.
Shrlnklng of ozone layer causes lncrease of ulLravloleL rays whlch ln Lurn wlll |ncrease |n:-
1. new and severe skln cancers
2. Lye dlseases
3. uesLrucLlon of ma[or crops senslLlve Lo uv rays
4. uesLrucLlon of food for marlne llfe
3. uesLrucLlon of LerresLrlal planLs
8esLrlcLlons ln ozone depleLlon achleved by:-
(a) 1983 - ConvenLlon on Czone depleLlon aL vlenna
(b) 1989 - roLocol on subsLances LhaL depleLe ozone aL MonLreal
lL ls belleved LhaL lf above lnLernaLlonal agreemenLs are adhered Lo, Lhe ozone layer ls expecLed Lo
recover by 2030.
Acid Rain
Acld raln ls a LhreaL Lo Lhe envlronmenL LhaL ls caused by combusLlon of fossll fuels (oll, coal, and
naLural gas) used by uLlllLy companles Lo produce elecLrlclLy.
8urnlng fossll fuels releases large quanLlLles of harmful gases lnLo Lhe aLmosphere.
1hese gases comblned wlLh waLer vapors become harmful acldlc waLer whlch comes back ln form of
raln and noL necessarlly on Lhe sources from where lL orlglnaLed.
1hls ls soaked back lnLo solls and falls dlrecLly on Lrees and oLher vegeLaLlon.
1he fo//owinq ore the effects of ocid roin:-
1. uamage Lo specles of flsh and oLher aquaLlc organlsms
2. Lakes and rlvers LhaL have become hlghly acldlc
3. uamages foresLs and lndlrecLly desLroys Lhe wlldllfe and specles
4. ConLamlnaLlon of drlnklng waLer
3. Corroslon and damage Lo bulldlngs, sLaLues, and oLher ob[ecLs
Need to control pollution
1. 1o prevenL healLh hazards
2. 1o save envlronmenL
3. 1o prevenL economlc loss
4. 1o avold naLural dlsasLers
4.4 Conservation of Natural Resources
ConservaLlon refers Lo Lhe sLrong or rat|on|ng of natura| resources for laLer uses.
LnvlronmenL proLecLlon should be always ln mlnd whlle achlevlng economlc growLh.
lf companles redeslgned producLs & adopL laLesL Lechnologles avallable, Lhey can achleve Lhe goals
of reducLlon ln wasLage & conservaLlon of resources.
Lco fr|end|y techno|og|es LhroughouL Lhe producL llfe cycle & maxlmlzaLlon of wasLe play ma[or role
ln proLecLlng Lhe envlronmenL & conservaLlon of resources.
Conservat|on ls Lhe only way of ensurlng a supply for Lomorrow's generaLlons.
Accordlngly, wasLe managemenL can be achleved by:-
1. M|n|mum waste product|on
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Uzone Depletion
radlaLlon.
2. Lye dlseases
recover by 2030.
Acid Rain
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Uzone Depletion
radlaLlon.
2. Lye dlseases
recover by 2030.
Acid Rain
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
2. Max|m|z|ng re-use of waste and recyc|e lL
3. romot|ng env|ronmenta||y sound waste d|sposa| pracLlces.
4.5 Benefits of Eco-Friendly Practices
1. 1he goals of reduct|on |n wastage & resources depleLlon can be achleved.
2. lncorporaLlng envlronmenLal lssues ln Lhe process of developlng a producL lmproves corporate
performance.
3. Lco fr|end|y pract|ces resulLs ln more sav|ngs. e.g. rocess of recycllng of Lhe wasLe.
4. 8uslness flrms wlll be able Lo create wea|th lf Lhey respond Lo Lhe challenges of susLalnable
developmenL as unsusLalnable producLs wlll become obsoleLe.
3. roper envlronmenLal cosLs can be reflecLed wlLh Lhe help of green accounLlng sysLem & even
consumer would ad[usL markeL behavlor ln a way LhaL would reduce damage to env|ronment.
6. 8uslness flrms uslng eco frlendly pracLlces wlll galn compet|t|ve know|edge.
7. Sound managemenL of wasLes ls among Lhe ma[or envlronmenLal lssues malnLalnlng Lhe quallLy of
envlronmenL and achlevlng susta|nab|e deve|opment.
4. Creen Accounting
Creen AccounLlng sysLem baslcally focuses on deflclencles ln convenLlonal accounLs wlLh respecL Lo
Lhe envlronmenL.
lL makes efforLs Lo see LhaL envlronmenLal cosLs are properly reflecLed ln Lhe prlces pald for goods &
servlces.
As a resulL companles & consumers would ad[usL markeL behavlor ln a way LhaL would reduce
damage Lo envlronmenL & decrease polluLlon and wasLe producLs.
rlce slgnal wlll also lnfluence human behavlor Lo avold explolLaLlon or excesslve use of naLural
resources.
Such measures wlll faclllLaLe Lhe approach of 3s - o||uter, ay, r|nc|p|es" & Lhus avold pollcy
declslons whlch are non-susLalnable for Lhe counLry.
4.7 Developments in India
Chlpko movemenL Lo prevenL felllng of Lrees (1973)
Alr (ConLrol and revenLlon of olluLlon) AcL 1981
AmendmenL of lacLorles AcL, 1948 Lo lnclude provlslons for prevenLlng polluLlon
CenLral olluLlon ConLrol 8oard and slmllar 8oards ln each sLaLe
Approval from olluLlon 8oard and regular cerLlflcaLlon audlLs
Lmlsslon norms prescrlbed for smoke, gas and oLher effluenLs
Smoklng banned ln publlc places
8an on use of recycles plasLlc bags
AmendmenLs ln MoLor vehlcles AcL Lo speclfy and adhere Lo emlsslon norms
(a) uepleLlon of Czone layer wlll have adverse effecL on human belngs and noL on vegeLaLlon. [May
2008]
(b) 8uslness does noL sub-serve envlronmenLal eLhlcs. [Nov 2008]
(c) WaLer polluLlon ls also a klnd of resource depleLlon. [Nov 2008]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
performance.
4. Creen Accounting
Lhe envlronmenL.
servlces.
resources.
2008]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
performance.
4. Creen Accounting
Lhe envlronmenL.
servlces.
resources.
2008]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
(d) 1here ls no economlc growLh wlLhouL ecologlcal cosLs. [Iun 2009]
(e) CorporaLe Soclal 8esponslblllLy ls closely llnked wlLh Lhe prlnclples of susLalnable developmenL.
[May 2010]
(f) A good envlronmenLal pracLlce lmproves corporaLe performance. [May 2010]
(g) 8uslness and lndusLry are closely llnked wlLh envlronmenL and resource uLlllzaLlon. [Nov 2010]
2. WhaL ls meanL by 'SusLalnable uevelopmenL'? SLaLe Lhe speclal responslblllLles of Lhe lndusLrles LhaL are
based on naLural resources. Pow Lhe adopLlon of Creen AccounLlng SysLem helps ln avoldlng pollcy
declslons whlch are non-susLalnable for Lhe counLry? [May 2007]
3. WhaL ls meanL by 'LnvlronmenLal eLhlcs'? Pow does lLs non-adopLlon leads Lo 3 s vlz., olluLer, ay and
rlnclples? Lxplaln. [Nov 2007]
4. Lxplaln how corporaLe soclal responslblllLy mlnlmlzes Lhe ecologlcal damage and helps ln achlevlng long-
Lerm ob[ecLlves, so LhaL Lhe buslness may galn long-Lerm proflL maxlmlzaLlon. [Nov 2008]
3. Lxplaln Lhe concepL of Creen AccounLlng SysLem. [May 2010]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
[May 2010]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
[May 2010]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 5
Etbics in Marketing
5.1 Etbics and Marketing
Reasons for Etbics in Marketing
1. Pub/ic confidence in morketinq: uneLhlcal pracLlce such as mlsleadlng package labels, false clalm ln
adverLlsemenLs, lnfrlngemenLs of well esLabllshmenL Lrademarks, eLc. noL only decllnes publlc
confldence ln markeLlng buL also damages repuLaLlon of all markeLers. 1o reverse Lhls slLuaLlon,
Companles musL seL hlgh eLhlcal sLandards & enforce Lhem ln consumer's lnLeresL as consumers are
llfeblood of buslness.
2. 6overnment requ/otions: MosL of Lhe governmenLal conLrol and llmlLaLlon on markeLlng ls Lhe
resulLs of managemenL's fallure Lo llve up Lo lLs eLhlcal responslblllLles aL one Llme or oLher.
3. 5ocio/ power: MarkeLlng execuLlves hold and use a greaL deal of soclal power as Lhey lnfluence
markeL & speak ouL on economlc lssues. Powever, Lhere are responslblllLles Lled Lo Lhls power & lf
markeLers do noL use Lhelr power ln a soclally accepLable manner Lhen LhaL power wlll be losL ln long
run.
4. lmoqe of the orqonitotion: 8uyers ofLen form as lmpresslon of an enLlre organlzaLlon based on Lhelr
conLacL wlLh one person & and mosLly LhaL person represenLs Lhe markeLlng funcLlons.
5.2 Healtby Competition
Meaning of Competition
CompeLlLlon ls a slLuaLlon ln a markeL ln whlch flrms or sellers lndependenLly sLrlve for Lhe buyer's
paLronage ln order Lo achleve a parLlcular buslness ob[ecLlve. e.g. roflL, Sales or MarkeL share.
[wor/d 8onk, 1999]
re-requlslLe for good compeLlLlon ls Lrade. 1rade ls Lhe unresLrlcLed llberLy of every man Lo buy, sell
and barLer, when, where and how, of whom and Lo whom he pleases.
ln an unregulaLed free markeL, Lhe owner of goods can wlLhhold Lhem from markeL ln order Lo
exLracL a hlgh prlce.
1herefore, Lhe soluLlon lles ln lncreaslng compeLlLlon so LhaL Lhere ls more number of sellers. lL ls Lhe
only way Lo proLecL Lhe lnLeresL of ulLlmaLe consumer.
Competition Policy and Law
1he economlc reason of a compeLlLlon pollcy ls Lhe preservat|on and promot|on of the compet|t|ve
process.
lL encourages eff|c|ency |n the product|on and a||ocat|on of goods and serv|ces over a perlod of
Llme Lhrough lLs effecLs on lnnovaLlon and ad[usLmenL Lo Lechnologlcal change.
ln an effecLlve compeLlLlve envlronmenL, Lhe sellers wlll have equal opporLunlLles Lo compeLe and
Lherefore, Lhe quallLy of ouLpuL wlll deLermlne susLalnablllLy and success ln Lhe markeL by meeLlng
consumers demand aL Lhe lowesL posslble cosL.
1he resulL of a compeLlLlon pollcy ls a CompeLlLlon Law.
Competition Laws in US & UK
uSA - 3 ma[or federal anLl-LrusL laws
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 5
Etbics in Marketing
run.
[wor/d 8onk, 1999]
process.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 5
Etbics in Marketing
run.
[wor/d 8onk, 1999]
process.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
1. 1he Sherman AcL passed ln 1890 almed aL resLralnL of Lrade and monopollzaLlon of
lnLersLaLe & forelgn commerce
2. 1he ClayLon AcL passed ln 1914 Lo overcome Lhe fallures of Sherman AcL. lL aLLempLs Lo nlp
monopollze ln Lhe buslness by speclfylng pracLlces LhaL monopollsLs used Lo galn monopoly
power
3. 1he lederal 1rade Commlsslon AcL, 1914 Lo prohlblL unfalr meLhods of compeLlLlon
uk - 1he uk CompeLlLlon AcL 1988 whlch came lnLo force ln 01.03.2000 almed aL prohlblLlng Lhe
agreemenLs wlLh Lhe ob[ecLlve of prevenLlng, resLrlcLlng of dlsLorLlng compeLlLlons whlch dlrecLly or
lndlrecLly flx prlces, Lradlng condlLlons llmlL/conLrol producLs, markeLs sources of supply.
Competition Law in India - Competition Act, 2002
Hlxtory - Monopollex unJ Rextrlctlve 1ruJe Pructlcex Act, 1969
8ased on recommendaLlons of Monopolles Lnqulry Commlsslon, 1963, M81 AcL was enacLed ln
1969 and M81 Commlsslon was seL up ln 1970.
1he ob[ecLlves of Lhe M81 AcL have been as follows :-
(a) Lo prevent concentrat|on of econom|c power Lo Lhe common deLrlmenL and contro| of
monopo||es,
(b) Lo proh|b|t monopo||st|c trade pract|ces, and
(c) Lo prohlblL restr|ct|ve trade pract|ces and unfa|r trade pract|ces.
1he role of Lhe M81 Commlsslon ln regard Lo conLrol of monopollsLlc Lrade pracLlce was
lnvesLlgaLory and advlsory Lo CenLral CovL.
AfLer Lhe adopLlon of economlc reforms programme slnce 1991, Lhe M81 AcL losL lLs relevance was
flnally repealed w.e.f. 1.9.2009.
Prexent - Competltlon Act, 2002
CenLral CovernmenL appolnLed a commlLLee under Lhe chalrmanshlp of SvS 8aghvan whlch
submlLLed lLs reporL ln May, 2000, proposlng scrapplng Lhe M81 AcL and enacLmenL of a new
CompeLlLlon Law.
1he Compet|t|on Act, 2002 whlch passed on 13Lh !anuary, 2003 ls a sLep Lowards harmonlzlng
lnLernaLlonal Lrade pollcy.
1he Compet|t|on Act overr|des any other |aw and sha|| be |n add|t|on to, and not |n derogat|on of,
any other |aw for the t|me be|ng |n force.
1he Acts ob[ect|ve ls Lo provlde:-
1. lor esLabllshmenL of a commlsslon Lo prevenL pract|ce hav|ng adverse effect on
compet|t|on.
2. 1o promote & susta|n compet|t|on ln markeL
3. 1o protect the |nterest of consumers
4. 1o ensure freedom of trade carr|ed on by other part|c|pants ln markeLs
Porometers of competition Low:-
(a) rohlblLlon of cerLaln agreemenLs consldered Lo be anLl-compeLlLlve ln naLure.
(b) LxplolLaLlon of domlnanL poslLlon by lmposlng unfalr condlLlons and resLrlcLlng producLlon of
goods and servlces.
(c) 8egulaLlon of comblnaLlons whlch causes or llkely Lo cause an adverse effecL on compeLlLlon
wlLhln lndla, such comblnaLlons are consldered Lo be vold.
SecLlon 3 of CompeLlLlon AcL provldes LhaL no enLerprlse or assoclaLlon of enLerprlses or person or
assoclaLlon of persons shall enLer lnLo any agreemenL ln respecL of producLlon, supply, dlsLrlbuLlon,
sLorage, acqulslLlon or conLrol of goods or provlslon of servlces, whlch causes or ls llkely Lo cause an
appreclable adverse effecL on compeLlLlon wlLhln lndla. Any agreemenL enLered lnLo ln
conLravenLlon of Lhls provlslon shall be vold.
Any agreemenL enLered lnLo beLween compeLlLors whlch
(a) d|rect|y or |nd|rect|y determ|nes purchase or sa|e pr|ces,
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
power
monopo||es,
CompeLlLlon Law.
compet|t|on.
goods and servlces.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
power
monopo||es,
CompeLlLlon Law.
compet|t|on.
goods and servlces.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
(b) ||m|ts or contro|s product|on, supply, markeLs, Lechnlcal developmenL, lnvesLmenL or provlslon
of servlces,
(c) shares Lhe markeL or source of producLlon or provlslon of servlces by way of allocaLlon of
geographlcal area of markeL, or Lype of goods or servlces, or number of cusLomers ln Lhe markeL
or any oLher slmllar way, and
(d) d|rect|y or |nd|rect|y resu|ts |n b|d r|gg|ng or co||us|ve b|dd|ng, shall be presumed Lo have an
appreclable adverse effecL on compeLlLlon.
1hls also lncludes Lhe followlng agreemenLs:
(a) Lle-ln arrangemenL,
(b) excluslve supply agreemenL,
(c) excluslve dlsLrlbuLlon agreemenL,
(d) refusal Lo deal, and
(e) re-sale prlce malnLenance.
5.3 Consumer Welfare
Consumer Interest and Public Interest
Consumer lnLeresL and publlc lnLeresL are consldered synonymous buL Lhey are acLually dlfferenL.
Consumer ls a member of a broad class of people who purchase, use, malnLaln and dlspose of
producLs and servlces. Consumer's lnLeresLs are affecLed by prlclng pollcles, flnanclng pracLlces,
quallLy of goods and servlces and varlous Lrade pracLlces.
ubllc lnLeresL, on Lhe oLher hand, ls someLhlng ln whlch socleLy as a whole has some lnLeresL.
CovernmenLal pollcles may be formulaLed ln Lhe 'publlc lnLeresL' buL whlch may noL be ln Lhe
ulLlmaLe lnLeresL of Lhe consumers. lor example, a farmer wanLs Lhe prlce of goods he consumes Lo
be as cheap as posslble buL wanLs Lhe hlghesL prlce for hls produce.
UN Cuidelines for consumer interests
1he un guldellnes has call upon governmenLs Lo develop, sLrengLhen & malnLaln a sLrong consumer
pollcy and provlde for enhanced proLecLlon of consumers by enunclaLed varlous sLeps & measures
around 8 themes:
1. hyslcal safeLy
2. Lconomlc lnLeresL
3. SLandards
4. LssenLlal goods & servlces
3. 8edress
6. LducaLlon and lnformaLlon
7. Speclflc areas concernlng healLh
8. SusLalnable consumpLlon
1he Consumer r|ghts recogn|zed by UN guldellnes can be used as LouchsLones for assesslng Lhe
consumer welfare lmpllcaLlons of compeLlLlon pollcy & law and Lo see how Lhey help or obsLrucL Lhe
promoLlon of Lhese rlghLs.
1. 8lghL Lo 8aslc needs
2. 8lghL Lo SafeLy
3. 8lghL Lo Cholce
4. 8lghL Lo 8epresenLaLlon
3. 8lghL Lo 8edress
6. 8lghL Lo lnformaLlon
7. 8lghL Lo Consumer LducaLlon
8. 8lghL Lo PealLhy envlronmenL
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
of servlces,
around 8 themes:
1. hyslcal safeLy
3. SLandards
3. 8edress
2. 8lghL Lo SafeLy
3. 8lghL Lo Cholce
3. 8lghL Lo 8edress
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
of servlces,
around 8 themes:
1. hyslcal safeLy
3. SLandards
3. 8edress
2. 8lghL Lo SafeLy
3. 8lghL Lo Cholce
3. 8lghL Lo 8edress
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
5.4 Consumer Protection in India
Consumer Protection Act, 198
AfLer sLudylng Lhe consumer proLecLlon laws ln uk, uSA, AusLralla, Consumer roLecLlon AcL, 1986
was enacLed ln lndla Lo offer proLecLlon Lo Lhe consumers.
unllke oLher laws whlch are punlLlve or prevenLlve ln naLure, Lhe provlslons of Lhls AcL are
compensaLory ln naLure.
1he AcL lnLends Lo provlde slmple, speedy and lnexpenslve redressal Lo Lhe consumer's grlevances.
uefinition of consumer under 5ection 2{1){d) of consumer Protection 4ct, 198:
Consumer means a person who buys any goods or servlces for a conslderaLlon. lL also
lncludes any oLher user of such goods or servlces when such use ls made wlLh Lhe approval
of Lhe buyer. 8uL lL does noL lnclude a person who obLalns such goods or servlces for resale
or for any commerclal purpose.
Definition of Consumer - Section 2{f] of Competition Act, 2002
Consumer" means any person who -
(l) buys any goods for a cons|derat|on whlch has been pald or promlsed or parLly pald and
parLly promlsed, or under any sysLem of deferred paymenL and |nc|udes any user of such
goods oLher Lhan Lhe person who buys such goods for conslderaLlon pald or promlsed or
parLly pald or parLly promlsed, or under any sysLem of deferred paymenL when such use ls
made wlLh Lhe approval of such person, whether such purchase of goods |s for resa|e or for
any commerc|a| purpose or for persona| use,
(ll) h|res or ava||s of any serv|ces for a conslderaLlon whlch has been pald or promlsed or parLly
pald and parLly promlsed, or under any sysLem of deferred paymenL and |nc|udes any
benef|c|ary of such serv|ces oLher Lhan Lhe person who hlres or avalls of Lhe servlces for
conslderaLlon pald or promlsed, or parLly pald and parLly promlsed, or under any sysLem of
deferred paymenL, when such servlces are avalled of wlLh Lhe approval of Lhe flrsL-
menLloned person wheLher such hlrlng or avalllng of servlces ls for any commerclal purpose
or for personal use.
lfference between Jeflnltlon of Conxumer unJer Competltlon Act unJ Conxumer Protectlon Act
1he ma[or dlfference ln deflnlLlon of Consumer under CompeLlLlon AcL vls-a-vls Consumer roLecLlon
AcL ls LhaL whlle ln CompeLlLlon AcL, Consumer lncludes a person who buys goods or servlces for own
consumpLlon or for resale or for any commerclal purpose, whereas ln Consumer roLecLlon AcL,
Consumer does noL lnclude a person who obLalns such goods or servlces for resale or for any
commerclal purpose.
Fxumple
A reLaller was purchaslng goods regularly from x?Z LLd. for Lhe purpose of resale. 1here were defecLs ln Lhe
goods ln one of Lhe loL purchased and as a resulL Lhe reLaller suffered loss of hls share ln compeLlLlon. 1he
reLaller sued Lhe sald company for Lhls reason. 1he company conLended LhaL Lhe goods were purchased for
Lhe purpose of resale and Lherefore, noL bound. ls lL a valld conLenLlon? Lxplaln clearly Lhe provlslons of
CompeLlLlon AcL, 2002 ln Lhls regard.
Anxwer
WheLher purchase of goods ls for resale or for any commerclal purpose or for personal use, Lhe purchaser ls
a consumer under CompeLlLlon AcL, 2002. 1herefore Lhe conLenLlon of x?Z LLd. ls noL valld and noL Lenable.
Consumer Protection Councils in India
ln lndla, we have 3-Ller sLrucLure of Consumers Counclls aL CenLral, SLaLe & ulsLrlcL levels whlch are
as follows:
1. 1he CenLral Consumer roLecLlon councll aL CenLral level
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
commerclal purpose.
Fxumple
Anxwer
as follows:
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
commerclal purpose.
Fxumple
Anxwer
as follows:
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
2. 1he SLaLe Consumer roLecLlon councll aL SLaLe level
3. 1he ulsLrlcL Consumer roLecLlon councll aL ulsLrlcL level
1he ob[ects of the consumer protect|on counc||s shall be Lo promoLe & proLecL Lhe rlghLs of Lhe
consumers aL Lhelr represenLaLlve levels whlch are as follows:
(l) Safety - 8lghL of proLecLlon agalnsL markeLlng of goods whlch are hazardous Lo llfe &
properLy.
(ll) Informat|on - 8lghL of lnformaLlon abouL Lhe quallLy, quanLlLy, purlLy, sLandard & prlce of
goods & servlces.
(lll) Cho|ce - 8lghL Lo access Lo varleLy of goods & servlces aL compeLlLlve prlces.
(lv) near - 8lghL Lo be heard and Lo be assured LhaL consumer's lnLeresL wlll recelve due
conslderaLlon aL approprlaLe Lerms.
(v) kedress - 8lghL Lo redress agalnsL unfalr Lrade pracLlces.
(vl) Lducat|on - 8lghL Lo seek consumer educaLlon.
(a) Consumer purchases goods and healLh servlces for personal purposed only. [May 2007]
(b) Consumer and ubllc lnLeresL are boLh synonymous. [May 2007, Iun 2009]
(c) LLhlcs are necessary ln markeLlng Lo bulld 8rand lmage only. [May 2007]
(d) CompeLlLlon AcL, 2002 proLecLs Lhe lnLeresL of consumers. [Nov 2007]
(e) LLhlcal behavlor ln markeLlng ls necessary Lo avold CovernmenL lnLervenLlon/ regulaLlon. [May
2008]
(f) Consumer for personal use and consumer for commerclal use are synonymous. [Nov 2008]
2. Lxplaln Lhe exLenL Lo whlch lL ls posslble Lo observe eLhlcal behavlor ln markeLlng. Also explaln ln brlef
Lhe merlLs and demerlLs of Lhe above. [May 2008]
3. A reLaller was purchaslng goods regularly from x?Z LLd. for Lhe purpose of resale. 1here were defecLs ln
Lhe goods ln one of Lhe purchase loL and as a resulL Lhe reLaller suffered loss of hls share ln compeLlLlon.
1he reLaller sued Lhe sald company for Lhls reason. 1he company conLended LhaL Lhe goods were
purchased for Lhe purpose of resale and Lherefore, noL bound. ls lL a valld conLenLlon? Lxplaln clearly Lhe
provlslons of CompeLlLlon AcL, 2002 ln Lhls regard. [Nov 2008]
4. Lxplaln Lhe pragmaLlc reasons for malnLalnlng eLhlcal behavlor ln markeLlng Lhrough markeLlng
execuLlves. [Nov 2009]
3. SLaLe Lhe ob[ecLlves of Lhe CenLral Consumer roLecLlon Councll ln lndla. [Nov 2010]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
properLy.
goods & servlces.
2008]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
properLy.
goods & servlces.
2008]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 6
Etbics in Accounting and Finance
.1 Etbics in Accounting & Finance
Importance of Etbics in Accounting and Finance
llnance and AccounLs ls Lhe only buslness funcLlon whlch accepLs responslblllLy Lo acL ln publlc
lnLeresL.
noL only flnance & accounLs professlonal ls supposed Lo observe eLhlcal behavlor ln performlng hls
duLles Lo Lhe organlzaLlon, he ls also responslble Lo oLher sLakeholders such as Shareholders,
8egulaLors and CovernmenL.
Powever, scandals lnvolvlng flnanclal regularlLles ln companles such as companles such as Lnron,
WorldCom, CuesL, xerox and laLely SaLyam puL a quesLlon mark on Lhe eLhlcs observed by llnance
rofesslonals.
Potential Conflicts face by Finance & Accounts Professional
4s consu/tont/ouditors in pub/ic proctice - A pracLlclng professlonal should Lake adequaLe care Lo
ldenLlfy slLuaLlon LhaL could pose a confllcL of lnLeresL. lf noL followed, Lhey may glve rlse Lo LhreaL Lo
comply wlLh Lhe fundamenLal prlnclples and vlolaLlon of professlonal code of conducL.
4s on emp/oyee - An employee ls also under an professlonal obllgaLlon Lo comply wlLh Lhe
fundamenLal prlnclples lald down by Lhe organlzaLlon. SlLuaLlons where superlors or Lhe Lop
managemenL may apply pressure on Lhe employees Lo perform acLlvlLles are:-
1. ConLrary Lo law or regulaLlon
2. ConLrary Lo Lechnlcal or professlonal sLandards
3. laclllLaLe uneLhlcal or lllegal earnlngs managemenL sLraLegles
4. Mlslead oLhers, lnLenLlonally or oLherwlse oLhers (AudlLors, regulaLors eLc.)
3. lssue, or oLherwlse be assoclaLed wlLh, a flnanclal or non-flnanclal reporL LhaL maLerlally
mlsrepresenLs Lhe facLs
6. CbsLrucL Lax or legal compllances
Reasons for Unetbical Bebavior
1. mphosis on short term resu/ts: Company's manlpulaLed accounLlng enLrles Lo deplcL good
proflLablllLy ln order Lo ralse furLher caplLal from Lhe markeL. 1hls ls one of Lhe prlmary reasons for
downfall of companles llke Lnron, WorldCom, SaLyam, eLc.
2. lqnorinq smo// unethico/ issues: 1olerance of small lapses lead Lo larger problems. So, Lhe companles
should develop an envlronmenL where small eLhlcal lapses are Laken serlously so LhaL Lhey are noL
repeaLed ln Lhe fuLure.
3. conomic cyc/es: 1o prevenL dlsclosure of eLhlcal problems ln Llmes of depresslon, companles should
be exLremely careful & vlgllanL durlng good Llmes. lL musL ensure lLself LhaL Lhe effecL of depresslon
on Lhe company's flnanclal sLaLemenLs wlll be llmlLed & company wlll be able Lo bear losses & aL Lhe
same Llme lL makes Lhe slLuaLlon accepLable for Lhe share holders.
4. comp/ex 4ccountinq ku/es: ln Lhe era of globallzaLlon, accounLlng rules are changlng fasLer &
becomlng more complex. lL becomes dlfflculL Lo ldenLlfy devlaLlon from Lhese complex seL of
requlremenLs. 1he dlfflculLy assoclaLed wlLh ldenLlfylng abuse ls Lhe reason whlch may promoLe
uneLhlcal behavlor.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 6
lnLeresL.
rofesslonals.
uneLhlcal behavlor.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Chapter 6
lnLeresL.
rofesslonals.
uneLhlcal behavlor.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
.2 Fundamental Principles relating to Etbics in Finance and Accounts
Prlnclple of Integrlty
lnLegrlLy means adherence Lo moral and eLhlcal prlnclples". rofesslonal has Lo adhere rellglously Lo
honesLy and sLralghL forwardness whlle dlscloslng Lhelr represenLaLlve professlonal duLles. 1he
followlng acL of responslblllLy would help Lo comply wlLh Lhe lnLegrlLy prlnclples.
Avold acLlvlLles whlch could affecL goodwlll of an organlzaLlon.
8efuse Lo geL lnvolved ln acLlvlLles whlch could adversely affecL Lhe achlevemenL of
organlzaLlon ob[ecLlves.
CommunlcaLe adverse and favorable lnformaLlon wlLh Lhose concerned.
Avold confllcLs.
8efuse favors or glfLs whlch could lnfluence acLlon Laken or Lo be Laken.
Prlnclplex of Objectlvlty
Accordlng Lo Lhls prlnclple accounLlng and flnance professlonals should noL allow blas, personal
vlews, confllcLlng lnLeresL and undue lnfluence of Lhemselves or oLher Lo overrlde buslness
[udgmenL. 1hey should communlcaLe lnformaLlon falrly and ob[ecLlvely ln a LransparenL manner.
Prlnclplex of ConflJentlullty
1hls requlres accounLlng & flnanclal professlonal Lo refraln from dlscloslng confldenLlal lnformaLlon
relaLed Lo Lhelr work. Such lnformaLlon may be however dlsclosed Lo:
(a) SubordlnaLes & ensure LhaL Lhey Loo malnLaln confldenLlallLy &
(b) When under legal obllgaLlon or because of some sLaLuLory rullng
Prlnclplex of profexxlonul competence & Jue cure
llnance & accounLlng professlonal need Lo updaLe Lhelr skllls and knowledge from Llme Lo Llme and
shall ensure Lhe cllenL or employers recelve compeLenL professlonal servlces based upon currenL
developmenLs ln Lhe relaLed areas.
Prlnclplex of profexxlonul behuvlor
1hls prlnclple requlres accounLlng & flnance professlonal Lo comply wlLh relevanL laws and
regulaLlons and avold such acLlons whlch may resulL lnLo dlscredlLlng Lhe professlon.
.3 Etbical Tbreats in Accounting & Finance
1. 5e/f lnterest 1hreot - May occur as Lhe resulL of Lhe flnanclal or oLher lnLeresL of flnance and
accounLlng professlonal or of lmmedlaLe or close famlly members.
2. 5e/f-review 1hreot - May occur when a prevlous [udgmenL needs Lo be revaluaLed by Lhe flnance and
accounLlng professlonal responslble for LhaL [udgmenL
3. 4dvococy 1hreot - May occur when professlonal promoLes a poslLlon or oplnlon Lo Lhe polnL LhaL
subsequenL ob[ecLlvlLy may be compromlsed.
4. lomi/iority 1hreot - May occur when professlonals has close relaLlonshlp ln Lhe work envlronmenL &
such relaLlonshlp lmpalr hls selfless aLLlLude Lowards work.
3. lntimidotion 1hreot - May occur when a professlonal may be prohlblLed from acLlng ob[ecLlvely by
LhreaLs, acLual or percelved.
Fxumplex of Fthlcul 1hreutx
1hreot 4s on mp/oyee 4s on ouditor or consu/tont
Se|f-Interest llnanclal lnLeresLs, loans and guaranLees
ln Lhe company Lhe professlonal ls
worklng.
lncenLlve compensaLlon arrangemenLs
A flnanclal lnLeresL ln a cllenL or [olnLly
holdlng a flnanclal lnLeresL wlLh a
cllenL.
undue dependence on LoLal fees from
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Avold confllcLs.
worklng.
cllenL.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Avold confllcLs.
worklng.
cllenL.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
lnapproprlaLe personal use of corporaLe
asseLs.
Concern over employmenL securlLy.
Commerclal pressure from ouLslde Lhe
employlng organlzaLlon.
a cllenL.
Pavlng a close buslness relaLlonshlp
wlLh a cllenL.
Concern abouL Lhe posslblllLy of loslng
a cllenL.
oLenLlal employmenL wlLh a cllenL.
ConLlngenL fees relaLlng Lo an
assurance engagemenL.
Se|f-rev|ew 8evlew and [usLlflcaLlon of buslness
declslons/daLa ls done by same person
who has prepared daLa or Laken declslon.
1he dlscovery of a slgnlflcanL error
durlng a re-evaluaLlon of Lhe work
8eporLlng on Lhe operaLlon of flnanclal
sysLems afLer belng lnvolved ln Lhelr
deslgn or lmplemenLaLlon.
A member of Lhe assurance Leam
belng, or havlng recenLly been, a
dlrecLor or Cfflcer of LhaL cllenL.
Advocacy Maklng false or mlsleadlng sLaLemenLs
wlLh Lhe lnLenLlon of promoLlng
organlzaLlon's poslLlon
romoLlng shares ln a llsLed enLlLy"
when LhaL enLlLy ls a consulLancy or a
flnanclal sLaLemenL audlL cllenL.
AcLlng as an advocaLe on behalf of an
assurance cllenL ln llLlgaLlon or
dlspuLes wlLh 3rd parLles.
Iam|||ar|ty llnanclal reporLlng or buslness declslons
lnfluenclng ln favour of a famlly member
Long assoclaLlon wlLh buslness conLacLs
lnfluenclng buslness declslons.
AccepLance of a glfL or preferenLlal
LreaLmenL, unless Lhe value ls clearly
lnslgnlflcanL.
A member of Lhe engagemenL Leam
havlng a close or lmmedlaLe famlly
relaLlonshlp wlLh a dlrecLor or offlcer
of Lhe cllenL (or wlLh employee who
can exerL lnfluence)
AccepLlng glfLs or preferenLlal
LreaLmenL from a cllenL, unless Lhe
value ls clearly lnslgnlflcanL.
Long assoclaLlon of senlor personnel
wlLh Lhe assurance cllenL.
Int|m|dat|on 1hreaL of dlsmlssal or replacemenL or of
lmmedlaLe famlly member over a
dlsagreemenL abouL Lhe appllcaLlon of an
accounLlng prlnclple or Lhe way ln whlch
flnanclal lnformaLlon ls Lo be reporLed
for exLernal use as well as for declslon
maklng purposes.
A domlnanL personallLy aLLempLlng Lo
lnfluence Lhe declslon maklng process,
for example wlLh regard Lo Lhe excluslon
of lrrelevanL cosLs from pro[ecLed cosL
esLlmaLes
8elng LhreaLened wlLh dlsmlssal or
replacemenL.
8elng LhreaLened wlLh llLlgaLlon.
8elng pressured Lo reduce
lnapproprlaLely Lhe exLenL of work
performed ln order Lo reduce fees.
.4 Safeguards to reduce or eliminate Etbical Tbreats
SufeguurJx creuteJ by profexxlon, leglxlutlon or regulutlon
1. CorporaLe governance regulaLlons
2. rofesslonal or regulaLory monlLorlng & dlsclpllnary procedures
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
asseLs.
a cllenL.
wlLh a cllenL.
a cllenL.
lnslgnlflcanL.
maklng purposes.
esLlmaLes
replacemenL.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
asseLs.
a cllenL.
wlLh a cllenL.
a cllenL.
lnslgnlflcanL.
maklng purposes.
esLlmaLes
replacemenL.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
3. LducaLlonal Lralnlng & experlence requlremenLs for enLry lnLo Lhe professlon
4. rofesslonal sLandards
3. ConLlnulng professlonal developmenL requlremenLs
6. LxLernal revlew by a legally empowered Lhlrd parLy of Lhe reporLs, reLurns, communlcaLlons or
lnformaLlon produced by concerned professlonals
SufeguurJx ln work envlronment
1. SLrong lnLernal conLrols
2. ApproprlaLe dlsclpllnary process
3. CrganlzaLlon's eLhlcs & conducL programs
4. erformance evaluaLlon ollcles & rocedures
3. 8ecrulLmenL procedures emphaslzlng Lhe lmporLance of employlng hlgh callber compeLenL sLaff
6. 1op ManagemenL and Leadershlp LhaL sLresses Lhe lmporLance and expecLs eLhlcal behavlor
7. CommunlcaLlon of organlzaLlon's pollcles and procedures and lLs Lralnlng and educaLlon
8. 1ransparenL and open envlronmenL Lo encourage employees Lo freely communlcaLe any eLhlcal
lssues or concerns wlLhouL fear.
.5 Etbical Conflict Resolution
Whlle evaluaLlng compllance wlLh Lhe fundamenLal prlnclples, flnance and accounLlng professlonal
may be requlred Lo resolve a confllcL ln Lhe appllcaLlon of fundamenLal prlnclples.
1he followlng factors needs to be cons|dered elLher lndlvldually or LogeLher wlLh oLhers, durlng a
confllcL resoluLlon process:
1. 8elevanL facLs
2. LLhlcal lssues lnvolved
3. lundamenLal prlnclples relaLed Lo maLLer ln quesLlon
4. LsLabllshed lnLernal procedure
3. AlLernaLlve course of acLlon
Pavlng consldered Lhese lssues, a professlonal should deLermlne Lhe appropr|ate course of act|on
LhaL ls conslsLenL wlLh fundamenLal prlnclples ldenLlfled & welghL Lhe resulLs of each posslble course
of acLlon.
lf Lhe maLLer remalns unsolved, Lhe professlonal should Lake followlng sLeps:
(a) Consu|t Lhe approprlaLe person wlLhln Lhe flrm or employlng organlzaLlon for help ln
obLalnlng resoluLlon.
(b) 1he approprlaLe person wlll be one who ls responslble for governance of Lhe organlzaLlon,
such as 8oard of ulrecLors.
(c) lL may be ln Lhe besL lnLeresL of Lhe professlonal Lo document the deta|| and Lhe subsLance
of lssue.
(d) lf a slgnlflcanL confllcL cannoL be resolved, obta|n adv|ce from Lhe relevanL professlonal body
or legal advlsors. Powever, due care musL be Laken so as Lo avold any breach of
confldenLlallLy.
(e) lf afLer all relevanL posslblllLles, Lhe eLhlcal confllcL remaln unresolved, lL ls approprlaLe Lo
w|thdraw from Lhe engagemenL Leam or speclflc asslgnmenL or Lo reslgn alLogeLher from
Lhe engagemenL Leam, Lhe flrm or Lhe employlng organlzaLlon.
(a) Wlndow-dresslng of flnanclal sLaLemenLs wlll noL be useful ln Lhe long run. [Nov 2007]
(b) Lnsurlng falr LreaLmenL Lo whlsLle blowers wlll help ln creaLlng good eLhlcal accounLlng
envlronmenL ln a buslness enLerprlse. [May 2008]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
1. 8elevanL facLs
of acLlon.
of lssue.
confldenLlallLy.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
1. 8elevanL facLs
of acLlon.
of lssue.
confldenLlallLy.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
2. Consumer Lxplaln brlefly Lhe maLLers Lo be consldered and Lhe sLeps LhaL may be Laken by a llnance and
AccounLlng professlonal when he ls requlred Lo resolve an eLhlcal confllcL ln Lhe appllcaLlon of
lundamenLal prlnclples. [May 2007]
3. llnance and accounLlng professlonals worklng as employees ln an organlzaLlon have Lo face varlous
LhreaLs whlch make lL dlfflculL for Lhem Lo comply wlLh fundamenLal prlnclples relaLlng Lo eLhlcs. Lxplaln
Lhe safeguards ln Lhe work envlronmenL whlch may be creaLed by a buslness enLerprlse Lo overcome
such LhreaLs. [Nov 2007, May 2010]
4. Self lnLeresL LhreaLs may occur as a resulL of flnanclal or oLher lnLeresLs of flnance and accounLlng
professlonal. Clve Lhree examples each of such LhreaLs when Lhe accounLlng professlonal ls worklng as-
(l) An audlLor or consulLanL
(ll) An employee ln a company. [May 2008]
3. Lxplaln Lhe reasons for uneLhlcal behavlor among flnance and accounLlng professlonals. [Iun 2009]
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
Tbis is a sample document only. You can purcbase full notes at
bttp:JJcoursemateonline.com
1his is o somp/e document on/y. You con purchose fu// notes ot http://coursemoteon/ine.com
1hls ls a sample documenL only. ?ou can purchase full noLes aL hLLp://coursemaLeonllne.com. 1hls ls a
sample documenL only. ?ou can purchase full noLes aL hLLp://coursemaLeonllne.com. 1hls ls a sample
documenL only. ?ou can purchase full noLes aL hLLp://coursemaLeonllne.com. 1hls ls a sample documenL
only. ?ou can purchase full noLes aL hLLp://coursemaLeonllne.com. 1hls ls a sample documenL only. ?ou can
purchase full noLes aL hLLp://coursemaLeonllne.com. 1hls ls a sample documenL only. ?ou can purchase full
noLes aL hLLp://coursemaLeonllne.com. 1hls ls a sample documenL only. ?ou can purchase full noLes aL
hLLp://coursemaLeonllne.com. 1hls ls a sample documenL only. ?ou can purchase full noLes aL
hLLp://coursemaLeonllne.com.
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL
CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL

5 Ethics Sample

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

5 Ethics Sample

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CA CPT/IPCC/FINAL

You might also like