A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are pro ecte! to sol"e still#remaining problems of $G (thir! generation) systems an! to pro"i!e a %i!e "ariety of ne% ser"ices& from high#'uality "oice to high#!efinition "i!eo to high#!ata#rate %ireless channels. The term 4G is use! broa!ly to inclu!e se"eral types of broa!ban! %ireless access communication systems& not only cellular telephone systems. (ne of the terms use! to !escribe 4G is MAG)C*Mobile multime!ia& Anytime any%here& Global mobility support& )ntegrate! %ireless solution& an! Customi+e! personal ser"ice. As a promise for the future& 4G systems& that is& cellular broa!ban! %ireless access systems& ha"e been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only %ill support the ne,t generation of mobile ser"ice& but also %ill support the fi,e! %ireless net%or-s. The mobile communication generations has tra"erse! a long %ay through !ifferent phases of e"olution since its birth early in the 1./0s. the stea!y global boom in the number of mobile users each year has perio!ically spurne! the !e"elopment of more an! more sophisticate! technologies trying to stri-e the right chor! primarily in terms of pro"ision of seamless global roaming& 'uality ser"ices an! high !ata rate. to!ay numerous !ifferent generation technologies %ith their in!i"i!ual pros an! cons are e,isting globally. the coming era of 4g systems is foreseeing a potential smooth merger of all these heterogeneous technologies %ith a natural progression to support seamless cost#effecti"e high !ata rate global roaming& efficient personali+e! ser"ices& typical user#centric integrate! ser"ice mo!el& high 1os('uality of ser"ice) an! o"erall stable system performance. 2o%e"er& e"ery step in such technological a!"ancements presents huge research challenges. this article aims to focus upon some of these potential challenges along %ith !ifferent propose! feasible an! non#feasible solutions in the areas of mobile terminals an! users& mobile ser"ices& mobile an! %ireless

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 1 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

access net%or-s& an! communication& in or!er to gi"e an in#!epth "ie% of the ne,t# generation communication systems. 1.7 Aim of the Seminar 6ue to the increase in !eman! for spee!& multime!ia support an! other resources& the %ireless %orl! is loo-ing for%ar! for a ne% generation technology to replace the thir! generation. This is %here the fourth generation %ireless communication comes into play. 4G %ireless communication is e,pecte! to pro"i!e better spee!& high capacity& lo%er cost an! )9 base! ser"ices. The main aim of 4G %ireless is to replace the current core technology %ith a single uni"ersal technology base! on )9. :et there are se"eral challenges that inhibits the progress of 4G an! researchers throughout the %orl! are contributing their i!eas to sol"e these challenges. This pro ect !eals %ith un!erstan!ing the features an! challenges for 4G. 5ith the rapi! !e"elopment of %ireless communication net%or-s& it is e,pecte! that fourth#generation mobile systems %ill be launche! %ithin !eca!es. 4G mobile systems focus on seamlessly integrating the e,isting %ireless technologies inclu!ing GSM& %ireless ;A<& an! 3luetooth. This contrasts %ith $G& %hich merely focuses on !e"eloping ne% stan!ar!s an! har!%are. 4G systems supports comprehensi"e an! personali+e! ser"ices& pro"i!ing stable system performance an! 'uality ser"ice. 2o%e"er& migrating current systems to 4G presents enormous challenges. )n this article& these challenges are !iscusse! un!er the hea!ings of net%or-s an! ser"ices& soft%are systems an! %ireless access. Recent acti"ity in 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems has steepe! the race in its implementation at the earliest. 4G %ireless being an upcoming stan!ar! %itnesses burgeoning interest amongst researchers an! "en!or. )t is being !esigne! to allo% seamless integration an! communication bet%een %ireless !e"ices across !i"erse %ireless stan!ar!s as %ell as broa!ban! net%or-s %irelessly. Access to !ifferent ra!io technologies is facilitate! !ue to )9#base!#4G mobile communication system connecting the user. This paper attempts to ma-e an assessment in !e"elopment&

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 7 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

transition& an! roa!map for fourth generation mobile communication system %ith a perspecti"e of %ireless con"ergence !omain an! future research issues. 1.$ Motivation of Seminar The %ireless communication file! is a "ery fast gro%ing area %ith the number of users an! their !eman! for better resources increasing !ay by !ay. The R=6 !epartments of many companies are %or-ing on a future technology that can meet these !eman!s at a lo%er cost.$G is necessary but not sufficient for the !eman!s to!ay. So the %orl! is ta-ing its leap to%ar!s the fourth generation %ireless communication that promises to bring an en! to most of the problems face!. 4G %ireless is e,pecte! to be launche! by 7010& but there are numerous challenges face! by researchers in achie"ing the !esire! features. Most of the ongoing researches are in the area of !istribute! computing& mobile agents& multime!ia support etc. Some other research area is to impro"e the 1uality of Ser"ice from the "ie%point of both the user an! ser"ice pro"i!ers. 4G %ireless infrastructures are e,pecte! to be !eploye! in an en"ironment %here many other types of %ireless an! %ire! communication systems alrea!y e,ist. 1.4 Literature Survey To fulfill the ob ecti"es of the seminar& un!erstan!ing the concept of 4G is "ery essential. Se"eral stan!ar! boo-s %ere referre!.1. 3 G 4"ans = > 3aughan& ?isions of 4G& )44 4lectronics an! Communications engineering @ournal& AutumnA5inter 7000.7. S : 2ui = > 2 :eung& Challenges in the Migration to 4G Mobile Systems& )444 Commuications& "ol 41& no 17& 6ec 700$& pp B4#B.. $.R 4i -& @ 3ro-& @ 3emmel = 3 3usropan& Access <et%or- selection in a 4G 4n"ironment an! the Roles of Terminal an! Ser"ice 9latform& 9ro ectC 4G9;DS& 5ireless 5orl! Research Eorum. 4.M Calisti& T ;o++a = 6 Green%oo!& An Agent# 3ase! Mi!!le%are for A!apti"e Roaming in 5ireless <et%or-s& 5or-shop on Agents for Dbi'uitous Computing& AAMAS 7004& 70 @uly 7004& <e% :or-& DSA. B.> Murray& R Mathur = 6 9esch& <et%or- Access an! 2an!o"er Control in 2eterogeneous 5ireless <et%or-s for Smart Apace 4n"ironments& 1st )nternational 5or-shop on Managing Dbi'uitous Communications an! Ser"ices (MDCS)& 6ec 11& 700$& 5aterfor!& )relan!. 8.E 6aneshgaran& M ;a!!amo!a = M

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age $ of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

Mon!in& (n the Reconfigurability of a Soft%are Ra!io Terminal for Supporting the Thir! an! Eourth generation 5ireless Stan!ar!s& )444 )nternational Conference on Thir! Generation 5ireless an! 3eyon!& @une 7001& San Erancisco. /.T 2 ;e = A 2 Agh"ami& 9erformance of an Accessing an! Allocation Scheme for the 6o%nloa! Channel in Soft%are Ra!io& 9roc )444 5ireless Commun an! <et Conf& "ol 7& pp B1/#71& 7000. To get e,posure to the latest ongoing !e"elopments& to achie"e the sai! ob ecti"es an! to procure the necessary information the follo%ing %ebsites %ere referre! 1) httpCAA%%%.mobileinfo.comA$GA4G?ision=Technologies.htm. 7) httpCAAne,telonline.ne,tel.comAenAstoresApopupsA4GFco"erageFpopup.shtml $) httpCAAseminarsan!pro ect.blogspot.comA700.A08Achallenges#in#migration#to# 4g.html 4) httpCAA4g#%irelesse"olution.tmcnet.comAconferenceAeast#10A!efault.htm B) httpCAAen.%i-ipe!ia.orgA%i-iA4G 8) httpCAA4g#%irelesse"olution.tmcnet.comA 1.B Application ?irtual 9resenceC This means that 4G pro"i!es user ser"ices at all times& e"en if the user is off#site. ?irtual na"igationC 4G pro"i!es users %ith "irtual na"igation through %hich a user can access a !atabase of the streets& buil!ings etc of large cities. This re'uires high spee! !ata transmission. Tele#Me!icineC 4G %ill support remote health monitoring of patients. A user nee! not go to the hospital an! can get "i!eoconference assistance for a !octor at anytime an! any%here. Tele#geo processing applicationsC This is a combination of G)S (Geographical )nformation System) an! G9S (Global 9ositioning System) in %hich a user can get the location by 'uerying. Crisis managementC <atural !isasters can cause brea- !o%n in communication systems. )n to!ayGs %orl! it might ta-e !ays or %ee-s to restore the system. 3ut in 4G it is e,pecte! to restore such crisis issues in a fe% hours.

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 4 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

4!ucationC Eor people %ho are intereste! in life long e!ucation& 4G pro"i!es a goo! opportunity. 9eople any%here in the %orl! can continue their e!ucation online in a cost effecti"e manner.

1.8 Or!ani"ation of the Seminar Report This paper is organi+e! as follo%s. Chapter 1 pro"i!es information such as aim of the seminar& moti"ation& literature sur"ey an! applications. Chapter 7 pro"i!es a brief re"ie% of the pre"ious generations& limitations of $G& problems of 4G. Chapter $ gi"es the information about the !esire! features& ob ecti"es an! the general "ie% of 4G. Chapter 4 pro"i!es a brief re"ie% of the research challenges face! by 4G. an! finally chapter B gi"es the conclusion. This paper is !i"i!e! into four sectionsC intro!uction& history& features& o"er"ie% of the potential research challenges an! conclusions..

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age B of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

Chapter #

$ISTOR%
#&1 'rief $i tory of (eneration
The history an! e"olution of mobile ser"ice from the 1G (first generation) to fourth generation are !iscusse! in this section. Table 1 presents a short history of mobile telephone technologies. This process began %ith the !esigns in the 1./0s that ha"e become -no%n as 1G. The earliest systems %ere implemente! base! on analog technology an! the basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fun!amental problems %ere sol"e! by these early systems. <umerous incompatible analog systems %ere place! in ser"ice aroun! the %orl! !uring the 1.H0s.The 7G (secon! generation) systems !esigne! in the 1.H0s %ere still use! mainly for "oice applications but %ere base! on !igital technology& inclu!ing !igital signal processing techni'ues. These 7G systems pro"i!e! circuit#s%itche! !ata communication ser"ices at a lo% spee!. The competiti"e rush to !esign an! implement !igital systems le! again to a "ariety of !ifferent an! incompatible stan!ar!s such as GSM (global system mobile)& mainly in 4uropeI T6MA (time !i"ision multiple access) ()S#B4A)S#1$8) in the D.S.I 96C (personal !igital cellular) in @apanI an! C6MA (co!e !i"ision multiple access) ()S#.B)& another D.S. system. These systems operate nation%i!e or internationally an! are to!ayJs mainstream systems& although the !ata rate for users in these system is "ery limite!. 6uring the 1..0s& t%o organi+ations %or-e! to !efine the ne,t& or $G& mobile system& %hich %oul! eliminate pre"ious incompatibilities an! become a truly global system. The $G system %oul! ha"e higher 'uality "oice channels& as %ell as broa!ban! !ata capabilities& up to 7 Mbps. Dnfortunately& the t%o groups coul! not reconcile their !ifferences& an! this !eca!e %ill see the intro!uction of t%o mobile stan!ar!s for $G. )n a!!ition& China is on the "erge of implementing a thir! $G system. An interim step is being ta-en bet%een 7G an! $G& the 7.BG. )t is basically an enhancement of the t%o ma or 7G technologies to pro"i!e increase! capacity on the 7G RE (ra!io fre'uency) channels an! to intro!uce higher throughput for !ata ser"ice& up to $H4 -bps. A "ery important aspect of 7.BG is that the !ata channels are optimi+e! for

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 8 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

pac-et !ata& %hich intro!uces access to the )nternet from mobile !e"ices& %hether telephone& 96A (personal !igital assistant)& or laptop. 2o%e"er& the !eman! for higher access spee! multime!ia communication in to!ayJs society& %hich greatly !epen!s on computer communication in !igital format& seems unlimite!. Accor!ing to the historical in!ication of a generation re"olution occurring once a !eca!e& the present appears to be the right time to begin the research on a 4G mobile communication system. First GenerationC 1G %as base! on analog technology an! basically inten!e! for analog phones. )t %as launche! in the early 1.H0s. )t intro!uce! the first basic frame%or- for mobile communications li-e the basic architecture& fre'uency multiple,ing& roaming concept etc. Access technology use! %as AM9S (A!"ances Mobile 9hone Ser"ice). Second Generation: 7G %as a re"olution that mar-e! the s%itching of mobile communication technology from analog to !igital. )t %as intro!uce! in the late 1.H0s an! it a!opte! !igital signal processing techni'ues. GSM %as one of the main attracti"e si!es of 7G an! it intro!uce! the concept of S)M (Subscriber )!entity Mo!ule) car!s. Main access technologies %ere C6MA (Co!e 6i"ision Multiple Access) an! GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). 2.B GenerationC 7.B G %as basically an e,tension of 7G %ith pac-et s%itching incorporate! to 7G. )t implemente! hybri! communication %hich connecte! the internet to mobile communications. Third GenerationC The basic i!ea of $G is to !eploy ne% systems %ith ne% ser"ices instea! of ust pro"i!e higher ban!%i!th an! !ata rate. Support for multime!ia transmission is another stri-ing feature of $G. )t employs both circuit s%itching an! pac-et s%itching strategies. The main access technologies are C6MA (Co!e 6i"ision Multiple Access)& 5C6MA (5i!eban! C6MA)& an! TS# S6MA (Time !i"ision Synchronous C6MA).

#&# Limitation of )(
4G is being !e"elope! to accommo!ate the 1oS an! rate re'uirements set by forthcoming applications li-e %ireless broa!ban! access& Multime!ia Messaging Ser"ice (MMS)& "i!eo chat& mobile T?& 26T? content& 6igital ?i!eo 3roa!casting (6?3)& minimal ser"ices li-e "oice an! !ata& an! other ser"ices that utili+e ban!%i!th.

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age / of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

The 4G %or-ing group has !efine! the follo%ing as ob ecti"es of the 4G %ireless communication stan!ar!C

A spectrally efficient system (in bitsAsA2+ an! bitsAsA2+Asite). 2igh net%or- capacityC more simultaneous users per cell. A nominal !ata rate of 100 MbitAs %hile the client physically mo"es at high spee!s relati"e to the station& an! 1 GbitAs %hile client an! station are in relati"ely fi,e! positions as !efine! by the )TD#R.

A !ata rate of at least 100 MbitAs bet%een any t%o points in the %orl!. Smooth han!off across heterogeneous net%or-s. Seamless connecti"ity an! global roaming across multiple net%or-s. 2igh 'uality of ser"ice for ne,t generation multime!ia support (real time au!io& high spee! !ata& 26T? "i!eo content& mobile T?& etc). )nteroperability %ith e,isting %ireless stan!ar!s an! An all )9& pac-et s%itche! net%or-.

)n summary& the 4G system shoul! !ynamically share an! utili+e net%or- resources to meet the minimal re'uirements of all the 4G enable! users.

#&) *ro+lem ,ith the Current Sy tem

(ne may then %on!er %hy ubi'uitous& high#spee! %ireless is not alrea!y a"ailable. After all& %ireless pro"i!ers are alrea!y mo"ing in the !irection of e,pan!ing the ban!%i!th of their cellular net%or-s. Almost all of the ma or cell phone net%or-s alrea!y pro"i!e !ata ser"ices beyon! that oare! in stan!ar! cell phones& as illustrate! in Table 1.
Table 7.1C Cellular 9ro"i!ers an! Ser"ices

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age H of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

Dnfortunately& the current cellular net%or- !oes not ha"e the a"ailable ban!%i!th necessary to han!le !ata ser"ices %ell. <ot only is !ata transfer slo% * at the spee! of analog mo!ems * but the ban!%i!th that is a"ailable is not allocate! efficiently for !ata.
Eigure 7.1C Cellular 9ro"i!er System Dpgra!es

6ata transfer ten!s to come in bursts rather than in the constant stream of "oice !ata. Cellular pro"i!ers are continuing to upgra!e their net%or-s in or!er to meet this higher !eman! by s%itching to !ifferent protocols that allo% for faster access spee!s an! more efficient transfers. These are collecti"ely referre! to as thir! generation& or $G& ser"ices. 2o%e"er& the %ay in %hich the companies are !e"eloping their net%or-s is problematic * all are currently prece!ing in !ifferent !irections %ith their technology impro"ements. Eigure 1 illustrates the !ifferent technologies that are currently in use& an! %hich technologies the pro"i!ers plan to use. Although most technologies are similar& they are not all using the same protocol. )n A!!ition& $G systems still ha"e inherent la%s. They are not %ell#!esigne! for !ataI they are impro"ements on a protocol that %as originally !esigne! for "oice. Thus& they are inefficient %ith their use of the a"ailable spectrum ban!%i!th. A !ata#centere! protocol is nee!e!. )f one %ere to create t%o i!entical mar-etplaces in %hich cellular pro"i!ers use! $G an! 4G respecti"ely& the impro"ements in 4G %oul! be easy

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age . of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

to see. Spea-ing on the topic of $G& one of the %orl!s lea!ing authorities on mobile communications& 5illiam C.:. ;ee& states that $G %oul! be Ka patche! up system that coul! be inefficientL& an! it %oul! be best if the in!ustry %oul! leapfrog o"er $G %ireless technology& an! prepare for 4G (Christian ).

4G protocols use spectrum up to $ times as efficiently as $G systems& ha"e better %ays of han!ling !ynamic loa! changes (such as a!!itional cellular users entering a particular cell)& an! create more ban!%i!th than $G systems. Most importantly& fourth# generation systems %ill !ra% more users by using stan!ar! net%or- protocols& %hich %ill be !iscusse! later& to connect to the )nternet. This %ill allo% simple an! transparent connecti"ity

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 10 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

Chapter )

-.ATUR.S O- /(
)&1 O+0ective
4G is being !e"elope! to accommo!ate the 1oS an! rate re'uirements set by forthcoming applications li-e %ireless broa!ban! access& Multime!ia Messaging Ser"ice (MMS)& "i!eo chat& mobile T?& 26T? content& 6igital ?i!eo 3roa!casting (6?3)& minimal ser"ices li-e "oice an! !ata& an! other ser"ices that utili+e ban!%i!th. The 4G %or-ing group has !efine! the follo%ing as ob ecti"es of the 4G %ireless communication stan!ar!C

A spectrally efficient system (in bitsAsA2+ an! bitsAsA2+Asite) 2igh net%or- capacityC more simultaneous users per cell A nominal !ata rate of 100 MbitAs %hile the client physically mo"es at high spee!s relati"e to the station& an! 1 GbitAs %hile client an! station are in relati"ely fi,e! positions as !efine! by the )TD#R

A !ata rate of at least 100 MbitAs bet%een any t%o points in the %orl! Smooth han!off across heterogeneous net%or-s Seamless connecti"ity an! global roaming across multiple net%or-s 2igh 'uality of ser"ice for ne,t generation multime!ia support (real time au!io& high spee! !ata& 26T? "i!eo content& mobile T?& etc) )nteroperability %ith e,isting %ireless stan!ar!s& an!
9age 11 of $4

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

An all )9& pac-et s%itche! net%or-.

)n summary& the 4G system shoul! !ynamically share an! utili+e net%or- resources to meet the minimal re'uirements of all the 4G enable! users.

)&# Mi!ration to -uture

These limitations an! !ra%bac-s ha"e generate! the re'uirement for an uni"ersal frame%or- encompassing all the e,isting heterogeneous %ire! an! %ireless systems in use. This )9"8#base! potential 4G frame%or-& commonly !escribe! as MAG)C M$N (Mobile multime!ia& Anytime any%here access& Global mobility support& )ntegrate! %ireless solution an! Customi+e! personal ser"ice)& %oul! be highly !ynamic an! significantly han!le the limitations of $G systems. So& consoli!ate! solutions that can seamlessly operate on the multiple& !i"erse net%or-s migrating to the 4G en"ironment fulfilling the plethora of ne,t generation !ream "isuali+ations on implementing a transparent open %ireless architecture ((5A)& shoul! be imperati"ely !esigne!. This ob"iously in"ites ne% challenges on e"ery step an! researchers %orl!%i!e face an uphill tas- of !esigning suitable solutions. Eigure 1& sho%s such a 4G "ision

Eig $.1C 4G "ision 7010

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 17 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

)&) De ired -eature

High usability and global roaming: The en! user terminals shoul! be compatible %ith any technology& at any time& any%here in the %orl!. The basic i!ea is that the user shoul! be able to ta-e his mobile to any place& for e,ample& from a place that uses C6MA to another place that employs GSM. Multimedia support: The user shoul! be able to recei"e high !ata rate multime!ia ser"ices. This !eman!s higher ban!%i!th an! higher !ata rate. Personalization: This means that any type of person shoul! be able to access the ser"ice. The ser"ice pro"i!ers shoul! be able to pro"i!e customi+e! ser"ices to !ifferent type of users. Accor!ing to the members of the 4G %or-ing group& the infrastructure an! the terminals of 4G %ill ha"e almost all the stan!ar!s from 7G to 4G implemente!. Although legacy systems are in place to a!opt e,isting users& the infrastructure for 4G %ill be only pac-et#base! (all#)9). Some proposals suggest ha"ing an open )nternet platform. Technologies consi!ere! to be early 4G inclu!eC Elash#(E6M& the H07.18e mobile "ersion of 5iMa,& an! 2C#S6MA. $G99 ;ong Term 4"olution may reach the mar-et 1O7 years after Mobile 5iMa, is release!. An e"en higher spee! "ersion of 5iMa, is the )444 H07.18m specification. ;T4 A!"ance! %ill be the later e"olution of the $G99 ;T4 stan!ar!.

)&/ /( (eneral 1ie,

This ne% generation of %ireless is inten!e! to complement an! replace the $G systems& perhaps in B to 10 years. Accessing information any%here& anytime& %ith a seamless connection to a %i!e range of information an! ser"ices& an! recei"ing a large "olume of information& !ata& pictures& "i!eo& an! so on& are the -eys of the 4G infrastructures. The future 4G infrastructures %ill consist of a set of "arious net%or-s using )9 ()nternet protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they %ill be able to choose e"ery application an! en"ironment.

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 1$ of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

3ase! on the !e"eloping tren!s of mobile communication& 4G %ill ha"e broa!er ban!%i!th& higher !ata rate& an! smoother an! 'uic-er han!off an! %ill focus on ensuring seamless ser"ice across a multitu!e of %ireless systems an! net%or-s. The -ey concept is integrating the 4G capabilities %ith all of the e,isting mobile technologies through a!"ance! technologies. Application a!aptability an! being highly !ynamic are the main features of 4G ser"ices of interest to users. These features mean ser"ices can be !eli"ere! an! be a"ailable to the personal preference of !ifferent users an! support the usersJ traffic& air interfaces& ra!io en"ironment& an! 'uality of ser"ice. Connection %ith the net%or- applications can be transferre! into "arious forms an! le"els correctly an! efficiently. The !ominant metho!s of access to this pool of information %ill be the mobile telephone& 96A& an! laptop to seamlessly access the "oice communication& high# spee! information ser"ices& an! entertainment broa!cast ser"ices. Eigure 1 illustrates elements an! techni'ues to support the a!aptability of the 4G !omain.

Eig $.7 4G ?ision

The fourth generation %ill encompass all systems from "arious net%or-s& public to pri"ateI operator#!ri"en broa!ban! net%or-s to personal areasI an! a! hoc net%or-s. The 4G systems %ill interoperate %ith 7G an! $G systems& as %ell as %ith !igital (broa!ban!) broa!casting systems. )n a!!ition& 4G systems %ill be fully )9#base! %ireless )nternet. This all#encompassing integrate! perspecti"e sho%s the broa! range of systems that the fourth generation inten!s to integrate& from satellite broa!ban! to high altitu!e platform to cellular $G an! $G systems to 5;; (%ireless local loop) an! E5A (fi,e!

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 14 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

%ireless access) to 5;A< (%ireless local area net%or-) an! 9A< (personal area net%or-)& all %ith )9 as the integrating mechanism. elements of the

.
Eig $.$ C >ey 4lements of 4G ?ision

Chapter /

/( R.S.ARC$ C$ALL.N(.S
/&1 Main Challen!e
To achie"e the !esire! features liste! abo"e researches ha"e to sol"e some of the main challenges that 4G is facing. The main challenges are !escribe! belo% Multimode user terminals: )n or!er to access !ifferent -in!s of ser"ices an! technologies& the user terminals shoul! be able to configure themsel"es in !ifferent mo!es. This eliminates the nee! of multiple terminals. A!apti"e techni'ues li-e smart antennas an! soft%are ra!io ha"e been propose! for achie"ing terminal mobility. Wireless system disco ery and selection: The main i!ea behin! this is the user terminal shoul! be able to select the !esire! %ireless system. The system coul! be ;A<& G9S& GSM etc. (ne propose! solution for this is to use soft%are ra!io approach %here the terminal scans for the best a"ailable net%or- an! then it !o%nloa!s the re'uire! soft%are an! configure themsel"es o access the particular net%or-. Terminal MobilityC This is one of the biggest issues the researchers are facing. Terminal mobility allo%s the user to roam across !ifferent geographical areas that uses !ifferent technologies. There are t%o important issues relate! to terminal mobility. (ne is location management %here the system has to locate the position of the mobile for pro"i!ing ser"ice. Another important issue is han! off management. )n the tra!itional mobile systems only hori+ontal han! off has to be performe! %here as in 4G systems both

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 1B of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

hori+ontal an! "ertical han! off shoul! be performe!. As sho%n in figure 1& hori+ontal han! off is performe! %hen a mobile mo"ies from one cell to another an! "ertical han!off is performe! %hen a mobile mo"es bet%een t%o %ireless systems.

Eig4.1C 2an!off Mechanisms

Personal mobilityC 9ersonal mobility !eals %ith the mobility of the user rather than the user terminals. The i!ea behin! this is& no matter %here the user is locate! an! %hat !e"ice he is using& he shoul! be able to access his messages. Security and pri acyC The e,isting security measures for %ireless systems are ina!e'uate for 4G systems. The e,isting security systems are !esigne! for specific ser"ices. This !oes not pro"i!e fle,ibility for the users an! as fle,ibility is one of the main concerns for 4G& ne% security systems has to be intro!uce!. Fault toleranceC As %e all -no%& fault tolerant systems are becoming more popular throughout the %orl!. The e,isting %ireless system structure has a tree li-e topology an! hence if one of the components suffers !amage the %hole system goes !o%n. This is not !esirable in case of 4G. 2ence one of the main issues is to !esign a fault tolerant system for 4G. !illing SystemC $G mostly follo%s a flat rate billing system base! %here the user is charge! ust by a single operator for his usage accor!ing to call !uration& transferre! !ata etc. 3ut in 4G %ireless systems& the user might s%itch bet%een !ifferent ser"ice pro"i!ers an! may use !ifferent ser"ices. )n this case& it is har! for both the users an! ser"ice pro"i!ers to !eal %ith separate bills. 2ence the operators ha"e to !esign a billing architecture that pro"i!es a single bill to the user for all the ser"ices he has use!. Moreo"er the bill shoul! be fair to all -in!s of users.
Table 4.1CThe !ifferent potential challenges

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 18 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

TABLE 1 Summary of the different 4G research challenges

Aim Mobile Terminals and sers Multistandard/Multimode User Terminals Vitally important challenges and problems

A single wireless user terminal should be designed, which can automatically operate in different heterogeneous access networks.

Automatic )etwork Tracking and 'election

A roaming user in a heterogeneous en!ironment should be able to auto" matically track and select the a!ailable underlying wireless network. *n each communication session for a particular ser!ice the most appropriate underlying network should be chosen. Pro!ision of personalized ser!ices through different personalized operating en!ironments to the same address. To pro!ide !ery high speed #streaming& !ideo applications ensuring high ,o' and bandwidth usability.

Problems related to high cost, limitations in terminal size, high power consumption, high circuit comple ity, and unimpro!ed analog"to"digital con!erter #A$%& performance in software defined radio #'$(&"based implementations. The different software downloading schemes related to reconfigurable terminals ha!e got their own problems. The different software downloading schemes related to reconfigurable terminals ha!e got their own problems.

Mobile Ser!ices Personal and 'ession Mobility

'treaming multimedia based ser!ices+

Multioperator"oriented intelligent billing system

Users subscribing to multiple ser!ice operators for multiple different ser!ices should ideally be charged a single bill co!ering all the different billing schemes in!ol!ed. Users need not worry about the different billing schemes.

%onfusions regarding the choice of either M*P or '*P as the core protocol and also whether the ideal framework be )etwork layer"based or Application layer"based. U$P suffers from acute congestion related problems, so T%P is gaining importance as the ideal transport layer protocol for !ideo streaming. -pportunistic scheduling based !ideo streaming needs more attention. $esigning new packet"switched oriented billing and accounting policies for ./ users. 0rom customers and operators points of !iew handling issues like ,o' dependant charging, real"time billing information support, interworking prepaid systems support and billing support to di!erse ser!ice accesses as well as cost calculation fle ibility, *P traffic billing support, instant discontinuation of ser!ice if any fraud is detected and correct maintenance of customer1s profile, are the real problems.

Mobile and "ireless Access #et$or%s 'eamless Terminal

Users should be able to roam

Maintaining high data rate, best

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 1/ of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

Mobility management

freely and seamlessly across the !arious global geographic locations. 2ocation and handoff managements should be done properly.

possible ,o', reducing packet loss and signaling o!erhead are the primary challenges. The system throughput should be increased with low hando!er latency. *n location management, issues like optimally handling di!erse user calling and mobile patterns, and better inter"network location coordination should be handled properly. *n hando!er

TABLE 1 &'ontd((()
Aim Mobile Terminals and sers management, challenges like reducing call droppings and disruptions, reducing hando!er time, and optimizing effecti!e call completion time need more attention. Problems owing to di!erse nature of the constituent access technologies in terms of !arying bit rates, bandwidth allocation, channel characteristics, fault"tolerance le!els and handoff management mechanisms are the key ones. 'ignificant o!erhead problems still persist in different ,o' schemes like traffic control, dynamic resource reser!ation and ,o' renegotiation. *deal mi ing of packet le!el and non"packetle!el ,o' mechanisms should be done. *deal fault disco!ery, notification ser!ice 3 reco!ery schemes should be designed to minimize failures and their potential impacts on any le!el of the hierarchical topologies of the ./ networks. 'tronger le!els of protection is needed against ea!esdropping, malicious calls, and ser!ice denials. Adapti!e and lightweight security mechanisms should be implemented. 2owest Power %onsumption Vitally important challenges and problems

*ntegration and *nteroperability of di!erse networks

,o' Maintenance

'eamless integration and interworking of the multiple heterogeneous e isting and new wireless access technologies to pro!ide unhampered connecti!ity, fully broadband access, unhampered global roaming, perfect ,o' and user controlled ser!ices. Unaffected ,o' should be pro!ided between the end users and end"to"end ser!ices.

$ependability

To ensure fully fault"tolerant and sur!i!able ./ systems.

'ecurity aspects

(outing

'tronger end"to"end security ser!ices are needed to get credentials of the communicating parties #residing in different en!ironment& authenticated without e!en knowing each other. To implement intelligent packet

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 1H of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

and call routing techni4ues enhancing system performance.

and best ,o' are the key attributes to be addressed while defining a 5best path6 routing techni4ue. 7fficient global and ad"hoc routing techni4ues, and semantic routing based content deli!ery techni4ues need to implemented. Mesh network routing techni4ues are also inade4uately addressed. 7fficient ./ mobile network and security protocols capable of dynamically adopting to !ariant channel conditions and security re4uirements should be implemented. )ew ad"hoc protocols for self"organization to be designed. 8andling the different drawbacks related to -rthogonal 0re4uency $i!ision Multiple ing #-0$M&" based air interfaces, Ultra" 9ideband #U9:& radio transmission technology #U9:(T& and smart antenna technology.

Protocol (e4uirements

Unified networking protocol stack and !ertical protocol integration mechanisms adapting to the ./ constituent networks re4uirements should be designed.

'ommunication 'hallenges 7nhancing spectrum efficiency and channel capacity along with ubi4uitous co!erage.

To enhance spectral efficiency and channel capacity with wide area co!erage pro!iding cost" effecti!e !ery high data rate. *ncreasing bandwidth usability and minimizing multi"path effects.

Analysis of the un!erlying technical challenges raise! by the abo"e "ision an! its fi"e elements has pro!uce! three research areasC <et%or-s an! ser"ices& Soft%are base! systems& 5ireless access. These form the basis of the Mobile ?C4 9hase 7 research programme.

/&# Net,or2 and ervice

The aim of $G is Pto pro"i!e multime!ia multirate mobile communications anytime an! any%hereG& though this aim can only be partially met. )t %ill be uneconomic to meet this re'uirement %ith cellular mobile ra!io only. 4G %ill e,ten! the scenario to an all#)9 net%or- (access Q core) that integrates broa!cast& cellular& cor!less& 5;A< (%ireless local area net%or-)& short#range systems an! fi,e! %ire. The "ision is of integration across these net%or-*air interfaces an! of a "ariety of ra!io en"ironments on a common& fle,ible an! e,pan!able platform * a Pnet%or- of net%or-sG %ith !istincti"e ra!io access connecte! to a seamless )9#base! core net%or- a (Eig. $).

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 1. of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

Eig 4.7C Seamless connection of net%or-s

The functions containe! in this "ision %ill beC a connection layer bet%een the ra!io access an! the )9 core internet%or-ing bet%een access schemes * inter an! intra system& ability to interface %ith a range of ne% an! e,isting ra!io inclu!ing mobility management han!o"er& 1oS negotiations& security an! mobility interfaces A "ertical "ie% of this 4G "ision (Eig. 4) sho%s the layere! structure of hierarchical cells that facilitates optimi+ation for !ifferent applications an! in !ifferent ra!io en"ironments. )n this !epiction %e nee! to pro"i!e global roaming across all layers.

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 70 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G Eig 4.$C ?ertical hierarchical net%or-s

3oth "ertical an! hori+ontal han!o"er bet%een !ifferent access schemes %ill be a"ailable to pro"i!e seamless ser"ice an! 'uality of ser"ice. <et%or- reconfigurability is a means of achie"ing the abo"e scenario. This encompasses terminal reconfigurability& %hich enables the terminal to roam across the !ifferent air interfaces by e,changing configuration soft%are (!eri"e! from the soft%are ra!io concept). )t also pro"i!es !ynamic ser"ice fle,ibility an! tra!ing of access across the !ifferent net%or-s by !ynamically optimising the net%or- no!es in the en!#to# en! connection. This in"ol"es reconfiguration of protocol stac-s& programmability of net%orno!es an! reconfigurability of base stations an! terminals. The re'uirement is for a !istribute! reconfiguration control. Eig. B !emonstrates both internal no!e an! e,ternal net%or- reconfigurability.

Eig 4.4C Reconfiguration of mobile system

Eor internal reconfiguration the functionality of the net%or- no!es must be controlle! before& !uring an! after reconfiguration an! compliance to transmission stan!ar!s an! regulations must be facilitate!.

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 71 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

4,ternal reconfiguration management is re'uire! to monitor traffic& to ensure that the means for transport bet%een terminals an! net%or- gate%ays (or other en! points) are synchronise! (e.g. by conforming to stan!ar!s) an! to ensure that the !atabasesAcontent ser"ers nee!e! for !o%nloa!able reconfiguration soft%are are pro"i!e!. The research challenges are to pro"i!e mechanisms to implement internal an! e,ternal configuration& to !efine an! i!entify application programming interfaces (A9)s) an! to !esign mechanisms to ensure that reconfigure! net%or- no!es comply %ith regulatory stan!ar!s. An e,ample of e"ol"e! system architectures is a combination of a! hoc an! cellular topologies. A Pmobile a! hoc net%or-G (MA<4T) is an autonomous system of mobile routers (an! connecte! hosts) connecte! by %ireless lin-s. The routing an! hosts are free to mo"e ran!omly an! organise themsel"es arbitrarilyI thus the net%or- %ireless topology can change rapi!ly. Such a net%or- can e,ist in a stan!#alone form or be connecte! to a larger internet (as sho%n in Eig. 8).

Eig 4.BC An integrate! a! hoc %ireless system

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 77 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

)n the current cellular systems& %hich are base! on a star#topology& if the base stations are also consi!ere! to be mobile no!es the result becomes a Pnet%or- of mobile no!esG in %hich a base station acts as a gate%ay pro"i!ing a bri!ge bet%een t%o remote a! hoc net%or-s or as a gate%ay to the fi,e! net%or-. This architecture of hybri! star an! a! hoc net%or-s has many benefitsI for e,ample it allo%s self#reconfiguration an! a!aptability to highly "ariable mobile characteristics (e.g. channel con!itions& traffic !istribution "ariations& loa!#balancing) an! it helps to minimise inaccuracies in estimating the location of mobiles. Together %ith the benefits there are also some ne% challenges& %hich mainly resi!e in the unpre!ictability of the net%or- topology !ue to mobility of the no!esI this unpre!ictability& couple! %ith the local#broa!cast capability& pro"i!es ne% challenges in !esigning a communication system on top of an a! hoc %ireless net%or-. The follo%ing %ill be re'uire!C !istribute! MAC (me!ium access control) an! !ynamic routing support %ireless ser"ice location protocols %ireless !ynamic host configuration protocols !istribute! ;AC an! 1oS#base! routing schemes.

)n mobile )9 net%or-s %e cannot pro"i!e absolute 'uality#of#ser"ice guarantees& but "arious le"els of 'uality can be Pguarantee!G at a cost to other resources. As the comple,ity of the net%or-s an! the range of the ser"ices increase there is a tra!e#off bet%een resource management costs an! 'uality of ser"ice that nee!s to be optimise!. The %hole issue of resource management in a mobile )9 net%or- is a comple, tra!e#off of signaling& scalability& !elay an! offere! 1oS. As alrea!y mentione!& in 4G %e %ill encounter a %hole range of ne% multirate ser"ices& %hose traffic mo!els in isolation an! in mi,e! mo!e nee! to be further e,amine!. )t is li-ely that aggregate mo!els %ill not be sufficient for the !esign an!

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 7$ of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

!ynamic control of such net%or-s. The effects of traffic sche!uling& MAC an! CAC (connection a!mission control) an! mobility %ill be re'uire! to !e"ise the !imensioning tools nee!e! to !esign 4G net%or-s.

/&) Soft,are y tem

5e ha"e alrea!y seen in the pre"ious subsection that to effect terminal an! net%or- no!e reconfigurability %e nee! a mi!!le%are layer. This consists of net%orintelligence in the form of ob ect#oriente! !istribute! processing an! supporting en"ironments that offer the openness necessary to brea- !o%n tra!itional boun!aries to interoperability an! uniform ser"ice pro"ision. The mobile soft%are agent approach is an especially important buil!ing bloc- as it offers the ability to cope %ith the comple,ities of !istribute! systems. Such buil!ing bloc-s may resi!e at one time in the terminal an! then in the net%or-I or they may be compose! of other ob ects that themsel"es are mobile. 5ithin the mobile system there e,ists a range of ob ects %hose naming& a!!ressing an! location are -ey ne% issues. A further step in this !e"elopment is the application of the 5eb#ser"ice#mo!el rather than the clientAser"er principleI recent in!ustry ten!encies sho% a shift to%ar!s this para!igm an! RM; (e,tensible Mar-up ;anguage) is seen as the technology of the future for 5eb#base! !istribute! ser"ices. 2o%e"er this technology has yet to pro"e its scalability an! suitability for future application in mobile net%or-s. )n a!!ition to the net%or- utilities there %ill be a range of applications an! ser"ices %ithin 4G that also ha"e associate! %ith them ob ects& interfaces (A9)s) an! protocols. )t is the entirety of !ifferent technologies that un!erlies the mi!!le%are for the ne% 4G soft%are system. The P-iller applicationG for 4G is li-ely to be the personal mobile assistant (9MA) *in effect the soft%are complement to the personal area net%or-*that %ill organise& share an! enhance all of our !aily routines an! life situations. )t %ill pro"i!e a range of functions inclu!ingC

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 74 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

Ability to learn from e,periences an! to buil! on personal 6ecision capability to organise routine functions %ith other 9MAs

e,periences& i.e. to ha"e intelligence an! net%or- !ata bases& e.g. !iary& tra"el arrangements& holi!ays& prompts (shopping& haircut& theatre& birth!ays& etc.) A range of communication mo!esC "oice& image (%ith image superimposition "ia hea!#up !isplays such as glasses or retinal o"erlays)& multiparty meetings (inclu!ing li"e action "i!eo of us an! our current en"ironment)& etc. 9ro"ision of na"igation an! positioning information an! thus of 6etecting an! reporting the location of chil!ren& pets an! ob ects ?ehicle positioning an! route planning& auto pilot an! pe!estrian Automatic reporting of acci!ents (to insurance companies& rescue >no%le!ge pro"ision "ia intelligent bro%sing of the )nternet 4#business facilities for purchasing an! payment 2ealth monitoring an! pro"ision of %arnings )nfotainmentC music& "i!eo an!& maybe& "irtual reality location#!epen!ent ser"icesC of any sort %arnings ser"ices an! car !ealers)

(f course the -ey to all this is PmobilityG*%e nee! to ha"e the P9MAG %hene"er an! %here"er %e are& an! this places a!!itional comple,ity on net%or- an! ser"ice ob ects an! the agents that process them. Specifically %e nee! to consi!er %hat the metrics are that !etermine %hich ob ects follo% the user. Some ob ects can mo"e any%hereI others can mo"e in some !irections or %ithin a constraine! area. )f they can mo"e& ho% %ill the e,isting ser"ice

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 7B of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

!etermine if resources are a"ailable to support them in their ne% (temporary) homeS 5ill they still be able to functionS 5hat -in! of computing architecture an! mi!!le%are platforms %ill be capable of supporting thousan!s& perhaps millions& of such ob ectsS Aspects of security per"a!e the %hole of this area. Rules of authentication& confi!entiality& scalability an! a"ailability must no% be applie! to ob ects that are continuously mobile. A %hole set of con!itions that are "ali! at one time an! place maybe in"ali! if transferre! to another. )ntegrity an! correctness issues must be consi!ere! %hen mechanisms that support applications are use! in practice in the presence of otherI !istribute! algorithms. Eor issues such as li"eness& safety an! boun!e!ness*consistency& isolation an! !urability* e,ecution semantics nee! to be e"i!ence! for e,tension to the mobile en"ironment. 6istribute! management tools& in a complementary %ay& %ill allo% a certain le"el of monitoring (inclu!ing collection of !ata for analysis)& control an! troubleshooting. The management tools currently a"ailable !o not encompass mobility efficiently an! hence this is another important area of research. The aim of the research in this area is to !e"elop tools that can be use! in 4G soft%are systems. The follo%ing specific scenarios are being a!!resse! in or!er to focus the issuesC 4#commerce& inclu!ing microtransactions& share tra!ing an! 2ome ser"ices& ranging from terminal enhancements (e.g. internal business transactions enhancing the !isplay capabilities by using the T? screen as a !isplay unit for the terminal) to security systems an! house-eeping tas-s Transportation systemsC )tinerary support& tic-eting an! location )nfotainment on the mo"eC This %ill !emonstrate the nee! for ser"ices are to be targete! in this area. soft%are an! terminal reconfiguration an! me!ia#a!aptation.

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 78 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

Teleme!icine an! assistance ser"icesC 4mergency team support&

remoteA"irtual operations an! sur"eillance of heart patients are possible stages for this scenario. This list of scenarios can be e,pan!e! arbitrarily an! also into non#consumer areas (i.e. military an! emergency ser"ices)& ho%e"er the precon!itions for ser"ice !eli"ery an! !eman!s on the net%or- infrastructure remain the sameC they %ill ha"e to be a!aptable to meet the user# re'uirements current in 7010. Support for these scenarios may be gi"en by intelligent agents& %hich may represent the terminal %ithin the net%or- to manage the a!aptations or customisations of the communication path. (n an application or ser"ice layer they may a!!itionally be use! to complete business transactions for the user (e.g. boo-ing a theatre tic-et or a flight) or to support other ser"ices. Eurthermore& !istribute! soft%are entities (inclu!ing the "ariety of mo!els from ob ects& "ia agents& to the 5eb#ser"ice mo!el) %ill encompass management an! support for applications an! ser"ices as %ell as for user an! terminal mobility.

/&/ 3irele

acce

)n the pre"ious t%o sections %e ha"e loo-e! at the type of net%or- an! the soft%are platforms nee!e! to reconfigure& a!apt& manage an! control a !i"ersity of multime!ia& multirate ser"ices an! net%or- connections. 5e ha"e seen that there %ill be a range of ra!io access air interfaces optimise! to the en"ironments an! the ser"ice sets that they support. The reconfigurability an! the mi!!le%are flo% through to the %ireless access net%or-. The ra!io part of the 4G system %ill be !ri"en by the !ifferent ra!io en"ironments& the spectrum constraints an! the re'uirement to operate at "arying an! much higher bit rates an! in a pac-et mo!e. Thus the !ri"ers areC A!apti"e reconfigurability*algorithms Spectral efficiency*air interface !esign an! allocation of 4n"ironment co"erage*all per"asi"e Soft%are*for the ra!io an! the net%or- access
9age 7/ of $4

ban!%i!th

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

Technology*embe!!e!A%earableAlo%#po%erAhigh communication

timeA!isplays. )t has been !eci!e! %ithin Mobile ?C4 not to become in"ol"e! in technology issues or in the !esign of terminals. This is a large area& %hich is much closer to pro!ucts an! better suite! to in!ustry. The remaining !ri"ers are all consi!ere! %ithin the research programme. )t is possible& in principle& to increase significantly the effecti"e bit rate capacity of a gi"en ban!%i!th by using a!apti"e signal processing at both the base station an! the mobile. )n $G systems a!apti"e signal processing has been restricte! to the base station an! so the challenge is to migrate this to the terminal an!& most importantly& to ma-e the t%o en!s co#operati"e. Such techni'ues re'uire close co#operation bet%een the base an! mobile stations in signaling information on channel 'uality& %hilst ma-ing !ecisions an! allocating resources !ynamically. )n a!!ition& the capabilities of both en!s of the linmust be -no%n reciprocally as the channel "aries in both time an! space. )n or!er to optimi+e a lin- continuously& the %ireless net%or- must ac'uire an! process accurate -no%le!ge of metrics that in!icate the current system performance& e.g. noise& inter# an! intra#system interference& location& mo"ement "ariations& an! channel 'uality pre!iction. Such information an! its accuracy must be passe! to the higher layers of the system protocol that ma-e !ecisions an! effect resource allocation. The emphasis on the base station in $G systems is ob"ious as this has the resources& real estate an! capacity to implement the spatial*temporal !igital signal processing nee!e! for antenna arrays together %ith a!"ance! recei"er architectures. The challenge %ill be to migrate this to the much smaller terminal "ia efficient electronics an! algorithms that %ill still allo% a range of ser"ices an! goo! call time. The a"ailability of in!i"i!ual lin- metrics can also be use! at a net%or- le"el to optimi+e !ynamically the net%or- ra!io resources an! to pro!uce a self#planning net%or-. Arguably the most significant !ri"er in the %ireless access is the ban!%i!th a"ailability an! usage an! %hereabouts in the spectrum it %ill fall. Currently $G

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 7H of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

technology is base! aroun! ban!s at 7G2+& but limite! spectrum is a"ailable& e"en %ith the a!!ition of the e,pansion ban!s. The higher bit rates en"isage! for 4G net%or-s %ill re'uire more ban!%i!th. 5here is this to be foun!S The scope for a %orl!#%i!e ban!%i!th allocation is se"erely constraine! an!& e"en if this %ere feasible& the ban!%i!th %oul! be "ery limite!. The re'uirements are thus for much more efficient utili+ation of the spectrum an!& perhaps& ne% i!eas for system co#e,istence. )f the ban!%i!th is fi,e! %e nee! to see- a spectrally more efficient air interface an! this in"ol"es a consi!eration of "arious multiple access& mo!ulation& co!ing& e'uali+ationAinterference cancellation& po%er control& etc. schemes. )n "ie% of our pre"ious comments it is clear that all components of this air interface must be !ynamically a!apti"e. As the %hole net%or- is to be )9 base! this %ill mean e,tremely rapi! a!aptation on a burst basis. )n 4G systems %e nee! to accomplish this at much higher an! "ariable bit rates as %ell as in !ifferent en"ironments (in!oor& out!oor& broa!cast& etc.) an! in the presence of other a!apti"e parameters in the air interface. )n time#!omain systems e'uali+ers %oul! nee! to be a!apti"e an! this raises 'uestions of comple,ity. Eor C6MA& systems coul! use multico!es an! a!apti"e interference cancellation& %hich again raise comple,ity issues. Alternati"ely one coul! mo"e to (E6M#li-e systems (as in 5;A<s)& %hich offer some re!uction in comple,ity by operating in the fre'uency !omain but raise other issues& such as synchroni+ation. The choice of the air interfaceGs multiple access scheme an! a!apti"e components %ill nee! to be base! upon the ease of a!aptation an! reconfigurability an! on the comple,ity. There are also significant research challenges in this area of fle,ible a!"ance! terminal architectures that are not roote! solely in physical layer problems. A further aspect of spectrum efficiency relates to the %ay in %hich regulators allocate ban!%i!th. The current practice of e,clusi"e licensing of a bloc- of spectrum is arguably not the most efficient. )t %oul! be much more efficient to allo% !ifferent operators an! ra!io stan!ar!s to co#e,ist in the same spectrum by !ynamically allocating spectrum as loa!ing !eman!s. )n!ee!& the higher bit#rate ser"ices may nee! to sprea! their re'uirements across se"eral segments of spectrum. There %oul! then be a nee! for a set of rules to go"ern the !ynamic allocation of the spectrum*a self organi+ing set of

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age 7. of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

systems to ma,imise the use of spectrum an! balance the loa!. Gi"en the !egree of co# operation an! the processing alrea!y en"isione! this shoul! be a realistic aim. A great !eal of %or- on the characterisation of ra!io en"ironments has alrea!y been performe! in the 7G2+ an! BG2+ ban!s %ithin the first phase of Mobile ?C4Gs research& an! spatial*temporal channel mo!els ha"e been pro!uce!. 2o%e"er& 4G systems %ill incorporate smart antennas at both en!s of the ra!io lin- %ith the aim of using antenna !i"ersity in the tas-s of canceling out interference an! assisting in signal e,traction. This implies that !irection#of#arri"al information& inclu!ing all multipath components& %ill be an important parameter in !etermining the performance of array processing techni'ues. There is a nee! to augment mo!els %ith such !ata for both the base station an! the terminal station. A more open 'uestion is %here to position the ne,t fre'uency ban!s for mobile communications. An early stu!y is nee!e! here in a!"ance of more !etaile! ra!io en"ironment characteri+ations. Co"erage is li-ely to remain a problem throughout the lifetime of $G systems. The net%or-#of#net%or-s structure of 4G systems& together %ith the a!!ition of multime!ia& multirate ser"ices& mean that co"erage %ill continue to present challenges. 5e ha"e alrea!y seen that the li-ely structure %ill be base! upon a hierarchical arrangement of macro#& micro# an! picocells. Superimpose! on this %ill be the mega cell& %hich %ill pro"i!e the integration of broa!cast ser"ices in a %i!er sense. Dntil no%& it has been assume! that satellites %oul! pro"i!e such an o"erlay& an! in!ee! they %ill in some areas of the %orl!. 2o%e"er& another attracti"e alternati"e coul! be high#altitu!e platform stations (2A9S)& %hich ha"e many benefits& particularly in ai!ing integration. 2A9S are not an alternati"e to satellite communicationsI rather they are a complementary element to terrestrial net%or- architectures& mainly pro"i!ing o"erlai! macro#Amicrocells for un!er lai! 9ico cells supporte! through groun!#base! terrestrial mobile systems. These platforms can be ma!e 'uasi# stationary at an altitu!e aroun! 71* 7B -m in the stratospheric layer an! pro ect hun!re!s of cells o"er metropolitan areas (Eig. /).

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age $0 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

Eig 4.8 C 2A9S pro"i!ing integrate! co"erage

6ue to the large co"erage pro"i!e! by each platform& they are highly suitable for pro"i!ing local broa!casting ser"ices. A communication payloa! supporting $GA4G an! terrestrial 6A3A6?6 air interfaces an! spectrum coul! also support broa!ban! an! "ery asymmetric ser"ices more efficiently than $GA4G or 6A3A6?6 air# interfaces coul! in!i"i!ually. )TD#R has alrea!y recognise! the use of 2A9S as high base stations as an option for part of the terrestrial !eli"ery of )MT#7000 in the ban!s 1HHB*1.H0 M2+& 7010*707B M2+ an! 7110*71/0 M2+ in Regions 1 an! $& an! 1HHB*1.H0 M2+ an! 7110*7180 M2+ in Region 7 (Recommen!ation )TD#R M ()MT#2A9S)). 2A9S ha"e many other a!"antages in re!ucing terrestrial real#estate problems& achie"ing rapi! roll#out& pro"i!ing impro"e! interface management to hun!re!s of cells& spectrally efficient !eli"ery of multicastAbroa!cast& pro"ision of location#base! ser"ices an!& of course& integration. The research challenge is to integrate terrestrial an! 2A9S ra!io access so as to enhance spectral efficiency an! preser"e 1oS for the range of ser"ices offere!. Soft%are& algorithms an! technology are the -eys to the %ireless access sector. )nterplay bet%een them %ill be the -ey to the e"entual system selection& but the Mobile ?C4Gs research programme %ill not be constraine! in this %ay. The aim is to research ne% techni'ues %hich themsel"es %ill form the buil!ing bloc-s of 4G.

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age $1 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

Chapter 4

CONCLUSION
As the history of mobile communications sho%s& attempts ha"e been ma!e to re!uce a number of technologies to a single global stan!ar!. 9ro ecte! 4G systems offer this promise of a stan!ar! that can be embrace! %orl!%i!e through its -ey concept of integration. Euture %ireless net%or-s %ill nee! to support !i"erse )9 multime!ia applications to allo% sharing of resources among multiple users. There must be a lo% comple,ity of implementation an! an efficient means of negotiation bet%een the en! users an! the %ireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to fulfill the goal of 9CC (personal computing an! communication)*a "ision that affor!ably pro"i!es high !ata rates e"ery%here o"er a %ireless net%or-. 4G seems to be a "ery promising generation of %ireless communication that %ill change the peopleGs life in the %ireless %orl!. There are many stri-ing attracti"e features propose! for 4G %hich ensures a "ery high !ata rate& global roaming etc. <e% i!eas are being intro!uce! by researchers throughout the %orl!& but ne% i!eas intro!uce ne% challenges. There are se"eral issues yet to be sol"e! li-e incorporating the mobile %orl! to the )9 base! core net%or-& efficient billing system& smooth han! off mechanisms etc. 4G is e,pecte! to be launche! by 7010 an! the %orl! is loo-ing for%ar! for the most intelligent technology that %oul! connect the entire globe.

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age $7 of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

R.-.R.NC.S
Te,t 3oo-s
1) @. T. Sun& @. Sau"ola& 6. 2o%ie& KEeatures in futureC 4G "isions from a technical perspecti"e&L Global Telecommunications Conference& 7001. G;(34C(MJ01&)444& ?olumeC8& 7B#7.&<o".7001& ppC$B$$ # $B$/ "ol.8 7) S. :. 2ui& >. 2. :eung& K Challenges in the migration to 4G mobile systems&L Communications Maga+ine& )444 & ?olumeC 41 & )ssueC 17 & 6ec. 700$& ppCB4 O B. $) A. 3ria& E. Gessler& (. 1ueseth& R. Stri!h& M. Dnbehaun& @. 5u& @. Tan!er& K4th# generation %ireless infrastructuresC scenarios an! research challenges&L 9ersonal Communications& )444 Msee also )444 5ireless CommunicationsN& ?olumeCH& )ssueC8& 6ec.7001& ppC7B # $1 4) D. ?arshney& R. @ain& K)ssues in emerging /( %ireless net%or-s&L Computer& ?olumeC$4& )ssueC8& @une7001& ppC.4 # .8 B) >. R. Santhi& ?. >. Sri"asta"a& G. Senthil>umaran& A. 3utare& KGoals of true broa! ban!Js %ireless ne,t %a"e (/(#BG)&L ?ehicular Technology Conference& 700$. ?TC 700$#Eall. 700$ )444 BHth & ?olumeC 4 & 8#. (ct. 700$& 9agesC7$1/ # 7$71 ?ol.4 8) ;. Then& T. 5enan& S. @un!e& 2. Chunping& KConsi!eration an! research issues for the future generation of mobile communication&L 4lectrical an! Computer 4ngineering& 7007. )444 CC4C4 7007. Cana!ian Conference on & ?olumeC$& 17# 1BMay&7007 & ppC17/8 # 17H1 "ol.$ /) @. 2u& 5. 5. ;u& K(pen %ireless architecture # the core to /( mobile communications&L Communication Technology 9rocee!ings& 700$. )CCT 700$. )nternational Conference on & ?olumeC 7 & .#11 April 700$ ppC1$$/ # 1$47 "ol.7 H) <. Monta"ont& T. <oel& K2an!o"er management for mobile no!es in )9"8 net%or-s&L Communications Maga+ine& )444 & ?olumeC 40 & )ssueC H & Aug.7007& 9agesC$H O 4$

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age $$ of $4

A Seminar Report

Challenges in the Migration to 4G

.) S. Chatter ee& 5. A. C Eernan!o& M. >.. 5asantha& KA!apti"e mo!ulation base! MC#C6MA systems for /( %ireless consumer applications&L Consumer 4lectronics& )444 Transactions on & ?olumeC 4. & )ssueC4& <o".700$& ppC..B O 100$ 10) 5. Thou& R. ;u& @. Thu& KM#ary MC#C6MA system for /(&L ?ehicular Technology Conference& 7001. ?TC 7001 Eall. )444 ?TS B4th & ?olumeC 4& & /# 11.(ct.7001& ppC77$4 # 77$H "ol.4 11) 3. G. 4"ans an! >. 3aughan& U?isions of 4G&U 4lectronics an! Communication 4ngineering @ournal& 6ec. 7007.. 17) 2. 2uomo& <o-ia& UEourth Generation Mobile&U presente! at ACTS Mobile Summit..& Sorrento& )taly& @une 1.... 1$) @. M. 9ereira& UEourth GenerationC <o%& )t )s 9ersonal&U 9rocee!ings of the 11th )444 )nternational Symposium on 9ersonal& )n!oor an! Mobile Ra!io Communications& ;on!on& D>& September 7000 14) Al#Muhta!i& @.& 6. Mic-unas& an! R. Campbell. KA light%eight reconfigurable security mechanism for $GA4G mobile !e"ices.L )444 5ireless Communications ..7 (7007)C80O8B.

3e+ ite
1) httpCAA%%%.mobileinfo.comA$GA4G?ision=Technologies.htm. 7) httpCAAne,telonline.ne,tel.comAenAstoresApopupsA4GFco"erageFpopup.shtml $) httpCAAseminarsan!pro ect.blogspot.comA700.A08Achallenges#in#migration#to# 4g.html 4) httpCAA4g#%irelesse"olution.tmcnet.comAconferenceAeast#10A!efault.htm B) httpCAAen.%i-ipe!ia.orgA%i-iA4G 8) httpCAA4g#%irelesse"olution.tmcnet.com /) httpCAA%%%.iec.orgAonlineAtutorialsAsmart antAtopic01.html

3R4C5& 4C4 6ept 7008# 10

9age $4 of $4