ZA National Semiconductor Linear Applications Handbook St gs mere CCAS jeuonen EYZANational LINEAR APPLICATIONS HANDBOOK ‘The purpose ofthis handbook is to provide a fully indoxod land cross-referenced collection of near integrated cet fapplcstons using bom monolithic and hyo ercata rom ‘National Samiconauctr. Individual appication noes are normaly wntan to explain {he operation and use of one particular device orto dota various methods of accomplishing a given funtion. The ot {arization of this handbook takos advantage ofthis nate Coherence by Keeping each appcation note intact rang ing thom in romercal ordor, and providing a detalld Sub ject index Many of the applcaton schematics callout the generic fam ily ontied by othr the miltary temperature range version for commercial temperaturo range version of tho device. Generally, any device inthe goneric faa will work inthe ‘orca. For example, an ampitierindicatad as an LM108 Fates to tho genorc "106" family, and does not my that ‘ony iltary-grade devices wil work nthe application. Mi- tary (or industia) and rime elctical ("A") grado dovcos road only be considered when thar ghter electrical hts ‘or widortomporatur rango warrants thi use “Tho temperature range of near dovices i indestod by 0 ‘ar tho fst dgtin the part numb, o lt folowing the base par number ‘Speciied Temperature Grade ae Part Number itary ~S5°0-S Tas 125°C. LAX oF LMM Edonded” 400 < Tas +1256 LINO Indust” =25°C-< Ta < +85. LMZXX oF LMXXX! Commatcal OC < Ty < 470°C LMBXX oF LMXOXC “Some industal temperature range devoes may be rated {or the extended (also krown a8 automotive) tonperatire ‘ange. Oer extended temperature range devices may net ‘incide a temperature range designation n thar pat fur ‘bar Chack the device datasheet or the spociod tempera. taro ranges Because commercial pats ave les expensive than itary cor nds, those points enould be kept in mind when ty ing te determine tho most cost-efectve approach to a given design. yoogpuey suoneoyddy se8Ur]‘TRADEMARKS Flowing i the most current list of National Semiconductor Gorporaton's wadomarks and rgisterd trademarks. asicm Embedded System MiCROWIRE/PLUS™ SSERIES/e00™ ‘Abusoablom™ Processor" MOLEM Sores 320008 ‘anacig™ een Mean SIMPLE SWITCHERT™ apesiy EZ.UNKTH st sum ‘pine Fac Nakeo.om™ sNic™ ASPECTIN FACT Quit Sees™ Natonal® SoChekr ‘ATLANTIC FAIRCADT Natonel Semiconductor? 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As used herain 1. Lie support devices or systems are devices ox systoms 2. cca component is ary component of ie support wich, a) ae intanded for sugcal implant ito the body, ‘vies ox sym whose fare to pertorm cn be reason ‘or (©) support or sustain ie, and whose fare to pe. ably expoctod to cause tho fare o ho He support de form, when propery used in cordance wit inebuctons ‘Yee oraystom, orto affect is safety or effectiveness. {or ube provided in te labeling, can be reasonably Ox pected 10 result ina significant injury to te use, [National Semiconductor Corporation 2000 Sriconductr Dive, 0, Box 5808, Sara Cara, Caloia 85052-8080 1-200-272.959 ‘Twa (10) 868200 ‘tora dos ot see ary rns le yoy dnb oedema Nana xaos eh ay re ‘tet ran te hanged rey or estosZANational Linear Applications Numerical List Application Notes ae [ANS Dit Compensation Tecmniques for Integrated OC Ample. ww87 ‘AN-4 Monolithic Op-Amp-—Tho Universal Linear Component 4/60 AN-13._ Appleton of to LH0002 Curent Ample ree |AN-20 An Appicaion Gude for Op Arps. 2700 ‘AN-23, The LM105—An Improved Postive Regulator 69 ‘AN-24 A Senplifed Test Set or Op Amp Characterization 188 N29 IC Op Amp Beals FETS on Input Curent 12760 AN30 Log Comveners 160 ANS1 Op Amp Creuit Calection 278 AN32 FET rout Apptcations 2/70 |AN-41_Procision IC Comparator Runs trom # 5V Loge Suppy. 10/70 [AN-42 IC Provides On Card Regulation for Logie Crcuts 2m |AN-I8__Tho Phase Locked Loop IC a a Communications System Buldng look em ‘AN-AS. _Appfcations fora Now Utra High Speed Bute. em in Diode rivers 175 1.2 Reference wm L380 Power Audio Areitier ware ‘Miropower cuts Using the L250 Programmable Op Am. 71 ‘Tho LMSG00—A Now Curert.Diferencing Quad + Input Amps ore. Lutr99/L1299/LM938—-A Quad of indoperdenty Functoning Comparators 73 1G Pre-Amp Challenges Choppers on Dit 2173 Lt125/LM126 Precision Dua Tracking Ragulators ere0 Comparing the High Speod Comparators 873 ‘CMOS Linear Applications 77 ‘Versatile Timer Operates trom Miccoseconds to Hours vem Lageo Sorios Thro Terminal Posive Regulstors 8/60 Nose Specs Contusng? sit Fast IC Power Transistor wth Thermal Protection 5/74 Use the LM158/258/358 Dual, Sng Supply Op Amp 8/80 |Utt49 Monolinic High Vatage Operation AmpierAppcaions a6 FM Remote Speaker System ors 1.BVIC Fashor, Oscar, Trigger or Alarm. 2175 ‘Spoctying A/D and D/A Corwanrs 2176 IC Vottage Reterence Has 1 ppm por Degree Dnt 276 M2907 TachometerSpeod Switch Bung Block Applications errs IC Zonar Eases Rotorence Doign 1176 Appcation or an Adtabl IC Power Regustor wm 3-Terminal Reguetors Adustable an Improving Power Supply Rekatlty with IC Power Regustors a7 Foteronces for A/D Converters wa Single Chip Data Acquistion System Simpifios Analog to Digtal Cnversion un |AN-200 CMOS A/D Convertor Chips Easy ntrace to B080A Microprocessor System 3/78 {AN-202 A Digital Mutietor Using ADDGSO8 7180 [AN-210 New Phaso-Lockod Loops Have Advantage as Frequency to Voltage Converters {ard more) 4179 AN-211 Now Op Amps ideas v2 |AN222. Super Matched Bipolar Transistor Par Sats New Standard for Dri and Noe 7178 Revision ate 66 9106 616 8/90 ere6 3191 art 2191 6186 8/90 5786 10/90 8180 381 2790 27a 6/06 2/90 e190 2181 2/90 Page 7 6 16 19 3 2 ° 66 Ed 9 107 119 110 199 40 148 180 187 168, an ar 251 27 ze aot 302 au 318 209 339 3s 262 365 a5 ara 385, 395, 290 “7 439 1817 feoHeUINN suopeoyddy se8Ur]Linear Applications Numerical List Linear Applications Numerical List (conirues) ‘Application Notes Anas an2a7 an203 ana an207 an200 Anat aN-242 ands ana ana N25 AN256 AN258 AN204 N20 aN208 N29 aN-900 ano N07 Anant N96 ana aNaue anus anaes AN306 N90 ant 1 Temperature Sensor Provides Thermocouple Col Junction Compensation. Appeation of Wideband Butter ‘Tho A/0 Easily Alows Many Unusual Appécations. ‘An rtroduoton to Sampling Thaerom CConvaltion Digital Signal Processing. Wide Range Curent16-Frequancy Converters Werking with High Impedance Op Ams. ‘Aapving New Predision Op Amp. ‘Appleton of the ADC-1210 CMOS A/D Gonvorter Using the ADC0806/ADCO60E 6-6 uP Compal A/D Convertors with &.Channe! ‘Analog Mt exer ut0028 and LH0032 High Speod Op Amp Applications Power Spectium Estimation (Geet for inexpensive Relative Humidity Measurement ‘Data Acquisition Using the ADCO616 ana ADCOt7 &-Bit A/D Corwerter wth On-hip 16 Channa Mutipoxe. ‘420-31 pom) Linear Sopeitegrating A/O Converter Low Distortion Wideband Power Op Amp ‘Appling Dual and Quad FET Op Amps ‘Sno Wave Generation Techniques ‘An locronc Watt Watt Hour Meter : CGrut Applications of Sample-Hoid Aplin. Circuit Apocations of Multiplying CMOS A/D Converters Applying the Now CMOS MICRO-DAC (Op Amp Booster Designs (CMOS 4/0 Convortorntraces Easy wih Many Microprocessors. (CMOS 0/A Convartrs Match Most Microprocessors ‘ANew Low Cost Sampled Data 10.81 CMOS A/D Convertor “Te Now MICRO-OAC Product Line for Wxoprocessor Systems. Designing with a New Super Fast Dual Norton Amir [A/D Convertors Easy Interface wih 70 Series Meroprocestors. ‘ata Acgutston Using INSBO48 ‘Single Supply Applications of CMOS MIGRO-DACs [An Acoustic Transformer Powered Super High slain Ampiiir. ‘Applieaions of te LM382 Comparator Op Amp IC ‘system-Cranted DC-DC Conversion Techniques | Applications of he LM9S24 Puse- With Modulator ‘ContotAppicatons af CMOS DACs Special Same aed Hold Techniques [A High PecormanceIndustial Woighi"g System. Ispiation Techriques fr Signal Conditoning ‘Aus Aopicatons of Linea Integrated Crus Sinple Grcut Detects Loss of 4 mA~20 mA Signal ‘Signal Condtoning fe Sophstested Transducers Introducing the MF 10: A Versatile Monolithic Active itr Buaiding Block Teer and Appcatons of Loganthmic Amotiers Understanding integrated Grout Package Power Capabiies 1605 Stoning Regulator LF19008/LF 12007 Preison Digital Gan Set Appicatons High-Performance Aus Applications ofthe LMS. [Audio Noisa Reduction and Masking |ANon. Complementary Aus Naise Reduction System DONR® Application of the L894. ‘The LMTE23: A High Quality TV Video LF. Ampiir ana Synchronous Detoctor for Cablo Rocoivers, 479 10/79 1/80 v80 1780 6/20 2190 4/20 920 790 11700 2793 ver ve 7181 5/8 ares 2106 vei ee ora 9781 781 7183 7181 781 oat set set 978 10781 98 4/92 eve 9/82 4182 are 5/82 4182 5/2 v82 eva 2769 ove 3/94 ves 3/85 3785, 3785, ares 6186 8/90 3/91 10/00 6/86 eres ore a0 9796 3 9726 6786 eee 07/86 eee 6/86 6766 6/8 eres 291 6728 ees e726, eee 9796, 6/86 6/86 6/88, 8/90 2790 4a eres 6706, 290 Page 4a “9 465 469 499 495, 501 523 501 547 550 586 658 664 ore eet 085 290 695 701 109 ns 728 74 m4 750 754 758 705 ro 74 708 707 e7 et rc 258Linear Applications Numerical List (conines) ‘Application Notes ‘AN-4o2 N35 AN ana? ‘aN-460 ‘AN-656 ‘anon ANo4 ‘aNe706 anit aNris anre9 ans anr76 ana ane anes ansze aNs4o anase Nast AN987 AN-a98 an-006 a57 B10 ra B12 A824 B30 te Les ws te te tee Les Lee te Lee Lee tea te29 Laas Leas to26 tear M2089 RF. Modulator LMC895 Digital Contlled Graphic Equalizer... ‘A 180W IC Op Amp Simpiios Design of Power Circus Protecton Schemes for BIFET Amplifiers and Swichos LMS4/LM35 Precson Monolithic Temperature Sensors ‘Understanding the Operaton of CRT Monitor... Mes Programming Guide 'ADMOS 3A, 55V H-Brdgo: Tho LMO18200 {LWe28/LM629 User Gude |L78540 Switching Volage Regulator Applications Lo85 Foodeack Provos Regulator isolation (Dynamic Speciicatons fe Sampling A/D Converters ‘Spectiatons and Architectures of Sample-ané-Hoid Arps 20W Sipe Switcher Forward Convarir M2577 Thros Output, lolated Fyback Regulator. [ABasi Introduction to Fiters-Actve, Passive, and Switched. Capacitor Topics on Using tho LM6181—A Now Current Feedback Amplifier Increasing the High Speed Torque of Bpolar Stopper Motors. DDevolopmant of an Extosive SPICE Macromoda for"Curont Feedback” Ampere 'ASPICE CompatibioMacromede! for CMOS Operational Ampere ‘Guide to CRT Design Designing the Video Section of 1600 x 1280Pixel CATS ‘Audio Ampitiors Ubizing: SPKE™ Protection Intrtacing tho LM12454/8 Data Accuisiion System Chips to Microprocessors and Mesocontrolors Mutibratr Timer CAD : Fisd Love Cont! System High ficiency Regulator Has Low Drop Out Votage Wide Adjustable Range PNP Votage Regulator 7 Bench Testing LM3800 and LM359 Input Pararetors Diinerng Display Expands Bar Graphs Resolution 'RS-222 Line Dver Power Sup. . Instrumentation Ampfer Feedforward Compensation Speeds Op AMS <-.-.-. Fast Compensation Extends Power Bandwith High © Notch Fitor Fast Votlage Comparators wah Low input Curent Precision AC/DC Converters Unversl Balancing Techniques. ‘Tho LMT10—An proved C Votage Follower. {An IC Vottage Comparator for High impedance Crcuity ‘Spood Up the LM108 with Feedtorward Compensation High Stabty Rogulators Easily Tuned Sine Wave Osestaars M118 Op Amp Slows 70V/u8. ++ 5V to ~18V Convertor Prascting Op Amp Slow Reto Limited Resporsa ‘Fully Ditferental input Votage Ampifor Inetumeotaional Amplifier Low Ont Ameltior . Precso Tit Wave Generation \Vorsatle I Pre-Amp Makes Thermocouple Ampifir wih Coluncton ‘Compensation ‘True ms Detector ‘Speciting Selected Op Amps and Comparators Micropower Thermometer Date 0785, 786 4706 4708, 6/86 re 4/90 6/90 2/90 +1790 11790 5/91 792 ert ert 43 3192 5/93, 11788 re) 1799 12103, 10790 10709, 3786 1189 ore) 2104 eres, eve 6786 3769 3169 5769) 169 5/69 8769 8769 3170 470 170 wm am on 77 evr wee 673 2186 era era era 10/73 474 Page or2 eat 905 917 1069, 102 si92 1194 196 197 11998 110 1142 saa 148, sae 19) 1350 1159 1155, 1187 1160 1162 11664 1168, 1168 1170 1972 1174 1176 1178 1179 1180 s102 164 1106 3871 eouoUNy suopeoyddy seeUryLinear Applications Numerical List [UI[EEE HEE Ete Linear Applications Numerical List (cones ‘Applicaton Notes Le20 SEEEE § ‘Goneral Purpose Power Supply Merovelt Comparator ‘AMicropowerVotage Retorence ‘Adjustable 3-TerminalRoguatr for Low-Cost Batory Charging Systems ‘Wide Range Timer ircult Techniques for Avoiding Oscilationsin Comparator Appicaions Precision Reterance Uses Only Ten Weroamperes (Got Fast Stable Response om improved Unty-GainFolowors ‘Got More Power Out of Dual or Quad Op Amps Frequoncy-1o-Vollage Converter Uses Sample-and-Holdto improve Response and Fiple ‘ANew Production Technique or Tinming Vlage Reguatrs High Votlage Adjustable Power Suppies ‘Simple Voltneto Monitors TTL Supplies Programmable Power Rogulaters Halp Check Ou Compu System Operating Margins ‘Ada Kevin Sonsig and Paral Capabity to 3-Terminal Reguators ‘Alow Noise Prison Op Amp {P interface fora Free Running A/D Alows Asynctwonous Reads ‘The Monolithic Oecation! Amplifier: ATutoral Study. VF Convertor C's Handle Frequency i-Votage Needs Vorsatle Monolthic VF's Gan Compute as wal as Conver with High Accuracy Standard Resstance Values 9s 12/00 781 12704 8/00 8/e0 eres Page 1188 1190 1192 1199 1195 1198 1198 1200 1202 1208 1208, 1208 1210 1212 1214 1218 1210 1220 241 1247 1254ZANational Device/Application Literature Cross-Reference Device Number ADc300K. ‘aoceo ‘Aocoe0} ‘apco802 ‘aDcoe03 ‘aocoe0at ‘ADco804 ‘ADC0805 ‘ADcoe08 ‘aDcoe09 ‘ADco816 ‘anc087 ‘aDco820 ‘Anco ‘A0co822 -..| ‘A0c0899 ‘aDco894 ‘a0c0898 apcro01 ADCIO05 ADCI048Y ADcr0462 ADcr0464 ncro86e ‘010864 apci210 anci24at ADc12451 ‘aDcaso1 ‘ADC2511 ‘ADCa701 anca7i cou016. ACK. DACDEO0 « pacoe20 acne ‘Acoea2 DaC000 ‘acto: pacto02 ‘oacr006 aci007 Application Literature anenae 7 anise AN-980 + AN-299, ANZ71, AN-2TA,AN-200, AN-281, AN.204, LS |AN-233, AN-274,AN-280, AN-281,LB-69 |AN-233, AN-274, AN-280, AN-283, 8-69 7 2 ‘AN-460 7 /AN-288, AN274, AN-276, AN-280, AN:261, N01, AN-460,LB-59, 7 |AN-233, AN-274, AN-280, AN-263, 6-69, : |AN-247, AN280, AN-281 |AN-247,AN-260, |AN198, AN-247, AN-258, AN-200 a |AN-247,AN258, AN-280 AN237 |AN-280,AN-261 'AN-200, AN-281 sl |AN-200, AN-281 : |AN-200, AN-281 |AN-200, AN-281 . |AN276, AN-280, AN-281 7 aay AN280 ANT69 AN 769 ‘AN-769 ‘AN-760 aaeaa 'AN-769 ae AN 245 7 -AN-769 AN-769 'AN-200, AN202 oe ‘AN-200 seseeeee 7 'AN-200 7 ‘AN-200 ABO ANA86 AN693 7 AN284 AN271,AN-264 AN271,AN-266 na |AN271,AN-275, AN2T7, AN-288 |AN271,AN-275, AN277, AN-286 |AN271, AN-275, AN2T7,AN-286 ore |AN271,AN-275, AN.277, AN-284 |AN271,AN-278, AN277, AN-284 /201na ‘suas}8y-88019 aunjes9yr uoReoNddy /Device/Application Literature Cross-Reference Device/Application Literature Cross-Reference (conn Device Number ‘Application Literature pAcr008 |AN-271, AN-275, AN-277, AN-268 acto20 |AN-269, AN-269, AN-2299, AN-294, AN:200 actors Petia data ele AN260 acto22 a AN 269 act208 esceeeecersesersANETH AN2B4 ACI200 . ANZT1,AN284 Dactaro ANZ71,AN-284 pactare ae an289 pacra19 . ‘an-en2 act220 . |AN258, AN-209 acraet 7 “AN269 acra22 AN268 actes0 7 i aN204 aciast |AN271,AN-284 aci2s2 |AN271,AN-284 aci280 |AN261, AN-269, 0036. an259 Ho035, AN8 Ns@070 0.0. 7 ‘aN-260 wey 7 ery L155 ‘| /AN268, AN-447 L198 |AN248, AN-204 Leary ANSOt Lesar |AN-256, AN-282,AN-283, AN-265,AN-266, AN-901, N44, AN-447, LB. Las "AN-242, AN-269, AN-266, AN-271, AN-27S,AN-289, AN-447, Appondlc Las AN-240 L058 . ‘Appar L353 [AN-256, AN-250, AN.262, AN-269, AN-26, AN-271, AN-286, AN-299, AN-447, LB-44, Appendix D L386 - AN-253, AN-258, AN-260, AN-263, AN-266, AN-271, AN-272, |AN.275, AN-203,AN-204, AN-285, AN.SO1, AN-447, ANS Urasr 7 eves AN269, NAAT, B42 L308. [AN-247, AN-258,AN-266, AN-204, AN-296, L-45 eats |AN-294, AN-3OT, ANG44, AN-447 rae |AN272, AN-299, AN-901, AN-344, AN-447 urea i eves A901, ANAT Lrr9006. 7 : ANS uFt9007 ANA utaaat [AN-204, ANAT ‘unoo0e fio cscs ANS9,AN-227, AN-269, N272, AN-3O1 ‘Unooze at : seseeeneeesecteeeenseteceses ANDES ‘LHo032 7 [AN 242, AN-253, uHooas [AN-48,AN-227, AN-253 ‘uHo08s ce ceeereees AN 27 uHo070 os veo /ANOt Lvoo71 AN 2A 0004 i ANSO nore . 'AN261 1605 5 7 ANS Unzaae 7 ANGST ry ‘AN211,AN-267, AN-258,AN.271, AN-288,AN-299, AN-300, AN-460, AN-659 ut oo [AN 241, AN-242, AN.260, AN-208, AN-271Device/Application Literature Cross-Reference (contrved) Device Number Application Literature ua 7 ea AN-446, AN-690,AN-706 IMO LAN, AN-1, AN-20, AN-24, LB-42, Append A Lora, |AN-29, ANO, ANG, AN-79, AN-241 AN-711,LB-1,LE-2,LB-, LBS, L9-14, LBB, LB-19, LB-28 ws02 | ANS, ANS3,AN-90, LB, LB, LEG, LB-11 a3... re AN-110,LB-41 os. [AN-23,AN10,L83 tr08 ‘AN44, 8-6, LB2 nor 7 |AN20, AN31, Lt, L312, LBA9, Appendix Latio8 i |AN29, AN-0, ANS, AN-79, ANU, AN-241,LB-14, 18-15, LB21 LMMOBA. a . Si on [AN 260, (8-15, 18-19, uattos N42, 18415 Lamon, 7 i kB U0... 7 6-11,.842 Uitte cece JANA1, AN-08, LB2, LB-16,LB-92, 18.99 wn. 7 tee ume, i sssesses ANSE, AN-110, LB-21,L8-24,LB-28, 6-37 luni? : Ss AN-178, AN-181, N82, L-46, L847 una F 146,547 uae 7 --LB-17, 8-18, B21, 1-23, Append A one : see . 1823 20, aa AANS@2 umn [AN-79, ANAD4, AN-184, AN-260, L8-22 nasa ei 7 L392 Lnze everson N97, 18-98 Les. ‘ange 2s ‘ANS Lae 7 i [AN-173,AN-178, AN-262, AN-266 Lanai ne |AN.210, AN-460, Appendix D Lara AN210 uae 18.41, N46 was 7 |AN-226, AN-262, AN-292,AN-208, AN-460 tus? 7 5 L846 Umar Le.48 uar98 iat Lee W199 eevee : aN74 cases . |ANI21, ANT ua. AN 260 Ls0 it L346 Lass. i - ANAI6 Lao 7 ANS? ume N87, AN266 utes. AN205 Loe 7 . /AN222, 18-21 sos. s ANA10 Loo -AN-161, AN260 Latrooa 7 . ANA6t UMatt .. dea L338 went. oo 7 an210 oy ‘AN210 ass. AN 225 Lae a rat ANA ‘20u920}84-$8015 ainjeia}r uoneoyddy /eo}Aeq,Device/ Application Literature Cross-Reference Device/Application Literature Cross-Ret Device Number vga. gos uo8a 08 usr ues Lwve16, wer? ur uate wo19 azo. uneaz1 use uns20 uso mao. sat Lata ws Las Leas umes? Laas. aes Lao Laeao, ae. Las uot see ans mao4 uwses -Applieation Literature 7 aNai6 ANST ‘ANS7 ‘AN-460 mae 'AN460 JANCA7B,AN-181, N22 [AN-68, AN-84, AN-272,LB-22,LB.28, AppondixD 'AN-225, 18.24 |AN-178,AN-182 [AN-41, AN-108, AN-260, AN-269, AN-268, AN-264, AN-295, AN-SO7, LB-12, 8-16, LB-18, LB-89 ‘AN 263 AN.258 1 AN70, 18.95, L-46 64 [AN-299,8-21 ti ‘AN 828, AN-271, AN-298, i (AN 208 7 LB.24 |AN88, AN-258, AN.274, AN-284, AN-S01, LB-48, AB.25, Appendix |AN-256, AN-269, AN-284, AN:205, AN.901 anes ANO1 |AN-210, AN-240, AN.265, AN-278, AN-265, AN-311, L-45,Appendhe C, Appendix -AN-210, Appendix 7 /AN-242, AN-256, AN284 [AN-225, AN-262, AN295, 'AN-202, AN-247, AN-258 : . 48 pera 649,651 [AN-T4,ANG245, AN-274 oo ANOS, ANAB2 7 AN256 i N28 ‘AN202, 8-64 sentient ‘AN 202, L842 i Seocssenanneneneees Lae [ANG116, AN-247, N-271, AN:276, AN-264, AN-288, penx 7 ApperetixD 7 AN-278,AB-24 7 ‘ANT |AN87, AN-294 7 AN2TY . i AN50, ANB ANAT |AN-242, AN-256, AND}, AN-344, AN-480, AN-699, AN-T77 LBs AN272 7 . so AN274,AN-286 [AN-271,AN274, AN-299, AN-698 |AN-262, AN-269, AN271, AN-289, AN-200, ANSI, LB-52 [AN-178, AN-181, AN-282, AN-269, AN-266, AN-QDI, AN-460, 8.28Device/Application Literature Cross-Reference continued) Device Number ase. sss LMss6 Uses N86, Leos. Lez v2 uw709 uw710 wes way ves wea. re L202, 209, us. use Ls LMI 704. Uar829, 830 L985, ur886, Lsen9, unten veas9 wes77 ‘2889 907... 017 vasa Lasaicr Loa. Lsoas aoe. Lwasze LMas25 was7ea 14876, ‘a900 900... oor aos o015 Las990 L250 vere: wra00. Ltr24s4/8 e209 ‘Application Literature AN104 AN-694,08-7 i 197 ANB, ANB ANt46 coos ANAED |AN699, AN-708 |AN695, AN-694,AN-706 AN24,AN-30 Nt, 8-12 p22 AN-79, 18-19, 1.22 [AN.996, AN-390, ANS AN300 ANSE? ‘AN961 ANA |AN-272, AN-288,AN-202, AN-280 ANA6 48-20 N91 ABO 'AN-290 ‘an-402 ‘AN-402 [AN.994, AN-986, AN-290 ‘AN801 ANT76,ANTT? -AN01, AN-402 ANA62 ‘ANA62 B12 AB AN286 |AN-146,AN200 sate ANAA7 [AN-272, AN-208,AN-202, AN-200 N59 A890 AN-898 |AN-T2, AN-283, AN-274, AN-278, LB-20,AB-24 AN 154 15.27, AN-460 ‘AN-460,LB-48,A8-25 'AN-386 "ANG (AN-98, 19-04 ‘AN819, AN-040 ANTE -AN906 AN706 ‘souasajay-ss019 asnjes9y] UOReDIddy/ao1AeqDevice/Application Literature Cross-Reference Device/Application Literature Cross-Reference (contiues Device Number wara.i2 7 uareso Loss: 7 eso ce woes Lwcso4e Lesoe2 Lmoso82 : Loses Lor8200 U0... . Lo, : LM90. LMF 100 LMe120 one F380 ‘F390 : Laz 1305, ves pose ra 7 rr SaPhsenisenos SRE! Fo. Fe. eto : Mwe7i8 aie Mase104, ae Mws7110 Mw74c09 a Mwraco2. ae o7aco4. au Mw7aco4s, 7 Mwratica6 i 74.3199 - ‘uvs2200 N00 . Application Literature seseeees ANA, ANTI AAN-460, ANS28 i N56 [AN495 7 N56 AN-656 AN-856 . AN-856 aH |AN604, AN-828 7 ANT N77 : ANTS ‘ANT i ANT79 ‘ANT7 : ANTS i ‘AN284 en AAN480 i "ANI56 SANTIS ‘ANTIO ANTI N78 |AN907, AN-T7B L854 [AN 252, AN-207, 18.54 eseneen nase N88 aia AN88 N88 ‘ANA88 ‘AN861, AN-867 1356 JAN-200 AN32 FyZANational Subject Index 10 (See Analog-to-igtal) ABSOLUTE VALUE AMPLIFIER: ANS |AC AMPLIFIER: AN-31, AN-48, AN-T2 ‘AC TO DC CONVERTER: AN31, LB ACTIVE FILTER (Gee Fiter) asc 0G: AN-72 Methods: AN-72 Television Signal: AN-291 ALARM Inexponsive IC: AN-154 AMM: Demoduators and Detectors: ANAS AMMETER AN, AN242 AMPLIFIERS: 180 Watt Op Amp, LM 12: AN-448 AAC: ANS, ANS, AN-72 ‘Absolute Valuo: ANT AGC: AN-901 ‘AnteLog Generator: AN-30, ANT ‘Aur: AN-32, AN-69, ANT2, AN-668 Battery Powered: AN-71, AN-211 Bias Curent: AN-242 Bdge: AN-28, ANSI Bridged: N69 Buttered: AN-269 Butfrad High Curant Output AN-4, ANS, 'AN28, ANS}, AN-A8, AN-253, AN261, ANL272 (cascode, FET: ANS2 (cascode, AF: ANS2 (Grout Description LHO002:AN-4, AN-13, AN-227 CGrcut Description LH0028:AN-253, CCrcut Desepion LH0082: AN-253 (Gut Description LHO088: AN-48, AN-227 Grout Deserption L008: AN-227 (Ceeut Doseption LM108/LM208/LM908: AN-29 (Cecut Dosertion LM116/1M218/LN918: L817 (Geet section L000: AN-72 (Cacut Dosertion LM4250 Micropower Programmable Amp: ANT! Clamping: AN-31, LBS (CMOS as Ungar Amp: AN ‘Compensaton: AN-242, AN253, AN819, AN.861 CCRT (Cathode Ray Tube}: AN-t Curent Ample: AN4, AN-18, AN-227 (Current Feedback Ampiio: ANB13, AN-S40 Ditronce: AN-20, AN-29, AN91, AN-72 Diterental Input: L8-20 Diterentator AN-20, AN91, AN-72 DitallyControsod: AN-268 Dit Testing: N73 Dual Op Amp with Single Supply: AN-116 FET Input AN-4, AN29, AN-32, AN-227, ’AN253, AN447 Fiber Optic Link: AN-253, Follower (See Voltage Fotower) Frequency Compensation: AN.79 High Curent Butter: AN-4,AN-9, AN-29, 'ANGI, AN-8, AN227 High Input impedance: AN-28, AN1, AN-S2, AN-48, [AN-72, AN'227, AN-24, AN253, [8-4 High Resolution (Video: AN-87, ANB13, AN-861 High Speed: AN.227, AN-259, 18.42, AN-819, AND, ‘AN, AN-667 High Speed Peak Detector: AN-227 High Speed Sample and Hold: AN-253, High Votage: AN-72, AN-127 Improved DC Cheractrstes: AN7 Input Guaraing: AN-28, AN-4a7 Inetumentaton: AN-28, AN‘1, AN-71, AN-79, ’AN-127, AN-222, AN242,LB-1,LB-29 Inatumentation Shiola/Line Dever AN-AB Intgrator: AN-20, AN-20, ANS, N72, AN-EB Integrate, JFET AC Coupled: AN-32 Invaring: AN-20, ANSI, AN-71, AN-72 LB-17 Lovel Shitting: AN-4, ANAS, AN-32, N41, ANSAB ne Receiver: AN-72 Logaritic Convertor AN-28, AN-0, ANSI Low Dit: AN-79, AN-222, 18.2, 12-26 Low Frequency: AN-74 Low Noise: AN222, ANSE Low Ottset: AN-242 Motor: AN-73 Micropower: AN-71 Microphone: AN-346, Nano-Watt: N71 Noe: AN-241 xepuy yoalangSubject Index Subject Index (conioves) "Noise Specticatons: AN-104, 8-26 Non-invarting Ampiio: AN-20, AN-S1, AN-72 Non-Linear ANS, ANY Norton: AN-72, AN-278. Operational AN4, AN20, AN-29, AN, "AN69, AN-211, AN-241, AN-445, Append A (Output Resistance: AN-28 Peraiing: 8-46 Photocel AN-20 Photodiode: AN-20, AN-29, ANS, LB-12 Photoresisor Bridge: AN-29 Pezoslectic Transducer: AN29, AN-S1 Power: AN69, AN-72, AN-110, AN-125, AN-127, TAN-446, AN-898, L244 (See also Burr, High Curent) Proamp: AN-79, AN-346, (3.24 Pulse: AN-19 Rejection, Power Supply: AN-28 Reset Statitzod: AN-20 RF (See RF Ampitor) RGB: AN-65: Sample and Hold: AN-4, AN-28, N31, AN.92, AN, 1AN-72, AN-245, LB-T? Single Supply: AN-72, AN-211 ‘Solar Celt AN-4 ‘Speciting Select Parameters: LB.26 ‘Squaring: AN-T2 ‘Strain Gauge: AN222 ‘Summing: N20, ANS “Temperature Probe: AN.S1, AN-56 “Transmision Line Driver: AN-4, AN-I3 ‘Tutorial Stdy of Op Amps: Appondhe A Variable Gain: AN-3t, N32, AN-299, AN-848, B41 (Soe also AGC) \ory High Curent Booster with High Compliance: AN-127 Video: AN-813, AN-861 Wide Band Bute: AN-227 ‘TA Class AB Currant Booster: AN-127 100 mA Curent Boostor AN-127 90 Watt Aus: AN-127 [ANALOG COMMUTATOR (See Analog Switch) ‘ANALOG DIVIDER: AN-4, AN-30, ANS ‘ANALOG MULTIPLIER: AN-4, N20, AN-SO, ANSST ANALOG SWITCH: AN-92 [ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL: AN-156, AN-245, AN-360, ‘Absolute Conversion: AN-247 ‘Accuracy: AN-188, AN-278 ‘Analog input Consideration: AN247 ‘Auto Galn Ranging Converter: AN-245, Binary Codes: AN-1S8 (Converters: AN-87, AN-186, AN-162, AN-199, AN-233, 'AN-245, AN-247, AN.258, AN-260, AN-274, AN-276, ‘AN281, LB, Appendix C, Appendix D Curent Source: AN-202 Dielectric Absorption: AN-260 DiterentialAnsiog Input: AN-208 ‘ua Stope Convertor: AN-260 rors: ANS FET Switched Mutiploor AN-260 Free Running ntrace: LB-53 (Grounding Considerations: AN-274 Integrating Converters: AN-260 Integrating 10.81: AN-262 Integrator Comparator. AN-260 Linearity Error Spocitcations: AN-156 Logarithmic: N27 Microprocessor Compatible: AN-284 Microprocessor Corro¥od Ofsot Adust A274 Microprocessor ntracing: AN-274 Offset Adjust: AN-274 Ramp Generator AN-260, ‘Ratiometulc Conversion: AN-247 Rotorences:AN-1B4 RRosolton: AN-I58, AN278 ‘Sampled Data Comparator: AN278 ‘Sampled Data Comparator Input: N27 Single Slope Converter: AN-260 Single Supply: AN-245, AN-284 ‘Span Adjstmont: AN-233, AN-274 ‘Spectiatons: AN-S6, AN-769 ‘Successive Approximation Register: AN-199 “Testing: AN-179, AN-283 Voltage Comparator: AN-276 Voltage Mode: AN254 2.80 Interface: AN-247 10-81 Data Formats: AN-277 128i Sorel Output AN-245, {15.Bt Sngle Slope Intgrating Converter: AN-285, 6900 P Intrace: AN-247 8000 nPIntrace: AN-247 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER ‘As a Dir: AN203 ‘As a Voltage Comparator AN-233 High Speed: AN-237 AND GATE: AN72, AN-76 [ANTHLOG GENERATOR: ANS0, ANSI [ARC PROTECTION (CRT): AN-861, [ATTENUATION Dita: AN-284 (S00 also AGC) [AUDIO AMPLIFIERS: AN92, N69, AN-72, ‘ANS&6, ANS08 Bridge Amplifier: ANS Intercom: AN68 Phono: AN-246 Power Ample: AN-69Subject Index (conmes INK ANH Tone Cont AN Votage-Controted AN250 {Aine AB Guar Bosto: AN-127 100 mA Garon Booster AN127 (Goo leo PM Bre, Apr) ‘AuDIo PREAMPLIFIER fat AN 248 Prone ANB ‘AUDIO MIXER: AN72 [AUTO ERROR CORRECTION: AN [AUTO GAIN RANGING: AN-360 [AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL (See AGC) ‘uroMoTive Are kd ret ANA62 Tachomeion AN-162 BANDPASS FILTER: ANL72, ANGOT, ANG, ANLT tar BANDWIDTH, EXTENDED: AN29, 22, LE, UB cete avers BANOWIOTH, FULL POWER: L-10, NL 760 BarreRY Charger: 18.05 BATTERY POWERED AMPLI BESSEL FILTER: AN770 BI-QUAD FILTER: N72 BIAS CURRENT (Se Orit Compensation Companeao: ANS Dnt Camponsaton: AN Blas CURRENT TEST SEY: AN2¢ BUNKER Lamp: AN 10 tow Vota 1c: N84 Two Wee: aN-88 BOARD LAYOUT: £29, aN819,ANG61 BOLOMETER (COMPARATOR 2-22 ‘BOOTSTRAPPED SHUNT FREQUENCY ‘COMPENSATION: AN-eo [BREAKER POINT OWELL METER: AN.162 {BRIDGE AMPLIFIER: AN-29,AN-34 BUFFERS: 2/49, 2N227 High Cunt AN, AN, AN9, ANY, Sve novare tose Using COS Amp: ABB ‘Goo ato VotugeFolower) UTTERWORTH FILTER: ANT BYPASSING, SUPPLY TERMINAL: AN, 4227 mmeaen tbe. (es CABLE DnIVER: AN10 CAD SYSTEM: 48-7 cAUBRATOR Csclloscope Square Wave: AN-S4 IERS: ANT! ‘CAPACITANCE MULTIPLIER: AN.20, AN? Digitally Controted: ANZ71 Programmable: AN-44 CAPACITIVE TRANSDUCER: AN-162 | CAPACITORS ‘Bypass: AN, AN-426, LB-2, LB-15 ‘Compensation: N20 (Soe also Frequency Compensation) Dielctie Polarization AN-29 Elocrote a8 Ting Capacitor: AN-87 Fer, Power Supply: AN23 Mutipir, Capacitance: AN-29, AN'St Tantalum Bypass: 8-15 (CARRIER CURRENT TRANSCEIVER: AN-145, ‘CASCODE AMPLIFIER: AN-32 (CHARGER: L2-35, (CHEBYSHEV FILTER: AN-779 (CHOPPER AMPLIFIERS, ALTERNATIVES: AN.79 (CHOPPER DRIVES: AN-628 (CHOPPER STABILIZED AMPLIFIER: AN-49 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTIONS: AN-«@ ‘uH0002 Curent Ampitier:AN-13 {LH0088 Butler Amptfer: AN NG4/LM35 Temperature Sensor: AN-<60 {LA108/L1205/LM305 Postive Votage oguator. AN-23 \L108/L1M208/LM308 Operational Ampiifir: AN-29 {109/1M200/LMG00 Txee Terminal Rogultor: AN-A2 LMT 10/LM210/LM910 Voltage Fotowor: LB s11/4M211/LM911 Voltage. Comparator: ANA, LB-12 L119 1.2 Vot Reference Diode: AN-56 M1 18/LM218/LM318 High Siow Rato Op Amp: LB-17 M565 Phase Locked Loop: AN-46 LUnftea DNA: AN-286 [M3800 Quad Amplifier: AN-72 4280 Micropower Programmable Op Arp: AN cuae Back Porch: AN-A6 Grd (CRT): AN-867 Precision: AN-3, LBB CLASS A AUDIO AMPLIFIER: AN-72, ‘CMOS LINEAR AMPLIFIERS (See Amplifier, CMOS) (CMOS LOGIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR: AN-7! COAXIAL CABLE DRIVE: AN-227 ‘COLD JUNCTION COMPENSATION: AN 222, AN.225 ‘COMMUTATION: AN-49 ‘COMPARATORS (See Voltage Comparators) ‘COMPENSATION, DRIFT (See Drit Compensation) ‘COMPENSATION, FREQUENCY {See Frequency Compensation) ‘COMPENSATION, TEMPERATURE. (Bee Orit Compensation) xepuy yoelangSubject Index Subject Index (coninue COMPONENT NOISE (See Nolte, Component) ‘CONTINUITY CHECKER, AUDIBLE: AN 54 ‘CONTROL SYSTEM, ENVIRONMENTAL: N60 convenren 00 Mie AN 2 Aow0c.ava1,188 ‘naogto Data (Se Anion DGta) Cable: A391 Curento-Votage: ANO, ANY OC 06. LB-18 (So alo Swiching Repl) Day Programe Bard Pes Fite AN Detay Proganmabie Paner Aton AN-29 Frequory to Vote: AN-7,AN210, LBS, ‘gent ©, Apne D Logarthme: AN, AS, ANY Pen Pram AN 290 Votage Convled Amol AN.296 Votage to Frequnoy. AN26, AN.208, Aopen O ‘COUNTER, PULSE: AN-72 CORT DEFLECTION CIRCUITRY: AN 266 CRT MONITOR: ANLEEE ‘cROssovERS ‘etre: ANGE CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR: AN32, 4-41, N74, A402 (CUBE GENERATOR: aN30, 31 CCURRENT AMPLIFIER High Output AN27,AN.262 ‘CURRENT BOOSTER: AN-127, AN 227 CURRENT UMN ‘Adal: AN21 Extra AN, AND, ANT Erna CreitAN2, N27 Feldoack AN 62 (Se Fldback Curent Umino) Outut Shon Creut 72, A227 Sane Voge Rodicion ANY, ANS, ANS? Swtcrback (Seo Folback Curent Lining) Swicring Regustor N21 Two Terinal Cert into: AN110 1K 65 Pose Suppy win Vrate Cunt imi aN 27 {CURRENT LooP:A¥.200 (CURRENT MEASUREMENT: AN-200 (CURRENT MIRROR: AN-72 {cunmENT MoTOR: at, AN92, A300 (Guo eo Cuertio-vorige Convert CURRENT NOISE (Se Noe, Curren) ‘CURRENT SINK otal Contos: A271 Fave: ANT2 Pracson: AN 20, ANSI, ANS ccunneN sounce Batra AN, AN ah Complore. AN127 High Curont: N42 Mutile:AN-72 Precision: AN-20, ANY, AN-G2 Programmable: AN-44 “Two Terminal AN-110 200 mA: AN-109 ‘CURRENT-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERTER: AN-240 ‘CURRENT-TO-VOLTAGE CONVERTER: AN-20, AN-31 DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM: AN:<08 D-TO-A CONVERTER: (See Digltal-to-Analog) DC SERVO-MOTOR CONTROLLERS: AN-460 1DC-TO-AC CONVERTER: 13-18, DELAY SWITCH: AN-110 Two Terminal: AN. ($00 also Timers) DEMODULATORS: AN-42 AMM: ANAS Frequency Shit Keying: ANAS IRIG Channel: AN Woather Satelite Picture: AN-&6 DETECTORS: AN-391 Peak: ANT, ANG86 Pulse Wet: (S00 Pulse Wath Detoctors) ‘Synchronous: AN-381 True RMS: 15.25 Zero Cross: N74 (00 sso Oamodulators) DIELECTRIC ABSORPTION: AN-260 DIELECTRIC POLARIZATION CAPACITOR: AN-20 DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER: AN.20, AN-29, AN, ‘aNr2 DIFFERENCE INTEGRATOR: AN-72 DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL COMMUTATOR: AN-49 DIFFERENTIATOR: AN20, ANSI, AN-72 DIGITAL DIVIDER: arabia Ratio: AN-286 DIGITAL GAINSET: AN-344 DIGITAL INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER: AN-344 DIGITAL MULTIMETER: AN-202 DIGITAL SWITCHING CIRCUITS: AN.72 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTER: AN-48 “Ampliir Gain Controt AN-271, AN-Z24 CCompasita Low Orisa Fast Ampito: AN-271 Dightally Controiod AC Attoruator: AN-284 Dilly Contoied Capactance Ample: AN-274 Dightally Controted Curent Sink: AN-271 Digitally Contoted Function Generator AN-271 High Vottage Output AN-271, AN-269 (Output Rango Love Siting: AN-271 Plate Driving Dtiocton Amptic:AN299 Processor Contotod Shaker Tabi Dever: AN-208, ‘Scanner Contok: AN-283Subject Index conines Sg Supply Votage Mode: AN271 Teper Lin Controle: AN-280 Uses asa Dgtaly Programmable Potente: ANT Verrier Adjustment AN271 “+-Cuacrant Multoexing: AN-271 441020 mA Curent Loep: ANZTA dI00e Caen: AN22 Camps AN-251 Prection AN, ANTS, 18.8 Protective: AN21, AN Relerence: ANSE, N10 Zener ANS Zener Transistor Sxs0-niter Junction: ANT} DISCRETE TIME SYSTEM AN 225 DISCRIMINATOR, MULTIPLE APERTURE. ‘WINDOW: ANI DIVIDER, ANALOG: AN-4, AN-90, ANS, AN-222 NAT ‘Applications: N90 ‘caitraton: AN-990 Cascading: N90 Grout Design: AN386 Operating Principles: AN-084 DOUBLE ENDED LIMIT DETECTOR: AN31 [DOUBLE SIDEBAND MODULATOR: AN.29, AN-«9 DOUBLER, FREQUENCY: AN-43 DRIFT Mairzing in Arpiiirs: 18-2, 18-32, AN242 DRIFT COMPENSATION: AN-79, AN-242 Blas Current: AN, AN-20, AN-28, ANS Board Layout: AN29 Gain, Transistor: AN-S6 {Guaraing inputs: AN-29 Integrator, Low Dit AN-St Non-Linear AmpitOrs: AN-4, AN Offset Votage: ANS, AN-20, AN, AN-242 Reset Stabiized Arpiiir: AN.20 ‘Sample and Hold: AN-4, AN28 ‘Transistor Gai: AN-56 Voltage Regulator: AN-21, AN-20, N42, L845 DRIFT, VOLTAGE AND CURRENT: AN29, (G00 algo Ost Componsaton) DRIVERS. (Cable: AN-813 (Chopper: AN-828 UR: AN820 MOS Clock Driver: AN-T4 oro Crossing Detector ad Line Driver: AN-162 {Goo aso Voltage Fotowors, Burs, Ampiirs) DUAL TRACKING REGULATORS. (See Regulators, Dual Tracking) DIGITAL VOLT METER (OVMy: AN-200 DWELL METER: AN-162 [DYNAMIC SPECIFICATIONS: AN-769 ECL (See Emitter Coupled Logie) [ELECTRONIC SHUTDOWN: AN-82, AN-103, ELLIPTIC FILTER: AN-779 [EMI (lectromagnetc Interference): AN-661 EMITTER COUPLED LOGIC, DIRECT INTERFACING: AN EQUALIZER, GRAPHIC: AN-495 ERRORS Low Enor Ampito: LB-21 esducing Comparator Errors for + pV Sensi: L832 FEEDFORWARD COMPENSATION: L9-2, L814, L8-17 FERRITE BEAD: AN.23 rer ‘Ampito: ANG2 ‘Operations! Ampilir Input AN-4, AN-20, AN2, ‘aNt67 Swtehes: N22, AN-A47 Volt Mater, FET VM: AN.22 FILTER: AN-207 ‘Adjustable O: ANS, 6-5 Banopass: AN-72, AN-712, AN-770,LB-11 (Gee alo iter, Note) Bessa: ANT79 BLQuad: AN-72 Butterworth: AN-779 ‘Choveyshev: AN-779 Digtaly Programmable Gain: AN-260 Elliptic: AN-779 Full Wave Rectiving and Averaging: AN-20, AN-St High Pass Activ Ftc: AN-31, AN-72, AN227, ‘AN346, 18-11, ANT79| Irrasound: AN-946 Low Pass Active Filor AN.20, AN-S1, N72, "AN286, ANS46, ANT79 Low Distortion: AN-348, AN-386 Low Pass Adjustable: AN-384, AN-386 Notch: AN-S1, AN-8, AN-227, AN-712, AN-779, B.S, lett Noth, Adjustable Q: ANSI, AN-779, LBS PID: N93, AN-T06 Power Supply: AN-20, 18-10 Programmable: N44 Salle Key: AN-779 Seneivity Functons: AN-72 ‘Surface Acouste Wave: AN.O9t ‘Switched Cepactor ANT73 ‘Tone Convo aN-S2 Ltrasounc: AN-946 Vestal Ste Band: AN402 xepul yefangSubject Index ‘Subject Index (continues) FLASHER Inepensive IC: AN-154 Lamp: aN10 “Two Wire: AN-154 FLIP-FLOP, TRIGGER: AN-72, FLUID LEVEL CONTROL: A9-10 FLYBAGK POWER SUPPLY: ANS56 Fu Blond: AN290 Caitration Modulation Level: AN-402 FM STEREO Fomote Spoakor: AN-148 FOLOBACK CURRENT LIMITING Nogatve Votage Regulator: AN-21, LB-9 Posiive Voltage Regulator AN-23, 18.3 Power Dissipation Curve: AN.23 Temperature Sonstvty: AN-20 (Gee alo Currnt Liming, Fldback) FOLLOWERS, VOLTAGE (See Voltage Followers) FREQUENCY COMPENSATION: AN-79 Bandwath, Extended: AN-29, LB2, LB, LB-14, 1, (3-42 Bootstapped Shunt: AN.2 Capacitance, Stay: ANA, ANT, ANZ CCapactve Loads: AN, AN-447, LB-14, B42 Ditfrontitor: AN-20| Feoctoware: L-2, L8-14, L217 Ferre Bosd: AN-23 Hint: AN, AN-20, AN-20, AN-4, AN447, (82, LB, L842 Mutipior AN210 Mutvxatr: ANA Oscilation, Inolurtan: AN-4, AN-20, AN28 FREQUENCY DOUBLER: AN-41 [FREQUENCY RESPONSE: 8-19 (See also Frequency Compensation) [FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING DEMODULATOR: AN-<6 'FREQUENCY-TO-CURRENT CONVERTER: AN-162 FREQUENCY-TO-VOLTAGE CONVERTER: AN-S7, 'ANI62, AN2I0 FULL POWER BANDWIDTH: LE-19, AN-769 FUNCTION GENERATOR (See Generator) GAIN CONTROL Digta:AN-260 Voltage Contoted: AN-299 (See also AGC) GAIN TEST SET: AN24 GATES, OF AND AND: AN-72 ‘GENERATOR Digtally Conti: AN-495 Mutiplo Function ANT15, 18:23 (One Shot AN-88 Programmable: AN-344 Pulse Generator: AN-74 ‘Sine Wave: AN115 Square Wave: AN-7, AN-88, AN-156, L.23 Statcase: AN-88, AN-162 ‘Tio Delay, AN-14 Tangle Wave: 8-29 (S00 also Oscar) GRAPHIC EQUALIZER Digtally Contoiod: AN-<35 ‘GUARD DRIVER: AN, AN227 ‘GUARDING AMPLIFIER INPUTS: AN-20 GYRATOR (See Inductor, Simulated) H-BRIDGE: AN-693, AN.604 HALL EFFECT SENSOR (COMPARATOR 6:92 HARMONIC DISTORTION: AN-760 HIGH FREQUENCY: AN-27, AN-253, N91 HIGH PASS ACTIVE FILTER: AN-1, AN72, AN-307, AN46, AN-779, LBA HIGH PASS FILTER: AN-227, AN-307, AN-346 HIGH SPEED DUAL COMPARATOR: AN-115, HIGH SPEED OP AMP: AN:278, AN-428, AN-619, L-42 HIGH SPEED PEAK DETECTOR: AN227 HIGH SPEED SHIELD/LINE DRIVER: AN.227 HIGH VOLTAGE Driver N48 Flasher AN-154 (Op Ame: AN-127 Regulator: AN-109 HUMIDITY MEASUREME} INDICATOR Appllcaions:AN-154 INDUCTANCE-RESISTANCE (L/R) DRIVERS: AN-828 INbucTOR ‘Cote, Switching Reguator: AN Forte Boad: AN-23, Simulatod: ANS, AN-35, ANT12 Voliage-Contlled: AN-712 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER ‘(See Amplifier, Instrumentation) INPUT GUARDING: AN-29, AN-46 INTEGRATOR: AN-20, AN-28, AN1, AN, “aN72 INTERMODULATION DISTORTION: AN-769 INTERNAL TIMER: AN91 INTRUSION ALARM Fiber Optic: AN-26 INVERTING AMPLIFIER: AN.20, AN-91, AN-71, 'ANT2, BAT ISOLATED INPUT SIGNAL CONDITIONING ‘AMPLIFIER: AN-268 ISOLATION AMPLIFIER: AN.266, AN.205 ISOLATION, DIGITAL: AN-¢1Subject Index ccortmes) {ISOLATION TECHNIQUES Thomocoupl:AN-298 “Teansormer AN-266, AN285 wretes AN JUNCTION TEMPERATURE, MAX ALLOWABLE: N98 ‘awe oniven (round Reterenced:AN-T2 Votage Comparator AN, AN.72, L812 LARGE SIGNAL RESPONSE: L8-19 LED (See Light emitng Diode) LEVEL DETECTOR WITH HYSTERESIS: ANS7 LEVEL SHIFTING AMPLIFIER: AN, AN19, AN, ANA, ANB LIGHT ACTIVATED SWITCH: AN-10 LiGHT EMITTING DIODE 1.8V LED Fisher, AN-1S4 MIT DETECTOR: AN-31 LIMITER (See Clamp) {LINE DRIVER: AN-19, AN-48 LINE RECEIVER AMPLIFIER: AN.72 LINE RECEIVERS, COMPARATORS SUITABLE FOR: ANS? LIQUID DETECTOR: AB-10, AN-154 Lt2 180-.WATT OP AMP: AN-445 LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER: AN:20, AN-20, ‘ANSI, AN211 DAC Contoled Scale Factor AN-268 Digitally Programmable: AN-269 LOGARITHMIC CONVERTER: AN-S11 LOW PASS ACTIVE FILTER: AN-20, AN-2, AN-72, 'ANO7, AN-248, AN-779 LOW DRIFT AMPLIFIERS (See Ampifiers, Low Drit) wor Psiton Sensor: AN-201 MACROMODELS (See Models, Spee) MAGNETIC Variable Reluctance Pickup Buffer: AN-162 MAGNETIC FIELD SENSOR: AN-01 MAGNETIC TAPE: AN-200 MAGNETIC TRANSDUCER AMPLIFIER: AN.74 METER AMPLIFIER: AN.71, AN-222, AN-265 MICROPHONE PREAMPLIFIER: AN200, AN-246 MICROPOWER “Ampliiar AN-71, AN211 Cru Desription LMA4260 Programmable ‘Op Amp: AN-71 Voltage Comparator: N71 Mixer ‘Auco: AN-72 Low Frequoncy: AN-72 Moves Spice: AN-812, A940, ANLBSE MODEM FILTER: AN-SO7 MODULATION AND DEMODULATION: AN-38, AN-<9, ‘and02 MODULATOR FM Auto: AN-402 Pleo Width: AN-9Y MOISTURE DETECTOR: AB-10, AN-154 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS (See Muttvibrator) MOS ANALOG SWITCH: AN-«9 MOS DIFFERENTIAL SWITCH: AN49 MOTION CONTROL: AN.695, AN-706 MOTION DETECTOR (See Sensor, Air, Sensor, Liquld) MOTOR CONTROL: AN-835, AN-698 MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER: AN.202 MOTOR, STEPPER: AN825 MOTOR TORQUE CONTROLLER: AN.599, ANS20 [MULTIPLEXER (See Analog Switch) MULTIPLIER ‘Analog: AN-4, AN20, AN-S0, ANS, AN222 CCapactance: AN-28, ANS (Cube Generatoc AN.30, ANS Fesistance: AN-20 MULTIVIBRATOR: AN-4, AN-24, ANS, ANI, 'AN-T1, AN-72,AN74 NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS (Gee Symmetrical Volage Regulators) NEGATIVE REGULATOR (See Negative Voltage Regulators) NEGATIVE VOLTAGE REFERENCE: AN20, AN31 NEGATIVE VOLTAGE REGULATOR ‘Girt Deserption LM104/LM204/LMOO04: AN-24 Deft Compensation (See Dit Compensation, Voltage Regulator) Foldback Curent Liming: AN-21, LB-9 High Curent AN-21 High Voltage: N21 Hine: 2-15, Une Regulation improvement: AN-21 {Low Dropout Votage: AN-21 (verattage Protocton: AN-2t Power Dissipation: AN-21 Precision, Stable: LB-15 Programmabie: AN20, AN-31 Protective Diodes: AN-21 Remote Sonsing: N21 Fipple: AN-21 Suiting: ANZ “Too Terminal: AN-182 Transent Response: ANI [MOXIE DRIVER: AN-92 xepur yoelangSubject Index Subject Index (contmes Nose: Component ANOS gue: AN-04, AN-222, N20 Fitang in Merovt Comparators: L822 Gana, "Buzz Boe AN 54 FANS Measure: AN-100 “Tevrsion Pacaver ANB Thormal AN-04 Theor AN 222 Votage: av-104 Wosgtng AN.998 NOISE REDUCTION ‘uo A284, AN-286 Comparion of Types: ANA Complementary: AN-904 Fat aN 80 Masing:AN-04,AN208 Sendo: AN-904, ANH, AN-990 Tape: AN320 Television Aco: AN-090 vim: 200 NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER: AN-20, AN AN-T2 NON-LINEAR AMPLIFIER: AN, AN-31 NORTON AMPLIFIER: N72, AN-278 NOTCH FILTER: AN-01, AN-9, AN-307, AN-779, LE, let OFFSET ‘Austing Offset and Dit to Almost "Zero: AN, UB-32, AN-242 rit Compensation: ANS Voltage Compensation: ANS OFFSET CURRENT TEST SET: AN-24 OFFSET VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT: LE-9 OFFSET VOLTAGE COMPENSATION (Gee Dritt Compensation) OFFSET VOLTAGE TEST SET: AN-24 ONE SHOT: AN-72, AN-68 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS: (See Amplifiers, Operational) (OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER TESTING: AS-12 (OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER TEST SET: AN-24 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER VOLTAGE "REFERENCE: AN-288 OPTICALLY ISOLATED SWITCHES (See Switches, Optically folatec) (OR GATE: AN-72, AN-TA gute: AN-103 ‘OSCILLATION, INVOLUNTARY (See Frequency Compensation) osciLLaton Crystal: ANA, AN-T4, ANAO2 Cyst FET: AN-S2 Fiver Opt: AN.268 Inexpensive IC: AN-15& Uc: ana02 Morso Code: AN-154 Mutivbeator AN, AN26, ANI, ANT, ANTI, ANT2 (One Shot: AN-S8 Pezoelectie Dever AN-72 Programmable “Ununeton": AN-72 Pulse: ANT ules Output AN-71, ANT2 (Quadrature Output ANS, LB-16 FF: AN-402 FF JPET: ANG ‘Sawiooth: AN-72 ‘Sino Wave: AN-20, AN-29, ANSI, AN-32, TAN-T2, AN-115, AN-264, ANCT12, LB-16 Square Wave: AN-88 Stacase: AN-72 “Television: AN-402 Tangle Wave: AN-20, AN:24, ANS}, AN-72 Tunable Frequoncy: L846 Vestal Side Band: AN-402 Video: AN-402 Vottage-Contolled: AN-24, AN-72, ANS, "ANGI46, AN-162, AN-383, Append C Wien Bilge: AN.20, ANS, ANS2 ‘OVERSPEED LATCHES/INDICATORS (See Frequancy-to-Voltage) PACKAGE POWER CAPABILITIES: AN-396 PARALLELING OP AMP: 6-44 PEAK DETECTOR: AN-4, AN-T, N72, AN-74, AN, AN-227, AN-38B PHASE Paso Shit Osan AN-88 PLL Range Extend: AN-162 Wide Rango Phase Shifter, AN-981 PHASE COMPARATOR: AN-72 PHASE LOCKED LOOP: AN-148, AN-SB1, AN-81 ‘Advantages 9 Voltage-1-Froquency (Convorton AN210" (Geet Dasrition LMSES: ANAS Damping: AN FM Audlo Modulation: AN-402 Locking: AN. Loop Fito: AN-#6 Mullempii: AN72 Nose Periormance: AN-¢6 Phase Comparator: AN72 Theory ANA oO: aN-72 PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR: AN-28 PHASE SHIFTER: AN-2 PHONO PREAMPLIFIER: AN-32, AN-222, AN-346 PHOTOCELL AMPLIFIER: AN20Subject Index continues) PHOTODIODE. “Ampliion AN-20, AN-29, ANY, AN244, LB42 Lovel Detoctor: AN-4, AN-244 PHOTORESISTOR AMPLIFIER: AN29 ID CONTROLLER: AN-699, AN-708 PIN DIODE DRIVER: AN«9 PIN DIODE SWITCHING: AN.<9 POLARITY SWITCHER: AN-244 POLARIZATION, DIELECTRIC: AN-20 POSITION SENSOR: AN-162 LWOT: ANGOT POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS (See Symmetrical Voliage Regulators) POSITIVE REGULATOR (See Regulator, Positive) POSITIVE VOLTAGE REFERENCE: AN-20, AN:91, ANSS POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATOR ‘Adjustable Output AN-42, AN-178, AN-B1, ‘AN-182, 18.95 ‘Bootsvapped Reguator AN-211 CGeut Doserption LMYO5/LM205/LM05: AN-29, ‘anon (Grout Doserption LM109/1M209/LMB00: ANA (MOS Compatbe: AN-71 Cueront Limit: ANL72, AN-211 Dit Compensation (Gee Deft Compensation, Voltage Regulator) Fale Mechanisms: AN.23 Fiteing, Power Supply: AN-23 Fed Output: AN-42 Foldback Current Limiting: AN-28 Heat Dissipation: AN-29 High-Curent:AN-23, AN-72 High Votage: AN-72, AN211, LB-47 Hints: AN-23,L8-15, Low Votage: ANSE, AN-211 Micropower Quiescent Power Drain: AN-71, AN-211 NPN Pass Transistors: AN-72 Power Limitations AN-23 Precision: AN-42, LB-15 Programmable Low Power: AN-20, ANY Protocton: AN-23, AN-72 Fippe Induced Falues: AN28 ‘Suitching Reguator (See Switching Reguator) ‘Temperatuw Componsaton: AN-42, 18-15 ‘Tyee Terminal: AN-109, AN-178, AN-182, LE-OS ‘Timing Output Vota: 9-46 (S00 also Votage Rogulators) POWER AMPLIFIER (See Buffer, High Current) POWER CAPABILITIES, IC PACKAGE: AN-996 POWER DISSIPATION Regulator: AN-82, N03 Hsedgo: AN-e04 POWER LINE CARRIER: AN-146, POWER SUPPLY: AN-55 Goneral Purpose: L8-28 Monitor: L848 Programmable: L8-49 (See also Reguators) Split: AN-69, ANT1 PREAMPLIFIER CORT: AN Phono: AN-82, AN-222, ANAS Servo: AN, ANY Sterec: AN-248 Video: N61 (G20 also Ampiiirs, Preamp) PRECISION REFERENCE: AN-163, AN-173 PROGRAMMABLE GAIN: AN.209 PROGRAMMABLE OP AMP: AN-71 PROGRAMMABLE “UNMIUNCTION” ‘OSCILLATOR: AN-72 PROGRAMMABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR: 'AN20, ANS PULSE AMPLIFIER: AN-19, AN-819 PULSE COUNTER: AN.72 PULSE GENERATOR: AN-71, AN-72, N74 PULSE STRETCHER: Proportonal: AN-266 PULSE WIDTH DETECTOR: AN.97 PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR: AN-2, ANS, ANT4, LBA PULSE WIOTH MULTIVIBRATOI PYROELECTAIC ‘Acoaleromater: AN-901 Detector Amplifier AN-901 Resonator Temperature Sensor: AN-201 (QUAD AMPLIFIER: AN-71, N72 ‘QUAD COMPARATOR: AN.74 ‘QUADRATURE OSCILLATOR: AN-91, N07, L8-16 RATE GYRO: AN.201 RECEIVER FM Remote Spoaker: AN-148, Introd: AN-200 Television: AN-391 ‘VHF: AN-290, Utrasori: AN-200 RECTIFIER, FAST HALF-WAVE: AN21, L8-6 RECTIFIER, FULLWAVE: AN20, LB REFERENCE Low Dit Precision 6.0V: AN-161, AN-179, AN-164 Miropowsr AN-222, 18.94, LB-41 Precision: AN-78, AN-161, LB-4t REFERENCE DIODE: AN110 REFERENCE VOLTAGE: AN-211 REFERENCE VOLTAGE DETECTOR: AN-300 [REFERENCE VOLTAGE REGULATOR: AN20, ANO1 REGULATORS (See Voltage Regulators) N22 ‘xepuy yoa{angSubject Index Subject Index conines) RELAY DRIVER: AN-72 [REMOTE LINKS Infazed: AN-200 ‘VHF: AN-200 Utrasone:AN-2090 [REMOTE SENSING High Curent Negative Regulator: AN-21 High Nogatve Voltage: AN-21 REMOTE SPEAKER SYSTEM: AN-145 REMOTE TEMP SENSOR/ALARM: AN.74 RESET STABILIZED AMPLIFIER: AN-20 RESISTANCE (Chole of Resistors for Op Amps: AN-72 Tester for Low Values of Rsitance: LE.22 RESISTANCE MULTIPLICATION: AN-20 RESISTOR VALUES, STANDARD: Appendix E RF: AN-301 RF AMPLIFIER (cascode: AN-22, AN-813 [RF OSCILLATOR (See Oscillator, RF) IAA PHONO PREAMPLIFIER: AN:222, ‘AN-200, AN246 RIPPLE, POWER SUPPLY: AN-21, AN-23, L8-10 RISE TIME, AMPLIFIER: L8-19 MS ‘True AMS Detector: 6:25 ROOT EXTRACTOR: AN-S, ANS, AN-222 RTD CONTROLLER: AN.202 ‘SAFE AREA PROTECTION: AN-103 SSALLEN-KEY FILTER: AN-779 ‘SAMPLE AND HOLD: AN-4, AN-20, AN-1, ANS2, "AN-T2, AN-208, AN-288,LB-11, LAS CGreutt AN-205 Extended HOLD Time: AN-245, AN-204 High Speed: AN.259, AN234 HOLD Stop: An-234 nite: AN245 Infiste HOLD Time: AN-245, AN-294 Reduction of HOLD Stop: AN.245, AN-204 Terms: AN-266 ‘SAMPLING THEOREM: AN-206 ‘SAWTOOTH GENERATOR: AN-72 ‘SCHMITT TRIGGER: AN:92, AN-T2 ‘SENSE VOLTAGE (See Current Limiting) ‘SENSITIVITY FUNCTIONS: AN-72 ‘SENSOR ‘Mass Volos: AN-162 FolatonalVelooty: AN-162 ‘SERVO PREAMPLIFIER: AN-4, ANS ‘SETTLING TIME: 8-17 ‘SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION (See Current Limiting) SSIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO: AN-106, AN-769 SINE SHAPER: AN269 SINE WAVE GENERATOR: AN-15, AN263, 'AN-268, AN-307 SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR: AN-20, AN-28, AN, 'AN-22, AN-72, AN-269, 18-16. Crystal: AN-263 Dita: AN-263 High Votage: AN-269 Paso Shit: AN.269 ‘Sine Wave Voltage Reference: AN-262 Tuning Fork: AN-263 \otage-Contolled: AN-262 Wien Bridge: AN-269, ‘SINE WAVE RESPONSE: L8-10 ‘SINGLE SUPPLY AMPLIFIER: AN-72 SINGLE SUPPLY OPERATION: AN-S1, AN-48 SIREN OSCILLATOR: AN-154 SLEW RATE: 9-17, 9-19, LB (Gee also Frequency Compencaton,Foodtorward) SLEW RATE LIMITING: LB-19 SMALL SIGNAL RESPONSE: 6-19 ‘SIN RATIO (See Signal-to-Noise Ratio) SOLAR CELL AMPLIFIER: AN-+ souND Peak: AN-84 Pressure: AN284 Sound EMfocts Oscillator: AN-154 SPEED SENSOR (See Sensor, Speed) SPEED SWITCH (See Frequency-to-Voltage Converter) SPICE (See Models) SQUARE ROOT CIRCUIT: AN, AN-91, AN-222 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR: AN-74, AN-68, AN-15, "ANGI54, AN-222, LB23 SQUARING AMPLIFIER: AN-72, AN-222 SQUARING CIRCUITS: AN-222 STAIRCASE GENERATOR: AN-72, ANS (G00 also Gonertor,Stacase) ‘STANDARD VALUES RESISTOR: Appendix E ‘STEP RESPONSE: L9-19 ‘STEPPER MOTOR: AN-828 ‘STEREO (See FM Stereo) ‘STEREO PREAMPLIFIER: AN-346, ‘STRAIN GAUGE CONVERTER: AN-301 ‘SUBTRACTOR (See Difference Ampiler) ‘SUMMING AMPLIFIER: AN20, AN SUPPLY VOLTAGE SPLITTING: AN3t SWITCHED CAPACITOR FILTER: AN-307, AN-779 swiTcHEs. Optcaly solutes: AN-110 ‘Two Terminal Tme Delay: ANS SWITCH, ANALOG: AN-32 ‘SWITCHBACK CURRENT LIMITING (See Foldback Current Linting)Subject Index (continues) SWITCHING REGULATOR: AN.243, N97, Mansi0, AB 90, AN ‘ck Converter: AN-94, ANTI ‘Boost (Stapp) Converters: ANL733 Cut Desorption L605: AN-249 Croat Oeeroion LM7ASAO:AN-711 arent Limiting: AN2, ANZ 10 Motor Spooa Reguaon AND Dissipation: AN.21 Diver AN, ANZ Dual Output AB-20 Extency ANZ) Forward Convert: AN-778 gh Nogatve Curent AN-2t Hot ant Inauetr Core Selcton:AN-2, ANY Invertng (00 Pus 0 OC Minus) Convertor AN-711, LB-8 Isolates Pyback: ANT77 Line Reguation:AN-21 Nepatve: AN-21 (veroad Shutdown: AN-21 Polaity Conversion: L8-18, ‘Theory AN-711, L848 SYMMETRICAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR ‘Tracking Roguator: AN-20 ‘SYNCHRONOUS Video Detector AN991 ‘TACHOMETER: AN-72, ANT ‘TAPE READER Magni: AN-74 ‘TAPE COMPENSATION Weighing System: AN-271 TELEVISION: AN-402 TEMPERATURE: AN-292 Contra Sensors: AN-460 Control AN-209 Farontet Sensors: AN-460 (Oven Controller: AN-262 Platinum RTO High Temperature: AN-262 Timor Used as Control: AN Transdvcor:AN-225, AN-460 “Transducer, Mcropower: 8-27 ‘TEMPERATURE COMPENSATED ZENER DIODE: ANS ‘TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION (Gee Drit Compensation) ‘TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER: AN-206, AN.292, AN-200 ‘TEMPERATURE CONTROL: AN.262, AN.299 Pression: AN-266 igh Ettloney: AN.266 ‘TEMPERATURE PROBE AMPLIFIER: AN-01, AN-56 ‘TEMPERATURE PROBE COMPARATOR: AN-72 ‘TEST SET, OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER: AN-24 ‘THERMAL CAPABILITIES, DEVICE: AN.396 ‘THERMAL FEEDBACK REDUCTION IN 'MICROVOLT COMPARATORS: [8.92 ‘THERMAL NOISE (See Noise, Thermal) ‘THERMAL SHUTDOWN: AN92, AN-103, ‘THERMOCOUPLE: AN.225 “Ampiir with Cold Junction Compensation: AN-211, 'AN222, AN-725, LB-24 Comparator: 18.32 Effects on 1’: AN-79, 6-22, 2-32 ‘THERMOMETER: AN252 tecronc:AN-225, AN229 Miropowor: LB-27, AN 211 Temperature Contolr AN-97 Thormeccuple: 18-24 Using Platinum Sensor: AN-288 ‘THERMOMETER, ELECTRONIC: AN-31, AN-56 ‘THRESHOLD DETECTOR: AN20, ANS! ‘TIME DELAY GENERATOR: AN-74 ‘TIME, INTERVAL: ANY ‘TIMER CIRCUITS: AB.7, AN-7, AN-110 ‘TIMERS (Chain of Timer: AN.97 (Oyo Interupt AN-87 ‘Dua! Supply Operation: AN-97 tectoiie Timing Capacitors: AN-87 Etiminating Timing Cyele upon iil ‘Appicaton of Power: ANT Lnearzing Charging Swoop: ANO7 ‘Negative Pulse Teggerng: AN-97 [Nos Immunity: AN.97 (One Hour AN-97 Time Delay Grcut AN-110 “Tene Out, Power Up: AN.97 wide Range Timor L838 Zoro Power Dissipation betwoen “Timing intrvals: NST '5V Loge Supply Driving 26V Relay: AN-97 {0 Supe ntrtacing wih SV Logie: AN ‘TIMING ERROR: ANT ‘TONE CONTROL: AN-2, AN-435 ‘Stereo: AN-495. ‘TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION: AN-180 ‘TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER: AN.286 ‘TRANSDUCER ‘Ampito LB.24 Signa Conationers: AN-S01 Temperature: 18:27 ‘TRANSFER FUNCTION TEST SET: AN-24Subject Index Subject Index (coninved) ‘TRANSISTOR Low Noise: AN-222 ‘Optica isolated: AN-110 Power, Protactod: N10 ‘TRANSMITTER, FM Remote Speaker: AN-146 Infarot: AN-200 Two Wee: AN-11 HF: ANL290 Lasonic: AN-200 ‘TRIAC TRIGGER: AN-154 TRIANGLE WAVE OSCILLATOR: AN:20, AN-26, TANI, AN?2 ‘TRIGGER APPLICATIONS: AN-154 TRIGGER, FLIP-FLOP: AN-72 TRIGGER, SCHMITT: AN-32, AN-72, ‘TUNED RF CIRCUITS (See Ampiiers) TV (See Television) UNITY-GAIN BUFFER: AN20, ‘VCO (See Voltage-Controlied Osciiator) VELOCITY SENSOR (See Sensor, Velocity) VIDEO: AN-991, AN-656 VOLTAGE COMPARATOR: AN-41, AN-74, ’AN108, AN-288, .29 ‘Ase Convertor Creu: L6-6 [AC Coupled: LB ‘Avoiding Oscilaions:L8-38 Butfood Output: AN-28 ict Doserpion LMt¥1/LM211/LMSt ‘AN, LB Comparison: AN-87, LB-12 TL Driver: AN-4, N29, ANSI, LB-42 ‘Dual Lim, High Specd: ANB Fast (8.6 High Curront: ANT? High Speed Difeentist AN-87 Hons: AN Irvertng and Nornverting wih Hystress: ANT Lamp Dror AN, AN-72,LB-12 Miopowee: ANTI Microvot: L6-32 MOS Driver: AN, L812 (0p Amp Voltage Comparator: AN-4 AN-T1, AN-T2 Preamplife: 8-32 (Quad Array: AN-74 ‘Spootying Selected Paramotors: [8.26 Timers Used as: ANS? ‘TTL Diver: AN, AN-29, ANS, ANS, LBH12 Zoro Crossing: AN-31, AN-41, LB, LBA2 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED AMPLIFIER: AN-200, VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR: AN-72, ’AN-74, ANS, ANS, ANC62, ANS (S00 siso Voiageto-Frequerey Converter) VOLTAGE FOLLOWER: AN-63 ‘Bias Curent: AN-20 (Greut Dosertion LHO03s: AN CGcut Daserption LMI 10/LM210/UM9t0: LB-11 Comparison: LB-11 Frequency Compensation: 8-42 Hints, Operating: AN-20 Orfeet Adjustment: ANS, LB-@ Single Supply: AN-72 Voltage Retorencs: N20, ANS, AN-S56 1 Amp: ANA10 VOLTAGE NOISE (See Noise, Voltage) VOLTAGE REFERENCES (See Reference) VOLTAGE REGULATORS: AN-178 (S00 also Regulator, Votago; Pestive, Negative, ‘or Snitching Voltage Rogulato) Adjusablos: N78, AN-183, AN-211, AB-1, 48-12, 8-48 Automotive: AB-2 Batiory Charging: ABT, AB-12 Custer: AN-103, AN-110, AN-127 ‘Dual Tracking: AN82, AN-103 High Current AN-108, AN-10 High Current Qual Tracking: N82 High Current Rogulators: AB-11 igh Input Vattage: AN-709, AN-211 Improving Rebabiity: AN-182 Low Dropout AB-11, AB-12 PNP: AB-11, AB-2 “Tanning 8-46 1 65V with Varable Curent Limit AN-127 +52.5V Dual Tracking: AN-127 \VOLTAGE-TO-FREQUENCY CONVERTER: AN-210, ’AN-240, L845, Appendie C, Appendix D (S00 also Analogo-Digisl Converters and Vottage-Contoted Oscittors) VOLT METER: AN-32, AN-71, [8-45 WEIGHING SYSTEM Precision: AN-205 WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR: AN-20, ANS, AN22, AN-263 WINDOW DISCRIMINATOR, MULTIPLE 'APERATURE: ANI ZENER DIODE IG ANS Transistor Baso-Emiter Junction: AN-T1 ‘ZENERS (See Reference) ‘ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR: AN.31, ANAT. AN-74, 16, 12 Comparators Suitable for “Two Shot": AN-87, AN-162 ‘8080 MICROPROCESSOR: AN-200Drift Compensation Techniques for Integrated DC Amplifiers Robert J. Widlar Apartado Postal 541 Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco Mexico Introduction With OC amples, tis usualy possible o substantia im rove dit performance by using addloral xc along With some form of acustment. In fact, one of the reasons {hat dlseotecompenent oporaienal amples havo betor Input curontspacticaions than monolithic amples that Curent compensaton is usec. Mono ceuts cannot n= corporat these techniques because itis not possi to Select components or make achstments. These adust ‘ments can, howover, be made exorral to the ampli. Ths aricle wal dscuss a numbor of compensation methods ‘welch can substantaly reduce the input currents of mano. Ith amputors, especialy in itectomperaturerange ap plications. Bas current compansaton reduces eset and dit wen ‘he amplifier is oportod trom high source resstances With low source resistances, such as a thermocoupo, the ft contribution ve to bas current ean be made ate mal In this caso, tho offset votage deft becomes Important. ‘A tochique is prosentd hereby which ost votage its botior than 0.5 V/"C can be realzed. The compensation tachnquo involves ony single room temperature balance adisiment. Therefore, chopper stabilized performance can be reatzod, with low source resistances, ina faly-sple larplfer winout tedious cutand.ty "compensation methods. bias current compensation ‘The simplost and most efectve way of compensating for ‘bas currents shown in Figure 1. Hor, the fet produced by the bas curent onthe iverting mput cancellod by te oftsot vollage produced across the varabo reste, Ro. ‘The main advantage ofthis scheme, besides ts spl, that tho bias curents of the two Input Wansisors tendo ‘rack wo over temperature 20 that low oft ako ‘achieved. The dlsadvantage ofthe method fe that & given ‘compensation soting works ony wih fixed foodback ess- tors, and the compensation must be reacted ie equi lont paral osstance of and Rs changed ‘National Semiconductor ‘Application Note 3 Figure 1. Summing ampliter with bas-current compen ‘sallon for fixed source resistances Figure 2 shows a simi ercut fora nonivering ampli. The offset voltage produced across tho DC recsance of the source due to the input currents cancalld by the drop across fa, For proper adustment range, Fi shout have 8 maximum value about three times tho source resistance ‘an the equvalent parle resistance of Ry and Fa shoud be loss than onesie the input source resistance, This cout nas the same advantages as that in Figure 1, however, i can only ba used when the Input source has 8 fied DC resistance. In many applieatons, suchas lngn- {onl integrators, sample and-old creuts, switchod-gan mpitiers or voliage Tolowers operating trom unknown Source, the source impodence's not delined In these casas ‘ther compensation schemes must be used, Figure 9 gves a compensation technique which doos not ‘depend upon having 2 fed source rasstance. A curent Injecteg into the input ternal rom the base ofa PNP van Sor. Since NPN input wanastors are used on tha integra. {24 ampli," tho base current ofthe PNP balances ou the “his aoe a mona prt angers Peery ale Figure 2. Non-verting ampli with blas-current compensation for fixed source resistances eNYANS Figure 3. Summing amplfer with bas-current compen ‘ation Figure 4. Blas-current compensation for nowinvertin amplifier operated over large common mode range ‘bese curent ofthe NPN. Furor, since a sitcon planar PNP transistor has epproximataly the same curen-gan versus omperatue charactersic asthe ifograted transistors, an Improvement in torparature dt wil also be realzed.! However, peroct compensation shoud net be axpocted be ‘cause of unit to-unt varationa inthe tomporatrecharactr- ‘tice of bot the PNP transistor and tha nograt crcut ‘Although the kul in Figure 3 works wal fr the summing ‘amplifier connection, I does have lmtaions in other appl- ‘atone cole, fr example, be used forte vlagofolow- ‘er configuration by connecting tho base ofthe PNP to tho honsnwartng input However, this would reduce the input "ihe coma anpter vee Con pte, Powe, bt ‘Soper eb anys ros impedance to sbout 180 Mf) bocause the curert supplied by the PNP wil vary wth the input votage lal I this charactors is cbjectonabie, the more-complicated eult shown in Figure 4 can be used. ‘Tho omittar of the PNP vansstor is fod from a curent Source so that the compensating current doos not vary wih inputvoltage lve. The design of tho current source is such {88 10 gvo t about the eame cheractorstes as those on the fr compensation wih changes in ‘Yotlage, The oreut makes use ofthe emitr base votlage ftforenal between two transisors operated at dierent collet currents \2 ANtrough tis recemmena inthe rel- ferences that these tranaistors bo wall matched, iis not Fealy necossary since the devices are operated at much Stlornteolecter curents Figure 5 shows snother compensation schome forthe vol- ‘age follower connection, Ths cect Is much simpor than {hat shown in Figure 4 but he tomporatire compensation i ‘ot auita as good. The compensatng curent is obtained {trough a esstor connected across a code whichis boot- ‘tapped othe output. The lode acts asa regulator so that the compensating ourentdoos not change epprocay with ‘signal level, ving Input impedances about 1000 Mf. The nogatve temperature coeticont ofthe iodo voltage also ‘braves somo temperature compensation. Figure 5. Voltage folower with bias-current compensa tion [AY tne ofouls decussed thus far have boon taloed for parteuar appleatons. Figure 6 shows a completely. general chome wheroin both inputs are curent compensated over {he full common mode range as wel as agains power sup- Dy and temperature varaone. Ths ofeut Is sutabla for {se eter as a summing ampffe or as a noninverting am- ifr. not required hat the DC impedance soon by both Inputs be equal, although lowor ci can be expected I they ‘As was mentioned eater lhe bias compensation cxcuts require adustment. Wit the creutsn Fgures and 2, 8s is morey a mator of adlustng the potontometr for 20 output wih zero Input Ie not so simple with the other raul, however. For one, Its cificu to use potoniome tors because a vary wide range of resistance values are requiod to accommnodele expected union variions, Resistor solocton must hortore bo used. Test Skcuts for ‘selcting bias compensation rosistors are en in Figure 7“Sater neo pt can on ‘enimorng met St into Figure 6. Blas-current compensation for citterential in. puts | ‘ofteet voltage compensation “The highly predcable behavior ofthe emiter-base voage of arsisors has suggested a unique dit compensation ‘noted ts shown fn Rfaronce 3 thatthe ote vokage Chto a afore! wansistr pa can be reduced by abot ‘an order of magnitude by unbalancing the colector cents such hat th tal ost votago Is Zoo. Tho basis or this comes fom he uation 1 he emt basevtage der. etal of wo tarsisrs operating at tho sare erperatr: Tog, 182 FT og, ne =“ toge $2 Tope AM0E gO igs icy : where kis Boltzmann's constant, Tis he absole tompara- tur. ais the charge ofan electron Ig a constant which ‘depends ony on how the ranastr Is mace and isthe ‘colecorcaent This equation i dred In Reforence 2. tis worthwhile nting here tha hese expassions make no ‘assumptions about tho curont gain of the wansstrs. 1 ‘Shown in References 5 and 6 that he emiter-ase voltage |S. Tuncton of calector curert, ot emiter current. Thar foro, to balance wil not be upset by base curent (xcept {or interacton wit the OC source resistance) “The tt term in Equaton (1) ste offset votage ofthe two transistors or oqual collector curens.ttcan be soon that tis offset votlage is crecty proportional to the abso temperatze-a fact wach s substantiated by exparmont« ‘Tho second termi the change of oft voltage which ar 9 fom operating the ransstrs at unequal ollactor cut ‘ents. For a xod a of callectoreurens, hs alo pro: Portonal to absolve temperature. Hence. tthe collector Currents ar unbalanced na xed rao fo gvo a zero emt {ortbaso votage dforntal the temperature cit wl sso be zee, Experiment inicatos that this i indeed tre. Thermal ditt less than 100 nV over tho —55°C to + 125°C tomperatre range have been reaized consistent. In order to obtain ths low cits, however 18 almost necessary to Uso & ‘monolitc transistor pat, since a 005°C temperature der: ‘ntal wil gvo a 100 nV onft Win a monottue pa, the ‘Physical proxmty of he devices as wel as the high thermal ‘Sonat of sicon hes ti Giferental to an ebeotte For low rit, tho transistors must operate tom a low ‘enough source resistance thatthe voltage crop across the Source duo to base cutent (or b359 ourant sitorenl i Doth bases see the same resistance) is insigniicat. Fut thermore the transistors must be operatod at alow enough colectorcuront thatthe emitter comtact and base-epread- Ing resstancos are noglgble, since Equation (1) assumes that they aro zor. ‘Acomploto ample using tis princi shown in Figure {8 A rronoliti tansister pai use as @ preamp fr Conventional operatonal ampli A null potenionoter, which is set for zero output for zero input, unbalances the collector load resisters ofthe transistor ptr such thal the Coletor cunts are unbalanced for zero offset Tis gives rinimur ait. An itresting eatce ofthe cea that the Pertormance is oatvely untested by supply voltage vai lions: a 1V change in ether supply causes an offset votage change of about 10 nV. This happens because nether tm in Equation (1) is affocte bythe magnitude othe collector curete, Figure 7. Test circults for selecting bias-compensation resistors eNVANS Figure @, Example of DC amplifier using the deft-compencation technique In order to got low ditt is necessary that tho gain ofthe ‘roamplier be igh enough so that tho ait of Po opora- tinal ampifer does not degrade performance. The gain can be determined from the expression for the transcon- ‘betance o he Input vansistrs tte dle Wee” kT a “The volge oan is = Non ay = Mo © ate 7 - fea ® where Ri. i8 the average valu of the two collector load realtors onthe input stage and Ic isthe average ofthe to colectoreurets Substuting Equation (2), this becomes ach © ay o au «0 ° ‘The input eed its then +n av = B08 Fos a whore avs isthe offst voltage ctive of the operational “anpifler and digg i its offset current i. Using Equaton (7). KT (Vos + Rudlos) ia 3 Wa ith te cout ehown in Figure 8, Equation (8) gives a 25 IV inputetered df for every 10 mV of ft votage ait {Or for every 100 nA of ose curent at is obvious rom ‘his hat the ose current itis most important an oper ‘ional amplior with bpolr input transistors used. “Another important considerations the matching ofthe cok loctor iad esstors onthe preamp stage. A0.1-porcont imbalance in th toa resistors duo to thermal mismatches trary other cause wil produce @25 nV shit oset. Ths includes tho Balancing potentiometer which can introduce fan error that wil dopond on ow aris set off midpoint iit has a alorent temperature cootciont than the resistors ‘The most obvious use of this type of low cit ampli is with thermocouples, magnetometers, current shunts, wie ‘ein gauges or sna signal sources whero very low dit ie required and the source rosstance slow enough that the bias Curent do not cause a problem. The 0 101 wVI"C Cnt realzed with this elavely simple amir over & “55'C to + 125°C temperature range compares favorably wa tha drift guresachiowed wih chopper amplifiers: 04 [RVC for machanical choppers, 0.8 VPC wth photoalec- Iie choppers ver a °C to 58°C tomperature range and 2 IAVISG wi feld-etfectransisor choppers over @ 55°C 10 "125°C tomparature rang. In odor to give some apprcis- ‘ion of he level of performance tis interesting to noto that no substan improvement in perormance would be ral. ‘20d by operating the ampitern a terperature-contrlled ‘oven. Any improvement would be masked by various ther tmovelcte affects not croey aesociated with tho arplior Unless extreme cara wre taken in he choce of Input load‘material, the method of making connectons and the blanc ing of thermal paths. These factors are, n fact, important ‘when making oven tests to very th dit ofthe ameifer noe thermoolectc effects can easiy produce dt vol ages larger than those af the ampli they are not proper. Ty hance ‘summary ‘Anumbor of compensation cuts designed to intense the DC fescluton of monottue operational ampiers have ‘been presenta. Boh current compensation tetesques for high impedance levo's as well as methocs of achoving ‘hopperstablize cit petormares at low impodance lov: ‘ls have boon covered Fart-simplecuront compensation which requires thatthe Impetiance lvels be xed have been described along with Ccomponsstion which is otfectve in cases where the source Impodance is not wll defined. Ths letter category eludes longintenal integrators, sampleandiold cuits, swichedgain ampters oF votago followers which operate ftom an unknown souce. The applicaton ofthese schomes Is generaly iid to lniegratod ampiers since modular mpifes almost aways incorprate current compensation ‘Tho crit reducton techniques provid statis better than 25 VC for iow impedance sources, suchas thrmocou les, curent shunts or stain gauges. Wi a propery de Signed crcul, compensation dopens oly ona single room temperature adustment, so oxcolert partormance can be blanod from afay-smple amp. raterences 4. J. Wider, “A Unique Cicut Dasign fora High Perform ‘ance Operational Ampiter Especial Suted to Monolth- te Construction,” roe of NEC. Vo XX) pp. 85-89, Oot0- or 1985, 2.8. J Wil, “Some Crcuit Design Tectriques for Linear Integrates Grcuits” IEEE Trans. on Creut Theory, Vol Xl, pp. $88-580, December, 1965. AH. Hotfat and RD. Thorton, “Limitations of Transistor DC Ampltiers," IEEE Proc, Vol. 52, pp. 179-184, Faber ay, 1964, 4. Tuszynsh, “Corolation Between the Base-Emttor Votage and is Temperature Goetfcent," Sold Stato De- 27. 2235, July, 1962 5.C.T. Sah, "Efect of Surtace Recombination and Channel fon P-N sunction and Tansisor Characteristics" JRE Trans. on Electron Dovces, Vo. ED, p, 94-108, Jans ay, 1982 6.J.€.Iworson, A. F. Bray, and J J. Klomack, “Low-Cu- ‘ent Aipha in Siicon Transistors,” IRE Trans Electron ‘Devices, VoL ED, pp. 474-478, Novernber, 1962. ENVAN-4 Monolithic Op Amp—The Universal Linear Component Robert J. Widlar ‘Apartado Postal 541 Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco Mexico Introduction Operational apis are undoubtedly the aasiost and bast way of performing a wie range o nar functions Wom s- be ampiicston to complex analog computation. The cost ‘of monolithic amplifier now less than $200, in large ‘quanti, which makes tatractve to design tam nto ‘Sata where they would not otherwiso be considered. Yot low cost isnot the ony evacton of monalthc ampli. Sco all components ao simultaneously febreated on one chip, much higher crcut complexes than can be used wih ‘scrote ampitir are economical. Ths can bo used to VE improved peromance. Further, there are no insurmout able technical dtfcuos to temperature stabizng the am- pifler chip, ging chopper stabilzed performance wih ile ‘added cost ‘Operational amples are designed fo igh gai, ow offset vyotlage and iow input carent. A a result de biasing con- Siaoralysinpfed in most applcations; and they can be Used with fait simp dosgn rues because mary porta ‘roc torms can be noglectod. This aricle wal ve exampos ‘demonetating te range of usataness of operational ampt- Tere intnearercuit design. Tho examples ao certainty not anctswe, and its hoped that they wil stimula oven ‘more ideas irom others. A fw praca ns on provening ‘scilaons in operational amptirs wil aso be ven since thi Is probably tho largest single prablom that many ange noes have with these coves. [though the design presenta use the LMt0% operational fmplier and the LM102 volage flower produced by Ni ‘onal Semiconductor, most aro gonoaly‘aphcabo to all ‘monotnic daviees i ine manufactrer's recommended We ‘quency compensation is used and difleronces in maximum fatings are takon into account. A completa description of the LOT is given elsewhere) but, bry, ices from most other monolithic ampifers, such as the LM7092 in that has a 90V ifort! input votge range, 8 +15V, 2V common mode range wih = 15V supple and ican be compensated wit a. singlo 30 pF capactor. The ha102 which is also used hor, is designed specsicly 3s ‘A votage tolower and foeturas a maximum input caren TOA end @ 10 V/us slow rate. operationaamilfirosclator ‘The treeunning mutator shown in Figure 7s an excel lent example ofan application where one doesnot normaly Consider sing sn operational apie. Howover, this cult ‘operates at low frquencios wih elatvely smal capactors because ican uso a longer porton of the capactor timo Constant sins the threshold point of the operational amplt- (F's wal determined. In adcon, I has a completely sym ‘etrcal output waveform along wih a buffered output, {ough to sentry ean be vid by retering 2 1 s5me votage oor than ground ‘National Semiconductor ‘Application Note 4 oot Figure 1. Froe-unning multvbrator ‘Another advantage of the cicutis that it wil always sl! ‘lar and cannot hang up since there Is more de negative {oodback than postive feedback. Ths can be a problem wih many "txtbook" maltvbratrs Sinco th operational ampliir is used open lop, the usual ‘roquency compensation components” are not requied ‘since they wil only slow it down But oven without the 30 pF ‘capacitor, the LMIOT does have spoed imitations which ro- ‘tit tho use of ths crcuit to frequencies below about 2 inte, ‘Tho larg input voltage range ofthe LM101 (both itterentiat tnd singe anced) permits large voltage eninge onthe pat 0 that several time constants ofthe timing capactor, C1 ‘can bo used, With most other ampiirs, R2 must DO ro- ‘duced to Keep from exceeding these ratings, which requires ‘that C1 be increased. Nonetheless oven won lage vals ‘10 nooded Tor Ct, smaler polarized capactors may bo Used by raturing thom tothe postive supply valage i sad of ground level shiting amplifier Frequent, nthe design of near quipment, tis necessary to take 8 voltage which is roerod to some de level and rodce an amped ouput whi i ftorred to ground, ‘The most straight-forward way of coin this to use a ot forental amplifier senlar to at shown in Fowe 2a, This Ceul however, has the deacvantages that the. signal ‘source is laced by curant trom tho input dior, RO and Re, and that the foodback rosstors must be vory well imaiched to prevent ereneous oulpus fom the common ‘edo input Signal‘A circuit which does not have these problems is shown in ‘Figure 2 Hero, an FET transistor on the output ofthe ope ‘ional arpiier produces a volage drop across the feod- back resistor, which is equal to the input voltage. The votage across R2 wil then be equal tothe input voltage ‘multiplied bythe rato, F2/R1; ane th common mode rjee- tion willbe as g00d 8s the base reocton ofthe empl, independent ofthe resisortolrancos. This voltage is but. ‘ered by an L102 voltage folower to gve a low impedance output ‘An advantage ofthe LM101 inthis cutis that it wil work ‘itn input voltages up tots positive suppy voltages as long {8 the supple aro loss than 15. voltage comparators ‘The L101 is wol suited to comparator application for two reasons: est, has arg coronal input vokage range ‘and, second, the outputs easiy camped to maka k com tle wth various driver and loge eeu. ts tue tat Soesr't havo the speed ofthe LM710* (10 us versus 40 ns, ‘under equvalnt cndtons); however, in may Inr ap ‘ations speed i nota problem and th ower put ouronts slong with higher voltage capably of ho LMIOT fea rmendovs benef Two comparator Cults using the LMI01 are shown in Fig- ue 3. The one in Figure Sa shows 8 clamping scheme ich makes the ouput signal direct compatble with OTL or TTL intogratd crcuts An LMT03 breakdown dose lamps the Ouiput at OV or 4V in the low or high stato, respectively. This partoular dode was chosen because has a sharp breakdown and low equivalent capactance. ‘hon working as a comparator, the ample operates open loop 80 normaly no frequency componsaton is needed. Nonetholss, the stray capactance betwoon Pre 5 and 6 of the ampli shouldbe minimized to prevert ow vel csc lations when the comparator i In tho sctve region. fs becomes a problem a 8 pF capacitor on the normal com Pensaton terminals wil eominate ‘Figure So shows the connecton ofthe LMI01 as a compar- ‘tar and lamp avr. Q} etches the lamp, with 2 bring {he current surge resulting trom turing on col rp. RY =55'C10 1250 on im pA Harmonic Distortion Von = 50Ving.t = 1.0KH2 = 4 = * Benawath Vin = 10Ving R= 699 a 7 7H ae ig ~ 1000" Positive Supply Curent | Ag = 100, = 1 ko =| +60 [+100 [ma Negative Suppy Curent | ig = 100, Ry = 1 kd = =s0 | -100 | ma 6‘Te reason that pin 2 and pn 6 are not connect intaaly to plo 1 and pin 7, respectively to increase the vorsatiy of cout operation by allowing a decreased vtiag to 68 {appt to pins 2 and 6 to minimize the power dsspation 9 and Q4. The larger voltage appled to tho input stage ‘also provides incroatod current crveasrequred tthe out put stage, ‘Tho operation ofthe cut can be understood by consider: ing that tho input pin 816 at Vy. The emitor of OF wil be approximately 0.6V mor posit than Vy at 25°C, and the Converse ste for G2. Ths 0.6V wil provide a forward bis '0n1G3 fo cancel out the QF base to emiter crop wich in {un would provide Vi atthe output aljuncsons, restos, power upptos, etc, ware elctcally identical The greatest ‘ors intoduced because the forward crops inthe baso- ‘rator unetons for the NPN and PNP davicoa ae sihty ferent. For exampie, the Vag of the NPN will be typically (8 and tho Var af the PNP wil be typlaly 0.64V under the same conditions of lo = 24 mA at Voe = 120V at 25°C, These are the approximate input stage cxcut cond tions for and G2 for lus and minus 12V euppies. Forty nately, this oror in both input and output fet voage ‘most always negligible when It is used inside the closed loop ofa high gain operational ampli. ‘plot of input impodance vs equoncy is shown in Figure 2. Inspection of ths pit shows tht the mput mpedanen can be closely approximated io that ofa simple fst order Iinear network wih a 45" phase lag at 0.6 Miz end a 90" peso tag at approxmatety one decade higher in equency. TH infermaton ie very useul for dosigors who have to ilo: ‘rate cous which have largo source impedances over a ‘de trequoncy range. The output impedance of he ampit- ‘ris very low, 62 fypicaly, and in conuncton wth a vollage Dandwidth of approximataly 50 MHz can bo considered fo be ingniicant fx most applications lor thie ype of doves, ‘Aplot ofthe voltage bandwith shown in Figure 3. Inspec: tin of tis plot shows that phasoirformation as wal as gan Infermaton was includ to assist users ofthis dovic. For ‘example, at 10 MHz, ss than an 8 pate lag would be subtracted from the phase margin ofan operational ampi- {er when itis ntagrated with tis device. The open oop gan tthe operational amplifier would be decreased by loss han 40% at 10 MHz and theater can be consiored 19 bein: Spniteant for most appleations. PUT PED aur? 6 aouency ane) FIGURE 2. Input Impedance ve Frequency volrace Gam VOLTAGE GAM a!) ls un se ae mae oo FREQUENCY te FIGURE 2. Frequency Response APPLICATIONS. Figure 4 shows the LH0002 integrated with the LMI01 ina booster follower configuration. The configuration is stable without the requtrement for any extemal compensation: however, it would behoove the designe to be conservative ‘and bypass both the negative and postive power supplies wh atleast @ 0.01 al eapactor to cancel out any power Supply lead inductance. A 100! damping resistor, located ‘ight atthe Input ofthe LH0002, might alo be requred bo- {ween tho operational ampiior and the booster amplir ‘The physical layout wil determing the requirement for fs ‘ype of oxcilaton suppression. Curent iting can be ad ‘0d by incorporating sores resistors from pine 2 and 6 10 {hair respective power supple. Tho exact valve would bo function of power supply voltage and roquled operating temperate, ‘Abreadboard of his contguraon was assombiod to empi- aly chock tho increase in ofstvotage othe accion ofthe LH0002. The offset votlage was moasurad with and without an LH000 inside the 1oop with a voltage gain of 400, at ~55°C, 25°C and 125°C. The addtional fat voR- ‘ge was ass than 0.9% for all tres temporturecondons ‘even though the offset votage ofthe L 9002 i much high fr than that of the LMIO". The high open loop gain of tho {M107 vides out this source of eeu enor. The ies tion of this dovco aso allows higher closed lop cet gan without excessive crossover detarton than would be o&- tainable withthe simple booster amplifier shown in Figur 5. Figure 6 shows the LHO0G2 boing uted as a lave siter ‘wath a high pass fitor onthe input in oder to referonco the ‘utput to zero quiescent vols, The purpose ofthe 10 KA FOslstr is o provide curont bas to the oreut input ar Sisors to reduce the output ofst voiage, Figure 2 Int Impedance vs Frequency. provides a useul design ‘ald In ‘ordor 0 delarmine tho vals ofthe capactor forthe pao lar application. Tho 10 kf resistor, of course, nes to be onsdored as being in pale wih the creut'sinputimped- Fora pulse input signa, the output impedance ofthe circu ‘amains ow for both the postive and nogatve pertons of the output pulse. Tis crcult provides both fast rise and fall times for pulse signals, even wih capacitve loading The [tooo ta shoot shows Wpial ris and fal times for both postive and negative pulses into a SON load, 7 eL-NYAN-13 FIGURE 4. LM101..80002 Booster Amplifier Integr transformer to be drecty couped to the ampitir without using a coupling capactr to provent saturation. The pulse transtormer ‘can be used to change the ampitude and im 8 Yesasv To a5 ¥ tion 5 FIGURE 5. Simple Booster Amplifier ‘pedance lovl of he pulse, the polarity of the pulses, or, Wh tho ald of a contertappod winding, postive and nega- ‘we pulses simutanoousy. “The LH0002 can alo be used to eve long ransmisson Ines. Figure & shows a cout configuration t0 match the ‘output impedance of the ampli to the load and comal abl fr proper line termination to minimize retlectons. A tapacier can be added to empirically adjust the time re- sponse ofthe wavotorm Sectapctrs aut ra rnpnte tps FIGURE 8. Tranamiesion Line Driver ‘SUMMARY ‘The matiude of ferent appications suggested inthis ar- clo shows the vorsatity of the L¥0002. The eppications Specialy covered wore for a cferental input eutput oper tonal ample, boostr ample, lvel shifter, diver for & pulse ransorme, and vansmision ine diverAn Applications Guide for Op Amps INTRODUCTION ‘Tho goneral tity of the operational amplifer i derived ‘tom the fact that itis intended fr use in a foadback loop whose feedback properties. detormine the Tood-orward Charactorsteso! ho amplifier and loop combineton. To st |Ufor this usage, th ideal operational amplier woud have intinte input impedance, 280 ouput impedance, infinite {gain and an open0op 3 d8 point at fiat roquency ring Of at 8 a8 por octave. Unfortunately, the unt costin quan tiy-woul algo be inf Intensive development ofthe operational ampli, paricu- lan inintograted form, has yielded cxeuts which are quite 00d engineering approximations ofthe idea fe finite cost {Guantty prices forthe bost contemporary integrated ampli ‘rs ae low compared with vansetorprcgs of fve years ‘ago. The low cost and high qual ofthese amplitorsalows ‘the implemontation of equipment and syste uncton im practical with discrete compononts. An example i he low ‘roquencytuncion ganeretor which may uve 1510 20 opera: ‘onal amplifiers in generation, wave shaping. tigering and phase locking ‘Tho avalaiity ofthe low-cost integrated amir makes t ‘mandatory that systoms and equipments enginoars bo fa- ‘ilar with operational ampifer applications. This paper wit ‘resent amplifier usages ranging from the simple unty gain buter to relatvaly complex generator and wave shaping o- cuts, The general theory ef operational ampifers 1s not within the scope of tis paper and many excelent rofer- ‘ncaa are avaiable inthe Iteature! 234 The approach wit be shaded toward the practical, ampliiorparametors willbe sdscussed as thay affect circuit performance, and applica: tion restore wil be outined ‘Te applications discussed wil be arranged in order of in creasing company i Wve catogois: simple amples, op- ‘rational orcul, transducer amps, wave shapers and generates, and power supplies. The integrated amputor: shownin the tgures are for the most pant ioral compen National Semiconductor ‘Application Note 20, ‘ated 20 fraquoncy stabitzaion components are not shown, however, chor amplifiers may be used to achieve greater ‘peraing speed in many cults as wil be shown the text ‘Arpt parameter dofirtons are contained in Append | ‘THE INVERTING AMPLIFIER ‘Tho basic operational arpliferckcutis shown in Figure 1. ‘This creut gives closedoop gai of 2/1 whan th rato 's small compared with the amplifier operloop gain and, as the name implies, i an ivertng crcut The put impod- lance i equal to Ft. The closed-loop bandwith ' equa 0 the uniy-gain frequency divided by one plus the cosedoop gan ‘The only cautons 10 be observed are that RO should be chosen to be equal othe parallel combinaton of Rt and R2 to minimze the offset volage eror due tobias current and ‘hat thre wil be an offset voltage at the amplifier output ‘equal 16 cosodicop gan times the offset votage st the ampli inp. FIGURE 1. inverting Ampitior Css votage atthe input of an operational amplifor comprised of wo components these components ara ion: tied in speciving the amp as input offeat voltage and Input bias curent. Tho input offset vohage is fed fora paricular amplifier, however the contbution due 1 inputAN-20 bias cunt is dopenont on the cult configuration used. For mnimum offset votage atthe ampiii input without eal adjstment the source resistance for both inpus should be equal. In tis case the maximum offeet voltage ‘would be the algebraic tum of amptiroffeot voltage nd the voltage erop across the source resistance cus to offsot curent. Amplifier offset voltage is tho predominant error tex for low source resstanoes and atte! current casos the main ero for high source resistances. In high source resstance applications, ost voltage atthe mplifer ouput ay be adustd by adjusting the value of Ra and using the varaton in voltage stop across fas an Input ost voage tom Offset voltage a the amplifier output isnot as important in [AC coupled apploatons Here tha only consideraton's that any ofgot voage atthe ouput reduces the peak to peak Inger output swing ofthe ampiior. ‘The gainfrequoncy charactoristic of the ampitier an its foodback network must be such that oscilaton doos not ‘eeu To meet his conton, the phase shit through amie fee and feedback network must never exceed 160" for any ‘requancy whore te gan of tho ampiiir and ts feedback ‘otwork feat than unity. In practical application, tho ‘phase shit should not approach 180" since tis Is the stua- ‘ion of conditona stably. Obviously the most citcal case ‘curs when the attenuation ofthe feedback etwork I “Ampliior which aro not intaally compensated may be used fo achieve increased performance in creuts where foodback network attenuation is high. AS an example, the Lato} ray b9 operated at unity gain'n th inverting arpii- fr ccut wih a'15 pF compenssting capacitor, since the foodback network has an attenuaton of 6 dB, wate to quires 30 pF in the noninvering unity gain connection tere the feadback network has ze attenuation. Since fimplier slew ato is dopendent on compensation, tbo LM slow rato inthe inverting unity gain connection wil be twio that forthe non-iovering connection and the In verting gain of Yon comacton wil ye eleven tos the ‘ow rate ofthe noninverting unty gain connacton. The Compensation tado-of or a pariclar connection i stabi ty vorsus bandwith, larger values of componsation capaci tor veld greeter stably and lower bandwith and vice ‘The preceding éscuesion of oes voltage, bias cron and stably ls applicable to most ampifereppicatons and wil be reforonces in iar sections. A more complete roatmont is contained in Retorone 4 ‘THE NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER. Figure 2 shows high input impedance noniewerting cut This cout gos 2 closedoop gan oqul to the rao ofthe sim of 1 and R2 to RY and a closedoop 3 08 bandwith equal to the ampitir uniy-gain frequency divided by the ‘osedoop gain, ‘Te primary citfererces betwoon this connection and the invoring exes are thatthe output isnot iverted and that the input impedance is vary tigh ands equal to the fr tal input Impedance multe by loop gan. (Open loop {gaie/Ciosed loop gain) In DC coupled appfcations, input Impodance is ot as important as input current and its ol- age drop across the sauce resistance. ‘Axplicatons cautions ave the same fr tis ample as for {he inverting amplifier wth one excopion The amp out- til goto saturation ithe inputs owed to float. Ths ‘may be impocant i the ampiter must bo swiched from ‘sour09 to source. The compensation vade off scussed for {he ivoring ampior is also valid fortis connection FIGURE 2.Norinverting Amplifier ‘THE UNITY-GAIN BUFFER “The uniy-gainbuto is shown in gure 3. The cut gives the highest input impedance of ary Operational ample i- ‘ut Inputimpedance ie equal toto deren input imped fnco multiple by the openoop gan, in paral with com ‘on mode input mpedance. The gain ror of his oct fcual to the reciprocal ofthe ampior openoop gan o 10 2 common mode rejection, whichever is oss. Bi = Renee ‘ompusas nee FIGURE 3 Unity Galn Butter 2Input impedance is a misleading concept in a OC covpted tuniy-gan buffer. Bias curent for tho amplifir wil be sup- Pild by th source resistence and wil case an or at he mpiior input duo to Is voltage drop across the source fesitance, Since thse the casa, alow bias curent amp fr such as the LH102° shouldbe chosen as a unty pan butler when working om high source resistances. as cur ‘ont compansation techniques are discussed in Relerence 5 ‘The cautons to be observed in apphing this circu are {tree the amplior must be compensate for uy gain oF ‘tation, the ouput swing ofthe amplifier may bo litod by ‘he amplifier common moda range, and some arpiirs ex: hibia lacreup mode when the amplifier common mode ‘ange is excoadod, Tho LMIO7 may be Used In thes cxet ‘wan none of thee problems; of, fer faster operation, the Latoz may be chocer. fas = Rt Le | Rae ‘Stomtban cen FIGURE 4. Summing Amplier ‘SUMMING AMPLIFIER. ‘Tho summing amie, a speci! case ofthe inverting am- bir, is shown in Fie 4. The circuit gives an inverted ‘utput which ie equal othe weighted algebraic sum of al three Inputs. The gain of any input ofthis crc is equal to the rao of tho appropiate input resistor tothe teodback fesister, Ra. Ampiiir bandwidth may be calculate {he invering amir shown in Figure 1 by seouming tha input resister to be the paral combination of Ri, R2, and RS. Applestion cautions are the same a for he Invering mpi. tan uncompensated apis utea, compensa tion is calculated on tho basis of this bandwiih esis ds- cussed inthe section deserbing the slo inverting alt= ‘The advantago of this Creu Is that thar 8 no itaracton between Inputs and operations such as. summing and weighted averaging ae implemonted voy easly “THE DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER “The dteronce ampiir i the complement of the suming npiiior and allows the subtraction of two voltages o, a8 & Speck! case, the cancellation of a signal comenon tothe {wo inputs. Tis eeu shown in Figure 5 ands vst as ‘computational ample, n making @dterental to snge- ‘ended conversion of in rojectng a common mode signal von = Ba =¥) MIReTIN nena ‘fobs cet FIGURE 5. Otference Amplier (Creu bandvath may be calculate in the same manner 3s forthe invoring amolitr, but input impedance Is somewhat ‘more complicated. Input impedance for tho two inputs not ‘ecessaly equ inverting put impedance sth same os forthe invering amit of Figure 7 and the non inverting input impedance isthe sum of FS and Fs. Gain for other Inputis the ratio of RI to R2 for the special case of a ter- ental input single-ended output where Pi = RO and R2 — Fe. Tho goneral expression fr gain is gvon in tho fur. Compensation should be chosen on the basis of ampliior banawatn Care must be exercised in applying tis crcut since input Impedances are not equal for minimum bias curent oer. DIFFERENTIATOR The atlrentiar is shown in Figure 6 and, a6 the name Impl, is used to perfor the mathomatical operation of Aeron. The form shown snot the practeal frm, s ‘8 Wun diferentator and is extremely suscopti to high fe: ‘quency noise since AC gain increases atthe rato of 6 3 Ber octave. In adton, the feedback network of the dter- fntater, BIC, s an AC tow pass itor which contributes 10" phase eit to the loop anc may cause stably problems ‘ven wih an amplifier which Ie compensated for Uny gn. ‘ein ban aed FIGURE 6. Ditferentiator a ONYAN-20 fe << tama [FIGURE 7. Practica Ditfrentiator A practical iferontitoris shown in Figure 7. Here both tho stably and noise problems are comectod by adon of Mo !adctional components, Ai and C2. R2 and C2 form a 6 Ber octave high frequncy roof inthe feedback network land FICT form a6 dB per octave roof network In tho Input natwerk fo a total high Wrequency roto of 12.68 por ‘octave to reduce tho effect of high fequoncy input and am- plir noise. In adeton RIC! and R202 form load networks In the foodback loop whic, I placed below the amplifier nity gain requency. provide 90 phase load 1 compensate ‘the 80° phase lag of FZCi and prevent oop istay. A ‘ain fequoncy pot is shown in gure 8 fr lary. FIQURE 8. Ditterenistor Frequency Response INTEGRATOR “The integator i shown in Figure 9 and pertrms the matho- matcal operation of intogration. This eoul Is essentially 4 low>pase titer wih a froquency response decreasing at 6 gB por octave. An ampltude-requoncy pot shown in Figure 10. FIGURE 10. Integrator Frequency Response ‘The ccaut must be provided with an external method of establishing inital conaitons. This s shown in the igure as 5). When 8; 8 in postion 1, the apie connectod in Uniy-gain and capactor Ct fe iacharged, sting an ins Condon of 20 vals. When 8; isn poston 2 the amp {ris connected as an ntogratr and its output will change in fcvordance with a constant tina tho timo itogral of the input votage, Tho cautions to bo obsorved withthe cteut are two: the amplifier used should generally be stabiczed for unty-gain. operation and R2 must equal A for minimum errr duo to bias current SINPLE LOW-PASS FILTER “Tho simple low-pass fitaris shown in Figure 17. This circuit has a6 68 per octave root afer a closed oop 3 point detined by te Gan below tis comer tequency is dain by the rato of Ra to At. The creuit may be considered as an AG integrator at troquoncios wal! above fg: however, the {ime domain orpaneo i hat of a singlo RE rather than an intra. rac FIGURE 11, Simple Low Pass Fier Re should bo chosan equal to the parallel combination of FR and Ra to mevmize eros dvs to bias current. The arpl- fer shoud be compensated fr uniy-gain or an internally ‘compensated amp can be usedFIGURE 12. Low Pass Fiter Response {Again trequancy plot of cut response is shown in Figure 121 iluaate tho ference batwoon ths cel and the tre intogater. ‘THE CURRENT-TO-VOLTAGE CONVERTER (Current may be moasurad in two ways with an operational mpiier The curent may be converted ito a vliage with {8 reslstor and then amped or the curent may be injected rect into a suring node. Converting into voltages un osreb for two reasons: fst, an impedance is inserted Into the massing ine causing an oor second, arplor fect voltage le also amplified wih a sudsoquont loss of foouracy. The use ofa curenttowollage ransdveer aids bot ofthese probioms. The curent.o-vllage transducer is shown in Figure 13. ‘The input currents fed rect into the summing nods and the ampiier output votage changes to extract the same ‘urent from the summing node though Fi. The sca fac tor ofthis crcut is FI volts por amp. Tho ony convorson ‘ror in is crcut gg which s summed algebraic aly wit Ine FIGURE 13. Current to Voltage Converter “This basic cicuit is use! for many applications other than current measurement itis shown asa photocell amp in the folowing section. ‘Tre only design constants are that scale factors must be chosen to mime ertors due to bas curent and since vollage gain and source impedance ae ota indeterminate {as wih photocals) the ampitter most be compensated for Luniy-gain operation. Valuabe techniques for bias curent ‘compensation ae contained in erence 5 FIGURE 14, Amplifier for Photoconductive Cell PHOTOCELL AMPLIFIERS ‘Ampliters for photoconductive, photodiode and photovota- lect are shown in Figures 74, 15 and 16 respectvoly [Al photogensrators display some voltage depondence of bot speed and lngary. iis obvious thatthe current ‘ough a photoconducive cot wil nt play set propar tinal to indent ight the cell terminal voltage i alowed {0 vary wih col conductance. Somewhat less obvious the fact that photodode leakage and photovolsic col internal losses are also functions of terminal voltage. The curonto- vollage converter real sidestops gone Inesty problems by fang a constant terminal voltage, zero inthe caso of Photovotsc colle and a feed bas volage inthe case of hotoconductors or photooak FIGURE 15. Photodiode Ampiiier Photodetoctor speed is optimized by operating into a fred low load impedance. Curent avaiable protovoic dotoc- tors show response tines n the miccosocond range a 200 ‘oad impedance and photoconductors, eventhough slow, ‘10 matorialyfastor at ow lad resistancos FIGURE 16. Photovottale Cell Amplifier oz-NVAN-20 “The feodback resistance, 1, s depondent on cal sensi. ty and shouldbe chosen for einer maximum ayramic range oF for a dosted scale factor. R2 is olectve: nthe case of ‘hotovoltac cols or of photodiodes, it isnot requred in the aso of photoconducive cls, should be choson to min rmiae bigs curont eer aver the eperating range, PRECISION CURRENT SOURCE The precision curentsouce's shown a Figures 17 and 18. ‘The configraions shown wil sink or source conventional curent respectvly. FIGURE 17, Precision Current Sink Caution must be exorcised in applying these creuts. The volage compliance ofthe sour extends rom BVceR of the extonal tansstor to approximately 1 volt more negative than Vi. The compliance ofthe curent sink tho same in the postive direction ‘The Impodance of thoso curont generators is essentialy infin for small curents and they are accurate so long 38 ‘quis mach greater than Vos and Ig Is much greater than ‘eae ‘Tho soUrc0 ad sink ilustated in Figures 17 and 78 use an FET to dive a polar output wansistr I's possible to use 2 Darington connection in place ofthe FET-bpolar comb ‘ation In eases wero the ouput current is igh and 1 bao currant ofthe Darington input would not cause a ig: icant oro. FIGURE 18, Precision Current Source ‘The ampiers used must be componsated for uniy-gsin and adational compensaton may bo requred copending on Toad reactance and external transistor parameter, FIGURE 19a, Positive Voltage Reference [ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE REFERENCES. ‘Adjustable vaago roteronco circuits are shown in Figures 19 and 20. The two cxcuts shown have dforent areas ot applicaiy. The basic aference batwoon the two Is that Fgura 19itusates a voltage source whien provides avo. ‘age greater than the eterence diode whe Figure 20 ue: {aos a voltage source which provides a votage lower than ‘he reference dio. The figures show both postive and ogative voltage sources FIGURE 190. Negative Voltage Reference High precision exended temperature appicatons ofthe cr cut of Figure 19 requre that the range of adjustment of Your be restcted Whan this done, A may ba chosen fo fowde optimum zener current for minimum zener TC. Sine iis not a function of Vr, reterence F.C. wil be inde- pendent ot V+o FIGURE 208, Positive Voltage Reterence FIGURE 200, Negative Voltage Reference ‘The oul of Figure 20s suited for high precision extended temperature service" isreasonably constant since Iz pendent on V". Ri, 2, R3, and RA are chosen to pro- ‘ide the proper Iz Yor rrimum T.C, and to mirize eros 100 10 Ioan ‘The cteuits shown should both be compensated for unity- gan operation ori argo capactve loads are expected, Should be overcompensated. Output nose may be reduced In bath cet by bypassing the ample input ‘Te cicuits shown employ single power supply, this ro- utes that common mode range be consisered in hosing 4 ampliir for these applications. If the common mode ange requirements are fn excoss ofthe capabaty ofthe ampifr, wo power suppliss may be used. The LH¥O1 may be used wih a single power suppiy sine tne common mode rango is rom V* to within approximately 2 vols of V~ ‘THE RESET STABILIZED AMPLIFIER ‘The rast stablized ample ia orm of chopper stabized ampli ands shown in Figure 21. As shown, the ampllor 's operated closoc-oop witha gain of one. on T bese FIGURE 21, Reset Stabiized Amplifier “The connecton is usetl in eliminating erors cue to teat voltage and bias current. The output ofthis circuit a pulse wnse amplitude is equal to Vy. Operation may be under- ‘Slood by considering the two Conditons coresponding the poston ofS}. When Syn positon 2, the ampli is Connected Inthe unity gan connecton and the vohage at the output wil be equal to tho sum of tho input ost vat- ‘age and the dop across R2 duo to input bias current. The votage atthe inverting Input willbe equal to input osot ‘votage, Capacitor Ct wil charge to tho sum of input ost Yotago and Viy trough FT. When Cr is charged, no cr flows trough the source resistance and Ri so theres ‘no error du to input resistance. Sy i thon changed to pose ‘on 1. Tho voltage stored on CT is inseriod Betwoon the ‘output and inverting input of the amplifier and the output of {he amplior changes by Vy to marian the ampiior input al the nou offset voltage. The outbt then changes from {os + hiaaR2) 10 (Vin + haas2) 28S; 8 changed fom patton 2 o positon - Amplifier bias curent Is supplied {heough R2 from the output of the ampli o tom C2 when ‘S81 poston 2 and postion 1 respectively Ro serves to reduce hoofs atthe amir output ifthe ample must have masirur near range ori tis desired to DC couple the ampli. ‘An actonel advantage of is connection is that input ro- ‘stance approaches infinity as the capacitor C1. ap- roaches ful charge, eliminating errors duo to easing of the ‘source resistance. The time spent in positon 2 should be tong with respect to the charging ime of C1 Yor maximum secure. ‘Tho amplflor usod must be compensated for unity gan op- ‘aration end t may be necessary to ovarcomponsato be- {cause of he phase svt across R2 due to C1 and he ape fir input capacty. Since this connection is usualy used at very low suiting speeds, stew rates not normaly a pact al consideration and overcompensaton does net reduce aeeuracy 2 Oz-NVAN-20 FIGURE 22, Analog Muttiptor ‘THE ANALOG MULTIPLIER |A spe embocimont of the analog mulipir is shown in Figure 22. This rout creumvents many of the problems ‘associated with the logantlog ceut and provices tes ‘Quadrant analog mulpeation which i lately tempera. {uo ineonsve and which is ot subject to the Bias cuzront ‘errors wich plague most mutipirs. Cru operation may be understood by considering A2 a8 & Conired gain amp, ampiying Va, whose gan is de- ‘endent onthe rato ofthe resistance of PC2 to F and by oncidering At asa conl amplior which estabishos tho resistance of PC2 a a function of Vj In this way its seen that Vout i a function of both V3 ane Va A, the contol ampiiir, provides drive fr the lamp, Ls ‘When an input voltage. Vis presont. Lt is crn by At Lunt the curent to the summing jueton trom the gave ‘supply though PC1 is equal tothe current tothe summing Junction from V; through Ft. Since the negative supply vot ‘ge Is fixe, th forces the rsitanco of PC’ to 8 value Droportonal to Ft and to tho ato of Vy to V. Lt also Slumanetes PC2 and, i the pholoconducters are matched. ‘causes PC2 to have areistance equal to PC! £2, the controlled gan anplir, acts. as an rvertng ampli- fr whose gain is equal othe rato ofthe resistance of PC2 to F511 FS is chosen equal the product of and V~, then Vou becomes simply the product of Vs and Ve. RE ‘may be sealed In powore of ton To proude ary required ‘utp scale tacor. PC and PC2 shouldbe matchod for bet tracking over tm. porate since the T.C of resistance lalate to rasstance Match for cols of tho same geometry. Small mismatches may be compensted by varying the value of AS as sale factor adustment. The photoconductve cells should re oie equal itarinaton Wor Lt, a converient mathd ito ‘mount the colin holes in an aluminum block an to mount {he lamp midway batwoon thm. This mounting method ro- ‘des controle spacing and also provides a ermal biege between the two cals to redueo ctlerences in cll temper ture. Ths technique may be extonded oth use of FETs or ‘other devices to meet special resistance or envionment o- ‘urements “Tho creuitas shown gives an inverting output whose magni- ‘tudo Is equal to onotenth the product of tho two analog Iinguts nput Vs Is restcted to postive values, but Ve may ‘2ssume Both posive and negatve values. This cutis ‘esticted to low frequency operation bythe lamp time cone ‘ant F2 and Rare chosen to minimize ors duo to input offs ‘caent a8 outined in the section describing the photocol “amplifier. Ri included to reduce inzush current when fst {urning on the lamp, Lt. ‘THE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER AND AVERAGING FILTER, ‘To circuit shown in Figure 29 is the heart of an average acing, rms calbratod AC volimeter. AS shown, is arect- {rand averaging iter. Delation of C2 removes the averag- Ing function and provides precision ful-wave rect, and dletion of C1 provides an absolute value generator. CGcut operation may be understood by fotowig the signal ‘ath for nogatve and then for postive puts. For nogative Signal, the output of ampiir At is clamped to +0.7V by 1 ana alsconnected trom tho summing point of A2 by D2. ‘A then funtons as a simple unt gain verter wih input fesistor, RY, and feedback resistor, 2, giving a postive 9o- ing output For postive inputs, A operates as @ normal ampiiorcon- ‘cted the A2 summing point hough roster, PS. Ae- flr At then acts ‘aa simple unty gin invrter wh inputwin 40) om Om FIGURE 23. Full Wave Rector and Averaging Fiter resistor, R3, and fodback resistor, FS. A gain accuracy ‘ot atfecte by D2 since inside the leodback oop. Pos te curant ener the A2 summing pont trough resister, Ft, and nogative curent is drawn from the A2 summing point trough resistor FS. Since the voltages across 1 and FS are equal and opposite, and AS is onehal the value of Fi, the net input current a he A2 summing points equal to ‘and opposta rom the erat through Rand ampliter AZ ‘perates as a summing inverter with uniy gin gain ging {2 postive outut ‘The cul becomes an averaging tte when C2 ia connect: 0d across Re. Operation of AZ then ls similar to the Simp Low Pass Flor previously described. The time constant R202 should be chosen tobe much largar than tho mas: ‘mum parod of tho input voltage which i 10 bo averaged. Capacitor C1 may be dooted ifthe cut isto be used as fan absolute value ganeratoe. When tis is done, the creut ‘output wil be the postive absolute valve ofthe input vot: aoe. ‘The amplifers chosen must be compensated for unity gain ‘operation and RB and RY must be chosen to minimize ou ul erors due to input offset curent SINE WAVE OSCILLATOR ‘An amplitude sabized sine wave oscilato is shown in Fg- tre-24. This cuit provdos high purty sio-wave out Gown to low Hraquoncie with minimum cicut complex. ‘An important advantage of tus cut fe that tho tractonal ‘ungstonflament lamp amplitude regulator is eliminated ‘along with fs ume constant and nearty probes. In acon, the reliably problems associtod with lamp ate eiminaos “The Wien Bridge oscars widely used and takes advan- {ago ofthe fact that tho phase of the volage across tho paalel branch ofa soos and a paral AC natwork con. fected in eres, s the same as tho phaso of th applied ‘ollage arose the two networks atone particular requency ‘nd thatthe phase age wih incressing hequency and leads with decreasing frequency. Whon this nebwork—the Wien Brcigo—is used as a postive feedback slement around an ‘amplifier, oscilabon cccurs atthe frequency at whch the hase sit is zero. Acciona nogative feedback is provided to sotoop gan to unity athe oscllaion requency, to stab. zo the troquency of scilaon, and to reduce harmonic ‘stor, aut FIGURE 24, Wien Bridge Sine Wave Ouclator ‘Tho cout prosonted hore ders trom the classic usage only in the form of the negalve fecdback stabilzation ‘scheme. Creit operation f 85 follows: negate poaks in fxcoss of ~8.25V cause D1 and 02 to conduct, charging 2 Oz-NYAN-20 (C4. The charge stored in C4 provides bias to O1, which temines ampiir gan. C3 is low frequency rl. ca. pacito inthe feedback network and prevents ost votage {and offset curent errors fom boing mulipbed by amplifier ain, [Distortion is determined by amp opsrtoop gain and by the response time ofthe negative feedback loop fier, RS and C4. A tradeoffs necessary in determiring amplitude ‘Stabikzaton time constant and cecilator atorion. Aa is hocon fo adust the negatve feedback 1o0p so that tho FET is cporated at a small nogatwo gato bias. The crcut sown roses opt alsa gonera purpose TRIANGLE-WAVE GENERATOR ‘A constant amplitude tiangular-wave generator is shown in Figure 26. This cecut rowdes a variable frequency tiangu- lar wave whoso ampitue is indopandent of Frequency. FIGURE 25, Triangula- Wave Generator ‘The generator embocies an integrator asa ramp generator and a tveshox detector with hystrss asa resot crcut. ‘The integrator has been described in a previous setion and requires further explanation. The threshold detector is ‘ilar toa Schmit Tggor in that isa latch cea wth large doad zone. This uncon is implomented by using pos- Ive feedback around an operatonel ample When the ampifier ouput isin other tho postive or negative saturated Sate, tho postive feedback network proves a voltage at {he non-vering input whichis detained by the atten tion ofthe fed-back loop andthe saturation voliage of the apie. To cause the ampiir to change states, the vl- {90 a the input ofthe amir must bo caused to change Dolaty by an amount in exceas ofthe ample inpctolfeat ‘otlage. When ths Is done the amplfor saturates in tho ‘opposite dacton and remains in that state unt ho votage ats input again reverses, Tho complete crcut operation ‘ay bo understood by exariring the operation wth he out put ofthe threshold detctar inthe postive stat, The de- {ecter postive saturaton vollage is appli tothe intgrator Surnming junction trough th combination Ri and 8 caus- Ingle ourent I~ to flow. “Too intoyater thon generates a negatve-going ramp with @ rata of! /C} volts per second unbl ts Culpa equals the rogative wip pint of the twesnold detector. The threshold ‘elector then changos to th nogatve output sale and sup- piles a negative current, |=, a ths ntagratr summing point “Tho inogrator now generates a posive-going ramp wih & rato of ICI volts por second unt ts output oquals th postive tp point ofthe threshold detector whore tho dotec- tor again changes ouput state and the cycle repeats, “Trangularwave tequoncy is determined by F, Fé end C1 and the postive and negative salraton voltages of ho ar Pier At. Amptud is detorminod by the rato of RS 10 the ombination of and F2 and the reshold datociorsalu- Faton vollages. Postive and negative ramp rates are equal and postive and nogative peaks are equal f the detector has qual postive and nga saturation votages. The ‘output wavetorm may be offeat with respect to ground the invertng input ofthe tveshold datocter, At, 18 offset with respect to ground “The geoarator may be made independent of temperature and supply votage the cotactor is camped with matched enor dlodes as shown in igure 26. Tha Inogtator shoud bo compensated for unity. gain and tho dotector may bo compensated i power supply imped ‘ance causes osclation during Is transiion time. The cur ent into the integrator shoul bo large wth respect 9 bas for maximum syrmaty, and ofsot votage shoul be small wih respect te Vou Beak. FIGURE 26. Threshold Detector with Regulated Output ‘TRACKING REGULATED POWER SUPPLY ‘A tracking egulatod power supply is shown in Figure 27. “Tos supp is vary auto for powering an oporaenal a pitlor ys since postive and negative votages rack, Siminating common mode signals originating in tho supp ‘ollage. In eddtion, ony one voltage reference and amin ‘mum numberof passive components are requredCapcom 811 ogee pa FiguRe 27. Power supply operation may be understood by considering frst tne posive reguiator. The postve regulator compares the votago atthe wiper of Rd tothe voltage refeonce, D2 ‘The diference between thoso two vetago tha nput vt age othe alin and since 3, Re, and RS form 8 nega te feedback loop, the apie cubut voltage cnangos in such a way as fo minirize tis aference. The vollage relt- fenco curtent is supped trom the armpit Outpt to ‘rease poner supply ine rogulaton. This allows the rege torte operate trom supp wth large ripe voltages, og. lating the reference curentin tis way requires a separate Source of curent or supply startup. Restor Rt and diode Di provide this startup eument decouples th referancs ting from the ample ouput during star-up and RI sup- pls tho startup curent fom the unogulaed postive Sp By. Aor startup, the low amplifier ouput impedance re- ‘duces reference curent varatons ue to the current through Pi ‘The nogatve regulator is simply a uniy-gan inverter with Input resistor, R6, and foodback resistor ‘The empitirs must be compensated for uniy-gain opera ti, ‘The power supply may be modulated by injcting curent Info the wiper of Ia this caso, the output votage vara tions willbe equal and opposite al the postive and negatia ‘utputs. The power suppy voltage may De contlled by ‘placing Dt, 02, RI and R2 witha variable voRage PROGRAMMABLE BENCH POWER SUPPLY ‘The complete power supply shown n Figur 28 i a pro- ‘grarnmable poive and nogatve power suppl. The regula- {or secton of the supply comprises two voltage flowers ‘whose inputs provided by the voltage drop across a retr- lance resstor ofa procision curent source. FIGURE 28. Low-Power Supply tor Integrated circuit Testing 2 oz-NYAN-20 Programming sensitivity of the postive and negative supply 's 1V/10000 of resstors AB and R12 respectively. The ou ‘ut voltage ofthe postive regulator may be varie rom ap Droximately + 2V to +S6V wit respect fo ground anc the ‘gate roguator ouput votage may be varied rom ~38V {o OV with respect to ground. Since LMIO7 ampifers are sed, the suppies are inherent short ccut root. This ‘arent iting feature also serves o protect a test cult t ‘bis supply Is used in integrated creat testing Imtemaly compensated amplios may be used inthis app Caton if the expected capactve loading is smal If lrge ‘capacive loads aro expected, an extomaly compensated ‘mpliiar should bo usod and the amplifier should be over- Componsatod for additonal stably. Power supply noise ‘may be reduced by bypassing the ampier inputs fo ground ‘wih eaoactors inthe 0 10.0 nF range. CONCLUSIONS “Tne foregoing ctcults are itusraive ofthe verstity of he intograted operational ampitie: and provide a guide to & umber of usetl appicatons. The cautions noted in each ‘Socton wil show the more commen pitialls encountered in ‘ampliir usage. APPENDIX! DEFINTION OF TERMS Input Offeet Voltage: That votage which must be applied bptwoon the input terminals trough two equal resistances to obtain z%0 output voltage. Input Offeet Current: The dteronce in the curents into the two input trminas when the output sat zero. Input Bias Current: To avorago ofthe two Input cunts. Input Voltage Range: The range of vliagas on the input torminels for which the amplifier operates witin spectica- tions. ‘Common Mode Rejection Ratio: Tho rato of the input wotlage range 10 the peaictopak change In input ofsat Votlage over ts range, Input Resistance: The rao ofthe change in input voltage torte change input current on ei input with tho other grounded, ‘Supply Current: The curontrequted trom the power sup- plyto operate the amplifier with no load and the output at ‘Output Voltage Swing: The peak output voltage swing (6 ferro to zoo, thal can be obtained without clipping Large-Signal Voltage Gain: Tho rato of ho output voiage ‘eving to the charge in input vollage required to cve tho ‘output trom zero to this vatago. Power Supply Rejection: The rato ofthe changs in input cle age te cange im power sup volag rina Slow Rate: Tho intrnallysiited rato of change in output vwohage with alerge-ampltude step fonction applied to the input. REFERENCES. 41.0.6. AmpliterStabitzd for Zero and Gain; Wala, Tap- ley, and Gar AEE Transsctons, Vol 67, 1948, 2. Aetve Network Symes; K. L Su, McGraw! Book (Ine, Now York, Now York 2. Analog Computation; A. S. Jackson, MeGrawHl Book Co, nc, Now York, Now York 4.A Paimpsast on the Electronic Analog At: HM. Payntr, Eaton. Published by George A. Phirick Researches, Inc, Boston, Mass. 5 Det Compansaton Techniques for Intgrated D.C. Arm pif; RJ. Wear, EDN, Juno 10,1068 6.4 Fast Intagrated Voltage Follower With Low input Cu rent, FJ. Wir, Meroslectrones, Vol. 1 No. 7, June 1968,The LM105-An Improved Positive Regulator Robert J. Widlar ‘Apartado Postal 541 Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco Mexico Introduction IC vottago regulators are seeing rapicty increasing usage. ‘The LMIO0, one of the fst, nas aeady Boon widely Ae- cepted. Designed for vrsatiy, this crcl can be usod as a linear regulator, a switching regulator, a shunt requator, ot ‘oven a current regulator. The cuit votage can Be set be- twoon 2V and SOV wih a pair of external resistors and it Works wih unrogulatod input valtagos down to 7V. Disipa- ‘ion limitations ofthe IC package restrict the output current {oless than 20 mA, but external transistors canbe added to obtain output curents in excess of SA. The LMIOD and an ‘extensive description ofits use in many practical eu ae ‘served in Reloronces 1-8, ‘One complaint about tho LMI00 has bean that it does not havo good enough regustion fr certain aplication. In ad itn, t becomes del to prove that the load regulation is saisfactoy under worsi-case. design conditions. These problems prompted development of the LMIOS, which fs ‘early identical tothe L100 excopt hata gen tage has ‘been added or improved regulation. In the great majenty of applications, the LMTOS is plugin replacement forthe tito. the improved regulator ‘The fad regulation of the LU100 ie about 0.1%, no oed to ful oad, without current kiting, When short cout protec: ‘ions ade, the reguabon begins to degrade asthe output ‘current becomes greater than about hal he ling current This alsratd in Figure 1. Tho LM105, on th ar hand, (9606 0.1% regulaton up to cuenta closely approaching {he shortcut current As shown Figure 7 ths pare Lat sgnieant at high temperatures, ‘The current tinting characteris of a regulator ar impor- tant for two roasons: Fist, is almost mandetory that a ‘equator be shor-circuit protected because the ouput i {strbuid to enough placos thatthe probably oft becom ing shorted is qt high. Secondy, the sharpnoss of the liming charactestes's'not improved by the adaon of ‘extemal boostor tansisors. External transistors can crease the maximum output curent, but they 60 fot im ‘Prove the load regulon at curents approaching the short National Semiconductor ‘Application Note 23, ie curr vocrace oewarion {oAD CURRENT na at)= 250 2 Ea bore i i ie Sane Fo tae b= 125 Figure 1. Comparison between the load regulation of the L100 and LIOS for equal short circuit currents rout currant. Thus, itean be seen thatthe L106 provides ‘more than tn tes beter ead regulon in practical power Supply downs 3 ee-NYAN-23 Figura 2 shows that tho LM105 also provides bettr line ‘oguation than the LMT00. These cures give the percont- {8 change In output voltage for an incremental change in the uvreguated input votage. Thay show thatthe tine requ- lation is worst for smal dfforences between the input and ‘output voltages. The LM06 provides about tree times bet- {oe regulation under worst ease conditions. Bypassing the Internal erence of th rgulator makos the ripple ojction (of tho LMIO5 almost a factor of tn Beto than the LMTOO ‘over the entre operating rango, as shown inthe gue. This ‘ypate capacitor ao eliminates nos ganerated i the o> ‘mal reference zener of th I. ite Figure 2. Comparison between the tine regulation char- ‘acteriatcs ofthe L100 ana LIMOS. ‘The L105 nas also benefited om the use of new IC com. ponenis doveloped ator the LM100 was dosignod. These Fave reduced the internal power consumption so thatthe [L105 can be speciied for input voltages upto SOV and ‘output voltages to 40V, The minimum poload cwront ro {ued by the LM100 isnot neodod onthe LTO ‘ceult description ‘The difrences between th LM100 and the LMI05 can be ‘s00n by comparing the schematic agrams in Figures 3 and 70 and Os have boon ade to the LMI0S to form a ‘ommoncolcter, common-base, common-omitr ampi- ‘rather than the single common arte deren amps fer of tho U6100, In the LM100, generation of the reforance voltage starts ‘wah zener diode, D1, whichis suppl witha fed curent ‘tom one ofthe collctors of G2. Ths ragiatod vatage, ‘whlch has @ postive tomperature coetciont is butlered by Figure 4. Schematic dlagram ofthe LM105 reguator (3, divided down by Ft and F2 and connected in series with lode connected transistor, 7. The negative temper- {lure coetfcient of G7 cancels out the pasitve cooticiont of the voltage across RZ, producing a temperatre-compon fated 1.8V on the base of O8. Tis point is also brought ‘outside the cout so that an exirmal capacitor can be add- 19 to bypass any noiso fom tho zane dose Transistors 08 and 9 make up the eror ampitir of tho cieut Again of 2000 is obtained rom this single sage by ‘sing a curont source, another collector on G2, asa colec- {or toad. Tho ouput ofthe ampli is buffered by Q11 and ‘sed fo drive the series pass transistor, O12. The collector ‘01 012 is brought out stat an extemal PNP tansistr, oF PNP-NPN combination, can be added for increased out Current tinting Is provided by O10, When the voltage ‘ross an oxteral rit connected between Pins 1 and 8 Bocomes high enough to tun on O10, it removes the base ‘hve ftom G1 20 the regulator exhbis a constantcurent Charactrste. Praiaing the cuont Brit Yansistor wih 2 potion of the emitr-base voltage of G12 rom A@ and A? reduces te current int sense votlage. This incroases the Figure 3. Schematic dlagram ofthe LM100 regulator 32- ‘acts from the voltage on the emiter of Qn dterminng the voltage on tho top ond othe tomperatie-compansat ing rosisto, Sy, The signal on the top of Sj wil be zo whon the input curents equal tothe cuent trough Ry at ary tompore: |. Furtr, this voltage wil vary logartmically for chang {65 in input curont, although the seale factor wil havo a temperature costiciont of —0.3%/"C. The output of the onvorteris essentially mulipiod by tho rato of to Sy Since 5; has postive temperature coefcant of 3 por. ‘cant/", it compensates fr the change In seal Factor with temperature. In tis circu, an LMTO1A wih fovdtorward compensation sed fo Ap since it is much fastr than the LM1O8 used for ‘Ar Since Bath amples are cascaded in the overal food. ‘back lop, the reduced phase shit through Ag sures sla- ily Cetin things must be considered in designing ths crcl For one, the senstvity can be changed by varying Ry. But Fy; must be mado considerably larger than the resistance of 5; or effecve temparature compensation ofthe seal fac- {er.0} and Qs should aso be matched devices inthe same package, and Sy should be at the same temperature 88 those wansistors. Accuracy for low input curens is dter- mined bythe eror caused bythe bias curent of Ay. At igh uments, the behavior of Oy and Qa limits accuracy. For input caren approactng 1 mA, the 2N2920 develops log ing eros in excess of 1 percent. If larger input corents fare aniopated, bigger arsistore must bo Ubod: and Rp ‘should be reduced to insure that Ay does not saturate. transducer ampiiers With certain transducers, accuracy dopends on the choice of ho cut coniguration as much ast does on the quay ‘ofthe components. The ampiier for photodiode sensors, Shown in Figure 24 susates this point. Nermaly, potod ‘odes are oporated with averse volagoaereas the jncbon, At high temperatures, the leakage currents can approach ‘the signal cure. However, photodiodas dower a short-ce- cuit output curren, unaffected by leakage currents, which not sigaiicanty lower than the output eurent wi reverse as, 3 t i Tuweers25, Figure 24. Amplifier for photodiode sensor ee-NYAN-29 BS rensovcen rt Figure 25. Ampllir for plezoslectrictraneducers ‘The exci shown in Figure 24 responds tothe shor-oreut ‘output cuenta tho photodiode. Since te voltage across {he code Is onl the offset votage of the apie, inherent lwakago is reduced by atleast two orders of magni, Neglecting the offset current ofthe ampli, the output cu. nt ofthe sensor is mulioed by Ry plus Rin determining the output vatage. ‘Figure 25 shows an amie fr highimpadance as trans- cers tke a plezoolocine accelaromotar These sensors ‘ormaly requre a high-nputesistance ampli. The {att08 can provide input rasistances in tho range of 1010 100 Mn, using conventional creuity However, conention- a designs are sometimes ruled out ether because large resistors cannot be used or because prohibitively large put Fesistances are needed. sing the oct in Figure 25; put resistances tat are or ders of magnitude greater than the values of to de rot resistors can bo oblained. This ls accomplished by Boot raping th resistors tothe output. Wit this arrangement, ower cut requency ofa capacitive ransducer& de: termined more by the FC product of Fy and Cy than is by resistor values and the equWvalent capacttance ofthe tans ‘cer realatance mulipcation ‘When an inverting operational amplifier must have igh n= put resistance, the resistor valioe requrod can got out of hand, For exape, ita 2 MA input resistance is nouded for {an amplifier wit a gain of 100, «200 Mi Toodback resistor is cafe fr. This resistance can, however, be reduced us Ing the cout in Figure 26. duldar with a ratio of 10 t+ (Pa and Pi) is added to the ouput of the amir: Unity= ‘ain feedback is apple trom the cutout ofthe cider, a= Ing an overal gan of 100 using only 2 MA resistors. ‘Tis cut does increase the offset voltage somewhat. The ‘output fst votage is gvan by (PE) avn ‘Tho ofaot vokage is ony rule by Ay +1 n 8 conwon- tional verter, Therefor, the oreut mn Figure 26 mulpies the offot by 200, instead of 101. Tie multiplication factor {an be redid 1 110 by Iereasing Reto 20 Mil and Figo 555k Your narasny Figure 26. averting amplifier with high Input resistance “Another isadvantage ofthe crus that fur resistors do- {ermine the gan, instead of two, Herc, for @ gwen rossior {olerance, the wors-case gain deviation s greater, although ths is probably more than offset by the ease of gating bet- tor tolerances in tho low resistor values. current sources Although there are numerous ways to make cuent sources with op amps, most havo limatons as far asthe applca- tion ig concord. Figure 27, Rowever, shows a curont source which fatty fodble ad has fow resstons as far {as ts use is concemed.t supplies @curant hal propor {onal 10 tho input voltage and drives a load reterod to ‘ground or any voltage within the oubutswing capably of the amir. bi Jour Figure 27. Blateral current source With the output grounded, tis relatively obvious thatthe ‘output current wil bo determined by and te gan seting of he op amp, ylding oViy ‘our — Rs hon the output snot at 280 t woud S06m thatthe cur ‘ant through Rp and Rg woul reguce accuracy. Nonetho- loss, iF = Reand Rg — Ri + Ry, to output cron wibe indopendnt ofthe output voltage. For Ry + Ra > As, the output resatance ofthe cxeut ie given by 8 Pour As (2) hare anyone of he eadback estore (Ry, Ri Re or Fi) and aA father charge nthe vet valve from design center Hence, or thereat in gure 27 at erent devon none ofthe reste vees wil 0p he toa resistance to 200. Such eras can bo ned {iby aauning one oh oodback recs. In desig is savaableo mato th oacbac eestor as large sa Poe Sil. Otero, ress teerancon become even mor iat “The cteut must be aren rom a source resistance whch s tow by comparsen to Ry, sce th reastance wi iba anc tho ere aac both gn a output restr, 4a show, the eet ges a negate capt cuanto 8 postive put vaage Th canbe reversed by rounding the mput and Svng the ground end of Rp The age of tho seal lctor wil be urchargod as ong as a > P, voltage comparators Like most op amps, its possible to use the LAMIOB 98 & Voltage comparator. Fgure 28 shows the dovce uted 88 ‘Siple 20r0-r08sng tector, The inputs ofthe IC are pro- Figure 28, zero crosuing detector tected intrnally by backto-back dodes connected be- twoon thom therfore, voagesin excess of 1V earmat be impressed deety across the nuts. Ths prob is taken care of by Ry wisen mite the curent go that input voltages In oxcaas of 7 KV can be tolerated if absolute accuracy required ori Riis made much larger than 1 MA a compen sting resistor of equal value should be Inserted In sores wit he other input In Figure 28, te outut of th op amp is clamped so hat it can grve DTL or TTL droct. Ths is aocomplished wih a ‘lamp code on pin 8. When the output swing postive, ks ‘amped atthe breskdown votage of the toner. Whon it Swings ngative tis amped ata clog drop below ground Ite 8 log supp fe used a8 & poeive supply forthe apie, the zener canbe replaced with an ordinary slicon Gide. The maximum fan out that can be handled by the vice is one for standard OTL. ox TTL under worst cate condone. [As might be expected, the LMIOB i not vey fast when ‘sed as a comparator. The response to i up in the Tans lof microseconds. An LMI03"¥ commended for Oy, rath: {than a conventional aly zener, because it has lower ‘eapactance and wil ot siow tho ccut futher. The sharp breakdown ofthe LMT03 at ow curren is also an aavan- tage as tho current trough the code in clare Is only 10m ‘Figure 29 shows a comparator for voltages of opposite po- lant. The output changos state when the votlage on the Junction of Ry and Fis equal to Vi, Mathematical, tis expressed by pls ~ Ve) Wn Ve+ TR Re Figure 29, Voltage comparator with output butter ‘Tho LMIOB can also be used as a diferent comparator, ‘cing through a transion when two Input voltages are ‘Squal. Howover, resistors must be inortod in eri wth he Inputs to mit curent and minimize loading on the signal ‘ouc0s when the inputpotecton dlodes conduct. Figure 29 also shows how a PNP transistor can be added onthe ‘output tc inerease tho fan ou to about 20 with standard OTL. orm. power booster ‘The LMTOB, which was designed for low power consump- tion, is notable to drive heavy toads. However, a relatvoly simple boostor can be edd tothe output to nerease the ‘output cunt to = 50 mA. Th cout, shown in Fire 9, has the adced advantago that it swings the output up tothe supplies, wihin a fracton of a vot. The inoreased voltage ‘ng Is particulary help in ow voltage cuts Figure 30, Power booster CaAN-29 In Figure 30, ho utp rarsistor aro von from the sup- ply leads ofthe op amp. iis important that Ry and Re be ‘ado low enough 80 Gy and Qe are not turned on by the tort case quiescent current ofthe amit. The cuut of the op amp is loaded hoavly to ground with Ry ard \Whon the output swings about 0 V posite, the increasing postive supply curent wil tum on Gy wach pulls up the {oad A siniar station occure wth Q> for negative output ‘wings ‘Tho bootsrapped shunt compensation shown inthe fre |s the oni ona that sooms to work forall loading conditions ‘This copactor, Cs, can be made inversely proportional to the dosed loop gain to optima frequency respenso. Tho valve gvan's fra uniy-gain Follower connacton. Ces also equa fr loop stay “Tho circuit dos have a dead zone into open loop transtor charactarste, However, the low trequency gain is high ‘Snough 50 that it can be neglected. Around 1 KHZ, though, ‘the dead zone becomes quis noticeable, ‘Currant iting can be incorporatod int the cet by ad- ing resistors in sores wi tho omitrs of Qy and Qe be- ‘cause the short ereut protection ofthe LMIOB Kis the ‘maximum vollage drop across Fy and board construction ‘As indicated previously, corain precautions must be ob- served when building cuts that are sensitive to very ow ‘Currants. If proper caro snot take, board leakage curents ‘can aay Become much largor than the err cunts of tho op amp. To provent thi, tis nacossar to thoroughly ‘loan printed cout boards. Evan experimental bread. boards must be cleaned with tichlorothane or aicohel 10 romove bolder fluxes, and blown dry witt compressed at “Those faxes may be insulators at low impedance lovele— lke in elocte motors—but they corti are notin PN impodance creuts In aeiton to causing gross oor, thar ‘presence can maka the cet behave eraticly, especialy 45 tho tomporature is changed. 7 "aw, ° Bottom View Figure 31. Printed ekrcult layout for Input guarding with TO-S package ‘woon adjacent runs on a printed crcut board Is about 108A (@.054ncn separation parallel for 1 inch) fr high uaity opoxylass boards that nave been propery cleaned, ‘Therefore, the boards can essly produce erorcurens in tha order of 200 pA and much more they Become conta Inated, Conservative practes dictates that the boards be ‘coated with epoxy or slcone rubber after clearing to pre- ‘ent contamination. Silcone rubber 1 the oasost to us. However, the beter durabity of epoxy is needed, care must be takon to make sur tat it gots thoroughly cured. ‘Gtherwise, the epary wil make high tonporatre lakage much worve. ‘Caro must also be exercised to insur thatthe cult board is protected from condentod walr vapor when oparating in tha vicinity of OC. This can usualy be accomplshed by ‘coating the Board as mentoned above. taverting ampitier Figure 32. Connection of input guards‘guaraing Even wt propery cleaned and coated boards, leakage c= rents are on the verge of causing rouble at 125°C. The standard pn configuration of most IC op amps has the input ins adjacent to pins which are at te supply polenta ‘Therelore, tis advsable to employ guarding 10 reduce the voltage aifeonce batween the inputs and adjacent etal ‘Aboard layout that includes input quarcig is shown in Fig- ‘re 31 forthe eight lead 705 package. A ton teas inc is usod, and the loa af tho IC ae formed 0 tha he holes adjacent othe inputs are vacant when its ingertod in tho board. The guare, which Is @ conductive rng surounding ‘the inputs, is then connected to alow impedance pont that 's.at the same potential as tho inputs. Tho leakage currents ‘rom te pins at the supply potentials are absorbed by tho (uard. The voltage difarence betwoen the quad and the Inputs can be made approximately equal to the ost vot- ‘Age, reducing th effective leakage by more than thee x: Gers of magnitude. Ifthe loads ofthe intograted cout. or ‘ther components connected tothe input, go tough the boars t may be necessary to guard both sides, ‘Figure 22 shows how the guard is commited onthe more- ‘common op amp excuts. With an integrator o vortng ry ite, wero the inputs are close to ground potential, tho ‘guard is simply grounded. With the vollage folower, the {vers bootstrapped to tho output Its dosrabe to pa Feeistor inthe invoring input to componsato forthe source Fesistance, tis comacted as shown in Figure 220. U aa NOTE Fn eomacts boom tpctage “Top View Guaring a noninverting apie i to more compat €2d. A low impedance point must bo created by using rla- ‘ol low val foodback recites to determine the gain (Ry ‘and Re In Figure 322). The guard is then connected tothe Iuneton ofthe foodback resistors. A resistor, Ry, can be Connected as shown in the fue io compensate for large ‘source resistances Wt the cualinsne and flat packages, i far more ecu to guard the inputs, the standara pin contguaton ofthe M09 or LMTO1A Is used, bacause the in spacings on ‘these packages ae fuod. Therefore, the pin coniguration ofthe LMI08 was changed, as shown in igure 22. conclusions 1C 0p amps are now avaiable that equal the input current 1 FET ampli inal but tho mest esricted ge applications. At operating temporatros ‘above 85°C, th Cs loa syparior se uses poe ran ‘Sstrs that make it posse to eliminate the leakage out- rons tat plague FETS. Adstonaly, polar transistors ‘match better han FETs, so low offset voltage and dits can be obtained without expensive adjustments or seiecton, Further, the bipolar dovios fond themeetves more red 0 low-cott monolith constuction ‘These ampiiirs open up new apaleaton areas and vasty Improve perfermance In others For example, in analog memories, noting itera can bo extended to manus, ‘von whore —55°C to 125°C operaton is volved. Ins ‘mentation amplifiers and low frequoncy waveform gone tors also bona fom tho low arer cuenta. ete Zor. NOTE: Fn? cmc tom tte “Top View Figure 8. Comparing connection diagrams ofthe LM101A and LM108, showing addition of guarding 6e-NVAN-29 When operating above 86°C, overall performance is tre ‘quent lrited by components other than the op amp, un- loss crt proceutons ae observed. tis gonerally neces- sary to redesign cicuts using semiconductor switches to Feduce the eect of ther leakage currents, Further, high (ually capactors must be used, and care must bo exer {ood in solecting large valu restora. Printed cut board Teakagas can alto bo toubiesome unless the boards are ‘Property treated. And above 100°, ii almost mandatory {o employ guarding on the boards to protct the inputs, ‘he ful potent ofthe ample is o be reelzed, append ‘Acomplate schematic of the LM108 ls gen in Figure Ar. A 0. Thi shows thatthe ouputis proportional to the legarth of the input votage. The coefcent ofthe log term is dreety proportional o absolute temperature. With ‘out compensaton, tho slo factor wil also vary drectiy wt tomperature. However, by making Re drcty ropor- tonal to temperature, constant gan is obtained. The tan perature compensation i pay 1% over a temperature Fange of ~25°C to 100°C forthe resistor speci. For it fod tomperature range appicatons, such a8 °C to BOC, a 44201 sonsistor in sores with a 5700 resister may bo subst- {uted forth Tkrsistr, also wih 1% accuracy. The dvdr, Fy and Ra, sts the gin who the curent through Ri sets the zero, With the values given, the scale factor is 1V/dec- ado and cour ~ ~ [ovo] S| +5] “ ‘where the absolute val sign indlatas thatthe cimensons ‘ofthe quanty insise are tobe ignored. Log generator crcults are not itd to inrting operation. Infact a feature of ths crcut is ro ase wih which non-in- ‘orig operation is obtained. Supolying the input gna to ‘hz and tho releronce cutentt Ay results ina og output ‘thet I not invertod from tho input, To achieve the samo 100 dB aynamic rang in the noninverting configuration, an Latt08 shoud be used for A and an LMOIA for Ay, Sines the LM108 cannot use feedtonward compensation, iis te ‘quency compensated withthe standard 0 pF cepacter. Tre ony other change isthe addon ofa clamp diode con- ‘nected tom the emitter of to ground. This prevents da- {ge fo the logging transistors if tho Input signal should go negative. yan ermyat2xe, +350 p90 ote vate Aut FIQURE 1. Log Generator with 100 dB Dynamic Range ry“Tho log ouput is accurate to 1% for any curent between 10nd and 1 mA. This is ouivalent to about 3% referred to the input At cures over 00 nA the transistors used dou se from fog charactorisics duo to resistance int emer, while at low currents, the eset curent ofthe LMI06 the major source of ero. These eros occur at th ends of the ‘dynamic range, and trom 40 nA to 400 nA the og convertor | 1% accurate referred to tho input. Both of tho vansiters ‘are used inthe grounded base connection, rather than tha diode connection, to eiminto erors due to base curant, Unfortunately, the grounded base connection increases tho oop gan. More frequency compensation ls necessary to Brevent osciation, and the log converter i nocessany ‘stow It may take 1125 ms for the ouput to sotto 1% ot Is fal valve. This is especialy tru at ow curents. ‘The circuit shown in Figure 2 ls two orders of magnitude fasior an the provous eeuit and has a dynamic range of 80 dB. Operation is the samo as the cut in gure 1, except he configuration optimizes speed rather tan dy nami range. Transistor Q;'s ode connect to alow the use of feediorward compensation! on an LMIOVA opore: tonal ample. Tis componsaton extends the bandwidth to 10 MHz and increases the slow rata. To prevont errs ue to the fate Ree of Q; and the bias current of the LMTO1A an LMO2 voltage folower butlers the base cur ‘ent and input curent. though tho log cult wil operate without the LM102, accuracy wil degrade at ow input ox: ents. Ampiier Az is also compensated for maximum band wie. As wih the previous log converter, Ry and Fg conto the senstiwty: and Ay controls the zero crossing ot the transfer tuncton. Wi the valios shown tho seme factor ‘Widecade and ton ~ fone +4] ton an 0082 FIGURE 2.Fast Log Generator [Arte or exponential ganeations simply a mattor of oar: ranging the creuty. igure 9 shows the occ of ho log converter connected to gonsrato an exponential outut from a rear rp. Ampiiir Ay In conjunction with vansis- tor Qy dives the emiter of Gp in proporion tothe input vollage. The collector cuent of Op vares exponentially ‘wih the omitr-base voltage. This currents converted 0 & ‘alago by ampiior Az. Wt he values given Eour = 107 © Many non-inoar funtions such a x, X28, 17%, XY, and are asi gonoratod withthe use of logs, Mutipicaton ‘becomes accion, cision becomes subvacton and pow {ers become gain coefcents of og terms. Figure 4 shows a reult whose outputs the eube of te input Actually, any Power funcion is avalabl rom ts cteut by changing the ‘aves of Rg and Fp in accordance wih the expression: mor a Eour = Ew "Note thet when log and snit-og cule are used to pertorm an operation with alinar ouput, no temperature compen: ating resistors at all are needed. tthe log and aniog ‘vansstors are altho samo tomperatur, gain changes wih tomporature cancol. It's good Wea to uso a heat snk which coupes the two transistors to minimize thermal grade tents. A HC tomperaturo difference bameeen the log and anthiog transistors resuts in a 0.3% eror. Also, in the Jog Converters °C aferonce batwoon te lo transistors and {he compensating resistor resus in a 0.3% err. Ether of he crcuis in Figures 1 of 2may bo used ae dvid- 80 recprocal gonerators. Equation 3 shows te outpls ofthe log gonerators are actualy the rato of two currents: sya 1s exe, +200 sem, Oe-NYAN-30 the input curent and the current rough Ro, When used 88 log generator the cuter tough Fig was held constant by connecting i 10a fixed voltage. Hence, the output was Just the log ofthe input. Ri i ven by an input wotage, fathor than th 18V reference, the output ofthe og genera {or's the fog rato of fhe input current tothe eustorteough Fi, Th antiog of tis votag isthe quotient. OF course, ‘he divisors constant, the output i the rcrocal ‘A complete one quacrant multiple /didor is shown in Far ‘ue 6. t's basicaly the log generator shown in Figure 1 “ving the anthiog gonerator shown in Figure 3. The log ‘generator output tom Ay dives to baso of Os witha vl {290 proportional to th log of E/E, Transistor Qe acs @ voltage proportonal tothe log of Ep and cvs the anton Itanaistor Og The colector crrent of Gis converted 10a” ‘extput voltage by Ay and Fr, wih the scale factor setby iy atEy Ex/t0E ‘Moasurement of tansistorcuront gars over a wide range (of operating curents s an application parila suted To ‘oq ulipler/dvisers, Using the cut in Figure, PNP our ent gains can be moaaured at curents from Ot wA to ‘mA. The collector current f the Input signal to Ay the ‘base curent isthe input signal to Ap, and feed voltage to Fe sets the scale factor. Since Ag holds the base at round, {dingo sister rom the omer to tho postve suppy sal thats needed to establish he operating curont. The output In akon othe appleston in perferming funcional oper- stone, log gonealors can provide a sgnifeant increase In ““ is ncn 60 So FIGURE 4. Cube Generator @the dynamic range of signal processing ystems. Aso, un- ko @ near system, theo Is loss in aouracy or reco tion whon tho Input gna is smal compared to ful se (Over most of he dynamic range, the accuracy i a parent ‘final rather than a percert-t‘ulbscale. For exam, Using log gonerators, a simple moter can depay signals wth 100 08 dynamic range of an osllosecpe can eplay @ 10mV and 10V pulse simutancously, Obviouly, without he og generator, tho lw level signals ae compltay lost To achieve wide dynamic range wit high accurey, th in- ut operational amptiernacossary must have low offset Voltage, ias curant and ofset coment. Tho LHIOB has & ‘maximum bias curent of 3 nA and offet current of 400 pA over a 58°C to 125 temperate rango. By using equal ‘04700 resistor, only the ofa current ofthe L108 cae {8 an oro. Tho offset current of to LMOE ie low 85 ‘many FET amplfors. Further, thas alow and constant tor perature coetcent rather than doubling every 10°C, Ths results in greater accuracy over temperature than can bo Achioved wih FET amples. The offset vatage may be ne 2er00d, if necessary, 10 improve accuracy wit low input votages, ‘The log converters are law love cults and some care shouldbe taken dung constuction. Th input ioads should be a8 short as possible and the input culty guarded ‘gaint leakage Gurents. Solder residues can easy con ‘ct leakage curens, therefore cireult boarde shoud be ‘leaned before use. High qualty glass or mica capactors ‘shouldbe used on the inputs to minimize leakage currents ‘Also, whan the + 15V supply is use a areterenee must bbe wall regulated REFERENCES. 1.R. ©. Dobkin, "Fescfonard Compensation Speeds Op ‘Arp, National Semiconductor Corporation, Lnear Brit 2, Aor, 1960, 2.R. J. Widar, “Monolithic Operations! Ampifers—The Universal Linear Component’; National Semiconductor CCarperaton, AN4, Ape, 1968, FIGURE 5. Multpter/OWvider co Of-NYi Op Amp Circuit Collection Son! Sercondvoor A SECTION 1—BAsiC CIRCUITS Tnverting Amplifier Nominverting Ampiitier Fast averting Amplier with High Input impedancé Inverting Ampifier with High input impedance ‘ora fo amar 1000 pF, For non- active loads in 12 shoud be shorted to pint and pin 10 ‘horod to pn'8. A oan! diver is shownin gue 73. Pin 6 is short opin 7, obtaining an ital ofa of 5.0 mV, nd tha 420 couple with the LHO00's output impedance (@oout 6) mach the coma cable's characteristic impos ‘ance. C; is agjused as a function of cable length to pt- tao risa an fa Sm. Rio imo forthe creut a shown Figure 12, 10 ns. ‘Another application that ulizes the low input cuent, igh ‘speed. and high capacitance ceive capabilites of the Un0030 is shiek or ine driver for high epood automate test equipment In this example, the LHOD89 Is mounted lose to the device under test and dives the cable shld thus alowing higher speed operation since the device under {ast doesnot have to charge the cable SRS Mon: on/ ven 7a I FIGURE 12. LH0033 Pulae Response into 10 oot Open Ended Coaxial Cable est oF Rost FIQURE 19FIGURE 14. Instrumentation Shield/Line Driver ‘The LHO038's high input impedance and ow input bias cur- Font may bo utlzedin medium spoed ccute such a Sar le and Hold, and O to A converters. Figure 15 shows an ‘Uo used asa butarin medium speed Oo A converter et at sro comesing #1008 pte earsnreaiv goed eget Insect pte rt ec ow ep Iiniors wr ta pot sees canes Leupes spina ss ans wed pn ‘oimaa pons yoyo wa The hgh evo sat cay dow ato Tatu td saat tno eet 1 ce 1a kl Ai" ae ped ao nin cotganon wn, une (Styne tn contrac On essere od Sergi apse yey 20 0 ‘wou is con nt tent mae of ‘Te Lott maybe ted AC topcoat i Sunol an eve ore ae Pp Poe tea toe megs ator mewtree hr ecan FIGURE 15 a7 arNYN48 FIGURE 17. High Input impedance ‘AC Coupled Ampiti ‘A single supply, AC coupled ampli i shown in Figure 18. Input impedance is approximately 500k ané output swing inoxcess of BV peektoppak with a 12V supply. “The LH0039 may be ready used in applications where sym- roviea suppbes are unavalaie ot may not be dasable. A FIGURE 18. Single Supply AC Ampliior ‘ypicel application might bo an interface to an MOS shift register where V"~6.0V and V~ = ~25V. In ths cas, ‘an apparent output offset occurs. In realty. the output vol age is due tothe L003 voltage gain of ess than nity. oy‘re opi vgs eit et aeyerticl spees ay repre oy avo An S¥) os v=) ver: AY = No ad votge gin, aly 0.99 += Poste Sop Voge = Nogate Sepp Vota, Forte apg epcaton, Vo wou bo —100 This Sunt “ota hay bee d te too ae od Som Foe 19 stows ah , rte ar wich eos sar tie of te Lootste wo tenant For We vas ‘hw te cnt remy et te The 03 can ala be vein onneon ian per {ral anor as son bows we shown se 2 min iea Cup curents in excess of 109 mA may be obtained. In ‘usin of 1501 resietorsbotwoen pine 1 and 12, and 9 and 10 provide shor circuit protecton, whe decouping pins 1 and 9 wi 1000 pF eapactors alow near ful output Swing. ‘The vale for the shor uit currents given by: aw °° Rut ~ Pusat were: Igc < 100 mA ‘SUMMARY ‘Te avantagos of @ FET inut butter have been demon- ‘statod. The LH0039 combined very high input inpedanes wide bandwith very high stow rate, Fgh output capably, land dcignflxbiy, making tan idoal buffer for applica tions ranging Wom DO to in excess of 100 Miz FIGURE 19.4.5 MHz Notch Fer FIGURE 20, Using LH033 as an Output Butter aeNVAN-49 PIN Diode Drivers INTRODUCTION ‘The DH0035/DH00350 Is TTL/OTL compatible, OC cou- pled, high speed PIN diode river. ts capabie of delivering ak cures in excess of one amporo at speeds up to TO MHz. This article damonsratos naw the DHO035 may bo ‘applied to ving PIN dodas and compareba load which Fequre high peak curents at righ repettion rates. The s2- Tent characteris ofthe devon ave surnmaied in Tabi. ‘TABLE | DHO035 Characteristics Parameter Conaitions | Vale ‘ferent Supp ‘Sov Max. Votage (V+ ~V~) ‘Output Curent 000A Maxamum Power 1.5 “ai PAF = 50MHa | One “ase ve —v- = 20v | 18n8 10% 10 90% “an ve ov | 10ne 90% 10 10% PIN DIODE SWITCHING REQUIREMENTS Figure 1 shows a simpiiod schomatc ofa PIN dio switch ‘Typlaly the PIN code fused in RF through mrowave ‘roquensy modulators and switches. Since tho doce ls shunt wih the FE path, tha RF signal i attenuated when the code i forward biased ("ON"), andi passed nattonu- lod when the diode s reversed based ("OFF"), There a ‘sony two considerations of ntrostin the "ON" cond tin. Fret, the amount of "ON" conrleurant must be sff- Cent such that RF signal curert wil ot slgnicanty modu- late the "ON" impedance of the dode. Second, the time ‘equiva to achive the "ON" condtion must be micimized, FIGURE 1. Simplified PIN Diode Switch National Semiconductor ‘Application Note 49 ‘Tho charge control mode ofa dodo 2 leads to the charge comtnuty equation given in equation (1). 2,2 ar were: ~ charge due excess minority cats 7 = moan ifetime ofthe minor cars eure (nae scene Son Pe 2. cero corti = 0 ac o we-2eo-kerr were:| = steady state “ON” curent lec = 58 cant Cran te = RF Sigal Carer tage FIGURE 2. Circult Model for PIN Switch ‘The condvetance is proportional othe current, hance, in ‘order to minimize mocuation veto the RF signa, loc > ‘ae. Typcal values fr Ino range from 50 mA To 200 mA depending on PIN code ype, andthe amount of modulation that can Bo toeratod. “The tine responce ofthe excess charge, 0, may be eval- ‘ated by takang the Laplace transform of equation (1) and solving for ow = 5 Solving equation (8) for tt) yields: Qty) = L=1 [OKA = He — -Y) ” ‘Tho timo response of Q is shown in Figure 38, AS can be ‘soon, several cartier lifetimes are required to achieve the steady state "ON" condition (@ = Ing #7) °“Tho tie responso of the charge, hence the me fo he ‘ode to achieve the "ON" stato cous bo shocined by ap plying a curont spi, Ink, tothe ode and then stopping {ne current tothe stead stato valu, Ipc. a8 shown in ‘ure 96. The optimum response woul be diated by: (0) () = Fog 6 FIQURE 38 FIGURE 2» ‘a turn of raquements forthe PAN ode ae quite sila to tho tun on, except that in tho "OFF" condition, the ‘steady curont cops othe ciode's reverse laskage current. ‘A charge loc * 7, was stored in the diode inthe "ON" ‘onditon snd in order to achieve the “OFF” state this ‘Sharge must bo removed. Again, in oFder to remove the ‘charge rapidly, large peak curent(n the opposite drec- tion) must be applied tothe PIN code: a> 8 Its interesting 0 note an implication of equaton (5). the Boak tun on curent wore mainianed for a period of te, ay equal 7, then the ode would acauire an excess ‘charge equa ipkT. This same charge must be romoved atu of, istead ofa charge Ipc * +, resuling in a consi ‘raby slower tun off Accordingly, coil ofthe with of {um on eurnt pack cial in achieving api tur ot [APPLICATION OF THE DH0036 AS A PIN DIODE DRIVER, Tho DHO035 is epecicaly designed to provide both the ‘current aves ang timing intervals aquled to optinaly dio PIN diede swtenes. Is schematic is shown in Figur & The ovlce utizes a complomentary TTL input butfr such a the OM7830/D§B830 or DMS440/ON7440 for ts Input ig ras. ‘Two configurations of PIN dade switch ar possible: cath- ‘ode grounded and anode grounded. The design procedures for the two confguatons wil be considered separa. [ANODE GROUNO DESIGN ‘Selection of power supply voltages isthe fest consicaration. “Tab {roveale that the OHO0G5 can withstand a total of 80 aifeentialy. The supply voltage may be divided sy- ‘metiealy at = 15V, for example. Or asymmevicaly at ‘T20V and ~10V. The PIN ode ctiver shown in Figure 5 uses + 10V supplies, nen the @ output of the DMEGGD goes high a transiant Ccurent of approximately 50 mA is appli tthe amitor of (Gy ara in tr to the base of Os Osha an ye = 20, andthe collctor courant hy x 60 0¢ 1000 mA. This peak current ortho most pat, dolvared to the PIN dodo turing "ON" (RF is "OFF Ipk flows unt! Cp is nearly charged, This ime is van by: ceay bk 7 where: AV = the change in votage across Ca. Prior Gs's tum on, Ga was charged tothe minus supely voltage of —10¥. C's votage wise to within two diode {rope US & Vay of grou: V= IV-1~ ViUPIND0de) ~ Views forv~ = ~10V, av = By. (Once Ces charged, the czrent wil drop to the steady state val, Ipc which 8 given by Yeatgs vv Veo oo" ae ee o where: Vec ~ 50 Ay ~ 2500 y= S008 aawey Fu Oe (ea) RT tocaPy + VocRS er-NVrN FIGURE 5. Cathode Grounded DesignFor the ver of Figure & and log = 100 mA, Ry is 5602 (nearest standard valu). Fturing to equation (7 and combining it with equation (8) wwe obtain: Hoc _ oA q me (9) ‘Soving equation (10) or Ce gives: = boot, a) op = a Forr = 107s, Cp = 120pF. (ne last consideration shouldbe made wth the odoin tho ON" stato. Tho pow desipated by tho O008S sled to 150 (se Table). The DHO035 dissipates the maximum Powar with Qs "ON". With Qs "OFF", neghible power ‘pated by the doves. Power disspaton is aven by Pe = [no tv-| = ay + =H] OO) = Pm 0 wer. 06 = Boe TON" om TO + "OFF fine = 150 Int oe [eee eee) po LOE) a oe WT=av For tho crcuit of Fgwe & and a 50% duty cyte, P css ~ sw. 0.05, Qy absorbs the stored base charge of Qs facitating Is rapid tarot. As Q's colctr begins to rise, Qy tus “ON, Atti instant, te PIN code i lin condcion and ‘he emir of Qs held at approximately —0.7V. The n- ‘stanianoous curent avaible to clear stored charge out of tha PIN doce pe = VI = Mae oe + emp « whore: bye #1 = curent gain of , = 20 ae o« = base-emitter drop of Oy = 07 Yup = forward crop ofthe PIN diode = 07V For typical values given, Ink = 400 mA increasing V+ ‘above 10V wil improve turn-ofbme ofthe code, but atthe ‘expanse of powar disipaton inthe DHOO3S. Once turnoff he dogs hes bean achieved, the DHOO3S output current ‘ops tothe reverse lakage ofthe PIN doce. Te ators {ant power dspaton is roducd fo about 28 mi. ‘CATHODE GROUND DESIGN Figure 6 shows tho DHOO erivng a cathode groundod PIN {ode ewich. The peak turvon curentis given by: WV ye + 1 mo 200 mA forthe valve shown. lok= oa ‘The steady slate current, lpg, is St by Rp and is given by: + ~ ave loo = “ae + Re a “s) where: 2Vpe = forward drop of Gx base emiter junction us Vf the PIN code = 14. 6r-NYAN-49 FIGURE 6. Anode Grounded Driver In toms of Rp, equation 16) becomes: Oe + 0+ — 2V99) : (hte * Toe ee Forte orl of Figure 6, and log 100 mA, Rp is 620 (omaret stance vai) Wow reins 1 select the va of Cy, To dof, te change vage ars must bo evaluated Ih the “ON” state, th voage acfoss C, VE gen by Noa = WP Pathe + Nee) al ‘Ra + (he + 1) RP Forte vakesincated above, Vein = 3.4. Inthe “OFF” sat, V legen by vrRa = V=lR Woon aps Fe ov forthe cst of Fp Hence, the change in voiage ac Cy i Y= Welore ~ (elon Po fe 08) on (3) = 80-38 ~ av “Tho value of Css given, as before, by equation (11); = loot a= ee (9) For a diode with r = 10 ns and log ~ 100 mA, Cy 1250 pF. ‘Again the power dissipated by tho DH0036 must be consié- ‘fed Inthe "OFF" stato, the power dissipation ie given by: Vv Jeo (2) whore:0.6. = duty yele = OFF” time ‘OFF tine + "ON te ‘The “ON” power dsslpation is given by: ven = [USB spe doe] 800) whore (Velon is etinad by equation (18). Total power dissipated by the OHOOSS is simply Pon + Pore. For a 50% duty cycle and the creut of Figure 6, Pidas ~ 616 mW. ‘The poak tuo curent is, as indicated earir, equal to 50 mA» Iya which le about 1000 mA. Once the excass Stored charge i romoved, the curert through Qs cops 0 the diodes loekage currant Rovers Bias across the iodo Vn = Vogt =~ 10V forthe ut of Figure 8 [REPETITION RATE CONSIDERATIONS ‘Aough ignored until now, the PRE, In parteutay, the "OFF" time of he PIN code is imporantin selection of Cp, Fy, and Cy, Rp. The capactors must recharge completly ‘ring the diode "OFF" time. In short: 4 uCe 5 tore 4 ROO) 5 torr (22a) (22) v4‘CONCLUSION ‘The cult of Figure 6 was breacboarded and tested in con- Junction with a Howie Packard 39622A PIN code, loc was sat at 100 mA, Vr = 10V, V= = 10V. Input signal 1 the OMEESO was a'5V peak, 100 KHZ, 5 ns woe pulse ‘iain. BF turn-on was accompiished in 10-12 ns while tan- ‘off took approximately §ns, as shown in Figures 7 and 8 In practic, adustment Co (C3) may be requied to accom. ‘modate the partewar PIN dode minocty cater time ‘SUMMARY ‘A unique cult uted i the diving of PIN odes hasbeen presented. Further a technique has been demonstrated ‘which enables the designe to tr tho DHOOGS driver to tho PIN diode application, REFERENCES: {."Pulse, Digtal. & Switching Wavetorms”, Jacob Milman {8 Horbert Taub, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Ine, New York, NY. 2.°Medels of Transistors and Dodos", John G. Unvl, ‘McGraw! Book Company, Ine, New York, NY. 8. atonal Semiconductor AN-18, Ber Michel, March 1060, 4. Hewlett-Packard Appiction Note 914, January 1967. 145 erNYAN-56 1.2V Reference intRooucTiOn Temperature compensated zener odes ae the mast as: |y used voltage reteranes. However, the lowest vollage ta ‘erature-compenssted zona’ is 6.2V. This makositinconvo- Tent to obtain @ zero tomperatuecosticentrelerenco ‘when the opereting supply voltage is BV oF lower. With the avaiby of the L113, this problem no longer exists. The LMt13 a 1.2V tomperaturecomponsated shunt requ: lator diode. The foterence is synthesized using vansistos land resistors rathor than a breakdown mochanam, I pro- ‘des extremely tight roguation aver a wide rang of opeat- Ing cures in adeston fo unusual tow breakdown votage {and low tomporature costiient DESIGN CONCEPTS. “Tho refarnce inthe LM 19 fe developed from the highly: ‘precctable emit base voliage of integrated transistor. In {ts simplest form, the voltage is equal fo the energy-band- ‘9p votage of the semconductor materi. For sileon. this ‘i 1.208V. Further, the output voltage is well determined in a reduction envinment A simplified vorsion of his reference! is shown in Figure. In this ereut, Oy ie oporatod at a rolabvaly igh eurront ‘ensiy. The current donsty of Qp fs about ten times omer, land the omiterbase voltage ofeental (AV) between the two devioes appears across Fa I the transistors have high curent gains, the vatlage across wil also be pro portional to AVge: Q fs again stage that will route tho futput ata votage equal tots emir base vltage pus the ‘top across Ri. The emitter base voltage of Qa hae 8 nog tive temperatze costiciont whie the Vee component across Ri has a postive tomporatuo cooticiet wil be shown that the output voltage wil be temperature compen Sted when the sum of the two votages Is equal 12 tho norgy band-gap votage FIGURE 1. The Low Voltage Reference {in One of ts Simpler Forms ‘National Semiconductor ‘Application Note 56 Conditions for temporature compensation can be derived starting withthe equation fr the emiter-base volage of tranaisor whieh i? : ven (1-2 0 where Voo isthe extrapolated enorgy-band-gap voltage for tho somtonductor material at abso 200, qi the charge ‘of an election nis a constant which depends on how the ‘ransisior is made (approxmately 1.5 for dovble-iusod, NPN transistors), kis Bolumann's constant, T i absolute temperature, I 6 collctor curent and Vago the emir base voltage at To and len ‘The emitt-base votage dferential between two transis tors operated al diferent curentdonsis is givon by 9 i, Ve @ whore J is current dons Reforing to Equation (1), the lst two terme are qute small and are made oven smal by making lc vary as absolute ‘emparaure. At any raf, they can be ignored for now be- cause thoy ae of to same order as errs caused by non ‘Moorteal behavior of the anes that must be doter- mined empcaly If tho roforence is composed of Vee plus a voltage propor- tional to Vee, the output voltage is obtained by acing (1) ints sept form to (2): + x Vou = Voo(1-Z) + voeo(Z) © Dierenting win respec to operate yids Meat. Neo 5 VOEO 4 Mig ty wT To be For zor tompartuo eit ths quantity should equal 2, ving o ‘The fest term on tho rights the inal omiterbase votage ond i the componantpropertonal to amir: iiferental. Hence, the sur ofthe Two are ‘cao he nergy bandgap votage of he serscondicor ‘he reterence wil be temperatuce-compensated. ‘Figure 2 shows the actual eeu ofthe LM1S. Qs and Oe ‘rovde the AVpe tm and Qy provides the Ve term a in {he simpliied ult. The adaonl transistors are used to decrease tho dynamic resistance, improving the roguaton ofthe refoconce againtcurent changes. O3 in conknction with curent inverter, Os and Q5, provide a curent souce (oad for Gg to aciove high gale (; and Op butter Oy against changes in operating current ‘snd gue the reference a very low output resistance. Oe sets ‘he minanum operating curent of Gy and absorb any lesk- “6FIGURE 2. Schematic of the LM113 190 fom Qp, Capactors C;, Ce and resistors Rand Ryo frequency compansate the reguator died. PERFORMANCE “The most important eatues ofthe regulator diode ara ts ‘00d temperature stailty and low dynamic resistance. Fig- ‘age changes los than 0.5% wih omperatir, and tho tom- perature cooficent i relavaly independent of operating ‘current, ‘Figure 4 shows tho output voltage change with operating ‘current. From 0.5 mA to 20 ma there is only 6 mV of ‘change. A good porton ofthe ouput change is dus to the stance of ihe aluminum bonding wires and the Kovar laa on the package. At curens below ebout 0:3 mA the «ode no longer regualos. This is because there i inst ‘Sent current to bathe nora ranstor into thar active Toglon. Flgue 5 ihstrates the breakdown characteristic ot the doe, FIGURE 2. Output Voltage Change with Temperature FIGURE 4, Output Voltage Change with Current w 3 : Be Ps severe vosasew FIGURE 5, Ravers Breakdown Characeraoe ‘APPLICATIONS “The applications for zaner diodes ar so humerous that no _tiompt to delineate them wil be made, However, the tow “7 OS-NYAN-56 breakdown voltage and the fac that he breakdown votage is equa te physical property of slicon-—the energy band {8p voltgo—makas it usotl in several interesting apples tions. Als he low temparature coefficient makes i vsti ‘equator applications especialy in attory powered 5y5- ‘ems where the Input vollage is loss than 6. ‘gure 6 shows a 2V voltage regulation which wil operate on input vllags of erly 3V.An LM 13 Is ho votage role- ‘once and is dven by @ FET eurent soure, Qy. An opera tional ampiior compares a facion of th output votage wit tho reference. Drive ig supplied to output ransistor Og ‘trough the V= power load ofthe operational ampiton. Pn {of he 0p amp is connoctad tothe LMT 13 rather than he Cutout since tis alows a lower minum input voltage. The (ynamic resistance of tho LMT13 i so low thal curent ‘changes from the output ofthe operational amplier do nat approciably att rogulaton. Frequency compensston i ‘accomplished win both the 50 pF and the 1 uF output ca- pacts FIGURE €. Low Voltage Regulator Cirult ‘tis portant to use an operational ampli wih low qios- ont curent such as an LM08, The quiescent curont flow through Fla and tonds to turn on Op, Howover, the value ‘shown i low enough fo nsure that Gg can bo turned af at worst case conction of no lad and 125°C operation, Figure 7 shows a diferental ameliier win the currant source biased by an UMI13. Since the LMS suppios & reference voltage equa othe energy band gap of sieon, the output current ofthe 2N2222 wil vary ae abeolto tom erature. This compensates tho temporature senstity of ‘he Vanscondvcianee othe aferantal api making he {ain tomporate stable. Furher, the Operating cuTent i FIGURE 7. Amplifier Basing for Constant Gain with Temperature ‘regulated against supply variations Kooping the gain stable ‘over @ wide supply range 'As shown, the gain wil changs less than two percent over a ‘S510 to +125 temperature rango. Using tho LMIIAA ‘monolithic wansstr and low dt metal fm rosstors, the ‘por wi have oss than 2 VPC voige drt. Even ow er cait may bo obained by unbalancing tho collector load isto to nul ou the ial ffs. Dt under ulled cond- tion wil be Npcally oss than 0 pV/"C- ‘The diferential amplifier may be used as preamplifier for low-cost operational ampitir such as an LMTOTA to in ‘rove its volage dt characterises. Since tho gain of tho ‘peratonal amplifier Is Increased by a factor of 100, the Trequoney compensation capactor must also be Increased from 30 pF to 000 BF Yor unity gain operation. To realize low voltage dt, case must be taken to minimize thermo- ‘loci potentale due to temperature gradans. For exam- a, the thermodlectc potential of some resistors may be ‘more than 30 uC, 3 a °C temperature gradient across the resistor on a crcult board wil cause much larger errs ‘than tho amp ait lone. Wawound resistors such as Evonohm are a good chowe for low tharmoslectc poten: ‘Figure Biutates an electronic thermometer using an inex: pensive slicon transistor asthe tomparature senso. I can Drove beter than 1°C accuracy over 8 100°C range. The ‘mittabase turn-on velige of tiicon transistors is linesr wah tomparature I the operating curent of the sonsing ‘wansisior is made proporsonal to absolute temperature the rnonineaiy of emiterbase votage can be mnmized. Over 255°C to 125°C temperature range the nonsneariy iss {han 2 mV or the equivalent of temperature change ‘An LMS dodo regulates the input vottage to 1.2V. Tho 4.2V is appbod though Re to set the operating Curent of tho temparature-sonsing ansistr. Resistor Rg biases the output of he ample for 20r0 output at OC, Feedback resistor Ris hen used to calibrate the ‘uiput scale facto: 10 100 miV/°C. Once the outbut 26+ ‘00d, adusing the scale factor does not change tho 260aw 1 Adair Ov te * ast tr 00 re FIGURE 8 Electronic Thermometer ‘CONCLUSION ‘A new to ternal ow votage shunt regulator has been eserves. Its electrcaly equvaent toa tomperature-sta- bl 1.20 breakdown code, Over a S8°C 10 125°C temper ‘ature range and operating curents of 5 mA i 20 mA tho LM13 has one hundred times beter reverse charactrs- ‘ics than braskdown coda. Adcitonaly, wideband noise and long tom stabity are good since no breakdown mech {anism is vowed. ‘The low temperature coetcient and low regulation votage make It especialy sutabe fora iow volage regustr oF Dattry operated equipment. rout sign i eased by the fact thet the output voltage and temperature costiclent are largly independent of operating cunt. Since the retor- ‘ence voltage is equal to the extapolaod enorgy-band-gap sticon, the doveo is usotlin many tomperaturecompon- ‘Salon and tomporaure measurement applsaons REFERENCES 1. R. Widlar, “On Card Regulator for Logic Grcuts "Na tional Semiconductor AN-42, February, 1971 2.4. Bugler, "Sicon Transistor Basing for Linear Collec- lor Curent Temperature Dependence,” IEEE Joural of ‘Sots State Creu, pp. 87-58, June, 1957 OS-NVAN-69 LM380 Power Audio Amplifier intRooucTion ‘To LMe0 is a powor audio ampli intended for consum: ‘er applications. I aatures an internally fed gain of 50 (84 d6) and an output which automaticaly comtars Isl at ‘one-al ofthe supply voltage. A unique input stage allows Inputs tobe ground referenced or AC coupled as quired. ‘Tho ouput stage of tho LMGRO is protoctod with both shor Creal curont iting and thermal shutdown cxeuty, Al of thes ntemaly provided features osu ina minimum extr- ‘nal parts count integrated crcut for auco appcatins. ‘This paper describes tho circu operation of tho LMS#0, fs ‘power hending eapabity, methods of voume and one con- 10, dstorton, and various eppicaton crouls sich a8 & ‘bridge ampiier, a power supply splitr, and a high input Impodance avs ample. ‘IRCUTT DESCRIPTION Fiore 1 shows a simpiied otcutschomate ofthe LMS, ‘The input stage is a PNP omtteriolowor driving a PNP t- ‘erential pair with a save curent-soucs load. The PNP National Semiconductor ‘Application Note 69 Input is chosen to reference the input to ground, thus on- sing the input ansduoer tobe drecty couplod. ‘The output is iased to hal the supply voltage by resistor ratio Ry/Ra. Negative OC feedback, through resistor Ra, balances the dfrenta stage with the ouput at haf supply, since Ry = 2 Re (Figure ‘The second stages a common emitter voltage gin amplit- or with a current source load Intnl compensation Is pro: vided by the polespiting capacitor C’.Pele-spiting com- pensation is. usod to presore wide power bandwidth (100 kez at 2, 80). The outputs a quast-complementary pair emiterfollower. ‘Tho ampitfir gain is intomaly fhe to 94 dor 50, This is _accompiished by th internal feedback natwork Rp. Tho ‘ain is twice that ofthe rato F/R ve tothe slave curront- Source which provides the fl cfrental gain ofthe input ‘sage. TABLE |. Electrical Characteristics (Note 1) Parameter Conditions: min [tye [Max [Units Powe Output (ms) ‘loads, 3% THD. Noteesa) | 25 Wirme Gain «0 50 co vw (Output Votage Swing ‘eas “ Yop Input Resistance 150k a Total Harmonic Dstorion | Py = 1W, (Notes 48 5) 02 * omer Supply Rejsction bypass = 5 nF, = 120 38 e (oto 2) ‘Supply Votage Range 8 2 v Bandwith Po = 2W, Fy = 8A. 100 He (descent Output Voltage 8 ° 10 v escent Supply Curent 7 2% mA Short cout Curent 33 a Wate ve = 1VTa = °C inn terre Sea Nat 2 Fjcton rare ce Nate it ec Pa 451,18, 12 sole no 8 oy ot in 2c caper fh mime anf ae in Not acon uate dr se on anon 42.7 rand pF enna om P86 and Nee Coma FI 750FIGURE 1 ‘GENERAL OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS ‘Tho output curont ofthe LMGBO i ated at 1.3A peak. The 14 pn duatinine package is rated at 9°C/W whon sol ored into a printed erout board with 6 equa inches of 2 ‘eunce copper fol (Figure 2 Since the device junction tem- oratureis ited to 150°C via the thermal shutdown circut- ‘the package wil support $ watts dsspaion at S0°C am- lant or 3.7 wats at 25°C ambit ‘ure 2 shows the maximum packege dissipation versus ‘ambiantermpeature for various amounts of heat sok. FIGURE 2. Device Diesipation vs Amblent Temperature Figures 22, band c show device dination versus output ‘Power for vaous supply voliages and loads. ey a ' 5 FIGURE 3a. Device Diselpation ‘ve Output Power — 421 Load, ewe sean war FIGURE 2b. Device Dissipation ‘8 Output Power — 8 Load FIGURE 3c. Device Disipation 7 ‘vs Output Power — 16 Loud 18 6o-NYAN-69 ‘The maximum devies csipaton is obtained trom Flour 2 for the heat snk and ambient temperature conditon Under ‘which the device wil Be operating, With this maximum a- lowed dsspaton, Fgures 3a, and c show the maximum ‘power supa allowed (0 stay within siption int) and {he output power dolvored into 4,8 e160 loads. The tes Dercont tota-harmente dstoron ine 1 approximaly the ‘nso of clipping FIGURE 4. Total Harmonic Distortion vs Frequency 7 Faure 4 shows ttl ham dtorton veri reqercy for various oun lv, whe Pou 6 ehows the Powe! ‘raw of he L080. FIGURE 5. Output Voltage Gain ve Frequency Power supp desoupingis achoved tough th AC ier formed by Ry (Pg 1) and an extemal bypass capectr Fenistr Fs st eto wo 25 ki has prow & high FIGURE 6. Supply Decouping vs Frequency source impedance forthe intgrator. Figure 6 shows supply ecouping versus requency fer various bypass eapactr®. BIASING ‘The simpiied schematic o Figure 1 shows that the L380 {is intarally biased wih tho 160 kA rosstance To ground ‘This enebles input wansducers which ace rterenced ‘g10und o be drect-oupied to ether the inverting or canie- ‘ering inputs ofthe amir. The unused input may bo ‘thr: 1) let Hating 2) retuned to ground tough a ass toro capacitor or 3) shorted o ground. In most applicatons \whoto the non-inverting inputs use, the Inveting input is ‘oft floating. When the inverting inputs used and the nomin- verting inputs let feating, the ampifer may be found tobe Senetve to board layout since stay coupling tothe lating Input postive feedback. Th can be avowed by employ: ing one of tree aematves: 1) AC grounding the unused Input wth a small capacitor. This is refered when using gh source impedence weneducer. 2) etumng the unused input to ground through a resistor. This profored when Bing moderato 1 low DC source impedance transducers land whon output offset rom half supply voltage is crea ‘The resistor Is made equal to the reslstane of the input transducer, thus mantaning balance inte input ioral pier and minimizing output oftsot 3) Shoring the un- Used input to ground. This used with low DC source in Padance transducers or whan output fst voltage Is non. cal OSCILLATION ‘The normal power supply docouping precautons should ba taken when instaling the LM380. IVs more than 2" to 3" trom the power supply fier capacitor it should be decou- led witha 0.1 uF dis coramiecapacir atthe Vs torminal ofthe Ic. The Rc and Ce shown as dotted tne components on Fire 7 and ttroughout ts paper supprestes a 5 to 10 MHZ “For say ih Ho Curt Loa FIGURE 7. Minimum Component Configuration ‘small ampituge oscilation which can occur rng the noga- ‘ve swing into a load which awe high curent. The oscile- tioni of cures at oo hgh ota raquency to pass trough & speaker, but i shoud be guarded against when operating in {an FF sonatve envionment 1APPLICATIONS. With the intemal lasing and compensation of the M30, the simplest and most base crest coniguraton requis ‘only an ouput coupling capacitor as soon in Figure 7. 'An application of hs basic configuration eth phonograph “ampiir where the acon of volume and tone contro is required, Figue 8 shows the LMSEO witha voltage diver ‘yolume con and high frequency rol-ff one corto, er Say tM Coot owe FIGURE €. Prono Amp When maximum input impedance i required oF the signal sttoruaton ofthe veltage dider vole controls undest- ‘gonmon mods” volume control may be used as seen in Figure 8 “For San we gh art oa FIGURE 9. "Common Mode" Volume Contro! With this volume control the source leacng impodance is ‘only the input impedance of the ampiier when In tho fue ‘volume postion, This reduces to one-half he amar nput Impadance at the zero volume postion. Equation 1 de- ‘eribos the ouput voltage es a function ofthe potontome- tor eating 150108 Your = 80m (1 = Pe), ‘This “common modo” volume contol canbe combined with 1a "commen mode" tone contol as geen in Figure 10, “This crout has a cstint advantage ovar the cuit of Fig- ra 7 when vansducer of high source impedence aro sed, intha th fl input impedance ofthe amir is ealzed. falco hes an advantage wih vansducers of low sourca in ‘dance since the signal atenuaton ofthe input voltage SGinder is eliminated. The tansfr function ofthe crcut of lure 1018 given by: Vea 1s Vout ww won |g 150k+————Ea ner pei BEE ‘Figure 11 shows tha response ofthe cecuit of Figure 10 FIGURE 11. Tone Control Response ‘Most phonograph appicatonsrequre fraquency response shaping 10 provide the RIAA equalzaion charactrtic Winen recording, the ow Hrequancies ae attenuate to po vent large undulations from desvoyng the record Groove walls. (Bass tones have highor energy contont than Pgh frequency tones). Conversely, the high frequencies are om ‘hatized to achive greater signal-to-noise rato. Therefor, ‘when played back tw pono amir should have the In- \orse frequency response as shown in Figure 12. 7 FIGURE 12.RIAA Playback Equalization ‘Thi response Is achived with the okeut of Figure 13. ‘The migband gan, botween troquences fe and fs, Fre 12,18 established by the rao of Py to the input resistance ofthe ampiir (150 ki) 6o-NYAN69 Fit 150Kn Mdband Gain = 11504 o Fer Sty wth eg Cart onde FIGURE 13. RIAA Phono Amplify Capactor Cy sets the comer traquency fg whore Fy Ker. Om ae ‘Capactor Cz estalches the corr frequency f where Xcz ‘equals tho impedance ofthe invering Input. This is normaly 120 kN. Howover, inthe crout of gure 19 negatve feod- back reduces the impedance atthe vortng input as: Zo z Aa 6 hers: 2" = impacnoe ot rade @ without exten feedback era ‘hs = oan witout enteral fob (60) teen rartrtncton p= S2=4 1 = monk rte ncn 8 = A=! pe eerees “wa eee 35) ae m3) = ooo ee aes sme TA ° For Sty a Hh Coarse 7 FIGURE 14, Bridge Configuration ‘This provides twice the voltage swing across the oad for a ven supply, thereby, increasing the power capably by & factor of four over tho single ampiiir. However, ‘cases the package dissipation wil bo the fst parameter fing power dolvored tothe load. When this Is tho case, the power capably ofthe bridge wil be only twice that of Rat FIGURE 154.671 Load the singlo ampli. Fgures 154 and 8 show output power versus device package dsipaion for both 8 and 160 loads Inthe bridge contigration. The 3% and FIGURE 15B. 1671 Load distortion contours double back due tothe thermal iting ‘ofthe L380. ferent amounts of hea sinking wil change the point at which the cstorion contours bend. ‘The quiescent output voltage ofthe LMM8O Is epecitod at 9 11 vols with an 18 vo supply. Therefore, under the worst aso conciton, tis possible 16 have two vets DC across ‘he load er Sty th ign Cert Lone FIGURE 16, Quiescent Blance Control Win an 89 speaker this 025A which may be excessive. Thnee altematves are avaiable: 1) caro can be taken TO ‘match the quiescent voltages, 2) 8 nonpolar capacior may be paced in series withthe tad, 3) tho ftat Balance con ol Figure 76 may be used 186ox iy gn Coarse “Fer Sy tg Corn owe The crcuts of Figures 14 and 16 employ the “common mode" volume contel es shown belo. Howovar, any of {he vious input connection schemes discussed prevausly ‘may be used. Figure 17 shows te bridge coriguation wih the voltage divdor input As dscussad in the "Biasing’ section the undven input may be AC or DC grounded. Vs, isan appreciable Satance trom the power supply (>) ie ter capacor it should be decoupled witha 1 nF tantalum capactr. INTERCOM ‘The out of Figure 18 provides a minimum component in lercom. With swish S; In the talk poston, the speaker of the mastor station acts as the microphone withthe ad of stopp varstormer Ty ‘tums ratio of 25 and a dovice gain of 50 allows a max ‘mum leop gain of 1250. Ry provides a “comnon mode” ‘volume contol. Switching & to the listen poston reverses the role ofthe master and remote speskar. ‘Low cosT DUAL SUPPLY ‘Te cout shown in Figure 19 domonstrates 2 minimum parts count method of symmetallyspiting a supoly vot ‘98 Untke the normal RC, and power zener ode tet- FIGURE 17. Voltage Divider Input FIGURE 18. Intercom FIGURE 19, Dual Supply rique the LMaB0 ckcuit does not require high standby Curent and power dissipation to maintain regulation With a 20 vot input votage (-:10 volt output the oxcut ‘xn a change n outout vlage cf approximately 2% por 100 mA of unbalanced load change. Any balanced toad change wl fleet ony the reguation of tho source votage Vee ‘The theoretical plus and minus output tacking abity i 100% sinco the’ davcw wil provide en Output volage at oneal ofthe instantaneous suply voltage nthe absonce (of capacior onthe bypass terminal. The actual ar in 15 6o-NVAN-69 cking wil be drecty proportional to the unbalance in the ‘ulescont ouput voltage. An options potentiometer may be Placed at pn tas shown in Fur 19 to ull output offset ‘The unbalanced curentcutput forthe eeu of gu 788 limited bythe power dsipaton o he package. In the case of susainod unbalanced excots loads, the de- ‘ce wil go ito thermal etng as he tomperature sensing Crit begins to tuncton. For instantaneous high curent Toads or short cicuts the device it the ouput curt 0 _approumataly 13 ampores unt thermal shut-down takes (ver or unt the faults removed HIGH INPUT IMPEDANCE CIRCUIT “The junction FET isolation iui shown in Figure 20 raises the input impedance to 22 Mi for low frequency input sg ‘als The gate to cran capacitance (2 pF maximum forthe E4227 shown) of tho FET lms the Input impedance 28 frequency increases. FIGURE 20 ‘ ‘AL 20 kHz the reactance ofthis capactor is approximately 4 Mf giving @ net input impedance magnitude of2.9 M2. ‘The values chosen for Fy, Re and Cy provide an overall Cireuit gain of at eas 4 fr tho complete range of prame- tors species for tho KE4221 When using anathee FET device th relevant design ec tion ar as follows: ~(z)@ oo wee & = no(* 8) ® estat oo ‘The maximum vaio of Fi determined bythe product of the gate reverse leakage lass and Riz This votage should be 10 100 tes malo’ han Vp. Tho output Impedance ‘ofthe FET sourea follower i Fox ay am so thatthe determining resistance forthe interstage AC time constant isthe input resistance ofthe L980. ‘BOOSTED GAIN USING POSITIVE FEEDBACK For applications requiring ins higher than the intealy 01 gain of 50, is possble to apply postive feedback ‘around the LM380 for closed loopgins of upto 300. Fgura 27 shows a practical exarple of an LM3EO i again of 200 ‘rout (a) were Avy 1 complex at high requoncis but is nominaly tho 40 10 60 specfed on tho data shoot forthe pass band ‘of the ampli. If + F/R approaches tho value of ‘Avy: the denominator of equation 12 approaches ze, the lobed loop gain inroasos toward ininy, ad the excult ‘eciatos, Thi is ha reason for ining the closadioop gain ‘values to 300 0° loss. Figure 22 shows te loaded and un- Toaded bode plc ortho ccit shown in Figure 27. FIGURE 22. Boosted Gain Bode Pot “Tne 26 pF capactor Ce shown on Figure 21 was added to ‘ive an overdamped square wave response under fl load ‘Conan. It causes high requency root of ema 3) “The ut of Figure 21 wit have avery long (1000 se) um Con time Fs not present, But only a 0.0" second turn on ‘he with an 8 oad 166Micropower Circuits Using the LM4250 Programmable Op Amp inrRooUCTION “The LMA250 is highly versatile monoile operations! am- pier. A single extemal programming resistor determines the quiescent power dissipation, input offset and bias cur rents, slow rate, gan-bandwith product and Input noise ‘Characteristics ofthe amplifier. Since the deve isin effect 8a itferent opamp for each extoralyprogrammad st cut. ent tis possible to use a single stock tom fra varaty of ‘Sut functions in sytem, “Tis paper describes tho circuit operation of tho LMA250, ‘various methods of Basing the devi, frequency response ‘Considerations, and somo crcl aptcations exercising te Unique charactorisice of tho UMA260, ‘CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION LMA250 The L44250 has two special features when compared wih ‘thor menoithic operational apis. One is the ably ‘xteraly sot tho bas curent loves ofthe amples, and the other is the use of PNP tanisors as the frontal Input pa. a ‘National Semiconductor ‘Application Note 71 George Cleveland Rforing to Figure 1, Oy and Op ar high curent gain ater- al PNPS connected asa diferent pal and Fe provide ‘mitir doganoration for greater staity a high Bias cur- Fonts. Oy and Qy ae used as active loads for Gy and Qo to rowdo high gai and als form a curent inverter to prowde {ne maximum drive fo te sing ended outout no Qs (One advantage ofthis atral PNP input stage a common ‘ode ewing to within 200 mV of th nogative suppy. This feature i especialy usotl in single supply operation wih signals rofored to ground. Another advantage the almost Constant input bas current over 8 wide temperature range ‘The input resistance Ri is approxmatly equal to 26 (Re +g) whore is tho cunt gain gis the eritar resist ance of one ofthe input ataral PNP, and Re 6 tho resist. face of ane ofthe 10 Kf omar resistor. Using & DC beta (of 100 and te normal temperature dependent expression forre gives: FIGURE 1. LM4250 Schematic Diagram 157 LNWAN-71 P= aun +287 0 whet iis input bias curnt. At room temperature this for- ‘mula becomes: P= ama + EO a FIGURE 2. Input Resistance v8 et Figure 2 gives atypical plot of Fi VS let dorved from the above equation, Continuing wit he cult description, lve shifts down- ward to he base of Op which sto second stage amir. 5 i en as a commen omit ampiiior wih a current source load (2) to provide macmum gain. The output of , crives tho class B complementary output stage com posed of O35 and Ore ‘Tho bas current aves tho LMA250 are sty the amount of current (ag) drawn out of Pin 8. Tho constant current Sources Oyo. Os, and Ore are controlled by the amount of gg ree tough the dode connected transistor Gp and resiter Rg. The constant collector exront tor Qyo Beso the dlferontal nput stage. Therefor, th aval Gyo sot at wil conto! such amplior characteristics as input bas ur- Font, put resistance, and ampiior slow rate. Current ‘0uro8 Qyy biases Qs and Og, The current rato betwoen Os and Qe s'contolled by constant curent sink Qr. Curent ‘ooo Cia aol the curont ndlodes Qys and which bias the ouput slage 10 tho vorge of conduction Trareby ‘lminairg the dead zone in the class B outbut. Ora aso ‘cts a8 the load for Gg and its the ve curent to Ors ‘Tho ups curentimiting is provided by Qyg and Qy7 and ‘air assocatad resistors Fe and Ry, When enough cur rant is drawn fom the ouput, Qyg turns on and lts the base diva of Gry. Serilarty 7 tums on whon the L420 atom to sek to much cure, ming the base dive of 9 and ihorotore ouput curent. Frequency compensation Is provides by tne 30 BF capactor across the second stane ‘ampli, Gp, ofthe LM4260. This provides a 6 dB per oc {avo rl a tho open oop gain. BIAS CURRENT SETTING PROCEDURE “The singlet csstoe shown in Figure 3a offre the most straightforward method of Basing the M4250. Whan the Sates is connected from Pn to ground tho restance vale fe 2 ven set curent is o Te ‘The 0.5 volts shown in Equation 3s he voltage drop of the ‘master bas current lode connected vansistor onthe inie- gat oxcut chip. n applcaons where the regulation of {he V* supply wih ospectto the V~ supply as he case ot vackngroguaion) i betar tan hw Vsuppy wth {spect to ground tho set esstr shouldbe connected Hom nto V—- Ager i thn Rage Hoe o “The transistor and resistor scheme shown in Fire. a towe one 1 ach the ampier of thou aturng tho tran V and V~ power supply comnectons, Ataching Cy {oss the ereuit provers any swicing transin| rm ap- aang at he air oupu. The dil scheme shown fn ‘puree has a constant set cent fewing tough iy anda varabl cunt tough Ria Transistor Qz acs a8 39 mito folowe’ cure sr woes value depends onthe entolvetage Ven he base, This et pronides a meth - qT" a a» “ve o 2 3 FIGURE 3. Basing Schemes 04 of vaning the ampliter’s chaactarisics over a tod range white the ampli fin operation. Tho FET creat “Shown in ure 20 covers the fl range of set curents ft eeponse to aa itt as a OSV gate potential change on & tow piehott votage FET such as the 2N9687. The lit resistor provents excessive current flow out of Ue L250 ‘nen the FET i ly tamed on, [FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A PROGRAMMABLE OP AMP ‘This section provides a mathod of determining the sine and ‘stop voltage response of a prograrnmable op amp. Both he ‘she and stop volag resporaos ofan amplifier are modifod Inen the rate of cnango of the euiput voltage reaches tho ‘low rate imi ofthe ampli. The folowing analysis dvel‘ps the Bode plot as well a the small signal and sow rato ‘imate responses ofan ampli to tose two basic catogo- 19 of waveforms, ‘SMALL SIGNAL SINE WAVE RESPONSE. ‘Tho key to constcting the Bode plot fora progammate ‘0p anp isto find the gain bandweth product, GBWP, for a ‘ven set current. Quiescent power dan, input bis cure, {oF slow rato considerations usually dictate the desired set ‘current. Tho data shoot curve rolatng GEWWP fo sot curent Provides the velue of GAWP vwch when dvded by one ‘Yi the unity gain erossover off. ASSUming a set curert (016 1A gwvos a GBWP of 200000 tz and teraore anf, of 200 hz Tor the example shown In Figure 4. Since the de vies has a single dominant poe, thera lope is ~20 ‘of gain por decade of roquency (~6 d8/octave). The dot 1d ine shown on Figuro 4 has this slopo and passes trough the 200 kts fy pnt. Aritarty choosing an invert ing ampitir witha closed loop galn magnitude of 80 dater. mies th height ofthe 248 Roizontl ne shawn in Fig: tre 4. Graphical fncng te intersection of he sloped ine ‘and the orizontal ne of mathematically dividing GBWP by 50 determines tho 3 dB down froquoncy of 4 HE for tho ‘closed loop responce ofthis amptie coniguraton. Thor: fore, tne amp wil now apply a gain of ~50 to all sma ‘Signal sno waves at tequences upto 4 kHz For tequen- ‘02s above 4 KH, the gan wal be as shown onthe sloped orton ofthe Bode pit. ‘SMALL SIGNAL STEP INPUT RESPONSE ‘Tho ampiti’s response to a postive stop voltage change atthe input wil be an exponentally sing waveform whose "iso time sa function ofthe closed loop 3 3B down bans: width of the amir, The arpitir may be modoled as a ‘Sng poe low pags fit: flowed bya gain of $0 wideband ‘ample. From basc fer theery*, the 10% to 80% se time ofa single pole iow pass fers: 238 ° For the example shown in Figure 4 tho 4 kH2 3 a8 down frequency would give a ise timo of 87.5 ys ‘SLEW RATE LIMITED LARGE SIGNAL RESPONSE “The fal consideraton, which determines the upper epeed leitaton onthe previous two types of signal responses, th amir slow rte. The sow rato of sh arpiior the rmassmum rato of change ofthe output signal whch the ary Pitter s capable of devering. nthe case of snosoidal si has, the masimum rat of change accurs at the 2er0 cross. Ing and may be derived as folows: Vo = Vpsin zat © Vo i 29 - an iygeonae o arty ® = tax VP ° whece: Vo ~ outputvotage Vp = peak output voiage 0 $= maxmum S22 “Tho maximum sine wave requency an amir with a given slow rato wil susan without causing the ouput to take ona ‘angular shapo is therstore a function of the poak amp 1 ofthe output and is expressed as: S ) 2a Vp Fur 5 shows a quick reteronce graphical pesontaton of {his tomala wh tho arcs boow ary Vee ne represoning fan undistorted smal sigral sine wave Fesponse fora sven iraqveney and amor slew rato and tho aea above the oan ie reprosening diterod sino wave response due 12 how rate bing fora in wave wth he even Van FIGURE 5. Frequency vs Slew Rate Limit vs Peak ‘Output Voltage Lara sara step votage nang the cttw have & ‘soe as shown reauaion 8 unl signal win ate of {pu vlago charg eae slew ao le amor ‘cers. Alii or the aut wil Bocome ramp neon va ope etal oS THs acon oc when ss Mae ay vie ae me eae FIGURE 6, Stew Rate vs ise Tne va Step Voltage LONFigure 6 graphical expresses this formula and stows tho ‘maximum ampltudo of undisterted step voltage fora given sow rate and ris time. The area above each stop voltage line represents the undistorted low pase iter ype response ‘mode of th amplifier. I the intersection of he rie ime and slow rate values ofa particular ampitir configuration fl below the expected step voliage ampitude tne, the rise time wilbo determined by the saw rato of tho arp. The rise time wil then be equal to the amplitude of the stop ‘vided bythe slow ato Se FULL POWER BANDWIDTH ‘The fll power bandwidth oten found on amplifier speci. tion sheets Is the range of frequencies ftom 220 to the Irequency found atthe intersection on Figure So he max ‘mum ated output ving and tho slow ate Sof he ampl- for Mathemataly ths tat pone ~ Vag a ‘ Be Vanes i “The fll power bandwith ofa programmable amplifier such 1s the LM4260 varios wth tho mastr bias Sat cure. ‘Tho above analysis of sine wave and step voltage ampiier responses applies forall singlo dominant pole op amps Such a6 tho LMTO1A, LMTI07, LAMIOBA, LM2, LMT, land L741 a8 wo a the LM¢250 programmable op amp. {500 MANO-WATT X10 AMPLIFIER. ‘Tho X10 inverting ampiifir shown in Flgure 7 domonstrtos ‘no low powor capabnty ofthe LM4250 at extremely low valves of supply voltage an set Curant. Tho ccut draws 260 nA trom the. +1.0V supply of which 50 nA flows ‘rough the 12 MA sat resister. The curent into the —1.0V “upaly is onl 210 A since he strsister is ted to ground rather than V~. Total aiescont power dissipation is Po = (280 nA) (TV) + (210nA)(1V) (19) Po ~ 470 nw oa) “The slow rate determined trom the data shoot typical per formance curve is 1 Vim fr a.05 wA set ewsront Samples of actual vase observed were 1.2 Vime for tho nogatve Slow rato and 0.85 Vis for tho posi slow rate. Ths fiference occurs ve to the non-syrnmetty inthe Curent ‘sources used fr charging and cischarging the ternal 30 DF compensation capactor ‘The 3.68 down (gain of ~7.07 frequency obsorved for his configuration was epproxmataly 300 Hz which agroos fay Closely wth tho 3.5 Kitz GBWP divided by 10 taken tom an fextrapolaton ofthe data sheet typical GBWP versus sot furent curve Peskto.poak output voltage swing ito a 100 Kit load is 07 or +0.35V poak. An increase in supply votlage 10 *1.35V such as dlvered by a pai of mercury cols drocty Increases the output swing by =0:35V to 1.4V peakto- oak. Atough his increases the power desipation to ap Proximately 1 W per batiay, @ power drain of 15 nW or Fess wi nt afact to shot eof & mercury call aM FIGURE 7.500 nW x 10 Ampuior MICRO-POWER MONITOR WITH HIGH CURRENT swirc Fiore 8 shows the combination ofa micro;power compara: tor and high curentswich run fom a separate supply. ‘his crest provides a method of eontsousy montving an ingut voltage while csspsting oly 100 y.W of power and ‘UI being capable of swiching a 500 mA lad ithe input ‘xc2eds 8 given valve, The releronce volage can Be any ‘ahve Between + 85V and ~ 8.5, With a minimum gan of ‘pproximately 100,000 tho comparator can recoNve input ‘otlage dferences down into tho 0.2 mV region. FIGURE 8. Power Comparator with High Current Switen‘The bias curent for the LM4250 shown n Figure 8is sot at (0.44 js bythe 200 MIL Rag rsistor. Ths results ina total Comparator power ain of 100 pW and a slew rato of ap- proxmatay 11 V/msin he posite droeton and 12.8 V/s In the nogatve rocton, Potentometer Ry provides input fftetnuling ‘capably for Nigh accuracy” apptcatons. Wien the input voltage sles than the reference votege, ‘he output ofthe LMA250 is al epproximatly ~9.5V caus Ing dads D; te conduct. The gate of Gy is held at BBV by ‘the voltage developed across Ro. Wiha largo negative vl ‘age on the gate of Oy tums off and removes the base ‘va ttom a This ruts in high vatage oF cpen switch ‘condition at he collector of Op. When to input vliago ex ‘ceeds te referonce voltage, the LMA250 output goes to “$9.5V causing Dy to be reverse based, Qy turns on as ‘dons Qa, and ho collector of Ox drops 1 approximately 1V ‘il sitking the 500 mA of oad current. The load denoted a8 2, can be rosso, relay colo icica toc lamp as required but the load curent shoud not exceed 1500 mA. For V* values offs than 15V and i values of tess than 25 mA botn Qe and Fe may be omitted: With only the 2N4860 JFET as an output devies the circus stil ca able of crving most common types a near rps. IC METER AMPLIFIER RUNS ON TWO FLASHLIGHT BATTERIES, Meter ampifers normally raqure one of two BV transistor batteries. Due to the heavy curent cain on these suppies, ‘he metors must be swiched to the OFF poston when nat In-uve, The meter crcut doscrbod here operates on two 1.5V laghight batons and has a quiescent power dain so low that no ON-OFF switch is needed. A par of Eveready 'No. 950 "D" cols wil sore for a minimum of one year Wwihout replacement Asa DG arnnster, tho czcuit wil ro- ‘ee cuentranges as ow as 100 nA tul-sale ‘The base meter amplifier ccut shown in Figure isa ce- fenttowoltage converter. Negatve feedback around tho ‘amplierineuvos that curently ané aro always equal ‘andthe high gain a tho op amp insures that ho input vot ‘398 between Pins 2 and 3 inthe mierovot region, Output FIGURE 9. Basic Meter Ampiior votage Vo is therfore equal to —IFy, Considering tho ‘P1.SV sources (212V and-o-He) a practical valuo of Vo for fl scale meter detection is 300 ma. With tho mastor ‘bas-curent sting resistor (R) gat at 10 MO, the totl aut ‘cont current dra of he okcut 08 HA fr atta power ‘Supply crn of 1.8 .W. The input bias current requted by tho ample at this ow lovel of quescent cent, 6 tho ‘ange of 600 pA ‘THE COMPLETE NANOAMMETER “The completa meter amplier shown in Figur 10a die. ‘nial curentto-vohaga convertor with input protocton, 26- ‘oing and ul sale aust provisions, and input resistor bal faneng fr minimum offeet voltage. Resistor Fy (equal in ‘alos to Ry for measurements of fess than 1 pA) insures thatthe Input bia currents forthe two input tominals ofthe fmplifier do not contibute significant to an output error Voltage The output voltage Va forte cereal curren to: ‘eltage converter is equal to =2 Vf since the floating input Curent iy ust flow thvough Fy and 1 may be omited 7 Su FIGURE 10. Complete Meter Amplifier Resistance Values for OC Nano and Micro Ammeter HULL SCALE Pro} Riot 100A 15M 15M 500A, 300 300k ta 300% ° Sua ok ° 10 HA 30 ° 50uA 8% ° 100uA 3 ° for fy values of 500 Ki oF loss, since a resistance ofthis vale contbutes an ero of ess than 0.15 in outut vol fage. Ptontiomoter Ri provides an elactial meter zero by forcing the input ost votage Vago 210 Full seal meter detecon st by Fy. Both Fy aha Re only ned to bo set ‘nce for each op arp and moter combination. For a 50 Imiccamp 2 kn moter mavomont, Ry should be about 4 KA. to gve fl scale meter defection in reponse to a 300 mv fulput voltage, Dlodes D; and Oy provide fl input prota: tion for overeurents Upto 75 mA. Win an Ry osstor valo of 1.5M the ckeul In Figure 10 becomes a nanometer wth a ful sea racing eapabiy 16 LNWANTI (©F 100A, Reducing Ry to 8 kt in steps, as shown in igure ‘10 increases the ful seal dolacton 10 100 uA, the mas ‘mum for this exci coniguation. The voltage crop acroes the two input terminals is equal to the output valtago Vo ‘iui bythe open loop gain. Assuming an open leep ain (01 10,000 gives an input volaga drop of 0 por lass. CIRCUIT FOR HIGHER CURRENT READINGS For DC current racing higher than 100 4A, the averting mpiiercontiguration shown in Figure 17 provides the ro: (ured gain. Resistor Ra develops a voltage drop in ro Sponse to input current la. Tis valtage 1 empties by 8 factor equal to tho rao of Fy/Ra, Re must be sulfcenty larger than Ri, £0 85 not to load Be input nal Figure 77 ‘alsa shows the groper values of Ra, Rand Po fl see meter doltecons of rom 1 mA t2 108. Resistance Valves for DC Ammeter truuscale | Rate) | Relnl | Ayla 1m 30 ‘3k | 300K 101m a ak | 300k | t00ma, 3 30% ‘300k 18 03 30 | 300K 108 08 30 | 30k FIGURE 11, Ammeter ‘8.10 mV TO 100V FULL-SCALE VOLTMETER. ‘A resistor insorted n series with one of the input leads of the basic meter ampiir converts tte a wide ange voime- ter crcut, as shownin Figure 72 Ths iwering amir has {gan vying rom ~30 for th 10 mV fl scale range to 0.003 forthe 100V ful scalo range. Figure 72 slso Isis the prope values of Ry, Ry, and Fi foreach range, Diodes 1 and De provide complete amplifier protection for put ‘overvltages as high as SOOV on the 10 mV range, but if ‘ovorvliages of hs magnitude are expected under contin 1048 operation the power raing of F, should bo adjusted sccorcngy. Resistance Values for aDC Voltmeter vruuescate | Aviad | rial | myinl t0mv oor sm | 15M 00 mv am} ism | ism v som | a | som sv rom | aoe | 0 100v som | 20% ° FIGURE 12. VoltmeterFIGURE 13, Pulse Generator LOW FREQUENCY PULSE GENERATOR USING A SINGLE + 5V SUPPLY ‘The variable frequency pulse gonerator shown in igure 19 provides an example ofthe LM4250 operated rom a single Supply. The ereut is a bufered output re ruering mult brator witha constant with output pulse curing wit & frequency determined by poteitometer Rs. ‘The LM4250 act asa comparator forthe voltages found at te upper plato of capacitor C; and atthe retorence point noted as Von Figure 13. Capactor C; charges and ds- chargos witha peakto peak ampttudo of approximataly1V Gotormined by the ent in roorence voltage V at Pin 3 of the op amp. The charge path of Cis trom tho amptiior ‘utp, which i at its mamum postive voltage Veyat (a> roxmatoly V* —0.5), trough Ry and through th poton- ometer Re. Diode D; ls reverse Based dung the charge orod: When Cy chargas fo the V, valve determined bythe et result of Vigan trough resistor Rg and V™ trough the \otage divider made up of rsitors Ri and Ra the amoliior Swings to ts towor iit of approximately 0.5V causing Cyto bgineischarging. The discharge path is trough tho for. ward biased diode 0, trough resistor Ry, and into Pin 8 ot the op amp. Since the impedance in the discharge path does nat vary for Ro setings of fom 3 Kf to 5 MA. tbe ‘output pulse maintains a constant pulse width of 47 48 221.5 us over this rango of potontiomete sattings. Figure 14 shows the output pulse trequency variation fom 6 kHz down to 860 Hz as Rp places trom 100 Kit up to 5 MI of _adhonalresstance nthe charge path oC, Sating Fl to zur ohms wil shor ut diode Dy and cause a symmetrical Square wave ouput ata troquanc of 10 KHz. Increasing the value of C; wil lower the range of frequencies avaiable in ‘esponse to tho A variation shown on Figur 74 loco: ‘Geeapacttre may be used forth larger values of since t has only postive votages apped 01 ‘Tne output butler Qy presents a constant load 10 the op amp output theraby preventing frequoncy variatons caused by Viegu and Viow volages changing as functon af oad {curent. Tho ouput of Qy wil interiace crecty with a stan- {dard TTL or OTL loge device, Reversing dodo D1 wil ivert ‘he poaiy of tha generator output proving a sores of ‘gti going pulses dropping from + SV tothe saturation volage of 0; ‘8 FIGURE 14. Pulse Frequency vs Rz 2 Tho change in ott requency a function of supp vot age los han 2% fora > chango ol fom Vo OV. ‘This stay of requoncy vrsus supply woage ie ue to tho fact hal the retronce votage Vand the eve volage fort caper are bah dct uncon ot V The power sasipaton of the free runing mateo is 300 jW andthe powe despaton ofthe bufter eet is approximately 83 mW LNWANTI Note 3: Rt anda for OC and AC cron mae rion thats FIQURE 15, x 100 netrumentation Amplifier 100 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER ‘The instrumentation ampitie cout shown In igure 15s 4 fll deren) input contr tapped to ground. With the ‘bias curent set at approximataly 0.1 4A, the Impedance ‘ooking Imo ther Vy oF Vig 1 100 RAN wih rpect to ‘ground, and the input bas cuenta tor terminal 0.2 ‘A. Tho two nondrworing input stages Ay and Ap apply {ain of 10 to the put signal, and the deren output Sago apples an adclonal gain of —10 fora net amp: ‘ain of 100: Yo = ~100(¥44, ~ Vina 35) “Tne onto ect can run rom to 1.5V bates connected rectly (no power switch othe V* and V~ trminas. With 8 total current drain of 2.8 wA the quiescent power dasa ton of to crcut is 84 AW. This low enough To have no signitcant effect onthe shel feof most battores, Potontomtor provides a means for matching he gains ‘ofA and A to achive maimum DC common modo ejec- ton rao CHAR. With Rys adjusted to ts ul point for DC ‘common mode rejection the small AC OMAR immer ca actor Cy wil normally give an eddtional 10 to 20 o8 of ‘GMAR over the operating frequency range. Since Cs actual Iy balances wring capactance rather than arp fre ‘quency charactor, t may bo necessary 10 attach it to Pin 2 of either Ay or Ap as required. Fgura 16 shows tho variation of CMR (etre tote input) wih requercy for tis configuration. Since the Grout applies a gain of 100 or 140 dB fo an input signal, the actual cosorved ejacton rato : + Hare iit i a | “tl ie celesLea FIGURE 16. Ay and CMRR ve Frequency Is the atference between the CMR cure and Ay cu, For example, a60 Hz commen mode signal willbe ateruat ‘2 by 67 eB minus 40 db or 27 6B for an ectual ejacton rato of Viv/Vo equa 0 224 ‘The maximum poskto-peak output signal into 2 100 kA. load reastors approximately 18V. With Po input signal, tbe noise seen a the output is approximately 0.8 mVays OF 8 pus Fterod to tho input. Whon doing power disipa- tion measurements on this ecu it shouldbe kept in mind that oven #1 MI osolloscope probe placed between “+1.5V an ~1.5V wil more than double the power craw ‘fom the bakeries.‘5V REGULATOR FOR CMOS LOGIC CIRCUITS, ‘The ideal regulator for low power CMOS logic elements should eisspate essential ro power when the CMOS de- ‘ows are running at low frequencies, but be capebe of de- [voring ful output power on demand when the CMOS deve- (98 ao running nthe 0.1 MH2 to 10 MHz region. With a 10V Input voltage, tho roglator shown In Fura 7 wl isipato 350 nW inthe stand-by mode but wil dole up to 50 mA ot ‘ontruous load curent when required. ‘Tha cout ls basically a boosted output voltage follower rt- ‘erenced to alow curert zener dodo, The voltage disor Consisting of Re and Fig provides SV tp voltage fom tho {65 rolerence diode to determine the reguistor ouput ‘Since a standard 65V zaner dode does not exhibit good Foguation inh 2 uA to 60 wA rovrso curent gion, Oe ‘must bo a specal device. An NPN wansisor with ts cllec- {or and base terminals grounded and is emitter ted to the juneton of Fi and Ri exibis a wol-corroied base emiter overs breakdown voltage. A National Semiconductor pro- cose 25 small signal NPN transistor sorted 10 a iy Om MEAT 3c 2N regatraton such 9s 2NS252 has a BVego at 10 nA fspectiea as 5.5V minum, 6.5V typical, and: 7.0V max ‘mum, Using 2 dode connecied 203252 as a reference, the egulato ouput votage changed 78 mV in response to an {8 to 36V change inthe input votage. This test was done ‘under both no load and ful load conaltons and represents a ling regulation of bottr than 1.8%. ‘Aload change fom 10 A to 80 mA causod at mV change {n output volage giving a load rogation vaio of 0.05%, ‘When operating the rogulator at load cunts of loss than 25 mA, no heat snk Is fqued for Oy. For load curans n ‘excess of [0 mA, shoud be replaced by a Datington ar wih the 2N90%0 acting a8 a crvor for a higher power ‘ovion suchas a 2N305S. REFERENCES: Manan, J. and Hakias, CC: “Blectront Device and Gi cuts," pp. 465-488, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Now York, 1967 FIGURE 17.350 .W Quiescent Drain §Volt Regulator WeNYAN-72 National Semiconductor ‘Application Nota 72, The LM3900: A New Current-Differencing Quad of + Input Amplifiers PREFACE With al the esting iterature on "how o apply op amos why should another applcaton not be produced on this subject? ‘There are two answors otis question; 1) the L M3800 opertesin qule an unusual manna compared a conwentonal op ‘amp and therefore needs some explanaton to familarzo a now user with ths product, and 2) the standard op amp ‘applications assume a spit power supply (+15 Voc) fs avalable and our emphasis here is dracted toward crcults fr lower {08 single powor supply conta ystems. Some oftheee creute are simpy e-based” versions of conventional handbook ‘reults but many are new approaches which are made possble by some ofthe unique features ofthe LMGBO0. Table of Contents |L0 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW “NORTON” AMPLIFIER 1.1 Basic Gan Stage 1.2 Obtaining « Non-evertng Input Function 1.3 The Complete Single Supply Api: 20 INTRODUCTION TO APPLICATIONS OF THE LM3900 3.0 DESIGNING AC AMPLIFIERS £11 Single Powar Supply Bising 32 Nonsinvering Ampiii 2°N Vpe" Bising 34 Basing Using a Nogatve Supply 5 Obtaining High Input Impedance and High Gain 38 An Amplter wih @ OC Gain Cervo! 37 A Line receiver Amir ‘40 DESIGNING Dc AMPLIFIERS 441 Using Commen-mode Basing fr Vix 462 Adding an Outpt Diode fr Vo = 0 Voc, 43 A DC Coupled Power Ampiiior (= 3.Amps) 44 Ground Referencing a Diorontal Voltage 45.4 Unty Gain Butter Ampltor ‘50 DESIGNING VOLTAGE REGULATORS. '5.1 Reducing the Inputoutp Votage $2 Providing High Input Voge Protocton 53 High input Voltage Protocton and Low (Viv ~ Vout) 54 Reducng Input Voliage Dependence and Adding ‘Short Creut Protection Yoo (60 DESIGNING RC ACTIVE FILTERS 1.1 Basing the Ampere 8.2 A High Pass Actvo Far 83 A Low Pass Active For 8.4 Singlesamiier Bandpass Active Fitr 85 A Two-amplii Bandpass Active Fitor 6A Trrso-ampliter Bandpass Active Fitor 87 Coneusions 110 DESIGNING WAVEFORM GENERATORS. 7.4 Sinewave Oseiator 72 Squarowave Generator ‘70 DESIGNING WAVEFORM GENERATORS (Continued) 7.3 Pao Generator 74 Tingle Waveform Generator 7.5 Sawtooth Wavetorm Generator 75.4 Goneraing a Very Slow Sewiooth Waveform 7.6 Staircase Wavetorm Generators 7.7 A Pulse Countr and a Votago Variable Pulse Counter 7.8 An Updown Stacase Wavotorm Generator ‘8.0 DESIGNING PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS AND VOLTAGE ‘CONTROLLED OSCILLATORS 281 Votage Contoied Oscators (VCO) 18.2 Phase Comparator 183 A Complete Phasoockod Loop 184 Conclusions ‘9.0 DESIGNING DIGITAL AND SWITCHING CIRCUITS 9.1 An “OR” Gate 9.2 An “AND” Gate 0.3 A Bistabie Mativibator 84 Tigger Flo Flope 2.5 Monostable Mutvibrators (One-shots) 95.1 A Two-ampiior Oneshot 95.2 A Combination One-shat/Comparator Creu 35.3 A One-amptiier Oneshot (Poste Puse) 954 A One-amptiier Oneshot (Negative Puss) 9.8 Comparators 196.1 A Comparater for Positive input Votiagos 1962 Comparator for Negative Input Vagos 9.63 A Power Comparator 9.64 A More Procise Comparator 9.7 Schmit Tigre 10.0 SOME SPECIAL CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS 10.1 Cant Sources and Sinks 10.4.1 A Fhied Curent Soxee 10.2 Voltage Variable Curt Source 10:13 A Fixed Currant Sink 10:14 A Voltage Variable Currnt Sink 168Table of Contents coninues) 10.0 SOME SPECIAL CIRCUIT 10.0 SOME SPECIAL ciRCUTT [APPLICATIONS (Continued) [APPLICATIONS (Continued) 102 Operation rom #15 Voc Power Supplies 108 Aso Maer or Channel Sector 1021 An AG Ample Oparating wih +15 Voc 109ALow Frequeney Moor Power Suppes 10:10 A Peak Detector 10.22.8.06 Ample Operating wih #1 Voc 10:11 Power Grcuts Power Suppes 10.1.5 Lamp and/or Relay Drivers (<30 mA) 103 Techometors 10.112 Lam and/or Relay Devers (300 mA) 1033:1.A Basic Tachometer 10.113 Post Feedback Osciators 10.32 Extending Vout Minivan) 1 Ground 10.12 High Voltage Operation 10:33.A Frequency Doubing Tachometer 10.121 A High Votage Invring Amer 104. Squaring Amoiior 30:22 High Votage Noninvoring Aplin 105 A Diferontatr 10.123 A Line Operated Auco Ampifer 108, DitferenceInegrator 10.19 Temperature Sensing 10.7 A Low Dit Semple and Hold Grout Tavea peganeaia ences 107.1 Reding the “Etecve” Input Basing 10.15 Adding a Diora input Stage Curent 107.2, Low Det Ramp and Hold 10.7 Sample-Hold and Compare wih New +Vin List of Illustrations 1 Basic Gain Stage 2 Adding @ PNP Transistor to the Basic Gan Stage 3 Adding @ Curent Miror to Achieve @ Ner-vrtng Input ‘4 The Ampiner Stage 5 Opentoop Gain Characteristics 6 7 8 ° ‘Schematic Diagram ofthe LM3900 ‘An Equivalent Greut ofa Standard 1C Op Amp ‘An Equivalent Great ofthe “Norton” Ampiior ‘Appling the LM3900 Equivalent Circuit 10 Biening Equlelent Grout 11 AC Equivalent Circuit 12 Imvering AC Amplifier Using Singlo-suppty Biasng 13. Nonnvertng AC Ampiir Using Votage Reference Biasing 14 Inverting AC Amplfor Using N Vee Biasing 15. Negative Supply Biasing 16 Aton Zu High Gain inverting AC Ampiier 17 An Amplior with OC Gain Cont! 18 A.ie-receiver Amplifier 19 ADC Amplifier Employing Commonsmode Basing 20. An ideal Grcuit Model af @ DC Ampliler with Zero Input Voliage 21 A’Non-inverting DC Amplifier wth Zao Volts Output fr Zoro Vols Input 22. Votago Transor Function for a DC Amplifer wih a Voltage Gain of 10 23 AOC Power Amoitir 24. Ground Rotorencng a Diferental input OC Voltage 25_ A Notwark to Invert and to Ground Reterance a Negative DC Diforantl Input Voltage 28. A.Uniy-gsin DC Butler Ampiter 27. Simple Voltage Regulators 28 Reducing (iy ~ Your) 28 High Viy Protoction and Settroguation 30. A High Via Protected, Low (Vy ~ Vout) Regulator 167 ZiNvAN-72 38 a 29 0 “ a ” © 62 5 55 s 50 6 a a 65 7 oo R 3 7 75 76 7 8 * 0 aes List of Illustrations (continued) Reducing Vi Dependence ‘Adcing Stor-Ceult Curent Lining Biasing Considerations |Abigh Pass Active Fite ‘Allow Pas Active Fitar Biasing the Low Pass Fitor Biasing Equvalont Grout ‘A One Op amp Bandpass Fite: ‘A Two Op amp Bandpass Fiter ‘Tho "Bi-quad” RC Active Bandpass Fitoc [A Sinewave Oscitetor 1 Squarowave Oscilator ‘A Pulse Gonevator ‘A Teangle Wavelorm Generator Gatod Sawtooth Gonerators Generating Very Stow Sawtooth Waveforms Pumping the Starcase Via Input Diforentiator ‘Free Running Starcase Generator ‘An Up-down Sacase Generator ‘Vokes Controiea Oscilator ‘Adin Input Common. Modo Bising Resistors Reducing Temperature Dri Improving Mark/Space Risto ase Comparator [A Phase-Locked Loop ‘An "OR" Gate ‘An “AND” Gato ‘Large Fann "AND" Gate ‘A BiStable Mutvibratoe [A Tegger Fp Flop ‘A Twosamplior Trager Flip Flop ‘A One-Shot Mstvtator ‘A One-Shot Maivbrator with an Input Comparator ‘A One-Ampifr One-Shot (Positive Output) ‘A One-Amoiiter One-Sot(Negatve Output) ‘An Invoting Voltage Comparator 'A Nominvering Low-voltage Comparator ‘A Nominvertng Powsr Comparator ‘A More Precise Comparator ‘Sent Triggers Fixed Curent Sources ‘A\Vottago Convolled Curent Sourco Fxod Current Sinks A Voltage Contollad Curent Sink ‘An AC Ampiiir Operating with 18 Voc 1 Blasing for +15 Voc Operation ‘ADC Amplifier Operating with +15 Voo ‘A Basic Tachometer ‘Akg Biasing to Prowde Vo = 0 Voc ‘A Frequency Doubling Tachometer ‘A Squaring Ampito with Hystoresis A Ditfereniator Creu ‘A Dieonce integrator 168BSSRERRSSTSISSE List of Illustrations (contnes) Reducing ls “Ettoctva"to Zoro ‘A Low.Deft Ramp and Hold Gecuit ‘Semple-Hold and Compare with Now +Viy ‘Aude Msing or Selection ‘Low Frequency Mixer ‘A Peak Datoctor ‘Sinking 200 30 mA Loads Boosting to 300 mA Loads Positive Feedback Power Osllaors ‘A High Vatiage Inverting Ampliior ‘A High Voto Nor-Inveting Ampiiior ‘Ane Operated Audio Ampliior Temperate Sansing ‘A“Programmabie Unjncton” ‘Adsing a Diora input Stage zLNVAN-72 The LM3900: A New Current-Differencing Quad of + Input Amplifiers 1.0 An Introduction to the New “Norton” Amplifier ‘Te LM3800 represents deparue om conventional am pier designs. Instead of using a standard trasisiordfer- ‘ntl ample a the input, the norinvering input functon has boon actiovod by making use of a “curentmior” to "miror” the noninverting input curent about round and then to extract this cunt tom thet which is entarng the Invertng input terminal. Whereas the Conventonal oP 8D Sfleronces input voliages, this amplifier dferences input ‘urents and therfore tho name "Norton Amp” has been ‘ed to indeato tis new type of operation. Many biesing ‘advantages are realzed when operating with ony a single Power supply voltage. Tho fact that cuents can be passed between the input torminls allows some unusual appica- tions. I oxtomal, large valued input osstors re used (1 convert fom input voteges to Input cureats) most of the standard op amp applications can bo realized, “Many industrial electronic contol systems are design that {pera of of enya sing power supply voltage. The con ventional integrated-cut operational amplifier (C op amp) Is typical designed for spt power suppl (15 Voc) and Sues trom a poor output votage swing and a rather largo minimum common-mode input voage range aproximataly + 2 Vac) when used in asngle power supply appiation. in scion, some of ho performance charactors ofthese ‘9p amp could be sacrced—especlly in favor of reduced “To mest the neods of he designers of low-cost, single-pow: le-supply contol systems, a new intnaly compensated ampli has boon designed that operates over a power Supply voltage range of 4 Voc 10-38 Voc mth small changes in perormance characteristics and provides an ‘output poak-o-peak vttago owing that i ony TV less than ‘the magnitude ofthe power supply voltage. Four oF these ‘ampliiers have been fabiceod on a sigie chip and are provided Inthe standard t4-pin duane package. The cost, application and pertrmance advantages of this row quad ample wi quaratoo i pace in many single power supply electronic systems. Many ofthe “housekeop- Ing” applcatons which are now handled by standard IC op amps can also be handlad by tus "Norton" ampllor operat ing off the xistng = 15 Voc power supplies. 1.1 BASIC GAIN STAGE “Tho gain stag is basicaly a sngl common-omiterampit- ‘er By making use of currant source ins, a large votag® ‘an has boon achioved which Is vay constant over fom perature changes. The output volage has a large dynamic ange, tom essential ground lo one Vee loss than ho ‘Power supply voltage. Te output stage s based class A for ‘Smal signals ut conworts to ‘class to Ineeaso the load Curent whien can bo "absorbed" by the ampitier under larg signal condtions. Power supply cuont drains essen til independant of the power supply voltage and pple on ‘the epply nei sso rejected. A vory small input sg arent allows high impedance leodback olements to be sed and even lower “etfectve" nut basing cuens can bo realized by using one ofthe amplifiers Io supply esson- tala of the bia currents for the other amps by mak ing use of ne "matching" whic exists betwen the 4 amp fre whic ave on the same IC chip (608 Figure 8) 170 ‘The simplest invering amplifier Is the common-omitor stage. Ifa curent source is used in place of a load rosiston, 8 large open-loop gain can be obtained, even at low powor- Supply votages. This basic stage (gue 1) 's used for the ‘anole. FIGURE 1. Basie Gain Stage ‘Allo the voltage gan is provided by te gan vansstor. Oz, ‘and an output emiter flower transistr, Qy, serves 19 80- late the load impedance from the high impedance that ex: ists at the collsctr ofthe gan tansister, Oz. Closedoop stably Is quaranted by an onchip capaciior C = 8 pF, wich provides tho siglo dominant operloop pote. The ‘pu etter olowar is Biased for lase-A operation by the rent sours This basic stage can 7 adoquato operoop vot ‘age gain (70 08) and hes the dosed large output voltage ‘swing capably. A dsadvantage ofthis ovcuitis that the OC Input current, ys large; a8 is ossontaly equal tothe ‘maximum output curen,loyr, divided by A2. For example, for an output curent capably of 10.mA the pt cunt WOU be at least HA (assuming A ~ 100, N would be Sosirabo fo further roduc this by adn an aditonal an otto achive an overall 9 reducton. Unforunatoly, a tranlso is ada at he output (oy making Oy @ Drington af) th peak-to-peak output voltage swing woud bo some what reduced and if Gp wore mado @Darington par the OC Input votag lvel would bo undesrably doubled. To overcome these problems, a lateral PNP Wansistor has been added as shown In Figure 2. This connection noithor reduces the output votage swing nor rises the DC input ‘votage, but does provide the acciona gain that was noes (3 0 oduce th input curent FIGURE 2. Adding a PNP Translator tothe ‘Basle Gain Stage"Notice thatthe colactor of thls PNP transistor, Qs, is eon- nected droct tothe output ternal. This "bootstraps the utput impedence of and therefore reduces the loading atthe high-impedance collector ofthe gain vansister, Op In adation, tho collector base junction ofthe PNP transistor ‘becomes forward based under a large-signal nagetve out- put voltage swing conaiton. The design ofthis Goveo has [lowed Gy to conver oa vortcal PNP transistor during this ‘perating modo wnich causes the output to change from he ‘lass Abas (oa class 8 output stage, Thi lows the ample fir to eink more cutont than that provided bythe curent ‘souroo Ia (1.3 mA) under large signal conditions. 4.2 OBTAINING A NON-INVERTING INPUT FUNCTION “The cuit of Fgure 2has only the inverting input. A general purpose ampliirroquires two input terinas to obiin both fn ivering and & non-nverting input In convetionl op frp designs. an input dtferantal empiir provides those Feauited inputs. The ouput voltages then depends upon the Gtferance (er err batwoen the two input votages. An In- put common-made vatage range specication ests and, basicaly, input voltages are compared For cut simpy, and ease of application in singe power ‘supply ystems, a non-inverting input can be provided by fading a standard 1 “curentmsror" eu roe 805s {he invoring Input terminal, as shown In Figure 3. FIGURE 3. Adding a Current Mirorto Achieve 8 ‘Nomlaverting Input “Tis operates in tho currant mode a now input eure a compared or feranced (his canbe thought of asa Noron ‘florontal alien. Thero is ossentalyno input common- ‘mode votage range drecty atthe input terminals (a3 bot input wil bias atone diode drop above ground) but the input voltages are converted to curents (by use of input resistors), tore then no limit to the common-mode input valago range. This is especial Usetuln high-voltage com parator applicators. By making use ofthe input rosters, 0 Convert input volagos Yo input curonts allo he standard ‘opamp applications can be realized, Mary additonal appl- atone are esi achioved, especialy whon oporating with fn @ single power supply voltage. This results frm the bulla voltage basing that oxsta at both inputs (each put biases at + Vag) and acdtonal rosso are not requreato rove a suitable common-mode input DC Basing voltage fovel Further, rout summing can bo performed at tho rla- tively ow impedance love of he input ode of the curent- iror exes 1.3 THE COMPLETE SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIER “The cut schematic fora sngle ampli sages shown in Faure 4, Duo tote excut simply, four ofthese ampl- ‘ts can be fabricated on a single chp One common basing rout is used fora ofthe incl ampli. ‘Anew smb! fr tis “Norton” amplifiers shown in Figure ‘2. The recommended to avoid using the standard op fap symbol asthe base operation Is ferant. Tho cunt ‘Source ymbol betwoon tho inputs implies this new curent ‘mode of operation. In adstan, i ignites that curet is (Now NORTON Aner Sot FIGURE 4. The Amplifier Stage removed rom the (=) input terminal Also, th current arow ‘onthe (input lead is used fo nccate that tis functions ‘as acuent input. The use ofthis symbols helptlin under Standing the operation ofthe appcationcrcuts and alsin Going adtonal design work with tho LMSOD0. “The Bias reference for the PNP current source, Vp which bases Oy, Is signed to cause the upper curent source (200 1A) to change wt temperature to give fst order com Ponsation forth 8 variatons of the NPN output vansistor, s, The bas reference forthe NPN “pulldown” curont ‘tk, Vp (which biases Q) ls designed to sabia th out. Fant (13 mA) to reduce the variaton when the temperature Is changed. This provides a moe constant pulldown capa Baty forthe anpifer over the temperature range. The van Sistor, Gy, provides the class B acton which exists under large signal operating constions. zLNVAN-72 ‘The pertormance characoristios a each amplifier stage aro summarized below: Pwer-suppy voltage range 41096 Vooor i2t0 +18 Voc Bias curant dain por ampker stage 7 13mAg¢ Open lop: ‘ottage gain, = 104) 7008 Uniy-gainrequency 25M Pace margin ao Inputresistanc. 1a Output resistance eK Output wotage swing (oo = "Vp Inputbias ceront a0nhoe Slow at. OVS ‘Ast bas currents aro al dared rom code forward vol- age drops, thro nly a smal change in tas crrot mag: tue asthe power-supply voltage is varied. The open loop ‘an changes ony skgnty aver the complete power SupD}y voltage range and is essential ingopendont of omperatre ‘changes. The openoop frequency response Is compared wah the "781" op am in Figure &. The higher uniy-gain ‘Crossover frequency s son to provide an adonal 10-6 (of gain forall requences groater than 1 kz 2.0 Introduction to Applications of the LM3900 Uke the standard IC op amp, the LM900 has a wide range of appicatons. A now approach must bo taken to design outs wth tis “Norton” amplifier and the object of ths notes to presenta varity of useful ruts to inca now Conventional snd unique new appications can be do- ‘Signed—espocily whan operating wih only a singe power ‘supply votage. “To understand the operation of tho LMS800 we wil com- pare it wih the more fami standrd 1C op ap, When ‘Operating on a single power suRBY vatage, the minimum input common-mode vatage range ofa standard op amp isthe smalest value of votage which can be applied both inputs and stil have the amoliirrespand toa eran tial input signal. n adeton the output vtage wl ot swing completely fom ground to the pow” supply voltage. The ‘output voltage depends upon the dierence betwen the Input votages and a bias Curent must bo supplied to both Inputs. A simplied diagram ofa standard IC op am operat- ing ftom a singe power suppiyis shown in Figure 7. The (+) land (=) inputs go only to curont sources and thorofro aro free to be biased or operated at any votago valuos which ae within the input commer-mode votage range. Th cur font sources atthe input teminals,* and i=, reprasent tho bias caonis which must be supptiod to oth othe nput luansstors ofthe opamp (base currents). The output ccut ismodeled as an acve votage source which depends upon the openioop gain of the ampli, Ay and the dference which exists botwoon th Input votages, (V* ~V~), FIGURE 5. Open-oop Gain Characteristics ‘The completa sohomate diagram of ho LMSG00 ie shown in Figure 6: Tho ono resister, Ri. establshes the power on- sumption of the circuit asf contros the conduction of ran- ‘stor Gap. The emtiarcuvent ot Qe ls used fo bias the NPN cutputclass-A lasing current sources andthe colac- tor curent of Ogg is tho retrenco forthe PNP current souree of each ample. ‘Tho basing cuits intaly "starts" by Oz, go and CR [Air starcup Is achieved, Qap goes OFF and the cunt flow trough the ralerenco diodes: CRs, OR and CR, ‘dependent oniy on Vae/(Re + Rr). Tis guarantees that the power suppyy curren ran fs essay ndopendent of tho magestude of the power supply vtage. “The input clamp tor negatve voltages is provided by the ‘mul-omiter NPN transistor Gos. One of tho omits of ths {tansisior goos o each of he input trina. Tho reference valage for he base of Gz is provided by Fg and Fy and is ‘approsnately Vae/2 [An ecuévalent out forthe "Narton” ample is shown in ‘gue 8. Tho (+) and () inputs are both clamped by &- ‘des to force them to be onetiode crop above ground—e- ays! They aro not fre to move and the “input common ‘ode valtage range” doc at thosa input terminals is very ‘alla fow hundred mV centred sbout 0.8 Vog. The —— FIGURE 8. An Equivalent Cieul of the Norton” Amplifier WeAN-72 wy extemal votages must be fst converted to curonts {Using resistors) before boing pplod tothe nputs—and ie {ho basis forthe curentmode (ot Noto) type of operation, With extemal input resisors—thare is no fit othe “inp common-mode voltage range”. The de shown across the C+ input actualy sts a a code Inthe crout and the ‘ode across the (-) inputs used fo model the base-orit- ter luneton ofthe tanastor whch ots at this iu ‘Only the (—) input must be supplied wih a DC biasing cu font ig. The (+) input coups only to the (~) input arc {then to extract rom tis (~) input trminal the same current (Ay to minor gah, is appronmataly aqua! to 1) which Is ‘entre (by the external culty into the +) imputermina ‘This operation is described as a“curentmarror” as tho cu ‘ent entering the (+) input is "mirorod" or "rolectod” ‘bout ground and is then extract from the (~) input ‘There iS a maximum of near saturation valve of current nich the "mio at the (+) input can hance. Tiss sted (on th data shoot as "maximum marr curent” an ranges {fom approximately 6 mA at 25°C 103.8 mA at 70°. “This fact that no (+) input curent modulates or affects the () input curent causes this amplifier to pass cunts be- tween the input terminals and is the basis for many now application creuts—espocialy when eporating with only & Shale power supply vatage. ‘Te ouput is modeled aan acWvo voltage source which ‘also dopands upon the open loop votage gain, Ay but only the (=) input votlago, V~. (not the diferent input vor age) Final, te output voitage of the LM9900 can swing from essentialy ground (+90 mV) 1 within one Var oF the ower supply voltage, AAs an exami of tho uso of tho equivalent ccut ofthe [NG000, the AC coupled inverting ampli of Fgura Ba wil (Large 00 Eat rest FIGURE 9. Applying the LM2900 Equivalent Cireut ‘bo analyzed. Figure 9 shows the complete equvalent o- cut which, for convenience, canbe separtod into a biasing ‘equivalent creuit (Figure 10) and an AC equivalent creat (gure 11). From tha biasing model of Figure 10 we fd the ‘tpt quescont votage, Vos Yo™ Vo" + (e+ I) Re o a waist 7 wore Yor * Vor = 0500 Ip INPUT ies cunt 3 A) ons V+ = Powersupply voage 2) west ine) vtevet Yo= Vo + (ia oe") ag © ich isan exact expression for Vo, ‘As the socond term usualy dominios (Vo > Vo) and + > IpandV" > Vp" wo can simply (9) proves a more {soll design relationship Be vou lt vs % ® Usa. = ae we fd Be yy Mt vom ag 2 ® ich shows that th output is oasily biased to oneal of the powor supply voltage by using V+ as @ biasing roter- (ce atthe (+) input FIGURE 10, Biasing Equivalent Circuit FIQURE 11. AC Equivalent Crcut“Tne AC equivalent ckout of gure 17s tho same as that which would resut i standard IC op amp were used with the (+) Input grounded. The closedioop vollage gan Av. Is ven by Yo, Fe eae Re o Be Ay (operon) > BE “The design procedure for an AC coupled inverting amplifier sing the [M3900 is therotoce to fest solct Ry, Cn, Fp, ane (Co as with 8 standard 1C op amp and then to simply ad Ra = 2Rz a8 a fal Basing consideration. Other biasing toc niques are peesented inthe following soctons ofthis nots. For the swichng creut applications tho biasing model of ‘Figure 10's adequate to pdt cat operation ‘Atnough the LM9800 nas four independent amples, tho tse of the label “YALN3900" wll be shortsned to sim "LM2000" for the application drawings contained in tas 3.0 Designing AC Amplifiers ‘The L300 road fonds tse to use as an AC ampltor bbocauso the output can be biased to any died DC level within the range of te output vottage swing and the AC aan ISindapendent ofthe biasing newark. In ado, te single ower suply requirement makes the LMOO0 attractive for fry low froquoney gain appleaton. For lowest noise pee- formance, tho (-+)inpt shoul be grounded (Figure 8a) and the output wil thon bias at-+Vge. Altiough the LM3900 i ‘ot suitable as an ulralow noise tape pre-amp, tis ustulin ‘ost other applications. Tho resistin to only shunt food- ‘ack causes a eal input impedance. Transducers whch Can be loaded can operate wih this low input impedance. ‘Tha noise dgracation which would resut tom the uso of large input resistor Imits the usefulness wher low nose ‘and high input impedance are both requred. 1.1 SINGLE POWER SUPPLY BIASING “The L42900 can be biased in several diferent ways. Tho ultin Figure 12a standardinvertng AC amp whieh ‘has boon based from the same power supply which s used 1 operate the apie. (The design ofthis ampliier has boon presented in te provious section). Note that AC ‘pple voltages are present on the V~ power supply tne ‘they wil coupe to tho cuput with a “gain” of To ome ‘ato tis, one source of ripple tered votage can be provd- ‘0d and thon usod for many ampli, This shown nthe next section, FIGURE 12. Inverting AC Ampitter| ‘Using Single Supply Basing 8:2 A NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER ‘Te ampitior in Figur 19 shows both a non-inverting AC pier and a second mathod for OC biasing. Once again the AC gain of tho ampli is sat bythe rao of feedback resistor fo input restr. The eral signal impedance ofthe ‘ode atthe (+) it should be added to the vale of Ry ‘when ealeulating ga, as shown in Figure 13. FIGURE 13. Non-Inverting AC Amplifier Using Voltage Reference Basing By making Re = Rs. Vooc wil be equal to the reference votlage which is applied to the resstor Ry. The fitred V72 reterence shown can also be used for othr ampit- 33 °N Vpe" BIASING ‘Ati techriqu of cutput OC biasing is best doscrbod as ‘the "N Vge" method. This tactnique Is shown in Figure 14 ‘and is most usetl with inverting AC ampiter applications. FIGURE 14. Inverting AC Amplifier Using N Vee Blasing “Tho input bias voltage (Vgc at the inverting input establish 28 a curent trough resistor Rg to ground. This cunt ‘must come tom the output ofthe amp. Thorefore, Vo must rise to a Joel wien wil caus Ue cstontt0 ow through Fp. The Bas voltage, Vo, may be caleulated from ‘tho rato of Rito Rg as follows: Be Vor (1 + 22) a Wen te biasing s employe, values fr resistors Fy fn Ri are fest estabishod and then resistor Ri fs added to Provide tho desired DC output voltage. Vooe 175 ZLNVFora design example (Figure 14),a Zin = 1MandAy = 10 ar required. ‘Select Ry = 1M, Calculate Fg = AVRy = 10M, To bias the output voltage at 76 Voc, Ra is found a: Re ht "Ys, we’ 05 a= c20xn, ‘34 BIASING USING A NEGATIVE SUPPLY Ha negative power supply is avalabl, the crcut of igure 15 can be used. The DC Basing cw |, ostabishod by tho nogatve supply voltage via Ri and provides a very st ble output quoscont point forthe ampli. e na-B FIGURE 15, Negative Supply Basing ‘5 OBTAINING HIGH INPUT IMPEDANCE. ‘AND HIGH GAIN For the AC amgllers which have been presented, a dosign- rs abo to obtain either igh gin or high input impedance ‘wih very Itt ficult. The application which requees both and stl employs only one ampli prosents a now prob- lem. This can be acroved bythe use of a ccut sar to ‘the on0 shown in ure 18. nen te Ay tem the pt FIGURE 16.4 High Zw High Gain inverting AC Amplifier ont Ais unity (Ry = Re), the Ay ofthe complete stage wal beset by the votago divider network compoeed of a, ‘and Cp. As the valve of is doraasod, th Ay ofthe siage ‘wil approach the AC open loop it ofthe ampli. The Insertion of eapacter Cp allows the OC bas to ba conrled bythe sores combination of Fs and Rg with no eft rom Fe. Therefore, Re may ba selected t0 obtain tho dested utput OC Baasing fvel using any of the methods which have boon discussed. The cult Figure 16 nas an input Impedance of 1M and again of 100. {36 AN AMPLIFIER WITH ADC GAIN CONTROL ‘ADC gain cont ean be added to an amp as shown in Figure 17. The output of the amplifies kept fem boing Atv to saturation as tho DC gain corr s varied by pro- ‘ding a minimum basing cue via. For maximum gan, (CR is OFF and both the carat through Re and Fy enter the (+) input and cause the ouput of the amp t bias at ‘approxmataly 0.8 V"- For mismum gain, CR is ON and ‘only te curent tough enters the (+) input fo Bas tho ‘utbut at approxenaely 03 V" The propar utp as for large output signal accommodation Is proved forthe max- ‘mum gain station. The DC gain conto input ranges from (Voe for minimum gain fo ls than 10 Voc for maximum FIGURE 17. An Amplifier with aC Gain Control 3.7 ALINE-RECEIVER AMPLIFIER ‘Tho ineseceiver ample is shown in Figure 18. Tho use of both inputs eancole out common-mode signals. The ne fs termineted by Rune and the larger input mpedance of ha ampitier wi not fect this matched loading. FIGURE 18, Line-recolver Ampiiior 1784.0 Designing DC Amplifiers “The design of OC amplifiers using the LMSO00 tends tobe ‘more aiticut than the design of AC ampli, These f= Cuts occur whon dasgning a DC ampiir which wil oper- {at rom only @ single Powersupply votage and yet provide an output votage which goes to zero volts OC and alo wi ‘capt nputvalages of toro volts Dc. To accomplish tha, {he inputs must be based into tho near ragion (+ Vge) with [OCinput signa of zer0 vols and the output must be mod {id if operation to actual ound (and not Vea) is quired ‘Therlor, the problem becomes one of determining what ‘ype of network is necessary to provide an ouput voltage {o) equal o 20 when tho input voltage (Vn) fs aqua to Zoro (S08 lao section 10.15, "aking & Diernt! Ingt Stage") ‘We wil start with acartul evauaton of what actualy takes ‘place atthe ampiior inputs. The mror cult dards hat {he curent flowing into the postive input (+) be equaled by ‘a caren Bowing into the nogatve input (~). The aerence ‘botwoon the current domanded ané the cuent provided by fan extemal source mut flow in the feedback out. The ‘Output vatage is then forced te seek the love required to ‘causa this ammount of curet to flow. fn the stony stata ondtion Vo)~ Viy = 0, the amptir wil operate in the ‘sited manner. This condition can be established by the use of common-mode biesing atthe inputs. ‘4.1 USING COMMON-MODE BIASING. FOR Vw ~ 9 Voc CCommon-mode biasing is achioved by pacing equal roxs- {ors between the ampitir input terminals and the Supply votage (V"), a8 shown in Figure 19. When Vis set to vols the ckcut ean be modeled as shown In Figure 20, FIGURE 18.4 D¢ Amplifier Employing ‘Common-mode Blasing hoc: ea = FR, cog = Re | Re and Fo> Pe Because the currant miror demands that the two current sourees bo equal, the curantin the wo equivalent resistors ‘must be ental FIGURE 20. An ideal Cicult Model of aC Amplifier | ‘with Zero Input Voltage I isis tue, both Re and Rg must have a voltage drop of 15 volt across tham, won foroas Vo to 90 12 Yo un san 42 ADDING AN OUTPUT DIODE FOR Vo ~ 0 Voc For many applications a Vo yn OF 100 mV may not be sccoptabl. To overcome this problem a diode canbe a= {3 batwoen the uput ofthe ampiir and the ouput armi- al (Figure 20, FIGURE 21. A Nonnverting OC Ampiitier with Zero Volts Output for Zero Volts input “The function ofthe dodo to provide a love tt whieh wal alow Vo to goto ground. With a load impedance (FL) Connected, Vo Becomes a functon ofthe voltage Gvider formed by the series connection of Ry and A. 5 Ry = 100 A, then Youn = PSB, Wa 100A, hen oun = 228 or Voun = Smo. ‘An offset voltage acustment can be added as shown (Rs) to edust Vo to 0Voc wit Vin = 0 Yoo. ‘Tho voltage transfor functons forthe cicut in Figure 21, both with ana wanout the alode, are shown in Figure 22 \Wnle the dlode great improves the operation around 0 vols, he votlage dop across the lode wil reduce te peak ‘output voltage swing ofthe state by approximately 05 vl, When using @ DC ampli simiar tothe one in Figure 21, the load impedence should bo larg enough to avo oxcoe. ‘voy loading tho ampli. The valve of RL may be Sgn cantly reduced by replacing the code with an NPN wanss- er iW zLNYAN72 oC FIGURE 22. Voltage Transfer Function for ‘Amplifier witha Voltage Gain of 10 43,ADC COUPLED POWER AMPLIFIER (i, < 3 AMPS) “The LM3900 may bo used as a power amp by the ad ‘ton of Darington pair al the output. The cet shown in Figure 23 can deiver excess of 3 amps to the loss when the transistors are properly mountod on heatsinks. FIGURE 23. DC Power Ampitor 44 GROUNO REFERENCING A DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE ‘The circuit in Figure 24 employs the LM3800 to ground ret- ‘rence @ DC aferental input votage. Curent yi larger FIGURE 24. Ground Referencing a Differential Input De Voltage: than curently by a factor proportional to the itferental voltage, Up. The curents beled on Fluo 2 aro gven by yp eMit Maa he Re pa Mid) ® Yo-# ane Re where {= Vee at ther input trina ofthe L800, Sine the input curront miror demands that and and “Theretore Substiing in rom th above oquation Yo-# _W+Va-#)_()_Ws-#) Re Rr Re Re ‘ands Ry = Re = Ro = Ra Vo= 1+ Va #9 (V+ +o Vo = Va. ‘The resistors are kop larg 10 minimize loading. Wah the SOMA resistors which are shown on the fg, an oor ‘eis at small values of V duo tothe input bias curont at ‘he (-) input. For simpy this hes been nogloctod in tho ‘ut scription. Smaller R values reduce the percentage ‘ror or tho bas curent can be supplied by an addtional ‘ampli (609 Section 10.71) For proper operation, the diferent input voltage must bo limited to be wan the output came votage range ofthe amplifier and the input voltage Vo must be grater than + Yall For example: V2 = 1 vot, the input vetage Vy may ‘ary over tho range of 1 volt 0 ~13 vals when operating ‘tom 15 vol supply. Common-mode basing may be added ‘as shown in Figure 261 allow both Vy and V2 10 be ngs tee FIGURE 26. A Network to invert and to Ground Reference a Negative DC Differential Input Voltage |45AUNITY GAIN BUFFER AMPLIFIER ‘The buler amp witha gain of one is the simplest DC application fort LM3900. The volage applied to te put (Faure 20) wil be reproduced att output Homer, the input votlage must bo greater than one Vag but loss than ‘he maxim output swing. Common-mode basing can be ‘edged to extend Vi 100 Voc, ested, 8FIGURE 26. A Unity-gain DC Butter Ampiter 5.0 Designing Voltage Regulators Many votage regulators can be designed which make use cof the basic ampifr of tho LMSO00. The simpost's shown In Figure 27a where only @ Zener dods and a resistor are ‘added. The voltage at the (~) input (one Vee = 0 Voc) {appears across and thorefore a resistor valuo of 5100 wil cause approximately 11m of bias curont to be drawn through the Zener. This biasing is use fo reduce the nose ‘output of te Zener as tho 30 nA input curent i oo small for proper Zener biasing. To compensate fra positive tom- porate cooticint ofthe Zener, an addtional resistor can bo addod, a (Fgue 278) to introduce an aritvary auribor, Not "atfecive” Vee stops ino tho expression fr the out put votlago. The negatve temperature coeticient of these ‘odes wil also bo added to tomperature compensate the DC output votage. For a larger cuput curent, an eritor follower (of Figure 270} can be added. This wal mutey the 10 mA (max) ouput cuanto the L380 by the of the added vansister. For example, a 8 = 30 wil provid & ‘max. load curent of 300 mA. Ths added transistor also Feduoes the oubut impedance. An output frequency com nsation capacitor Is generally not requred but may bo ‘added, desired, 10 reduce the output impedance at high Froquoncie, ‘Tho DC output voltage can be incoased and stil preserve the temperature companeation of Figure 270 by acing ro- sistrs Ra and Rig as shown in Figure 27, This also can bo ‘ocompitned wihout the added vansister, Oy. The urvegu- lated input voltage, whichis app to pin 14 ofthe L900 (Grd to te colctr of Oy, usd) must always excoed the regulated DC output voltage by appreximataly 1, whan the Unt i not current boosted of approximataly 2V when the NPN curent boosting transistor is added. ‘5. REDUCING THE INPUT-OUTPUT VOLTAGE. ‘Tho use of an oxternal PNP wansstr wil reduce the ro- ued (Vy — Your) 10 a fow tonhs of a vot. THs il ‘opend 0” the saturation characteristes of the exteral ‘eansslr atthe operatng current love. The crcut, shown Jin Figure 28, uses tho LM3900 to supply base dive to the NP transistor. Tho resistors Ry and Fg ao used to alow the output ofthe amotfr totum OFF the PNP vane. {i mnpotant hat pn 14 ofthe LM3900 Be tod tothe + Vin line to alow this OFF contol to propery operate. Larger ‘voltages are poxmiesba (the base-omttr faction of Oy Is prevontod ftom entorng a breakdown by a shunting d- ‘ode, tor scampi), but smallor voltages wil ot alow ho ‘output of he ampioro raise enough to give the OFF con- trot “The resistor, Ri. is used to supply the requred bas curent for tho amplifies and Ri again used to bias tho Zener toda, Oue ts larger gan, a compensation capactor, Co, is requrod. Tomporature compensation coud be addod as was shown In ure 272. (a Renna Vo Wiest Dering Tempore Compensation FIGURE 27 Simple Voltage Regulators 179 zLNVAN-72 FIGURE 28. Reducing (Vin ~ Vour) ‘52 PROVIDING HIGH INPUT VOLTAGE PROTECTION (ne of tho four amps can be used o rogulato the sup iy line forthe complete package (pn 14), to provide protec ‘ton agains large input voltage conditions, and in adtion, to supply current oan extol load, This ctcuts shown in ‘Foure 29. Tho regulated output voltage Is the sun of to Zener voltage, CR and the Vee of he inverting input term hal. Again temperature compensation can be added as in ‘Figure 27b. Tha second Zane, Cis alow oerance om ponent which simply serves as @ DC love shit to alow the ‘output votage ofthe ampli to contol he conducton of ‘he extemal transistor, Q;. This Zener voltage should be ‘approximately one-nat ofthe CRa votage to positon the 1DC Output voltage lave othe ample approxmatalyn the ‘center ofthe dynamic range. FIQURE 29. High Vin Protection and Selteguiaton | “Too baso dive current for Q; is suppiod via Ry. The max mum curent tough Fy should bo lnitod 1 10 mA a8. = Yiwaunn — a + Vos) = Rr To increase the maximum allowed input voltage, reduce the cutput ppt, oro reduce the (Vay ~ Vou) requirements of this crcut the connection descrbod in he next section i recommenced ‘53 HIGH INPUT VOLTAGE PROTECTION AND LOW (Vin = Your) ‘Te crcul shown in Figure 0 basicaly adds one adtonal transistor othe cxeuit of Figura 29 to improve the peor: lance. in this creut both ransistors (2) and Qs) absorb any high input votages (and thorefor need tobe high watege ovis) without any ineoases in curent as wth Py of Fie 17029). Te restr Fy (of Figure 30 provides a "sta.p" turant ino tho base of Oa. ‘Anew input connocton i shown on this regulator (ho type (Figure 29 coud also be used) to contro tho DC output fe. The Zones based ia Ri (et approximatly 1 A). sors Rg and Re provide gan (non-nveting) toa tow establishing Vo at any dosed voltage larger than Vz Temperature compensation of eter sgn (2 TC) can be 0b: tained by shunting @ resistor from other the (+) input to (ground (lo aad + TC 10 Vo) or rom the (~) input to ground {fo add ~TC to Vo). To understand this, notice that tho Fasistor, A tom the (+) input ground wil add =NVge to Yo where Be Nete and Vag i the bass emir voltage ofthe vansistor atthe (2) input This thon also adds’ postive temperature Chango at tho output fo provide the dosrod temperature ‘The added transistor, Qo, also increases tho gain (which ‘ecuces the output impedance) and if « power davis is Used for Q; large load currents (amps) canbe supplied, This regulator also suppios tho power tothe other woe ampli (of the L3900. '5.4 REDUCING INPUT VOLTAGE DEPENDENCE AND [ADDING SHORT-CIRCUIT PROTECTION To reduce pple feedthrough and Input voltage depen: dence, sedes can be adie as shown in Figura 31 to drop ‘out th start once startup has bean achoved. Short-ceut rteaton can also be addod as shown In Figure 32 ‘Tne emir resistor of wil mt the maxirum current of 02 10(Vo ~ 2 Vaei/Rs. FIGURE 30. A High Vin Protected, Low (Vin ~ Vour) Regulator 180FIGURE 31, Reducing Viy Dependence FIGURE 32. Adding Short-crcult Current Limiting 6.0 Designing RC Active Filters FRecont work in AC active fitrs has shown that ho poror: ance characterises of mustpo-enpiir Mors aro flatvoly Insensitive to the tolerance of the RC components Used ‘This makes the performance of those fiers easir to con- ‘von production runs In many caves where gains noaced in a aystom dosign lis now rlatvaly 088) 0 also get fo- quency selectity. ‘Tho basis of actvo titers isa gain stage and threfors mmutiple ampli products a valuable adcton to this ap ‘caton area. When edetonal amplifiers are avalabo, loss ‘component selocton and timing ls nooded 9s the por formance ofthe fier Ie loss deturbed by ho tolerance and temperature crits ofthe passive components. “The passive component do conta! the performance of to {iter and fr Wis reason carbon compostion resstors ae Uusetl mainly for room temperature beadboarding or for fe hal timing of to moro stable metal fim O° wre-wound Fealstors.Gapaciors present more of aprobim in range of Vals avalable, tolerance and stably (wit temperate, ‘requoncy, voltage and tine). Fr example, the sk coramic ‘ype of capacitors are goneraly not suited to activ fiter Applcatons duo other relatively poor pertrmance. ‘The impedance level ofthe passive components can be scaled without theoreteally attoctng te itr characters- ‘is. In an actual ecu i he resistor values become too smal (= 10 kf) an excessive loading may be placed onthe fuput of tha amplitar which wil reduce gan of actualy ‘xc0ed ether the output current orth package dissipation Capabiltes ofthe amplifier This can easly be checked by talulatng (ee net) the impedance whichis presented {o th output terminal of tho ampliior at the highest opeal- ing taquency, A second itso the upper range of mpod- lance levels, ths fs ou0 to the DC bias curents (30 nA) land tho Input impedance of actual amples. The solion {0 the problem ie to reduce the impedance lvels of the pessive components (10 MA), In oneral, etter perform ‘ance is obtained with rolatvely low passive component in- Dedance levels and in fitre whch €o not demand high ‘98, igh © (@ = 50) and high roquency (lp > 1 Kia) Smutansoush, ‘A measure of the effocts of changes in the values of tho passive componants onthe iter perrmance has boon gh- fenby “eonetuly functions”. These assume infinite ampsor (an andelate the percentage change na parametor of he fier, such as cantor requency (Oo gin to a porcont- ‘ago change in & parteuar passe component Sansivty functions which are small are desirabe (a8 1 or 1). "Negative signe simply mean an increas in tho value of passive component causes a decrease tha fit: portorm face chractoste. AS an ovamle, ia bandpass te t= {a tha folowing senstuty factor This states that it Cy were to Increase by 1%, tho center frequency, > would decrease by 0.5%.” Sensi fune- tions are tabulate in the roterencelstod atthe end of tis {ection and wil therefore not be inlided here. ‘A brit look at ow pass, igh pass and bandpass for wil indlate now the L6G900 can be applied in those areas. A ‘recommended text (which provides the cress, "Opee- ‘atonal Ampitirs", Tobey, Graeme, and Huelsman, MeGraw bi, 1971 6.1 BIASING THE AMPLIFIERS ‘Active fiers can be easly operated off ofa single power ‘expply whon vsing these mulipe sing supply amos. “The gonoral technique ist use the (+) input to aocompsh the biasing function. The power supply volage, Vs used ‘88 the D0 roerance o bis the output voltage of each am Dlr at approximately V"/2.As shown in Figure 33, undo- ‘Sted AC components onthe power supply nw may have (a saerg toma Noe" Poe Sy (Bang omen Pome Sy FIGURE 32, Biasing Considerations be removed (by a titer capactor, Figure 380 to keep the fiter output 00 ofthis nig. One ered DC roerence con ‘generally bo use fra of tho amptiiors as teres essen- ttaly no Signal feedback o this bas pont In tho fitarcicuits presented here, all pies wil be bi ‘2n0d at V2 40 alow the maximum AC vollage sting for i gvon OC power supply wolage. The inputs to those {ters wil also be assumed at @ DC level of V"/2 (for thos ‘which ara crt coupled). zLNVAN-72 (62 AHIGH PASS ACTIVE FILTER 2 single ampliir high pass RC active itr is shown n Fig- 17034. This cout easly biased using ho (+) puto he {ns609. The resister, Fig, can Bo simply mado oqual to Re fand a bias refrence of V"/2 wil estabeah the Output G ott at his val (V* 72), The inputs eapactivly coupled (Cy) ane thro are therefce no tsther OC biasing problems. FIGURE 34.4 High Pass Active Fiter ‘The design procedure fortis tte is to solect tho pass band gam, Ho, the Q and the comer frequency, AQ ‘lus of 1 gives ony a sgh peaiong near the bandedoe (2.68) and smaller © valuos decrease ths peaking. The ‘ope ofthe sito his iter is 12d /octava (or 40 d/ dec: fac) the gain, Ho, is unty all capacitors have the same ‘lus. The desgn proceeds as: Giver: Ho, Oand ae = 2a “To tnd: Ry, Ra, C3, Cp and Cy lot; = Ca and choose a converont starting valve ‘There @ fa~ Seto + 0, ® ona ena @ ‘As a dosin ean Roqure:Ho = + on ard f= THe (oe = 628 «108 ph. Stay selecting Gj = S00 BF and thn rm equation (1) 1 Pt TERE OX OHS By = 1770 se rom equation 2) 0 _@) © (E28 103) (8 x 10-19) fe = 1s9Mn ‘nd tom equaton (2) Re can Stacy [Now wo 90 thatthe value of Fi is quit large but the other components look aocopable. Heres whore impedance scaling comes in, We can reduco Rt the more convenient ‘valve of 10 Mi which sa facter of 150°. Reducing Fy by this same scaling factor gives: ITT x 108, Ringw = a ace a (meen cohen 99:09 Ciyew = 477 PF. To complete the design, Fg Is mado equal oF (10 Mf) land @ Vner of V*/2 6 used to bias the output for largo ‘gnal accommodaton. Capacitor valves shouldbe adjusted to use standard valved ‘components by using impedance scaling as a wiser range (of standard resistor values s gonoraly avaiable, 6.3 A LOWPASS ACTIVE FILTER, ‘Angle arpiir low pass ftr is shown in Figure 95. Tho resistor, is used To set tho output bias level and is 86 lected ater the othec resistors have beon estabished FIGURE 35, Low Pass Active Fier “Tho design procectreis as follows: Giver: Ho. Q. and ae “To tind Ry, Re. Po, FC Let; be a converiont value then ae nd Cp p= Koy “ where K is a constant which canbe used to adjust compe- ‘nent value. For example, wit K =. Cy = Cp Larger ‘abies of K can bo used io reduce Ry and Ry at the ox: Sasa % nots ne asteltey ant 7 Pipe 9 eo RAI cu) hen ere Noseoo on we Cte 228 182‘Startbysolctng C; = 900 pF and K = 1 0 Cols also 300 BF (equation 4) ‘Now tom equation (6) 1 ee a imeneTee |! #78] Re = 108 Mn ‘Thon rom equation (5) Ry = Re = 108M. ‘and tna trom equation (7) © G8 x TOF Ox 10-19 08 x 105)() a ~ 2660. To solect Ra, we assume the OC input level is 7 Vog and the DC output of Use itr so also be 7 Voo. This ges us Ro the oreutof Figure 96. Notice that Ho = 1 eves uot only FIGURE 36. Basing the Low Pass Fier ‘equal rit valves (Ry and Ri) but simples tho DC bas taloulaton ae y = lp and wo have a DC ampiior wih a Gain of ~1 (soi the OC input votage creases 1 Voc the ‘utput voltage decreases 1 Voc). The resistors Fy and Re fren pall so thal the exci simpli to that shown it Figure’ 37 were the act roxistance valses havo boon ‘sddod. The resistor Fis gon by nana(lbonm) em oF using values awa (iM ae) = r88n r f Peed fe FIGURE 37, Biasing Equivalent Circuit (6.4.4 SINGLE-AMPLIFIER BANDPASS ACTIVE FILTER, “The bandpass fier is perhaps the mest interesting. For low ‘requones, low gan and iow Q (= 10) requirements a sn- {je ampfierrealanlon can be used. A one amplifier uit Is shown in Figure 98 and te design procedure is as fle lows; {Givon: Ho, OQ and a = 2a To in: Fy, Re, Ra Ra, Cy and Ce FIGURE 28. A One Op Amp Bandpass Filter Lots = Co and select converiont staring value Then @ ne © PY” owt ° o Fe FO Helwts o. 20 - 20 ‘i Fem oer a and Ra = 2 (or Vaer ay ‘As a dosign example: Requte:Ho = 1 Ons fo = 1 KH (og = 628 x 1081p). ‘Stat by selecting 1 ~ Ga ~ 5109F, “Ten using equaton (8) ae 2 eae ITOH y= 187M0, and using equation (9) Re > BH Teme x HET IH Re = 92ka, from equation (10) ie 26) Ca TTI y= 8190, and finaly, or basing, using equation (11) Fa = 62M0. Fs 738 zLNVAN-72 6.5, TWO-AMPLIFIER BANDPASS ACTIVE FILTER To alow higher Q (between 10 and 50) and higher gain, ‘wo amplifier fits is requred. This orcut, shown in igure 3, uses only two capacitors. I is similar to the previous ‘ingle ampli bandpass cut and the added amplior suppses a controled amount of posive feedback to i rove the response characteristic, The resistors Rls and Rg far used to bias the ouput volage of the amplifiers at Vere Aaain, Reis simply choson as twice Rand Rig must be selected aftr Ri and Fy have boon assigned values. The design prococure i as flows: Given: @ and fy To in: Fy trough Fr, and Cy and Gp Let Cy ~ Gp and choose a convenient starting valve and ‘choose a value for Ko reduce the spread of element val 9s oro optimize sensivty (1 Krypeaty 10) Then o Fe oer (2) Rem aga (3) Re Ie TKO “4 ana Fy = KRy 05) Ho ~ OK. «9 ‘Asa dosign example: 2S andy = 1k ae (AN = 181238) ‘and trom equaton (13) a Ra = 10 x 109 Se Re~o1kn ‘and from equation (14) 40% 108 y= sy Fy ~ ean ‘Ard iis given by equation (15) Ry = 3(40kN) ~ 120Kh, and the gain is obtained trom aquaton (16) Ho = (25 @) = 18 2948). “To propery bias the frst amir Rg = 2Fy = 60kn ‘andthe second ampli is Biased by Rg. Notice tha the ‘utputs of both amps wile at V* /2, Tharlore Rg and Fy can be paraleled and Fa = 21Re | Rr) ants = gf onts2m x 108 = 2 [Maa “Those values, othe closet standard resistor values, have been added to Figure 93, (66 A THREE-AMPLIFIER BANDPASS ACTIVE FILTER ‘To reduce Q sensitivity to element variation even further or to provide higher © (250) a twee ampiifir bandpass fer can be used, This crt, Figure 40, pre-dates most of the Teratire on RC active titers aed has boon used on anslog computrs. Due to the use of tres amplifiers ofan Considered 100 cost—oepecily for low Q applications ‘The mute arirs ofthe LNES9OD rake this avery uso- {ul creat I has been called the "BiQuad” as it can pro- ace a transfor functon whichis “Quad”-rate in both nu- rmorator and denominator (1 give the "BI. A now real. = 50K FIGURE 39. Two Op Amp Bandpass FiterFIGURE 40, The “~Bi-quad” RC Active Bancipass Fiter tnation tcheique fr this type of itis the "socond-dogro0 statevarable network.” Oupuls can bo taken at any of ttveo points to gve low pass, high pass or bandpass re- sponse charactristes (860 the reference cod, ‘The bandpass far shown In Flue 40 and the design procedure i: (Given: @ and fo. To simply: Let C) = Cz and choose @ conveniont starting value and also let 27 = P= Ry and choose a conver ‘ent starting value Then: Fe= Ry @O- 0, on 1 Rs= r= ep iat ‘and for biasing the amples wo requis Re Re = 27s. rr) “The mid-band gain is Be Hom Fy @) ‘Asa dosgn oxamol; Roques: fy = 1kHzandQ = 60 Totind: Gy, Co and Ry through Re. Choose: Cy = Cz = 000 pF and 2Ry = Rp = Ry = 900K, and Ay ~ 100k0. “Thon trom equation (17, Ra = (18 X 108) (2660) — 1) Ry = 178Ma From equston (18). Re= Fr Bez oH OSE OH Rp = 4890, ‘And from equation (19), Re ~ Re = 10. From equation (20) the midband gan is 100 (40 48). The vais of i is high and can be lowered by scaling only Ry through Ry bythe Tactor 1.78 to give: BP, = Ra = Ry = SOIT 200 kn, Ry ~ 100kf. 178 and 179 x 108 Fy = PEST soma, “Those values (othe nearest 5% stander) have been ac- ed to Figure 40. ‘67 CONCLUSIONS. “The unty-gin croes frequency ofthe 43000 fs 2.5 MHz whichis approximately tree times that of "781" op amp. ‘The partormance of he ampli doss mite performance (of the iter Hstorcaly, AC acve Mars startod with ite zLNvAN-72 coneem for these practical problems. The sensitivity func- tions were @ big stop forward as these demonsvaod that ‘many of he earler suggested realization tchniques for AC ‘clive fitre had passive comperent sensi funcons ‘which varied @s or oven GF. Tho Bi Quad cet has 0: ‘duced the prosioms wih th passive component eens {ty Tunetons of 1 or 4) and cent th contrsions of he pion onthe performance ofthe iter are being invest (atod. An oxcotontestmont ("The Biquad: Part Some Practcal Design Consideratons." LC. Thomas, IEEE ‘Transactions on Cireut Theory, Vol. CT-18, No. 3, May 1971) has indicat the lis imposed by the characters: tics ofthe ampli by showing that te design value of © (Qo) wil lifer rom the actual measured value of @ (Oa) by the gion relatonship et ew 205 1+ 220 fon — 20, (og 209) cn where Ao i the open loop gain of the ampii, is the omrinant pole of to aroiio and pis the resonant fro- ‘quoncy ofthe iter. The results hat ho Wade-ot botwoon (and centartrequency (ap) canbe determined for a given sat of ampliior characteristics, When Ox iors signlicanty ftom Gp excessive dependence on ampiie characteris is indicated. An estimate of the tntations ofan ampltior ‘can bo made by sivaiy allowing approxmataly 210% etoct on Qa whch results 205) = 041 (&)-25x0-2(42) 408 ae ‘AS an example, using Ap = 2800 for tho LMSB00 we can ‘stato the maximum Hoquency whore & Op = §0 woud be reasonable as 20x 108) (ae) 2 thoretore fp= 19%e ‘Again, using data ofthe LM3800, fg = 1 kHz so this uoper frequency mts epproximatoy 2 kz for the assumed @ of 50. As indicated in equation (2) th value of Qy can actual- Iyexc0ed te value of Qp (@ enhancement) and, as expect- 124, the fit can even provides own input (osclating) Excess phase shit inthe high equency characteristics of the ampli tpicaly cause unexpected oscilatone, Phase ‘compensation can be used in the BLOuad network tore ‘due tis problem (80 L.C. Thomas paper. Designing for lrgo passband gain also increases fir do- pendaney on the charactratics of the amplifier and aly ‘Sigal to noo rato can usualy be improved by taking gat inan input RC actve titer (agan 800 LC. Thomas paper). ‘Somewhat larger Q's can bo achieved by adding more tor sectors in ether @ synchroncusly tuned cascade (ters {tuned to samo center Requoncy and taking advartage of th bandwith shinkage factor which reals rom the sora ‘connecton) or 38 a standard multiple poe fier. Al ofthe Conventonal tee can be realzod and selacton sa based Upon al othe performance requrements which the applca- tion demands. The cost advantages of tho L900, the fo. val large bandwith andthe e880 of operation on a sin ‘0 power supply vatage make tis product an excellent “ouling bik’ for RC actve tors. 7.0 Designing Waveform Generators “Tho multiple amps of he L900 can be used to oasy genoa a wi varity of wavefome in ow roauercy fango t= 10 KH). Votago conoid osciator (VCOYS) to aluo pombe andar presontodin ston 8 “Dag ing. Phaselocked Loops and Votage -Conroled vores = 2 ier THO = 01% 0-5) FIGURE 41.4 Sinewave Oscilator 108Oscator." In adkton, power oscilators (uch as noite ‘makers, ete) a7@ presented in section 10.1.3. The wave- {oem gonerators which wil be presented in this sacton are mainly ofthe switching type, but for complotenoss sine wave oscilator has boon included. 7.4 ASINEWAVE OSCILLATOR ‘Tho design of sinewave oscilator prosons problems in both ampitude stability (an preictabity) and ouput wave- fem purty (THO). an RC bandpass titer i usod as a hgh (resonator for the oscitatr cut we can obtain an output ‘waveform wah iow dstorton and siminato the problem of felatve contr Frequancy dit which exists the active fer ‘Were used simply fo iter the output ofa separate oscar. A sinewave oscillator whichis based on tis principle is ‘shown in Figure 41, The two-emplifir AC acive itor is ‘sed ast requires only wo capactors and provides an over ‘ll norinvering phaso charactors. we adé a nonn- ‘ering gan contol amir aound the fier wo obtain the desired oscilator confguraton. Final, the sinewave ‘output voltage is sensod and regiatod ashe average vaio is compared to @ OC retrence voltage, Ver, by use of & diferent averaging cout I can be showa that wih tho ‘values soicted for Rs and Rye (ao of 0.64/1) thet there 's fest oxdor tempergiure compensation for CFy and the leral input dodes ofthe IC ampli which i used fort “aflerence average”. Further, tis also provides simple way 1 regulato and to prodit the magnitude ofthe output the magnitude of the power supply voltage i Vacr is do- ‘ved rom a stable voltage souree). 7.2 SQUAREWAVE GENERATOR “The standard op ammo squaremave gonerator has boon mod- od as shown in Puro 42. The capactor, Cy, alternatoly AW FIGURE 42. A Squarewave Oscilator charges and discharges (via Fi) between the voltage Emits Which aro establahed by the resistors Fa, Ra anc a. Ts Combination produces a Schmit Thgger cit and the op- ‘ration can be understood by noting tat whe the output ‘Slow (and we negoct the currant flow through Ra) the resistor Re OM) wil cause the tigger tore when tho cu- ‘ent trough this resistor equals the current which enters the (+ input (a Ra). Ts gives ating volage of approx ‘ately Ra/(F) V* (or V"/9) The other tp pol when the output voltage a high, ie approximataly [2(%e/RII V", fas Ry = Ry, OF SAV"). Thoetore the voliage across tho ‘apabtor, C), wil be th fst one-hal! of an exponential ‘waveform betwoon tse voltage tp limits and wil have ‘deed symmotry and be essontily Independent of he mag: fitade of tho power supply voltage. Ian unsymmetrical ‘Seuarowavo s desire, the tip points can be shed to pro- (ce any desired mark/ space ratio. 7.3 PULSE GENERATOR “Tho squarowave gonorator can be sighty modo to pro- vie a pulse gonarator. The slow rate mts of tho LM3000 (0.5v/j800) most be koptin mind as this its th ably to produce a narew pulse when operating at a Tigh power ‘Supply voltage love. For examplo, wih @ +15 Voc power ‘supply th rie te to change 15V is given by: __15v av asee y= 20 psec, “The schematic ofa pulse goneratoris shown in Figura 49. 4 «lode has boon added, CF, to allow soparating the charge ‘Gacharge path (via Ri). The TL FIGURE 43.4 Pulse Generator Seu operates as follows: Assume frst thatthe output vot lage ha just switched fw (and we wil noglat the curant flow through Ra). The volage across Cy ls igh and the ‘magnitace ofthe alscharge cient (trough Ri) s given by Ver ~ Vee lore = “Tis curent larger than that entering th (+) input whieh 's given by eg = Vee. tng = ‘The excess current ontoring the (~) input terminal casos the arpiir tobe avn oa low output voltage sal satu. ration). This conden remain forthe long time intra ((/Palse Repettion Frequoncy) unt! tie RZC; discharge Curent equals th I value (a CR is OFF during his inter ‘al. The voltage atoes Cat the tp point, Vi ls von by Vi= Chg) ad, o veo -no(’) 0 a nt tn wl ch ihn hist lteter ier asimd none TR Ra 2iNvAN-72 ‘Also CF go0s ON and the capac, Cy, charges va. Somo ofthis charge curent siete va ato rou (he (J input is at Vesar ding ths tonal as te cute Iino dmanding more cuenta te (=) rout om "al can prod. The oh ip vlog, Vf en by Van Uw) Re or oe You= Yes) (quveaee a A design procoads by fst chosing the tp point forthe voltage acoxs Cy. The reitors gan yar used oly torts tip vag contol. Tho reso Rafts the Gs age tne (he ong teva and also bot of he pvt ‘gos 8 ti rss is detained ft trom the roqured ‘iso repeton frequency (PRP). Tho valu of Re deter. Mined bythe RC exponent dacharge fom V0 Ve 08 tis ime oval, Ty, cools be PRE (Ty = PRP) we Str wih the eurton fr he AG dacerge we have van te Vue Fath nin Te Wa Ree tienen 7 To provide alow duty cycle pulse train we solect smal val es for both Vi and Vi (suc as SV and 1.5V) and choose a staring value for Cy. Thon Fs given by Vi It Rie tom 4 is nt in the range of approximately 100k to 4 Min, choose ancthr value for Cy. Now equation (1) can be used to find a vaio for Rs to provide the Vy which was intaly assumed. Smiarty equaton 2) alows Fy 10 be cal. ‘ulated Finally Ris determined by the requrod pulse wisth (PW) as the capactr, Cy, must be charged rom Vi 12 Vis Dy i, This AC charging is given by (neglecting tho loacing eto Ra) Ma Vou-Vo pial a i Va o onl aaa] ‘nore Tz isthe pulse width dosed and Vp i the forward voltage crop across CR ‘Asa design example: Requtee: Provide a 100 ys pulse every 1 ms. The power supply votlags is +15 Voe 1.0 Statby choosing V, = 1.5V and Va~ a0v 20 Find R rom equation (4) assuming Cy = 0.01 pF, 10-3 10-8 108 ren ge {30 Find Ri rom equation (1) (= Vee) Re i % 15 — 0.51.44 108 fy SO Ry = 199MA 40 Find Ra from equation (2), (ors = Vee) Fen VE Vor a) (142-05) 5-08 130% 108 Sree. Tae Re 132Ma. 50 Find R trom equation 6, A re =10 (-waatan) sot 3 m2 SS y= fie oar ‘rae ot ae 3 td fave been a wornee TA TRAWGLE WAVEFORM ORNERATOR {rr wet omy gor a gr choca aa pam pags nse Soacutenage he taanot ey pes bate Son a-apten shh epost sth ye seg pe Sopy vagy log ee ceo me oh Sites ht Tews eneion car Guerrero ne Se ops ae etc sagen sta vangountam gah Ssmin Pret Sse og Soap Ry FIGURE 44, Tangle Wavetorm Generator 108Cperatng fist with the curent through iy to produce the ‘egatve output votage slope, and then when the output of the secon amp (the Sch Tagger is Ngh, the cure rent trough causes the output volage to ineoase. It Ry 2h, the output waveform wil have good symm. The ‘timing for one-half ofthe period (1/2) fs given by T_PCHAVo 27 vt — Vee ‘or the output requency becomes owt 2RyCraV0 ‘where we have assumed Ry = 27s, Vpe is the OC voltage at the (~) Input (08 Voc). and Vo Is the france be- twoon the tip points ofthe Schmit Tagger The design of ‘the Schmit THager has boon presented inthe secton on Dig and Switching Crus (8.0) and tho tp wotagos oon tel the peakto-peak excursion ofthe trangis ouput vot age wavetorm. The output at he Schmit okeut provides & squarewave ofthe same frequency 7.5 SAWTOOTH WAVEFORM GENERATOR. ‘Tho proviously describe tangle wavoform generator, Fg- 9 44, can bo moded to produce a sawioath wavoiom. “Two types of waveforms can bo provided, bath a posite ramp a @ negate ramp sewioath wavolorm by selecting Ry and Rp. Tho reset tno ie also contol by tho ratio of FR and Rp. For axampla, if Ry = 10 Re a postive ramp sawtooth resus and it Re = 10 Ry a nogatve ramp saw tooth can be obtained. Again, the slow rate mts of the ampli (.5V/us) wil tint tho minimum retrace time, and ‘the increased slow rate ofa negative going output wil alow a Tastorrovace fora poaive ramp sawooth wavetorm, few to ‘To provide a gated sawooth wavetorm, the ckcuits shown in gure 45 canbe used. n Figure 46), a positive ramp is ‘onerated by integrating tho cont, which is entering the (C+ input Resets provided via Ry and CR haope from foacing atthe (-) input curing tho sweep interval. THs wi ‘swoop fom Vo yan 12 Vo wax and wil main at Vo wax ‘ntl res Te itterchango ofthe input leads, Figure 570) wil gonerate a negative ramp, trom Vo wax 10 Yo an eee sure FIGURE 45. Gated Sawtooth Generators FIGURE 48. Generating Very Siow Sawtooth Waveforms 160 zLNVAN-72 175.1 GENERATING A VERY SLOW ‘SAWTOOTH WAVEFORM, “Tho LM3900 can be used to gnerate a very slow sawtooth _wavetorm wsch can be used to ganerate long time delay Intorvas: The circuit's shown In Figure 46 and uses four ampliors. Amps 1 and 2 are cascaded to increase the gan ofthe integrator end the output isthe desired very slow Sawtooth wavetorm. Amp 3 18 used to exactly supply the Bas curent to Amp 1. With rosistor Re opened up and the rosat contol at 20 ‘ots, the potontomotr, Rs adjusted to minimize the ait in tho ouput votago of Amp 2 (this ouput must be kopt in the inear range to insure that Amp 21s notin saturation), ‘Amp 4's used to provide a bias roforence which equals the [DC wotago atthe (—) input of Amp 3. Tha rsistr divisor, Fy and Rig provides @ 0.1 Vogrefrence voltage across Ri which also appears across Ry. The current which flows through Fi entars the (—) input of Amp 3 and causes tho cunt trough Rg to crop by tis amount. This causes an Imbalance 0s now the curent fw Uwough Ris no longer ‘oquate to aupply the input curont of Amp 1, The net fo Suits that tis same curent | is drawn from capactor Cy and causes the output voltage of Amp 2 to sweep slomy postive. As a rest ofthe high impedance values Used, he PC component board used for this cut must frst bo Cleaned and then coated with sllcone rubber to eininato ‘tho ofocts of leakage curonts across tho suri of the board. The DC lakage currents ofthe capactor, Cy, must ‘also be smal compared othe 10 nA charging cust. For ‘example, an insulation resistance of 100,000 Mi wil ak (0.1 nA wih 10 Voc ecrss the capacitor and this laskage rapidly increas a higher temperatures. Deicke polaiza- tion ofthe delete material may not cause problems if tho ‘reais rot rapid cycled. The rsistr, Re, and the capac tor, Cs, can be scald to provide ther basic swoop rates. For tho values shown on Figure 46 the 10 nA curent and the TAF capacitor establish a swoop rate of 100 sec/vo. The reset contol puse (Ap 3 (-+) put) causes Amp 3 10 {9010 tho postive output saturation state end the 10 MA (Ry) gives roset rato of 07 soc/vo. The rosstor. Fs, reverts large oecharge curent of Cy fom overdhving the (~) input and overloading the input clamp device, For larger charging cunts, a resistor vider can be placed {tom tho output of Amp 4 to ground and R cant rom this tap pot direct to the (—) input of Amp % 7.8 STAIRCASE WAVEFORM GENERATORS Astarcase generator can be reakzed by supplying pulses to ‘an integrator oreut. The LMGB00 aso can bo used with @ ‘quarowave np signal anda dfrentiatng network whoro ‘ch ranation ofthe input aquarewave causes a sep in ho ‘output waveform (or two stops per Input cys). Ths is ‘Shown in Figure 47, These puaos of current are the charge land discharge curents of the inp capactor, Cy. Tho ‘charge currant, lg, enters the (+) input and is mirored ‘bout ground and is “srawn into” tho (~) Input Tho ds- Charge curent p.iedrawn through the code a teint, (GR, and therefore also causes a step onthe output stai- ‘A tree running statcase generator is shown in Figure 48. ‘This uses al four ofthe ampitiors which aro avalabie in one Luns000 package. ‘Amp 1 provides th input pulses which "pup up" the sti ‘aso Wa oostr Ry (o00 section 7.3 forthe design ofthis pulse generator. Amp 2 does the intograte and Mold fune- tion and also supplies th output starcase wavetorm. ADS 2 and 4 provide both a compare anda one-shot multivixa- {or function (660 the section on Dial and Switing Ce ‘ts forte design of this dual function one-shot. Resistor Fy is used to sample tho staircase ouput voltage and to compare it withthe power supply votage(V*) va Rp. When {ho output excoede approximately 60% of V" tho connoe- tion of Amps 3 and 4 causes a 100 180° reset puso o be (onerated. This coupld to the ntgrator (Amp 2) va Re ‘and causes the starcase ouput voltage to fall to approx- ‘matey 2070 vols. The next pulse out of Amp 1 thn starts a ew sopping cycle 177 A PULSE COUNTER AND A VOLTAGE VARIABLE PULSE COUNTER ‘The basic circuit of Figure 48 can bo used as a pulse coun- tor simpy by omiting Amp 1 and feeding input votage puls- 18 drecty to Fy, A simpler oneshot/comparator which re- {ures only one altar can also be used in placa of Amps and 4 (agan, 200 the sacton on Digital and Switching (Cecits). To extend the timo interval botwoon pulses, an acettonal anpiier can bo usod 10 supply base current 10 ‘Amp 2 to eliminate th tendency forth output votage to {ef up duo to tho 20 nA input curont (soe sacton 75.1) ‘The pulso count can be made vollage variable simpy by removing tho comparator efernce (Ra) rom V+ and using this a8 a contro vltago input. Final, the input could Be detved from ifermiatng a squarewave Input as was shown in Figure 47 and if only one stop per cycio wore ‘esiod, th code, CR; of Fue 47, can be eliminated. FIGURE 47. Pumping the Stalrcase Via Input Diferentator17.8 AN UP-DOWN STAIRCASE WAVEFORM (GENERATOR {A starcase waveform wich frst stops up and then stops ‘down is provided by the cicult shown n Figure 49. An input puso generator provides the pulses which cause the output to step up or down depending on the conduction of the clamp tansstr, Q,. When ths Is ON, the "down" cur {ont use is diverted to ground and the staicass then steps ‘up. When the upper voage tip point of Amp 2 (Schmitt “Tigger—soe section on Digtal and Switching Orcs) is reached, Gy go0s OFF and as a rest of tho amalor “down” input resistor (ne-hat the value of the tor, Ry) the starcase steps “down” tothe low voltage tip point of Amp 2. Tho output votlage thccfore steps up and ‘down between the tp vollages ofthe Schmit Trigger. FIGURE 49, An Up-down Staircase Generator ZLNVAN-72 8.0 Designing Phase-Locked Loops and Voltage Controlled Oscillators “The L900 canbe connec to provide a low quency (5 10 phasolecke oop (PL). Tis isa set ofeut {ormany onl appicatons Tracking ter, requoncy fo [Ccomarters FM modulators and domodulirs a0 SPP atone ofa PL {8.1 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATORS (VCO) ‘Thehear of a PL?is the vottago contaledoscilatr (VCO), {As the PL can be used for mary funetiona, the required Uinoarty ofthe tanslercharacteatc (requency OU v8. DC voltage in) depands upon the appicaton. For low dstorton ‘demodulation ofan FM signal, a high dogo of tnearty is ‘necessary whoroas a Wacking filer application woud not ‘oqure tis performance inthe VCO. ‘AYO circuit is shown in Figure $0. Only two amples aro red, one I. Utod to ntograto the DG input conto v= 9, Vc, and the other i connectod as a Schmtegoor ‘which monitors the output of the integrator. The tag c- ‘ulis uoed to contal the clamp transistor, Oy. When Qs is ‘conducting, the input curent, Ii shurted to ground. Dur ing is one-half cyce the input current, causes the ou put voltage ofthe Intgrator to ramp down. At the minimum Pont of the tangle waveform (output), the Schmit cult ‘changes sate and transisor Q; goes OFF. Tho curent,/, is exact twico the value of fy (Rp — Fy/2) such that a charge current (hich is equal to the magnitude of the ds ‘charge curt) is awn through the capactr,C to rowed ‘the inereasing porton ofthe trangular wavetorm (output 1), ‘The output frequency fora ivan DC input contol voltage pends on the tp vollages of the Schmit cout (Vy and Vi) ana the components Ry and Cy (a8 Re = Ry/2) The ‘ume to ramp down from Vi t9 Vi comesponds o one-halt ‘te porod (7) ofthe output requency and can be found by staring withthe basic equaton of the integrator von tf na © sau nscometra paso en mi a ‘equation (1) smpiies to hey AYo= ~ Gta Yo __ lt ate o Now the te, t,t swosp from Vito Vi becomes a= We = 2a- We 7 at T and Is 2Wn- We “ Thorelera,onc@ Vi, V4, Ry and C 10 fixod in val, the tpt oquoney, i linear function ofl (as desred fra vo), FIGURE 50. A Voltage Controlled OscitatorFIGURE 51. Adding Input Common-mode Biasing Resistors The cicuit shown in Figure £0 wil requ Vo > Vpe to oscilate. A val of Vo = 0 provides four = 0, which may fF may not be dasked. Two common mode input biasing Tesistors can be added as shown in Fie 31 to alow {out = fn fr Ve = 0. In gonera hese resistors are & {ctor of 10 larger than thelr corresponding resistor (Ry oF a) large contol frequency rato can be realized. Actual, Ve coud range outs the supply voltage It of V ard {ti cout wal function propery. ‘Tho output trequoncy of tis cuit can be Increased by ‘reducing the peaktorpeak excursion of tho tangle wave- form (output 1) by design ofthe trp points ofthe Schmit Creu Ait ie reached when tha tangular swoop output ‘wavetorm exceeds the lew rat mito he LMQ900 (0.5 V us) Note that he ouput of the Schmit ult has 1 move {ip onty one Vge to bing the clamp vansstor. 2, ON, ard {eretoe output slew ate ofthis Sects nt bt FIGURE 52. Reducing Temperature Drift To improve the temperature stability of he VCO, a PNE ‘emir folower can bo used to give approxmate compon- ‘tion fo the Vge's atthe inputs othe empire Figure £52. Finaly to improve the mark to space rao accurscy ‘over temperature and at ow contol veiages, an adational lmpifor can be added such that both reterence cunts fare appled to the same type of (inverting) inputs ofthe {EMg809, The cru to accomplish sis shown win dot tod nos in Figure 53, 1.2 PHASE COMPARATOR ‘Abasic phase comparators shown in Figure 64. This creut ‘provides pulse-width modulated output voltage waveform, Vo, which must be fteed to provide @ DC output voltage (tis ter can be the same a8 the one needed inthe PL2) FIGURE 83. Improving Mark/Space Ratio ZENYAN-72 dynamic range incate bythe wavetorms shown on tho ‘igre (00" phase diference Between fy ard yoo) amis wo LUT FIGURE 54. Phase Comparator : “The iter OC output voltage wil cntor at V+ /4 and can rango trom V* 2 to V* a the phase err ranges fom 0 grees 1 180 degroos. 183 A COMPLETE PHASELOCKED LOOP ‘A phase-locked loop canbe realzed wth the of the arpl- fors as shown in Figure 55. This has a conta requoncy of approximately 3 hz. To increase tho lock range, OC gain an bo added at the input fo the VCO by using the fourth lmpliier of the LM900 I tho gin i nvortng, tho lied BC dyramsc range out of tho phase detoctor can be In- creased te improve the frequency lock range. With inverting ‘ain, the input tothe VCO could go to 2070 vols. This wil {ause the ouput ofthe VCO to go high (V*) and wl latch it applied to the (+) puto the phase comparator, Therefore ‘appt the VCO signal othe (—) input of the phase compar~ ator or add the common-mode biasing resistors of Figure or ‘4 coNcLUSIONS. (One LMS900 package (4 amples) can provide all ofthe ‘operations necessary to make a pheso‘ocked oop. n ade tin, @ VEO isa gonerally set component for ether sy8- tom applications. 9.0 Designing Digital and Switching Circuits “The amplifiers of the LMQ900 canbe over-ven and used {2 prove alarge number o ow speed Sigil anc ewicting et appcatons or conte! ost which operat of of Single power supply velage Terger than tho, standard “FE Voc gta! imt Tho largo votage swing and tower speed ate both acverages fr mast cut conea ay {ere Each amp fhe LMGeUD canbe hougo 8 a Sper rarastr” ith of 00000025 nA put cont fen 25 mA ouput euro) and wih a noncverig Pout {eaten ston, ho act pup and pl-down wach ‘ts atthe output wil sup larger caret than the si Bin resistor pulps whch are used in Sigal loge galas Fraty, to fow nput cron aow timing cxouts wich Iininao the capacor values as large impedance Wres an bo sed with he 3000. FIGURE 55. Phaseocked Loop{9.1 AN “OR” GATE, ‘An OR gato can be realized by the ckeit shown in Figure {56 A rose (180 kf} tom V to th () input Keep the ‘output ofthe amplirin alow voltage eaturtod state fora Inputs A,B, and. at OV. I any ono ho input signals wore 10 go high (= V*) the curent flow trough ha 75k input resistor wil caus the amir to switch tthe postive ou- ul saturation siate (Vo) = V*), Tho curent loss through the other input resists (which have an input In the tow voltage stata) represents en insignificant amount ofthe taal Input current which i provided by the, atleast one, high votage input More than three inputs can be OF'ed I 36- red FIGURE 56. An “OR” Gate : The “fan-out” oF logical dive capability i arge (50 gate it cach gate it Nas a 75 Kit resistor) dua tothe 10 mA ‘utput curent capabity ofthe LM3800. A NOR gate can be ‘biained by interchanging the inputs to the L300. 9.2 ANAND” GATE ‘toe Input AND gate Is shown in Figure 57, This gate requires al ee inputs obo righ in order have sufhiot ‘curent entering the (+) input to causa the ouput of the apie o swith high. The adtion of Fi causes a smallor ‘uront tortor tho (+) input when en two of ho Inputs freTigh. (A two input AND gate Would not require a rosstor FIGURE 57. An “AND” Gate {25 ). More than thee inputs becomes cic wih ths ‘esisot summing approach as the (+) Inputs to cose to having the necessary current io switch ust prior to the last ‘input going high For a larger fain an input diode network (sinar to OTL is recommended as shown in Figure 58 Interchange the inputs for @ NANO gb edie tse runes FIGURE 68. A Large Far-in “AND” Gate 9.3 ABLSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR ‘A bistable multvéator (as asynchronous RS fip-op) can bo roalzod as shown in Figure 39. Posivo feedback 6 pro- ded by resistor Fy which causes the latching. A postive pls at he "set" input causes the output o go high and a rasat" postive pulse wil return the output to essentially OVoe. FIGURE 59, A Bietable Muttivbrator ZLNVAN-72 9.4 TRIGGER FLIP FLOPS “Tigger fp fps ar useful to dvdo an input requoncy as ‘ch input pulse wl cause the output ofa tage fp op to ‘change stato. Aga, duo othe absence of clocking signal Inout tis is fran asynchronous loge application, A ccut which uses ony one amplifier is shown in Figure 60 Steer- Ing of tho aforentated postive input togar i provided by the lode CR2. For a low output voltage sate, CRZ shunts {he trigger away from the (~) input and resistor Ra couples ‘tis postive input tigger {0 the (+) Input terminal. This ‘causes tho caput to emitch high. The high voltage output Stato now haope CR2 OFF andthe smalervauo of (Rs + Fe) compared wth Rg causes a larger posive input Maer to be coupled to tho (=) input which causes the output to switch tothe low voltage sal. | second tigger fp fop can be made wnich consists of Wo mpi and also provides a complementary output. Tis Connection is shown in Figur 6 ‘95 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS (ONE-SHOTS) Monostabo mutvbratos can be made using one or two of the amplirs ofthe LM38C0. In addon tho ouput can be designed to be oor high or low inthe quioscont state. Funhor, to increase the usatiness,« one-shot can be de- ‘signed which tigger at a artcular OC input votags love {o sorve the dual rolo of providing fst @ comparator and than a pulse generator. FIGURE 60. Trigger Fp Flop cons soy FIQURE 61.4 Two-ampliner Trigger Fp FlopFIGURE 62. A One-shot Mutvibrator 95.1 ATWO-AMPLIFIER ONE-SHOT ‘A creut fora two-ampiier one-shot is shown in Figure 82 ‘Aste rasator, a, rom V* tothe (-) input male than Fs rom V~ to the (+ input, ampli 2 wil be biased toa low-voltage output in tne quescont stato. AS a result. no Ccurent is supplied to the (—) input of amplifier 1 (a a) ‘which causes the put ofthis ampli fo be othe high votage state, CapeciorC; therefore nas essentially the fil \V* supply votlago across ik (V* ~2 Vp). Now whon act foreniiatod rogor (ve to Ce) causes amet to be cv. 127 ON (output voliage drops to essentaly zero vols his ‘egatve transient is coupled (via Ci) to the (~) input of amples 2 which causes the output ofthis amp o be {von high (to poste saturaton). This conden remaine while Cy discharges va (Ri) ftom approximately V* to ap- Proxmatoly V/2. This time interval ie te pula width (@W), After Cy no longer dverts sutfient cument of Re ‘way trom to (~) input of ampitir 2 (0, Cs Is ischarged 1 approximately V* 72 V) the stable DC stata i restooa— ‘ampifir 2 ouput lw and amplifier + output high “Tie occult an be rapidly retiggered due tothe action of ‘the dlode, OR This re-charges Cy as ampitir 1 ves fl ‘utpt current capably (appoximatol 10 mA) through Cy, CCR and into the saturated (—) input of empiiion 26 ‘gound. The only time mits the 10 mA avalable trom am- Piller 1 and the value of Cy. 1 a rapid resets nt requred, CR; can be omsted. J sreesevn = oave FW 88" parte FIGURE 69, A One-shot Multvibrator| ‘wlth an Input Comparator 19.5.2 COMBINATION ONE-SHOT/COMPARATOR incur {In many appleations a puleo i require if @ DC input sonal ‘xcoeds a predetermined value. Ths exis in tee-runing solar where after a paricuar output lovl has boon Foached a reset pulse must be gonerated to recycle the ‘ecilar. This double futon is provided withthe cut of Figure 68 The resistors Fs and Ri of amir 1 provide the inputs toa comparator and, as stow an input Sha Vig, 's compared wath the supply voltag, V, The output vo ago of amptior 1 'snormaty in a high voltage stato and wil fal and nate the goneraion ofthe output pulse whon Vi Is RR V~ or approximately 80% of V. To Koop Vin from disturbing the puso generation iis require that Vin fal to less than th tip voltage pio tothe termination of the output pulse. This the cabe when this oeults used to generate a reset puse and therofre this causes no prob tome, {9.5.3 A ONE-AMPLIFIER ONE-SHOT (POSITIVE PULSE) ‘A onoshot ckeut can be realized using only one amolier fs ehown in Fire 64 The rsistce Re keeps the output nthe ow voltage state. A Rua ‘This wil insure that to comparator wil aways swith fly 8 10 +Voo and not be puled down by the load 0 feed- Dok. The amount of feedback is chosen arotrarly to ure proper switching wih the partcular ype of Input signal eryused. the output swing i SV, for examplo, anit is desied to feodback 1% oF 50 mV, thon Ry ~ 100 Ra To descrbo Crit operation, assums that the invering input goes ‘above the reforance input (Vin > Vp. This wil ve the ‘Output Vo, towards ground wich in tan puls Veer down ‘trough Fy. Since Vper is actualy the noninverting input to ‘he comparator, iio wil ve the ouput towards ground Insuring the fasts! possi switching timo rogarioss of ow sow the input moves. he Input then wavats down 1 ‘net, the samo procedure wil occur ony in the oppose ection insuring tha he culbut wl be driven hard towards Noo. Puting nystores Inthe feedback loop of the comparator has far more uso, however, than simply as an oscilaton Suppressor. It can be mado to function as a Schmit tiger wh prosetiablo vgger pons. A typical cicut ie shown in Figure 7. Again, the hysteresis achieved by shifting the reference votage atthe postive input when th output vl- fg Vo changes sats. This network requres onl threo ro- ‘Sstors andi referenced to the positive supply =Vor ofthe comparater, This can be modeled as rise vider, Fy land Fa, betwoon ++ Voc and ground with the third resistor, Fa alrataly connected 0 Vor or grouné, paalaing dither Ry of Re. To analyze tis crcut, assume thatthe Input vttage, Via he ivering putls ess than Va, Wh Vin = Va tho cutout wil be high (Vo = +Voc). The upper Input tip voltage, Vas, is deine by: Voce, Var TR) + + Voc (Pa + Fo a Fie Py Re * Ree Yas Wen the ingtvotage Vy ies above the reference vl ago (Up > Vash otage, Vwi goto (vo = GND). The Tower input tp votage, Va. now dined By. = Vos Rel Ra na BRR = Veo Refs Yaa Bf Pa Pa + PERS bed ‘Whon the input vlage, Vi decreases to Vag or omer, the ‘pet wil again switch high The total ysteress, AV roe ‘ied by this network done by: Va Vai ~ Vaz x, subractng equation 2 ttm equation t + Voc is Re ByFa + Ri Fo + Ree ° To inaxo that Vo wil srng between + Voc and ground, choose AVA Reuuur Reuu.up © Heavier losdng on Reuu.up (ie. smal values of is or ios) simply reauoes the value of the maximum output votlage thereby reducing the aut of rystress by lower- Ing the valve of Vay, For simpy, we have assumed tho f2bove equatons that Vo high swiches all the way Up to Woe. “To find the cesstor values needed fo @ glen sot of tp poles, wo frst vido equation (9) by equation (2). This ‘ves isthe rat: 1+ Bt, ava Tha he Vay Rg CO) Re" Ry LNAN74 Ww Wt Fy ~ nF eqn Boones: avs os ” ie cnn chan an epost tom ute vn Ay IA Fe Ver ‘Te folonig das eared: che ven ev iow = 080 van soy ves 38 Ton Ry, Pe Roun Sour Fromaaston() Rruur < Rows Rrstve < 10088 Peace = 2k roo Reno a> toon hoo tmn ® sot From equation 6) solet From equation (7) and since tis gives ‘These ae the values shown in Figure 7 ‘The ciut show in Fiue 8 sa non-inverting comparator wit hysteresis which is obtainod with only two rasistors, Fy tate bunt ve FIGURE 8. Non-nverting Comparator with Hysteresis ‘and Re In contrast othe first method, howover, tis crcut Fequiros a separate reference voltage al the ogative input ‘he tp voltage, Va at tho postive input is shied about Ver 88 Vo changes betweon “Ver and ground. ‘Again for analyse, assume that ho input voltage, Vi is ow 50 thatthe output Vo, 's also low (Vo = GND). For the ‘Output to Swit, Vy Must is Up 1 Vin y Where Vn 4 1S ‘ven by ° ‘As soon as Vo switches to + Vcc. Va wil step toa value ‘restr than Vier which is ven By oc = Vins) Ry a «o) ‘Tommake the comparator switch back tts low state (Vo = GNO) Viy must go below Vagr before Va wil again equal ‘nee. This lower tp pont is ow given by: Vege (Ry + Ra) — Voc Ry + 7 a ‘Tre hystoresls fortis cicult, Vin, 18 the tronce bo- tween Vi and Vi 2 andi ivan by Vin = ins = Viva Voce (Fs + Ra) _ Vege (Rt + Re) — Voo Ry Fe me Van Viv Vive = Yoo Rs Vin = (ay ‘Asa design example consider the following: Given: Roan ~ 100 kn Vins = 10 Vie = 5¥ Noe = 18¥ ‘To find Vaer. Fr, Re and Ro Souton: gan chose Rr. ue Pour ° o> a0 20 Fo~ 1M Tho vato of snow tnd rom equation (12) Re nis. 1a 1 sz0kn “Those ae the values shown in Figure 8. LIMIT COMPARATOR WITH LAMP DRIVER. “Tho limit comparator shown in Flure 9 provi a range of Ing votagos betwoen which the output doves of both LMT39 comparators wal be OFF, FIGURE 9. Limit Comparator with Lamp Driver “This wit allow base curet for Q; to low through pullup resistor Re, tring ON Gy whien ight ho lamp. the input Wotage, Vig. changes fo valve grestor than Va or less than Ve. one of the comparators wl switch ON, shoring he ‘base of ©} to ground, causing the lamp to go OFF. fa PNP teansstor ls substituted for Oy (with emir ed to Vcc) {he lamp wil ight when the inputs above Vs or below Ve. \Vq and Vp are aria st by varying resistors Ry, Ra and Fa ‘ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR “The LM139 can bo usod to symmoicaly square up a sine wave cenlared around ze vats by incorporating a small [amount of posite feedback to improve swching times and ontorng the Input threshold at ground (900 Figure 10, Voltage dvider Re and Fs estabishos a olerence vetage, Vat the postive input. By raking the sores resistance, Fy ‘pls Re equal to Ra, tho swiring condtion, V; = V2, wil be saisiod won Vy = 0. The postive feedback resistor, Fe, is made vory largo with respect o Ri (Re = 2000 Rp. “The reoutant hysteresis etabhed by his network is vory ‘small (QV) < 10m) butitissucient to insure rapid output Yollage ansitons. Diode Dy lf usod to insure” that FIGURE 10, Zero Crossing Detector ‘he inverting input trina ofthe comparator never go0s ‘blow approximataly 100 mV. As the put trmnal 9008 ‘ogative, Dy wil forward bas, clamping the node between Fad fet approximately ~700 mV. THs Sots up avo. ‘age vider with Ra and Pi preventing Ve fom going boIow ‘round, The maximum negative input overtive Inte by tho curent handling abit of Ds, ‘COMPARING THE MAGNITUDE OF VOLTAGES OF OPPOSITE POLARITY ‘The comparator cut shown In Figure 11 compares the magnitude of two votlages, Vin 1 ad Viv 2 which have op- poste polaron. The reeutant input votlage at tho minus Input terminal to the comparator, Vx. isa tuncion of tho ‘otlage divider from Vin an Vin 2 8nd tho valuos of Fy land Re. Dode connected transistor Q; provides protection FIGURE 11.Comparing the Magnitude ot ‘Voltages of Opposite Polarity, foc the minus input teminal by clamping it at soveral une cred mills below ground. A2N7222 was chosan ovor a {NO14 dode because oft ower ode voliage. I! desired {smal amount of hysteresis may bo added using the tech ‘niques desorbed previous. Comect magnitude comparison ‘an be seen as follow: Lat Vp Be input for to pos tive post Input votage and Vi 2 the input for he nega te pally te magetude of Vy 5 greater than that a5 vLNYAN-74 ‘FV 2th output wil go low Vout = GNO).H the magn- tude of Va 1656 than that of Vn 2, Rowever the Out wil gobigh Vout = Ver) MAGNETIC TRANSDUCER AMPLIFIER ‘creat that wil dotct the 200 crossings in the output ofa magnetic vansdvcois shown in gure 12. Resistor vice, Fy and Re, biases the posive input at + Voc/2, which is ‘wall wth tho common mode operating range, The minus FIGURE 12. Magnetic Tranaducer Amplifier inputs bases tough the magnetic tanaducer. This alows larg signal swings fo bo handed without exceeding tho Input voltage fis. A symmetical square wave output i insured trough the postveToodback resister Ra. Resistors Ry and Fe can be used to set the OC Bias voage at the positive input at any desired voltage win the input com: ‘mon mode volag range o the comparator ‘OSCILLATORS USING THE LM199 ‘Tho LM130londs isl well to oscar applications fr fe- quencies below several mogacycies. Figure 19 shows a ‘symmetical square wave ganefaor using a micimum of components. The output frequency ls sat by the AC tine Constant of Rg and C; and the total hysteresis of the loops sot by Fy, Fg and Fl. Tho maximum trequency is led ‘nly by the large signal propagation delay ofthe comparator In addon to any capacitive loading at the output which would degrade the ouput slow rat. To analyze tis crcuit assume that the ouput is ina Nigh For tis tobe uve, he voltage atthe nogatve input must be leas than the voltage a the postive input. Therefore, capac: lor Cy is dscharged. The voltage at tho poltve input, Va, il thon bo given by Veoh i Re + RT Ra) Aes whore = Re = Ro ‘men vay = 2G i) 3 Capacitor Cy wil charge up trough Ry so that when I has ‘Charged up to a vave equal 10 Va, the comparator ouput vil sich. With the cutput Vo = GND, th value of Va is ‘ected by the hysteresis network toa value gvon by: +Voe Va = *¥ 05) sing the same resister values as befor, Capacitor C must ‘ow ccharge trough Fs towards ground. The output wit return to fs figh stale (Vo = + Vcc) when the votage ‘cr08s the capacitor has discharged to @ vale equal fo ‘Yaz For the crcl shown, tt paid for one cyte of osc. lation willbe twice tho tm it taka fra single AC oct chargo upto one hal oft fina value, The period can be ‘abuts or oo whore a py = Maas = Now a) FIGURE 13. Square Wave Generator 26(One period wil be given by: ‘reg. = 7" or calulating the exponental gives Fag 7 20800 RUC 2 Resistors Rg and Fy must bo a oust 10 times larger than Fa 10 insure that Vo wil go al te way up to Voc in the hngh state. The troquency stably of thes crcut shoud tty be a function of the exaral components PULSE GENERATOR WITH VARIABLE DUTY CYCLE “Tho asic square wave gonerator of gue 13.can be mod fod to obtain an aqustable duy cyte pulse gonoratc, as ‘shown in Figure 14, by proving @ separato charge and ‘dschargo path for capactor Cy. One path through Ri and 1} will charge the capacitor and set tho pulse width (i). The ‘other path, is and Dz, wil discharge the capacice and sot the te betwoen pulses (tg). By varying resistor Ps, the time batwoon pulses of the generator canbe changed wih- 9) Pulse Generator with Variable Duty Cycle ‘out changing the pulee with, Simian, by vanying Ry, the pulse with wil bo alter without afocting the te be- {ween pulses. Both controls wil change the traquency of the generator, however Wit te values Wen in Figure 74. {he puis wi and tm Btwean ples can be found om Vs = Vuaxtt 0" isotme (ata) vy = Vanco” tate ew) where au Vax = 29 a and You. Moo vy = Maas = Me rc) wich oves ea {tis ton given by: feet 5) ‘Those terms wil have @ sight eror ve to the fact tht ‘Vian snot exactly equal 10% Voc buts actualy reduced ty the dade oop to e200) a filets 20- Veo ° bade 7 altsilE o CRYSTAL CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR A singe yet vor stable osclatr can bo obtained by using ‘quartz crystal resonator a the feedback oloment Figure 45 ee a typical cout cagram of ths, Tis value oF Ry FIGURE 15. Crystal Controted Osclstor land Re are equal so thatthe comparator wil switch sym- ‘otrcaly about +Voc/2. The RC time constant of Ay and ys att bo soveral times gratar than the pared f the ‘ecllaing frequency, insuring 50% duty cycle by maintan- nga 0C voltage a no inverting input equal tothe absolute ‘average of ho autut wavetorm. nen specitvng the erst, be sure to order seis reso. rant along with te dosed tmperatre cootisont and load tapactance to bo usd, MOS CLOCK DRIVER “The L139 can be used to provide the oscitator and clock delay timing fra two phase MOS clock evr (s00 Fire 16, Tha oscllator i a standard comparator square wave Generator srr tothe one shown in Figure 19. Two ator Comparator ofthe LMI39 are used oestabishthe desired ‘hesng bebwoen the two ouput tothe clock ver. A moro Solaied expanaton of the delay creuits gen in the sec- tion under “Oigital and Swiching Gcuts WIDE RANGE VCO. ‘Asimpla yo very stable voltage contoted scilato using & rmimum of extorral components can be realized using ttvee comparators ofthe L199. Tha schematic shown in Floure 173, Comparair | is used closed loop as anintogre- tor (for further disussion of closed oop operation see sec- tin on Operational Amptirs) wth comparator 2 used a8 a tango to square wave convarter and comparator 3 ast ‘wich deving the itograter. To analyze the ore, assume a vLNYAN-74 that comparator 2 igh stato Vso = +Vec) which parlor 2. hose tp pets can be changed by imply ater: Cres comparator 3 tts hgh stat alo. The cups dove ‘Ing the rato oft Re hereby inreaing or doreasing of comparator 3 wil ba OFF which provents any caront mount of hystoree around comparator 2. With = from towing trough Fp to ground. Wit a conte! vetage, TODA and Rg = 5k, the amour of ystoresisis approx Ver at the fput to comparator 1. cent wit ow mato £5% which ull ve sth pol of Vo! 750 {ough Ry and bog dctaring captor Cs, anes! MV. Nom a 30V sup (See "Compares wi Hytre- rate Tas scharge caren is gion by. 5s". Ve As capactor Cy dschargos th output wotage of compara oak (29) tort wt crease unt roaches ths lower tp port of aia a ‘comparator 2 which wil then fore te up oF compara: oe see {orto goto ts low stato (Vso ~ GND). hao (09) TMeintum causes conpartor3o goto ts ow state whore ‘ts cutput dovce wil be in saturation. A current a can now AV willbe the macmum peak change inthe voltage cross ‘apaiio: which willbe eet by the etch points of com: FIGURE 16. MOS Clock Driver © FIGURE 17. Voltage Controlied Osciiatoriow through resistor Re to ground. Ifthe value of Fa fs ‘chason as R:/2 a ourent equal tothe capacor dschargo ‘Curent can be made to fow out of Cy charging i at the ‘same rato a6 was discharges. By making Re = Fi /2, Curent Ig wil equal twee fy. This Is the contol cxcutry which guararantoos a constant 60% duty cyelo sciaton Independent of froquency or temperature. As capactor Cy charges, the output of comparator t willamo up unt ips ‘comparator 2 tts high stato (Vgq = +Voo) andthe cyto wilrepeat. “The circuit shown in Figure 17a uses a +90V supply and ‘ves a tangle wave of "SV poaktopeak. Wih e tng apacor, Cy equal 0 500 pF. a trequoncy range rom ap- proumatsly 118 KH down to approximately 670 Hz was ‘blaine witha contol voltage ranging fom S0V down 12 250 mv. By reducing tho hysteress around comparator 2 ‘down to 2150 mV (Ry = 100kN, Rg = 1 kM) and reduoeg ‘he compensating capsctor Cp down to 001 nF, tequen- Cae up to 1 MHs may be obained. For lowor roquenes 1 He) the timing capactor, Cy, shouldbe increased up approximately 1 uF to insure tat the charging currents, And aro much larger than tho input bi czrents of com parte Figure 17> shows another interesting approach to provide the hystereis or comparator 2. Two Kantal Zener diodes 2, and Za, af used to eat he trp pons of comparator ‘When the tangle wave is Jess than the value requted 10 Zener one ofthe codes, the resisive network, Fy and Re, provides enough Toodback to Keep tho comparator In its proper stato, (he input would otherwise be lating). The {vantage o this cout is that he ip points of comparator 2 wil be completely indepondont of supply voltage fuctua- ‘ion, The gsaavantage is that Zenere wth less than one vot breakdown valiage aro not obtanable. Ths isthe ‘maximum upper requency obtaneble because ofthe argor ‘ampitudo ofthe tangle wave I regulated suppl is aval- ‘ble, Figure 17a ie preferable simply bocause of oss parts ‘count and lower cos. Both creults provide god contol over at east two decades In requoncy with a temperature coeticient largely depen- dnt onthe TC ofthe external ring resistors and capac tors. Remomber that good crcut layout is essontal along ‘wth the 0.01 wF compensation capactor at tho output of ‘omparator 1 And tho sonas 10M, reitor and 0.1 ca- actor beteoan its inputs, or proper operation Comparator 1 isa high gain ampli usd closed loop 8 an intgrator ‘0 ong loads and loose layout should bo aided. DIGITAL AND SWITCHING CIRCUITS. “Tho LMI londs fai wolf low sped (<1 MH) hgh level loge circuits. They have tho advantage of operating ‘wit hgh signal lovals, giving high nose immunity, which is Fight desrabl or industalapoleatons The output signal Jovel canbe selactd by satin the Voc to which the pulbup ‘esistor is connectod to any desired ove, [AND/NAND GATES ‘A trae Input AND gate is shown in Figure 18. Operation of ‘tis gato 8 follows: resistor dvidee Fy and R establishes _2roleence voltage at he ivering input to th comparator ‘The noninverting input isthe sum ofthe voliages at the Inputs dived by tne voltage dividers comprised of Re Ra, FIGURE 18. Three Input AND Gate ‘sand Re. Tho ouput wl go high ony when altro inputs ‘are righ, causing the voltage at the noniwering input f go ‘20ov0 that al inverting input. Tho veut valves shown work fora0" equal to ground anda "t" equal + 5. The ros tor valves oan be atored arent logic levels are dosed, Imore inputs ar required, diodes are recommended 10 Improve the voltage margin when all but one ofthe inputs rothe "1" slat, This OCU with Iereasod fer-inis shown Figure 18. “To convort these AND gates to NAND gets simply ntr- change the invoring and non-inverting inputs to tho Com: parator. Hystoress ean bo added to spood up output tan ‘tone i iw spood input signals aro used, FIGURE 19, AND Gate with Large Farin 208 YENAN-74 (OF/NOR GATES ‘The tree input OR gat (postive logic) shown in Figure 20 's achieved fom the basc AND gato simply by increasing Fy theroby roducing the reference vligs. A toge "1" at lary of the inputs will produce a logic "1" atthe output ‘Again @ NOR gato may be implemented by simply reversing the comparato inputs esatr Rg may be added fr the (OF or NOR function a the expanse of rege immunty $0 ost. FIGURE 20. Three Input OR Gate ° FIGURE 21. Output strobing Using Discrete Transistor ‘OUTPUT STROBING ‘The output of the LM139 may be disabled by asking a clamp transistor as shown in Figure 21. A stobe contol volage atthe base of Gy wil lamp the compartor output to ground, making immune to any input changos. the LM139is being used in aga system the output may be strobed using ary other type of gate having en uncom mitted. colector output (euch es Nations OMSAO1/ M701). Inaction anotrer comparator of the LMI30 ‘ould also be used for output eroding, ropasing Qn Fg 179 2, Soaks. (Se0 Figure 22) FIGURE 22. Output Strobing with TTL Gate ONE SHOT MULTIVIBRATORS. ‘A simplo one shot multvitator can be realized using one ‘comparator ofthe LN39 as shown in gure 23. The out 20 FIGURE 23, One Shot Multvbrator ‘ut pulse wish is set by the vais of Cz and Ra (with Fy > 10 Rito aves lacing tho output). The magnitude of the input tigger puis requted is determined by te roi te divider Ry and Ra. Temperature. stably can be Achieved by balancing the temperature cootfcients of Rg land Gp er by using components with very fow TC. In ac ‘on, the TCaresstare Ry and Rz shoud be matched so 8 to maintain a fixed rooronce vltag of + Voc/2. Diode De provdes a api lscharge path for capactor Go reso ho ‘one shot a he end offs puso. I also prevents the noin- ‘ering input trom being éven below ground. The output pulse widths relatively indopendont ofthe magnitude of ho ‘supply voltage and wil change less than 2% for afve vot change in + Vor. ‘Tho one shot mutivrator shown in Figure 24 has several charactarstes which make ft superior to that shown in Fig- tre 29, Fs, th puso width ia independent ofthe magn ‘ude of he power supply voltage Decause the charging vol- age and the intercopt voltage are a fixed porcontage of “+Voe. In adaton tis one-shot Is capable of 99% duty cycle and exhibits input rigger tck-out to inure that the cru wil nt re-igger before the output puso has been Completed. Tho tigger lava isthe voltage required at the Input to raise the voltage at point A Pighar than the voltage atin 8, and is set bythe reslstve dor Ry and Ryo and the network Ry, Rp and Re. When the multhbrator has boon triggered, tno output of comparator 28 high causing {he retoronce voltage al the non-inverting input of compare tor 110 go to = Voo. Ths prevents any addtional input pulses from disturting the creuit unt the output puss has been completed ‘The value ofthe timing capacitor, Cy, must be kept sma ‘enough to allow comparatr 1 to complately discharge Cy before te feedoack signal om comparator 2(UwoUugh Ri) swrches comparaicr1 OFF and allows Cy t stat an expo- ental args. Proper ccut ation depends on rapisy charging Cy to value sot by Fig and Rg at which ime comparator 2 latches comparator 1 OFF. Proto the estab- lenmont of tis OFF state, Cy wll have been completely tegratng capacitor eround the op amp: et — tere Bandwicth at unity gain + 12 So TOE Ae Rect #Y On Ager 4 wore Ager is the curent sot resistor from each curent or 05 Mitz bandwith C = Sour09 and where Ao. Is closed loop gan. Table I shows 0.8 Miz bandwith © = Tor RSET ‘ypiealcapactor values. ‘TABLE Il. Typleal compensation capacitor fr various operating currents and closed loop gain. Values given ‘pply to LMI01A, LM108, and LM741 type amplifiers. Closed ‘Current Set Resistor ‘Loop Gain [raonn| eoxn | soxn | aKa] ox Av=1 | 6896 | 190pF| 270pF | e80F | 1300 pF y= 5 | 1896 | 2796 | sopF | t90pF | 270pF ‘Ay=10 | s09F | 159 | 27eF | eapr | 1209F ay~ 50 | 1pF | apr | Spr | 159° | 27pF Ay= 100 spe | ar | spr | topr ‘Ay = 500 ter | ier | apr [Ay = 1000 22For use wih higher requency op amps suc as the LA 18 the bendwath may be increased to about 2 MHz If closed oop gains greatr than unity "C” may be decreased to: 4 ©" TO Re Feet [APPLICATIONS 'Noattompt willbe made to include pracsion op amp appi- catons as thoy are wollcoverod in other Itarature. The pro- ous sections dotal frequency compensaton and ft ‘robiems encountered in using very low dit op amps. The {eut shown in Figure 9 wil yield good results in almost ary ‘p amp application. Howover, tis important to choose tho ‘operating current propery. From the cues gvan tis rla- {oly ea5y to soe the effects of curent changes. High cu rents inrease gen and reduce opamp affects on dt. Bis ‘nd offectcuront also irereese at high current. Whon th ‘Operating source resistance i elalval high, eros due (2 igh bas and offset curent can swamp offset voltage oft ‘rors. Therefor, wth high source impodances i ay be ‘advantageous to operate at lower curons [Another important consideration i¢ ouput common mode votlago. Ths is the voltage between the uuls of tho {at2t ‘and the postive poner supply. Fest, the ouput common mode voltage must bo within tho operating oom ‘mon mode range of the output op amp. At currents above 10 HA thero is no problems wih the LMTOS, LMTOX, and N41 ype devoos. Higher carers ae needed for deve- ‘8 with mace Imtod common mode range, such as tho {Gust8. As the operating curont is ineroasod, the postive common made limi forthe LM21 fs decroased. This i because there is more voltage drop across the intemal SOk load resistors. The output common mode voltage and pos ‘ive commen mode its are about equal and Given by gas soun) Reet = (aove itis necessary to increase the common mode cutput vot ge (or imi, extemal resistors can bo connect n paral with the intrnal 50 kit resistors. This should ony bo done at igh operating currents (80 A) sinc reduces gain and ‘iverts part ofthe input stage Current fom the internal las- FIGURE 11. Gain of 1000 Instrumentation Amplifier Ing cieuity. A reasonable valu for extemal resistors is so Kn, ‘The externa resistors shoud be of high quality andiow eit. ‘90ch 98 weewound resistors, since thay wil affect dt ‘they d not track wel with temperature. A 20 ppm/C die ‘ence in extoral resistor temperature coeticent wit into- ‘dice ay addtional 0.3 VPC ae. ‘An unusual simp gan of 1000 instrumentation amplifier ‘canbe made using te L121. The amor has afoating, {ul diferent, igh impedance input. Linearty i beter han 1%, depending upon input signa ove with maximum err ‘at maximum Input Gain stably, a8 shown In lure 10, is ‘about £2% over a ~55°C to + 125°C tomporalure range. Final, tho ampitir has very low dit and high CMR, a t FI i vourace cm noma) a I * Lit} te FIGURE 10. Instrumentation Amplter Gain ve Temperature ‘Figure 11 shows a schematic ofthe instrumentation ampli ‘The LMi2" Is used as tho input stage and operated ‘open-loop I converts an input voltage to a citleretal out put curent at pins 1 and 8 fo drive an op amp. The op amp ‘ets as a currant to vllage convertor and has a singlo-ond- output Resistors Fy and Rp with nul pot a set the operating cur ront ofthe LM121 and provide offset adjustment. R i a fine tito sat Uo gan a 1000. There very it intra tion between the gan and nul pots. {Bote ha 1% oy tot ‘aoe idm ay 23 6L-NVAN-79 This instrumentation amplified to a maximum input signal of 10 mV for good Snearty. high signal vais he ‘wanstorcharacaristc of the L121 becomes rapdly nor- linear, as wth any diferent ampli. Thoretor, tis most Uusotl as a igh gan ampli Since foodback is not applied around the L121, OMB ot dependent on resistor matching. This eliminsts the need for precisely matched resistor as with conventional instumontation amplifiers. though the inearty and gain stably ae rat as good as conventonal schemes, this an Biter wil tnd wide appicaion where low dit and high CCMA are necessary, ‘A precision reference using a standard els shown in Fig- tro 72. The low dit and tow input cuent of tho LMT21A ‘ow the reference ampiir to buffer th standard coll with high accuracy. Typical long trm ait forthe LM121 operat- Ing at constant tomporatue is loss than 2 nV per 1000 ours ‘To minimize tomperatire gradient eros, this circuit should ba shied from air curents. Good single-pont wing ‘sould also bo used. When power isnot apple, tis neces- ‘sary to disconnect the standaré col from the input of th HeI21 or wil decnarge trough the intemal protection odes. ‘CONCLUSIONS ‘A now proample or operational ampliars has bean do- ‘sorbed I can achieve voltage drfts a8 low as many chop- er amples without the probloms assocatod wih chop- ‘ing. Oporatingcurent is programmable over a wid range ‘0 the put characterises can be optimized fr the parcu- lar application. Further, using @ preamp and a conventional ‘opamp allows more lxbiy then a single low-drit op amp. ours FIGURE 12. 10V ReferenceLM125 Precision Dual Tracking Regulator INTRODUCTION ‘Tho LM125 6a procsion, dual, racking, monolithic vttage ‘ogulaer. It provides separa posive and negatve rogulat- 2 outputs, thus smpktyng cual power supply designs. Op- {ation requires tow or no exaral components depending ‘on the application, Inlrnal satings provide fed output votages at = 15V. Each rogulatr is protected from axcassve intern power 10 uF tantain wil ene stably and Increaso rgpie rojection. son dom LAR Bese in Fe ies Deemer rm rae FIGURE 11. urrent Limit Sense Voltage for 20.1% chats epatsc a eae 2 8 ircwet sf Ones a5 tt [ewe SB ou BE ou Few eee we om @ ‘The 2NOOSS pass dovice is low in cost and maintains a reasonably high beta at collector curants up to soveral lamps. The davices 2N30S5 may be of either planar or alloy Iunetion constuction. The planar devices, have a high roving more stable operation due to low phase shit. The Alloy devas, wih fy typeally less than 1.0 Mri, may re- ‘ure addtional compensation to guarantee stabiy. The Smpest of compeneation fr the slower doves is To Use ‘output fiter capacitor values greater than 50 nF (tanta). ‘An altomatve Is 10 use an RC fier to crate a lescng phase response 10 cancol sme of the phase lag of the ovices. Tho stabty problom with slowor pass transistors, ‘ftoccurs at ls usualy sean ont on te nogatve requis tee. This i because th postive regulator output stage 8 & conventional Daringlon white the negative out stage ‘Contains toe devioesin'a madi tiple Darington con nection giving sighty more internal phase shit. Adctional ‘compensation may Be adéed tothe negative regulator by connecting a smal capacitor inthe 100 BF Yanga from tho ‘negative boost termina othe internal eterence. Since the postive regustor uses the negative regulator output for a Feterence, Dis aio offers some adstona indrect compen ‘sation to te positive roglator. ‘TAMP REGULATOR In Figure 14 the sing external pass transistor has been replated by @ convantonal Darington sing @ 243715 and oo as fret Y=aet nevaTve OUTPUT VOLTAGE) on nt © FIGURE 12. External Current Limiting Characterstce-Unboosted 0 2 ieae 52 OU [uae ge [isa Be # @ es" = oa ame ° a 1 tg sdan 7 awe. Tae secarive azauaron exaTvE OUTPUT VOLTAGE FIGURE 13. External Curent Limiting Characteristice-Boosted, 20FIGURE 14, High Current Regulator Using a Darlington Par for Pass Elements 12 2N3772. Wi this configuration the output ourent can each values to 104 wih very Good stabi. The external Darington stage Increases the minimum input-output val- age diferent! to 4 5V. When current mt protection ress- {ori used, asin ure 14, he manum output cnt is lated by power dsipaion of ho 2N3772 (150W at 25°C). ‘ising normal operation ti is (Vy — Vout) lout (9, butt inereatos to Vin log (W) under short cout conations. The shor ercit ouput curont is thor Pur (Te = 260) te A600 = 7 5A max BV (mn) I, could be increased to 10A or more only if gc < IL A {6ldback caren it ckeut wil accomplish thi. The typical load regulon is 40 mv fom no load o 8 fl load. (f= 25°C, pulsd load with 20 ms toy and 250 ms tore) FOLDBACK CURRENT LIMITING In many regulator applications, the normal operation power isthe positive supply terminal ofthe LM22. When us- Ing a single supp, this terminal may be crven by any vot- ‘ago betwoon 4 5V and 40V. The aoc of supply varatons fon timing perod is lass than 0.005%/V, £0 supple with Figh pple contant may be used without causing puis with changes. Soply bypassing on V~ is ot goneraly rooded but may be necessary when civng high reactive loads. (uescont curentgrawn trom the V* tain! is ypcaly 25 mA, independent of th suppy voltage. Of course, ad tional curont wil be drawn f the reference Is externally loaded. ‘The Vaer pins the output ofa 3.15V sori rgulatr rofer- enced To the ground pin. Up to 5.0 mA can be drawn fom ths pin for doving extemal networks. In most applcatons the liming resto’ Is tied to Vper, but need not bo i uations where a more near charging current is required. ‘The regulated votage is very usetu in applications where the LM22 isnot used as a timer, sch as etching requ: tors, variable reference comparators, and temperature con- ‘rollers. Typical temporature dit of the reterence i less than 0.017. ‘The tigger terminalis used o start timing, Threshold ie yp cal 16V at +25°C and has a tomperature dependence of 5.0 mV". Curent drawn from te tigger sues i Pr cally 20 wA at reshold, sing 10600 A at 90, then eve ing off duo to FET acton of tho series resistor, RS. For ‘egative input tigger votages, the only current dawn is leakage inthe n& region. tthe tggortorminalis hold high as tho tning period ends, the output pulse wil appear normally, but the ing capac tor wil not be dachargod. Th Isa hacessarycreut acton to prevent repetitive cycles when the trigger is held igh. ‘After te ining period, the capactoris discharged when the ‘wggerdecreasos below the Wroshol, without affecting tho output ‘Tne R/C pins ted to the uncommitad sido ofthe compara {or and to the coleto ofthe capactor dcharge transistor. “Timing ends when tho voltago on this pin reaches 2.0¥ (1 RC timo constant reterancedto the 3.15 regu). The Internal ascharge wansisic tens on ont ithe tigger val: lage has cropped below tres hol. In comparator of regu: {or appications ofthe ter, the rigor is held permaneniiy high and the R/C pin acts jst ke the input to an ordinary ‘comparator Tha maximum voltages which can be applied to ‘his pn ro +5.5V and ~0.7V. Input curent othe R/C pin |S ypicaly 900 pA when the voltage Is nogatve wih respect to the Vans tominal. For higher voltages, tho current crops {a leakage level. In the Boosted mode, input curont 1s ‘307A. Gan ofthe comparatris very Pigh, 200,000 or more ‘pending on thesia ofthe ogc reverse pin and the con- ‘ecton of the ouput tarsi, Te ground pin of tho LM122 noed not necessary be ted to systom ground. Itcan be connected to ary positive or rogatwve voltage as long as te supply Is hogatve wit re pect tothe V° terminal Level shifting may be necessary {forthe input tiger ifthe tigger voltage is referred to sy tom ground. This can be done by capacve couping or by cual reiatve or active lovel sifting. One point must be opt in ming: tho emit output must rot be falé above tho round terminal witha low seurce impodance. This could Scour, for instance, If to emitor were grounded wen the ‘round pin of the L122 was ted To a negative supply The terminal labeled Vn sted to one side of the compa ‘ator and to voltage divider between Ver and ground. The ‘vider voltage set at 622% of Veer with respect t ‘round exactly ono AC tm constant Tho impodance of tho divides inroasod to about 30k wih a sees resisor 0 present a minimum load on extemal signals ed to Vacs This resistor is @ pinched type with typical variation in abgolde value of = 100% and a TC of 0.79%!" For this Feason, exteral signals (ypically a pot between Veer and {ground} connectod o Van, should have e source resistance ‘low as possible, For small cnengesin Vaoy, Upto several ni all ag, but for large variations 250 or less should bbe maintained. Tis can be accomplished with a 1.0k pot, ‘Shoe the maximum impedance rom the wipers 2500. a voltage i forcod on Vapy fom a hard source, volage ‘shouldbe limited to -0.8 ané +50, of curant ited to ‘0 mA. This includes capacvely coupled signals bo- cause oven smal values of apactors contain enough ener- {97 to dograda the input stage the capactoris cv with a lenge, fast slewing signal. The Vacy pin may be used to abort tho ting cyte. Grounding tas pin dur tho bing erod causes the timer to react ust as the capactor vot fge had reached ts normal RC tigger pont to capactor dscharges and the output charges state. An exception to this occurs the tigger pins ald high when the Vans Pris (grounded. In this caso, the oulout changes site, but the ‘apactor doos not discharge. Ifthe tigger dops with Vang Is boing held low, discharge wil occur immediately and tho ‘yee wll be over, tthe trggor Is sil high when Vaoy 1 Feleasod, the output may or may not change stato, depend ing the voltage across the timing capactor. For vatagos below 20V" across tho timing capaci, tho output wil change stato immesdatly, then once more as tho wolage fies past 20V. For voltages above 2.0V, no change wit ‘eedr in te output In nosy enveonmens or in comparatotype applications, bypass capantar on tho Vapi terial ay be needed to lminate spunous outputs bocavse It I high impedance Bln. The 20 of the cap wil depend on the requancy and fenrgy cantont ofthe nove. 0.1 uF will goneraly sufi for spke suppression, but soveral wF may be used if the timer i sbjocto to high evel 60 Hr EM ‘Te emitor and the collector cuputs ofthe mor can be lwoatd just as thoy wore an ornary vansstor with 4OV ‘minimum calector-omitr breakdown voltage. Normal, he {itor edt the ground pin and tho signals taken om {he colacter, or the sallector sod to Vand te signa is {aon from the emir, Varatons on these basis connec: tions as possible. The collector can be ted to any postive votlage vp fo 40V when the signal taken frm tho err. Howover, the emitter wil not be puod higher tan the sup- ‘Ywotago on the V" pin. Connecting the collector 108 ‘otage lose than the V" voltage is allowod. Tho emitter ‘shoud not be connected ta a hard source other than that which the ground pins tod. Tho Wansistor has bulin ur ent iitng wit atypical knee current of 120 mA. Tempo tary shor crouts are allowed, oven with coloctor-omttor ‘ollagoe upto 40V. The power ime product, owavar, mustnot oxcoed 18 watteseconds for power levels above the ‘maximum rating of the package. A short to 30V, or in- stance, can not bo held for more than 4 seconds. These levels are based on a 40°C maximum inal chp tempera: ‘ze, When diving inductve loads, avaye use a clamp ‘de to protect the transistor rom inductive kick back ‘Aboost pins povided on tho LM122 to increase the speed ofthe intemal comparator. The comparators normaly op ated at ow current levels for lowest possible input curent For short time intrvals whore low input curent snot noes ‘24, comparstoroparatingcurtont can bo Incoasod sovera! ‘orders of magnitude for fast operation. Shoring the boost {erminal to V" increases the emsiter curent of the vertcal PNP overs inthe aforental stage ftom 25 WA 10 5.0 wA With the timer inthe unboosted state, timing penods are accurate down to about 1 ms. In the Boosted mode, loss of ‘sceuracy due to comparator speed is ony about 800 ns, so timing porods of soveral microseconds can bo used. ‘The "Logic pn is used to reverse tho signal appearing at the output transistor. An open or “igh” condition on the logic pin programe the output transistor to bo “of” during the timing pered and "on" al other times. Grounding the logic pin reverses he sequence to make the transistor “on rng the tering period. Threshold Tor the logic is typically 150 mV with 180 4A fowing out ofthe terminal. Han active ve to the log ins dosed, a saturated wansistordrve Is recommended, ether with a aerate tansisor of the ‘pen collector output of nogratea loge. A maximum Vent (0175 mV of 200 wAis required, A tyscal example of acive ‘ive to the loge pins the pulse width discriminator shown in Figure 16. CALCULATING WORST CASE TIMING ERROR. ‘Tining eros for the LM122 come rom the following sour: 1. Tring aio oror 2. Capactor saturation voltage 5. Internal switching delays 4. Comparator bas current 5. Extemal resistor and capactor tolerance 8. Capacitor and board leakage In general, erors 1 and § are the mest signiicant, so they wil be Westod frst. For most applications, the major contribution toting err from the 22 dsaltievaraton in ming rab, when i hs rao ofthe comparator thveshod voltage (ypically 20V) 0 the voltage at the Vagr in A 1% etrocintrato resultsin 8°18 ial ming eer Timing rato orer comes fom Yarations in the inlomal dider rato and fom offeet votageinthe comparator. The LM122 is specifed te have a timing rato rom 0.625 to 0.638 at +25°C, guing a + 1.8% worst cate contibuton to inal timing pened eer. Over Tomperatiz, the worst case figures doubles to #.6%. It ‘the ina ors trimmed out exerally however, timing er tor eit ue toting ato wil gneraly be las than 205% ‘over temperature ‘Ackig al the contributions to timing ror tom the LM122 ‘sot wil usualy gvo a fuze in the 2% to 3% range at 25°C. External tning components (Fy and Cy) wil nor -maty contibute much moee error than ths unless soacted Components are_ueed*5% tolerance on and Cy wil Increase the worst ca50 err to 12% to 13%. By tomming ‘ut inal component eo". an exact iil tinny Povo’ an be btaines, but temperature eit than becomes tho lmting factor For most applications, the contsbutons 10 timing period det due to the L122 itso wil be inthe (0.005s4/"C to 0.025 range accurate timing over temperature is required, low crit components must be used for R, and Cy Capactors ao ‘valle with temperate costicints ‘ot 100 10 200, omc. Resistors, at tast In the lowst ranges, are aval- {able with TC's mach beter han tis, Above 1 MA, nowover, Caro must be used inthe tlacton of slow TC rosistr Units re avaiable upto 100 MA witless than 100 ppmi"C ont CCapactor saturation voltage sth voltage sti remaining on 1 ling. capacitor ator has boon resol 10 #3 Near (ground asthe ioral charge transistor can drive it For liming resistors 1 MA or greater, ths remaining votage is ‘ypoly 25 mv. Fr smalior ting resistors the capactor atuation voltage ean be calculated by the flowing: formule = psmv + Wree!* (eon) Vo = 25my + Meee The effect of Ve on ting period is near at 0.03% mv. Temperature dependence of Vo is tpiealy ~0.2%/°C for y= 200 ki nang to04™%/°C for ~ 0 kf. The gues a ‘ype! tomparature cootient of tiring ator ave to Ve of (C02) (5 mv (oca%/mV) = DOOISt.I"C tor Fy > {TM aed (0.004) (28 mi) (O.03%%/rV) = 0.008%°C for = TOKE. Since most applcatons can use timing resis: tors In the range of 100 RD and up, ctor from capacitor saturation volage rarely excoods 0.15% vitally, with To.05% variation over the fll temperature range Internal switching delays cause rors which tond to be a fied tine rather tan a percentage ofthe timing period the boosted mode th daays typcaly 800s, an wih the boost off the delay is about 25 us. These times can bo 23 Z6-NYAN-97 ‘added deacty to the calculated tring period for worst case analysis. For tiring periods longer than 25 ms, the 25 js doit gas an err of 0.1% o le. In the range of 1 oF 25. ms, eror duo to dolays i 0.1% or loss for the boosted ‘mode, rising fo a maxima o 4.0% inthe unboosted mode. ‘At = 10 n, delay i ho major contribution to timing eror 6), Comparator bias curent conribuos a nagigiba timing eror {oral but very long time timing perioes. Error can be caleu- late wih a simple frm: Error (8) = ~0 + Fy fy (Note sign) y= Comparator Bas Curent = Timing Resistor For Rt = 100 MA and ly = 0.9 nA (ypica) a 1.5% radue- ton in timing periods ineured. Fr worst case calculations {2t'+ 25°, any of 1 nA maximum is spoctiog in tho Un boosted mode and 100 nA inthe boostod mods. Al tompor sures below +25°C, these numbers sil oid. At + 125°C, ly nereasos duo to iakago to a maximum of +5 nA un Boosted. For worst case calculations bolow + 125°C tho leakage ero (nA) can bo assured to hale foreach 10°C Arop below + 125°C. At + 05°C for instance, the fakage ‘Carponent ety would bo (5 nA/8) ~ 0.6 nA ora toa of 1.6 RA worst cade, For ho commercial LM322 and LM3805, ‘worst cas0 I, 2 9A at +75°C, and for the LMZID5 2 nA maximum at +85°C. For temperatures botwoon 25°C and +85°, tho TC of Iyistypealy 5 pA in the Unboosted mode and 100 pA/C in the Boosted mode. For 1100 MA Fy this 5 pA/"C contrbutes ~0.025% °C to tm ing pais erin. Error (%4/°C) ~ (80) (A/T For worst caso calculations a ab/AT (-25 < Tes ++85°C) of 12 pA/"C may be used forthe LM22/LM222 apd 20 pA/C fr tho LMS22 and LM2906/L3005. Exoral leakage paths may causo tening errors for large valuos of Fy and high board temperatures. Connoctons fo tho R/C pln should bo kop ros of cust, moisture, And soldering fx long tine intervals ae to bo kept accu- rate. Al package types have the R/C pin located batwoon ner and the ground plato minimize these leakages. DESIGN HINTS ELIMINATING TIMING CYLCE UPON INITIAL [APPLICATION OF POWER ‘Tho L422 wil start tning cycle automatically (with no tigger input) wen V* i frst tured on If this charactertic IS undeaabl, can be doteated by tying the ing capac {orto Var instead of round as shown in Figure 2. This connection does not affect operation ofthe timer in any ‘thor way. fan electrolyte tring capactors used, be sure the nogetve ond ie to tho A/G pin and the postive ond to Ver. AT. Ki resistor should bo neuded in solos wih tho ting capacsto to tthe surge cuenta on Veer when the capacitors charged “Menace yin cae meen, ‘sear tocie v ver COLLECTOR mie curren Ho. Yoo, FIGURE 2. Elminating tntal Timing Cycle USING ELECTROLYTIC TIMING CAPACITORS. ‘lecrolyie capacitors are not usualy recommended oti lng because of her unstable cepactance and righ leakage. For long timing peods (> 10 seconds) at medorata tem Doraturas (0° to 80°C) However, an electric may be t- Iractvo because of slow cost per micotarad. Sold tanla- lum capactors such aa tho Kemet” C series T310 (molded pany) or TH10 (hermetic) aro recommonded. These units have longterm stables of 2% to 3% and a temporatie Coofieient of 0.2% /"0. Selected unis are avaliable for ‘ining uso with very low leakage. RESET TIME “Tho ting capactor usod wih tho LMI22 i sot with an Internal vansistor which has a colocor offset votage of 25 AV @ 7 uA with approxmataty 800 of colectcrresstanco. ‘Tho time roqurod to roset tis capestor datormnos tho minimum ime between timing pulses. An approximate fr- ‘mua forrest tim i. eset Time "= Saal rg sete [NOISY ENVIRONMENTS. ‘Tho LM122 is rlatvoly insensitive to noise on supply nos and to tadated energy. In axtremaly noisy enuronments howover, may be necessary to configure the LM22 der. ‘ent, oth to eliminate false tiggering and to prevent pre- ‘mature end of @ ting period. The creut "a shown in Fg- {76 3has boon setup for masimur noise rejacton. C1 by- ‘asses tho Vany pin because ofthe relavely high imped- ‘ance (= 20 ki) oft point. Negative eikes onthe Van, ‘in wil cause premature ond ofthe timing poriod. C2 by ‘asses the supply for rjecton of fast wansets. sets up {he Wager pn toa "normaly hgh” condton. This proverts ‘oxremoly high elocvoragntic ld rom tiggering the i {ermal fip-lop during ating period. Te input Wager sonal iscapactivaly coupled trough C3. Tiggenng occurs onthe ‘negative edge of tho vigger puso a shawn in the wavolorm ‘etch nox fo igure 27. 200) 1)the output votage trom the LMI22 can be sat up to 90 high” during the timing cyte, the afemate connection shown in"B" can be used. Here, he Wg9or i eld igh by 'D2 ring the tring pevod When the ouput goes low ar the timing porod is over. the cuit may be reriggored im modiataly via D1. Ri and 3 suppress unwanted spikes at ‘ho tigger input i rowrens ‘ Be iE ee @ FIGURE 3. Maximum Nolee immunity [ABORTING A TIMING CYCLE (Figure ) ‘Tre L122 does not have an input specially aloatus to {8 stoptiming function. such a function s deste. maybe ‘complahed several ways: 18 Ground Vac 18 Faso R/C mor postive than Vay 12 Wee “OR” the ouput ‘Grounding Vacy wil end th timing cyte ust ihe ting Capactor had reached is normal lecharge port. A now timing cyclacan bo started by the ego terminal as soon as the ground fs oleased A swhing vansator best for ‘ving Vap, to 28 near ground as possbla, Worst case sink Curent bout 900 nA ‘timing cyte may be aso ondod by a positive puso to a resistor (A= Py/100) In sores with tho tmsng copactor ‘The pulse ampitudo must beat last equal to Vans (2.0¥), ‘ut shoud not exceed 6:0V, When the timing capactor d- charges, a nagatve spike of upto 20V wal occur evoss the fesitor, 20 some cauton must be used the ve pulse Used fr ether cet FIGURE 4. Cycle interrupt ‘The ouput of the timer can be wire ORed with a dscrte transistor ofan open colecto loge gate output. This allows ‘overniing of he mer output. but doesnot cause the ter {o be reset unt is normal eye time has elapsed. USING THE L4t122 AS A COMPARATOR [Ault rterence and 20 volt common mode iit make tho LM122 very useul as a comparatr. Threshold may be Adjusted rom 2er to three vote by ving the Vay tem ‘al wih a dividr tes to Vag Stata of the rtronce vot- {90 5 ypcally + 1% over a orperatrerango of 55°C to “125°C Offset voltage dit inthe comparator is typcally 25 n¥/°G nthe boosted moda and 60 pV/*C unboosted. A fesstor can be inserted In series with tha input fo slow ‘verdves up to =50V as shown in Figure 5, Thores acti- lly 20 lt on input voltage as tong as current ited to “Teer rtd Apt Danae fe po 2500 FIGURE 5. Comparator wth 0 Volts to 130 Volts Threshold ‘£1 mA. The resistor shown contributes a worst case of 5 ‘nV tinal ofsot. In the unboostod mode, the eror erops 100.25 mV maximum. The capebty of operating off a s- ‘]0 5V supply should make the comparator vary vast 265 i6-NYAN-97 USING DUAL SUPPLIES “The L122 can be operated off dual supplies as shown in ‘Figure 6. The only tmtaton is that tho ert trina can ot be tod o ground, must ear drive ald refered 0 > orbe actualy tied to V~ as shown. Ahough capacitive ‘couping is shown for the tigger input (to allow SV trigger ing), a rosstor ean be substitute fr C1. R2 must bo oho- ‘en 10 giv proper lvel siting between the tigger signal nd the tigger pin of the timer. Worst case "ig" on the tigger pin (wih respoct to V") Is OV, and worst case “igh” is 25V. R2 may be calculated from the cvder equa ‘ton with Ri to give these levels. gran [APPLICATIONS BASIC TIMERS ‘Figure 7's basic timer using the colector ouput Ry and Cr 91 the time interval with A, 8 the load. During the timing interval te ouput may bo sir high ox fw depending on the connection of the loge pin. Timing wavotorms are shown in te sketch alongside gure 7. Set Fer rope Lv S| Tunes? FIGURE 6. Operating Off Oual Supplies LINEARIZING THE CHARGING SWEEP In some applications (euch as inoar pulse width module- 10 1 may be dosable to have the tng capactor charge from a constant curentsouren, A smle way to accomplish this is shown in the accompanying sketch. (1 convors the current through Rt toa cunt source in- dependent ofthe volage across Cy, 2, 3, D1, and 02 ae {added to make the cunt tough RB independent of sup variations and temperate changes. (02 is low TC {ype) D2 and RS can bo omited ithe V* supply table ‘and D1 and R2 can be omitted also # temperature stabi ‘ot crite With OY and R2 ome, the curent hough ‘wil change about 0.015%/°C with @ 15V supply and ‘O.s96/"C witha 8.0V supply tie. 4 ra] FIGURE 7. Basie TmerColctor Output ‘tn Timing Ghat ‘ire 6s again a bass tir, but tht oot ikon {one emia of ho ouput tanto Ae wih cole tor outta gh 0 ow Condon maybe obianed tinge ting pond, FIGURE 8. Basic Timer-mitter Output and Timing Chart Figure 9 shows the time interacing SV ogc toa high vot- ‘age relay. Although the V* terminal could be ted tothe “F28V supoly, thie woua be an unnecassary waste of power in to Cin any caso, the tvoshold forthe tiger is .6V regal of where V> Is od. 4 FIGURE 8.5 Vott Logie Supply Driving 28 Volt Relay 266‘Figure 10 indicates the abit ofthe ime to interface to dail logic when operating off @ high supply voltage. Vout ‘sings between -+ BV and ground witha minimum fanoct ot 5 for medium speed TTL fae FIGURE 10.30 Volt Supply Intertacng to Volt Logie Figure 11's an application where the LM122s used to sim- List a thermal delay relay whicn preven power from berg ‘appied to ether circuitry unt the supply has been on for rio FIGURE 11. Time Out on Power Up (Relay Energized Gy Seconds After Voc ls Applied) some time. The rlay remain do-energ2od for RC; soc- fonds afer Vc i appliog, hen cosas and stays onorgzed Unt Veg le formed of. Figure 126 @simlarercut except that the relay e energized 88 soon a8 Ver Is SPpled. F.C Seconds lata, the flay is de-enorized and stays off unth the Veo suey i recycled ae T FIGURE 12. Time Out on Power Up (Relay Energized ‘Unt Cy Seconds After Voc = Applied) Figure 19182 more advanced application of ho LM122 asa proporioning tomporaturo confer with optical isolation land eynehvonized 2000 crossing features. Tho uring func. tin ist used. Instead he tigger tominal is held nigh and the M122 is used as a high gan comparaice with a bul in reference, Ri i 8 trormisior with a 4°" Yemporature Coefcent used asthe sensor R2 usod ose ho tompor ature to be controled by Ft. FS through AB sot up tho roporioning acon. Ri raises the impedance ofthe 1/2 ‘vider so thal RS 9008 a rotalvely constant Impedance In- ‘opendent ofthe sot point temperature. RB and RB reduce the Vaos impedence 20 that Itornal variations in evider Impedance do not affoctproporioning action. RS and RF (St=dotc cea mem gan = eet Oma (22 Sanae pte $0, 00m oet FIGURE 19. Proportioning Temperature Controller with Synchronized Zero-Crossing 26-NVAN-97 sot tho actual with of the propertoning band and can be Scaled as necessary to altor the width ofthe band. Larger resistors make the band narrower The values shown QE {approximately a °C band Ré and C1 determine he propor: toning frequency which i about 1 He wih the vakes shown, Ct or R& can change to allo frequency, but 4 should be betwoon 50k and 500k, and C¥ must be a ow leakage type to prevent temperature shits. D1 prevents supply voltage fuctuatons fom affecting setpoint 0” pro- ortioning band. Any unregulated supply Betweon GV and 15V i ebtactoy, is an optical isolator with a minimum gain of 5. With th valuss chown for R9, B40, and R11, i over-dven by Toast 310 1 to sure deop salvation fr roabe un of of the SCA. G2 must bo a sonst gato dvice wh a worst aso gato fring current of 0.5 mA. R12, R13, and D2 imple- ‘mont the syachvonized zero-cossing fete by preventing i trom turing of ater the voltage across G2 has clbed above 25V. 03, R10, and C2 provide a source of semii- tered dc curent must have s minimum breaksown of 200V. Figure 14 shows the LM122 connected as a one hour timer with manual contols for stat reset, and cycle ond. St starts tuning, but nas no etlect after ting has started. $2 is ‘canter of ewiten which can either end the cyte prom “autem Ekorenes POAtAATEKFayentanan NNR FIGURE 14. One Hour Timer with Reset and Manual Cycle End ‘uray with the appropiate change in cut slate and cs- ‘charging of Cy, oF cause Cy to be reset to OV without & {change in output In the later caso, a new ting pecod ‘Stars as soon a8 2 relaated. The average charging cu ‘ont through Rs about 30 nA, so some attention must bo ‘aldo parts layout to prevent say leakage paths, The sug (gested timing capacitor has a typical sl tne constant of 300 how's and a guaranteed minimum of 25 hours at ++25'C. Other capactor pos may bo used sufclent data 's avalabie on thor loakage charactors ‘Figure 15's another application whee the LM1Z2 does nat {so is timing function. switching regulator is made using the intemal retorence and comparator to ve a PNP owitch transistor, Festores ofthis eeu include a 58V minimum input voltage at 1A output currant, ow part coun. and good ‘ofieoncy (> 75%) for nput votages to TOV. Line anc Toad regulation are loss than 0.5% and output ppl at the Switching frequency Is only 30 mV. QT ie an inexpensive Plasto device whch does not noed a heatsink or ambient Temperature upto 50°C. Dt should be a fast swiching ‘ode, Output voltage can be adjusted between TY an 20¥ by choosing proper values for R2, FI, Ra, and RS, For out puis less than 2V, a dvidr with 2502 tho Thoviin rsit- ‘No. 2 re Wand On Mavoonm Permatay Core UNTIRNT FIGURE 15.5 Volt Switching Regulator with 1.0 Amp Output and 8.5 Volt Minimum Input ance must be connected between Ver and ground with its {tap poi ted f0 Van By dtving the logic tominal of the LMI2 simultaneous to ‘he tigger input, a simple, eccurata pulse width detector can be made (Figure 16 Most = OF RC FIGURE 16. Pulse Width Detector In tis appicaton the logl terminals normaly held high by 3. When a tiggr pulse i received, O1 Is tuned on, v= Ing the log terminal to ground. The resuit of ggorng the timer and reversing the logic at the same tine is thatthe cutput does net change ffom Is inal low condlton, The nly timo the output wll change tats is whon tho tigger input stays righ lengar than one time period set by Fy and The output pulse wath is equal fo the input rigger width minus Fy # C.G2 insures no output pulse for short (< RC) ‘tigger puses by prematurely reseting the ing capactor wen the tigger puse crops. C, fits the narrow spikes ‘which would cccur at the cutpt duet intaval delays dur- Ing switching ‘The L122 canbe usod a a two terminal time delay switch Wan “on” voltage drop of 2V to SV can bo tolerated. In 288deb p= “t a + FIGURE 17, Two-Terminal Time Delay Switen Figuro 17, th tori use to civ arlay “on” RC sec- onde aftr application of powor “of” curant ofthe swch is ‘Sima mazimum, and "or currant can boas igh as 50 mA, ‘An accurate frequency to voltage converter can be made wit the LM122 by averaging ouput pulses with a siglo ‘one poe fier as shown n Figure 78 Pulse widths adustod vith R2 to provide inal calibration at 10 kHz. Te eater Of the output wansistor is tod to Vaer. giving constant am- pltode pulses equal 19 Var at the emer ouput Ré and Gr itor the pulses to gve a do output equal to, (5) (G) (Wace) ( Uneary is about 0.2% for a OV to 1V output. Detter Ineay i desired RS can bo Wied to the summing node ofan op amp which has the iter in the feodback path Ifa low output mpodance Is desires, a unty gain butor ‘such a6 tho LMT10 can be ted to the output. An analog imeter can be ven directly by placing in sores with RS to ‘round. A series RC network across tho meter to provide ‘Samping wll nprove response at very low frequoncies, FIGURE 18, Frequency to Voltage Converter (Tachometer) Output independent of Supply Voltage In some appicatons itis destable to roduce supply dain to aro betwoon tring eyes. In Awa 19 ths is accor plished by using an exeral PNP asa latch to cv the V pin of ho timo Botwoen timing periods Otis off and no supply current is fawn. When a tigger pulse of SV minimum armpit Is FIGURE 19. ero Power Dissipation ‘Between Timing Intervals received, the LMI22 ouput tarsistor and Qt latch fr the ‘uraiono the timing perod. D1 prevents coupling Back into ‘he tigger sonal fom the dc load creatod by the tigger input the tigger input a short puso, Ci and R2 may be flminated. RL. must havea minimum value’ of (Weail25 ma ‘The LéI22 can be mado into a seltstaring oscitator by footing the output back to the tigger input trough a capac. FIGURE 20, Osciiator tor a8 shown in Figure 20. Operating requency I 1/(F4 Cp) ‘The output is narrow nogative puto whoso width ap- proximately 2R C.. For optmum troquency stably, Oy Should be as smal as possible. The minimum val is dotor™ ined by the me request discharge C through the inter- hal eecharge vanestor A conservative value for Cy can bo 26-NV 26AN-97 ‘chosen from tho raph includes wih Figure 20. Fr frequen: cles below 1 Kz the frequency cor neduced by Cris fw tenths of one percont or loss for Ay > 500K [Altnough the LM22 is tiggred by @ postive going wioger ‘anal a dforontator toa to normally "high gee wil result in negative edge Mggering. In gure 27, RY sowes FIGURE 21. Timer Triggered by Negative Edge of Input Pulse ‘te dual purpose of hoaing the tigger pin normally high and ilerantting the input tigger pulse coupled through C1 ‘The ming eagram incuded with Figure 27 shows that > geting actualy occurs a shor timo afar the nogative gong ‘loge, whe postive going tiggos have no effet. Tho Jo- lay time between a negative tigger signal and actual starts of timing is approximately 05 to 1.5 RT Ct dopending on the tigger amid, oF about 2.5 o 7.5 us with te values shown. This te wi have obo inerease for Oy largr than 0.0 uF because Gis charged to Ver whonover the t9- ger pin is Kept igh and must reset foal during the short {ime tat the tigger pn voltage is ow. A conservative value forcr is ee Oa ‘The Lu22 can bo connected as a chain of tere quite ly wih no interface required. n Figure 224 and 228, wo possble connections are shown. In Both casos, De ouput ‘of te timer i tow during tho tring period so that th pos tie going signal tthe end ef timing pared can trigger the ‘ot timer. Thera sno ltation on te ining period of one timer wih respect to any othor timer befor or afer it, Bo ‘cause tho trgger input to any timer can be nigh erlow when ‘hat ter ends te timing period “ id Fee fe er Tsuen _F ° FIGURE 22. Chain of Timers 270Typical Performance Characteristics 4 Comparator Blas Current or Blas Current as 5 flea “Timing Error Due to CCharacteristles at High Current 26-NV tenes Reputon a Suet Ting Congepent pe SNOT it op it ely we get ‘=f ROY aAN-103, LM340 Series Three Terminal Positive Regulators INTRODUCTION The LA340-¥X ae thre terminal 1.04 postive voliage rg: ators, with preset output volages of SOV or 15V. Tho M40 requatrs are complete Starminal equates eq ng no extemal components for normal operation. However, by acing Yew part, one may improve the Wansion sponse, provide for a variate output vo = outUT current, Inladed onthe chip are ot nal blocks requred of a high stabil velage raul, those appear in Figure 1 —t ono O%mn FIGURE 1. Functional Block ofthe LM240 ‘Tho enor amples ntroally compensated: the voltage reference is espacial designed for ow noise and high pre- ‘Sciabity and, as the pass olorert is ncuded, the rogula tor contains fixed current liming and thermal protoston, ‘The L340 is avaiable in thor moll can TO- or plastic 70-220 package, {CIRCUIT DESIGN Voltage Reterence Usually IC voltage reguitors use tomperatur-compensa ‘2d zanera as flerences. Such toners extitit BV > 6.0V whic sets the minimum supply voltage somewhat above {80 Adatonaly they tan tobe noly, hus a large Bypass capactoris requires. National Semiconductor Application Note 103, George Cleveland FIGURE 2. Simpiiied Volt Reference ‘Figure 2 iusrates a simeliied reteronce ung the predict: able temperature, votage, and curontreatonship of emt. terbase junctions. Assuming Jay > Joe, loge > Inae = lsos ‘Area (miter Qt) = Area miter 2), and = veer = (Sif) + sn oa pana In Figure 3 the votago rolorence incudes R1-R and O1— (05, G8 also acts as an err ampliir and OS as a bor Dbetwoan G3 and the current eoure. the output drops, this ‘ops fed back, through RRS, Q, C5, to tho base of 03, {G7'tpen conducts mote current re-establishing the output oven by +A a Your = Vaer FS 22FIQURE 2. L340 Simplified Compete Circut ofthe LM340 (Figure 4) Here Woz, Joa) > (Joe, Joe) and a positive TC aVar ap- pears across AB. Ths is ampiiog by 17, (R6/R® = 17) and {s tomperature compensated by the Vae of Q8, G7, 28 0 ‘develop tne reference votlage. F176 changed to got the ‘aroused output voltages Short Circuit Protection AVin-Vour < 60V: There s no current through D2 and tha maomum output curtent wi be given by Yaeore a6 tour = = 22a = 250) 4 8) Vni-Vour > 80V: To Keop C18 operating within its ‘mazinim power ratog the ouput current im must de (Grosse as Vin-Vour increases. Here D2 conducts and the chop across R18 i loss than Vge to tr on Qn this ca5@ lout maximum is tone ~ ft (anor ~ a= Vou) = vase = Vora py) soorrisr2-m-Vouidsd 8 La FIGURE 4. Complete Cicult of the L340 2 e0I-NVAN-103, ‘Thermal Shut Down In Figure 4th Vag of 018 is clamped i 0.4V. When the de tomparature reaches approximataly + 175°C the Vee to wen ‘on O13 is OV. When O13 tums on it removes all baee {ive from O15 which uns of tho regulator ts prventing ‘further increase in de temperature Power Diesipation ‘The maximum power dsspation ofthe LMS40 i givon by: Powax = (Vouwax ~ Your) four max +V in ata 0) 06) ‘The maximum junction tamparture (assuming that er is no thormal protector s gen by 36 = 13 lour max = Vin ~ Vour ™ mix Cn VOUT + a5 (1.7) Scamp: Vin wax ~ 22¥. our max = 1.04, LMAOT15 Equation (1-7) yl py = 200. S the, max of 15016 pected in tho data shoat shoul! be the nung torpor From (48) Po = 6.1. The thermal resistance ofthe neat ‘i canbe extated ram Os = BTA Mes) CCM) ‘The thermal sistance. Gunton to case) ofthe TO-200 package Is °C/W, and aasing a Be (a0 0 heat en) Sf 04, equaton (8) yt us= 80M 2 CURRENT SoURCE ‘The cicut shown on Figure 5 provides a constant cutput curent (equal to Vout/Rt oF 200 mA) for a variable 0) per “oquts trou sce tom pone m5 ae FIGURE 5. Current Source load impedance of 010 850. Using the folowing detintions and the noiation shown on Figure, Zour and lout are Oce/V = Quiescent curent change per vol of lnpulout- put pin 1 pin 2) volage change ofthe LMG4D L(V = Line regulation por vot: the change in the LAO output votage per volt of ipul/cutput votage change at a given lout. wy. Alou = (oe! aVour + SY aVour en Nour Zour = Fo cr) Zour = —e a 2 (Qoemnavour + SM avour 1 Zour = ea) (ocr + S20 Te L400 asa ts rear autcat caret change of 1.0 mA fora 70 to 25V change in nut voltage: {and & line roguation (norplatd for lout ~ 200 mA) of ‘35 mV maximum fora 70V to 28V change ln input vtage! es es The worst caso change in the 200 mA output curent for & {L0V change ouput or input volago using equation 2-1 en and he ouput impedance for a0 © 8581 changein Z; using ‘equation 2-46: Zour = es Typical measured vals of Zour vaiod rom 10-12. kN, oF 81-100 yA/V change input or ouput (approximatoly 005% /0, ‘8. HIGH CURRENT REGULATOR WITH SHORT CIRCUIT ‘CURRENT LIMIT ‘The 18V regulator ctcut of Figure 6 includes an extomal boost transistor fo incwaso output curent capabaty to 8.0K. Unik the normal boosting methods, maitans the LMe40's ably 10 provide short cout curent Iniing and tharmal shutdown without use of adeona active compo- nents. The extnsion of those safety foatures to the exter: al pass ransisor Gt is based ona Curent sharing scheme 2afy an ‘cone no prin aoa otro, a asuing O's hea rh Pemsen ot oyna Vor = 4 apex 98 aro. FIGURE 6. 15V 5.0A Regulator with Short Creult Current Limit using FI, R2, and Dt. Assuming the base-o-emitr voltage ‘fan the voltage drop across D1 are equal the voltage ‘reps arose Fi and R2 are equal. The curents though Pt ‘and R2 wil then be inversely proportonal to thet resistanc- fe. For the oxamplo shown on Figure 6 resistor 91 wil Fave four tines tne current flow of R2, For reasonabio val. tes of OT beta, the curant rough I i approximately ‘equal t the eolactorcurent of Qt an th curent tough Bz is equal to the curent lowing through the LMG40. ‘Therefore, under overoad or short ofcuit conditions the Protector crcuity of the LMS40 wil lit Rs own output {umrent and, bacause ofthe R1/R2 curont sharing scheme ‘the output current of Q1 a8 wok. Thecmal overload protec- tion also extends G1 whan it heatsink has four or more times tho capac of ha LG4O haat sink This fosows rom the fact that bath devices have approxmataly the same in. pullout vatage and share the lead cuent ina rao of four to one, “Tho eeu shown on Figure 6 normaly operates at up 10 5.08 of ouput curont This means up to 1.04 of curent tows trough the LM340 and up fo OA flows thvough Gt For short term overload condions the curve of Figure 7 Shows the maximum instantaneous ouput curert versus tomporature for the boosted regustor. This curve reflects ‘the approsmatay 208 curet limit of the LM4O causeg ‘an 204 curren Ei in the pass Wwansisir, oF 104, total, FIGURE 7.Maximum Instantaneous ‘Current vs Junction Temperature Under continuous shor circuit contin the LMG40 wit heat up end lento a steady toa stato short cxcut current D1-40A 10 6.08 as shown m Figure & This curve was taken ting a Wakefiokd 660-75 heat sink (approximately TSCIW) ata 25 ambient tomporatur. FIGURE 8. Continuous Short Ciruit ‘Current vs input Vot For optimum current sharing over tomporature between the {iteto and O1, the de Dt shouldbe physical located ‘lose to the pats transistor on the heat snk such a ar nee as fo Keep ial th sare tomperatre as that of 1. If the LMG40 and Qt are mounted on the sare Neat sink the Uhiedo shoud bo elactcaly isolated from the heat snk Soa fe case (in 3) lsat round potential and the case of {Gi (ts calectr is at te output potent of the reguator CCapactors C1 and C2 are required to prevent oscllaons land improve the ouput impedance respectively. Resistor [R2 provides path to unload excesswe base charge fom ‘ho bace of G1 when the regulator goes suddenly from fl load to no load The single point ground system shown on [Fgure & allows tho senso pine (2 and 3) of to LNGAD to ‘monte the voltage drecty at the load rather than at some oitatong a (possi) resistive ground return ine carving tip t0 500 of load ourent. Figure 9 shows the typical vari tin of load reguation versus load curent forthe boosted regulator. The erion of the external pass transistor In- ‘creases tne Input/Output ciflerental volage from 20V to aS 01-NVAN-103 roximataly 4 5V. For an output curent les than 504, 1e a/R ratio canbe set ower than 4:1. Therefore a lass expensive PNP vansistor may be used FIGURE 8. Load Regulation 4. 50V, 508 VOLTAGE REGULATOR FOR TTL The high curent 5 OV requatr for TTL shown in igure 10 sos a relatvaly inexpensive NPN pase rensstor th 8 lower power PNP dovco to replace the sng, higher cost. ‘ower PNP shown in Figure & This cout provges a 5.0V ‘output at up 19 508 of oad currant wih a ype loa regu lation of 1.8% from no lad to ul load. The poak stants. ‘neous output current observed was 10.4A ata 25°C jancton temperature (pulsed oad witha 1.0 ms ON td a 200 ms (OFF petod) and 8.44 for a continuous short ctu The typical line reguation is 0.025 of input voltage change our = 0. (One can easly ad an overoad indicator using the Nation a's now NSLS027 LED. Theis shown with doted lines in ‘gure 10. Wien tvs coniguration R2 fe nat ont a current ‘sarng resistor but also an overoad sensor AS wl date min the current tough the LED; the code D2 has been ‘added to match the drop across 01. Once the load currant ‘exceeds 5.8 (1.04 trough the LMO4D assuming perfect Curent sharingan Vp; = V pa) Q3 ume ON andthe over Toad indicator ights up Example: loventaan ~ 504 Iago = 40 mA (ightintansity of 16 med) Y= 285 or) ‘5. ADJUSTABLE OUTPUT VOLTAGE REGULATOR FOR INTERMEDIATE OUTPUT VOLTAGES. ‘The aditon of two resistors to an LMGO cet allows & non-standard cutout votage while maintaining the ming feature but into IC. The example shown In Figure 17 pro: vides a 10V output using an LMSAOKS.0 by rasing the et ference (pin number 3) ofthe reguata by 80 Vigo = 1.75,R5 = an | Tl as wok Le ot | ; Fn FIGURE 11. 10 Regulator ‘The 5.0V padstal sults rom the sum of raguator auies- cont curent lg and a current equal to Vea/R%, owing trough potentiometer R2 to ground, R'is made aust: bie to compensate for citferences in ig and Vago oust. ‘The creat s practical because tho change Ink du to ine voltage ard load cent changes ie gute sma “Tho ine regulation for tho boosted ragustor ia the eum of tho LM34O ine rogulation, is affects on the currant trough FIGURE 10.6.0, 6.08 Regulator for TTL (with short cleul, thermal shutdown protection, and overload Indicator) 262, and tho olfects of Alg in response to input votage changes. Tha change in ouput voltage [Vou = (la/¥) AV + {OES 2 + xeon 7 Seen eer Bae ln ae ara(1+f!) sume “The LM340-50 data sheet ats AVoyT < 50 mV and Sl < 1O mA for SV 18V at lout ~~ 800 mA, This is: 6) oo “The wore cas at ine regulation forthe ckcut of Figure 7 calculated by oquaton 5-2, lout = 500 mA and R2 = Ston is Sau = smu (1+ 318 wae = amr (+ » en) + (spam sion co) Nour + 7mViv = 25m QUT Wry + 17 AV = 28mVIV 6 “Tis represents @ worst case tne reguation vale of 2381. “The loa regulation ie tho sum ofthe LMS40 votag rogue tion ts eect on the current through R2, and th efect ot ‘ig in response to changes In load current. Using the fo lowing defistons and the notation shown on Figure 17 Nout Is Zour = Regulator output impedance: th change in output vollage per amp of load current change. Va" 80 “Ponurdit bw epi oan to te power 8 ‘FIGURE 12, Variable Output Regulator Zap = LMS output impedance (Oc¢/A~ Quiescent curent change per amp of oad current cnange , Zao) AVour = Zora) aly + 2282? at, Re + (Qoc/Av als Ra on and the total output impedance is HO oc/A) 2 6) “The LM40-5.0 data shost gives a maximum load equation US somV and dlg ~ 10 mA fora 1.04 lad change, 6) 10) “This gves a worst case de output impadance (ac output impecance being a function of C2) fr the 10V regulator Using equaton 5:8 ot zour=oo8n (1+ 288.) + (100 uava)310n Zour = 0.100 + 09310 = 0.130, ey cor a worst case change of approximatoly 1.5% for a 1.08 {oad change. Typical measured values are about onesie ‘ol the worst case value (6, VARIABLE OUTPUT REGULATOR In Figure 12 the round terminal of tho regulator is “ited yan amount oqual to the volage appiied tothe non-nvert- ing input of the operations) ampiiier LMIOTA. The output e0L-NYAN-103 votago of the regulator is therefore raised to a level sot by the vale of tho resistive cvider RI, 2, RO and ied By ‘he input voltage. With the resistor values shown in Figur "2, the output Voge s varabe rom 7.0V to 23V andthe ‘maximum output curent (pulsed load) varies from 1.28 to 20K, ~ 280) as shown in Fire 12. a Lect fof ee li vu FIGURE 13, Maximum Output Current ‘Sines the LM101A is operate with a single supply (the nage ative supply pin s grounded), The common mode votage ‘Vg must be at east ata 20 Vag + Vgar above ground. has boon addod to insur this when RZ = 0. Furthermore ‘he bas curent lg of tho operational amplifier should be ‘negigbe compared to the curent flewing tough te eae. ‘we aide, Example: Vn = 25 Vour un = 5 + Vo, (Re - 0), Ve ~ R34 Ip) = 20 Ri = 25R0 Vour wax = Vin ~ dropout vt (Re ~ Reo Reyax = 331 So setting RG, the values of Rt and R2 canbe determined. the LM Is used instoad ofthe LMIOTA, RO can bo ‘mitod sine its common mode voltage range includes th ‘found, and then the output wil be agustable tom 5 108 ‘certain upper value defined bythe parameters ofthe sys- tom. ‘The circuit exhibits the shor oul protection and thermal shutdown properios of tho LMG40 over the fll ouput rang. Thal oon cn bo rete a yn = BES nero V4 the load rogulaton of he device given inthe 2m eat ROURE 15. Typical Load Regulation for aasv~20¥ Regulator Slour = 108) ‘Figure 15 tatates the load roguaton a8 a funtion of the utp vlage 8, DUAL POWER SUPPLY “The pls and minus regulators shown in Figure 16 wil exhio- {tine and load regdatons consistent wih their spectea- tions as individu! feguators. n fac, operation wil be en. tiely normal unt the problem of common loads occurs. A 200 load rom the + 1V output tothe ~15V output (epro- Sonting 4.058 stating load for the LMRAOK-15 if the hvez0eci ie aready sated) would allow start up of the LM40 in mast C2505. To insure LMO40 starup over tho ful temperature range into a worst caso 1.04 curent snk oad the germanium power “odo” D1 has been added to the trout, Since the fowars vollage drop of the germanium Gdode DI is lss than that of tho slicon substrate dodo of the LMQHO the extemal doce wil take any fault current and flow the LM340 fo star up oven into @ negative votage Toad. 01 snd siloon code D2 alo protect the requatr out. puts rom inadvertant shorts between cups and 10 {round For shots between outputs the vatage dilerence Between ther input and tho opposita regulator ouput should no exceed te maximum rating ofthe device ‘Tho example shown in Flgure 16 is a symmetical = 18¥ supa for near excuis. The same pence apples to non symmeticalsuppios suchas a + 50V and ~12V regulator for appleatone seh 9 rgistors. ‘9. TRACKING DUAL REGULATORS in Figure 17 fraction of te negative output votage “sts” the ground pins of the nogatve LM20K-15 voltage regus- tor andthe LM&40K-15 through @ votage folower and an Inverter espectvely. The dual oparatonal ampiier UMIS58, iS used fr tis appleation and since its supply voltage may (9 as high a= 222V the regulator outputs may be sot be- {ween 50 and 20. Gocause of the tighter output toler- ‘nee and the better cit ofthe LM20, the postive regulator iS made to track tho negative. The bast tracking action is ichioved by matching the gan of both operational ampi- tr, tht is the resstore 2 and R must be matched 2s Closely as possible. corner doe ing & PNP gem er wea calor sta 1 ete Note ct an C2 aur gts eo om poe FIGURE 16, Dual Power Supply Ey e0L-NYAN-103 FIGURE 17. Tracking Dual Supply +5.0V ~ 2:10 FFIQURE 18. Tracking Dual Supply = 15V Indeed, with R2 and R matched t9 better than 1%, the Lmao tracks the (M320 wr 40-50 mV over te ents ‘output range The typical load reguation at Voyy = 2 15 forthe postive regulator is 40 mv ftom a0 to 0A pulsed load ara 80 mv forthe negative. Figure 18 lustates + 15V tracking toguater, where again the postive regulator tracks the nogatve. Under steady ‘slate concitons Va is ata vital ground and Vp at @ Vee ‘above ground. G2 then conducts the quiescent curent of ‘te LMS4O. If Voy bacomes more negative the colector ‘ase jncton of Gt forwars based thus lowering Vg and raising the colctor voltage of G2. As a reaut # Vout Hoos And the volage Va again reaches ground polenta ‘Assuming Q1 and G2 to bo perfectly matchod, the tracking {ction romaine unchanged over the Il operating tamper tue range Wah RY and Re matched to 1%, the postive regustor ‘wack the negatve within 100 mv (less than 1%), Tho ca pcior C4 hes been added to improve staat, Typical oad Feguiation fr the postive and negatvo sides fram a 9 fo 1.08 pulsed load (oy = 1.0 ms, torr ~ 200"ms) ae 10 nV and 48 mv respectively, 10, HIGH INPUT VOLTAGE ‘Tho input voltage of tho LO40 must be Kept within the lintsSpeciieg inte data sheet. the devin is operated ‘280FIGURE 19, High Input Voltage twas Lego vans 800 a — FIGURE 20, High Input Voltage FIGURE 21. High Voltage Regulator above the absolute maximum input voltage rating, tw fl tre modes may occur. With the ouput shorted to ground, the series pase vansistor O16 (s20 Figure wl go to ava lance breakdown or, even with the ouput not grounder the tanestor 01 may fal sinco iis operated witha coflec: toremiter votage approximately 40V below the mput tte only avaliable supply runs at a voltage higher thant ‘maximum spect, one ofthe simplest ways fo protect regulators to connect a zener odo in series win the input ‘Of the doves to level et the Input voltage. The crawoeck fo this approach is obvious, The zener must disspale (Wsuppuy ~ Veukax L840). ura which maybe sov- ral wat, Anoiner way to overcome the over vltge prob {om io llostated in Pure 79 where an inexpensive, NEN ‘Zener essa, combination may be considered as an eauy- ‘lon to tha power zaner. The typical ead roguaton of ts tout is 49 mv from 0101.08 pulsed load (T,~ 25°C) and ‘he lne reguaton is 20 mV for L0V varaton inthe Input ‘otage our = 0). sila alterate approach is shown in Figure 20 With an optional output capacitor the measured noise of the ‘reut was 700 VP. 11. HIGH VOLTAGE REGULATOR In previous sectors the principle of iting the ground rm. fa of fhe LMS40, using a resistor dice or an operational [mplfer has boon listated. One can aio alse the output ‘olage by using a zone dlode cannectod tothe round pn [silustated in the Figure 27 to bain an output eve - ‘Greased by the breakdown votage ofthe zene, Sineo the ‘nut volage of the rogustor has been alowed to go as hgh a2 80V 4 level sheng vansistor-zoner(02)—resistor ‘Combination fas boon added 9 keap the voltage across the {Med0 under permissible valves. The dsadvantage oft system s the increased ouput noise and ouipu voltage cit the to the added diodes Indood I can ba seen tet, trom ro load 10 fl load con tions, the A willbe approxmatoly the curent through (238 mA) and teretore the degraded reguaion causod bby D1 wil bo Vz (at 5 mA + Ka) — V2 (at e01-NVAN-103 ‘The measured toad regulation was 60 mV for dlour of 5.0 mA to 1.04 (pulsed load), and the line regaton fs 0.01% of input veitage change (our = 500 mA) and tho typical output noise 20 mVpp (C2 = 0.1 pF). The value of FH is calcula as: maa War +; oF Thalioad Aad 12. ELECTRONIC SHUTDOWN Figure 22 shows a practical method of shutting down the Mado under the contol of a TTL or DTL loge gate The ass vansisor Qt operatos other as a saturated vansistor ‘or as an open switch Wit he oge bnput high (2V spec {ied minimum for TTL logic) waraistr G2 tune on and pls ‘50 mA down through R. This previes suicint base die *Ronurai rept ate a ta po i he {fo maintain Qt in saturation string the ON canton ofthe Switch, When the lol Input i ow 0.4 spectied maxim for TTL loge) G2 le hoid of, as is Qt; and tho ewan en the OFF condion. The cbserved tun-on time was 7.0 1 for resistive loads from 180 to ifinty and the turf me vated ftom approximately 3.0 ys for a 50 fad to 30 ms for @ rolead condtion. Turret time ie contaled prima by tho time constant of Rigap and i. 12, VARIABLE HIGH VOLTAGE REGULATOR WITH ‘OVERVOLTAGE SHUTDOWN ‘Aigh vottage variable output reguator may be constructed ‘sing the LMS40 after tho dea susrated in secton 7 and ‘awn in igure 28. The prncpal inconvenience that the voltage acress the regustor must be lined to maximum FIGURE 22. Electronic Shutdown Circutt enn FIGURE 23. Variable High Voltage Regulator with Shortcrout and Overvottage Protection 202rating ofthe device, the higher the appiod input votage the ‘ghar must be ited the ground pin of the LMAO. There- fore the range of the vara output ited by the supply ‘otlage lit ofthe operational ampfer and the madnum ‘oltage alowed across tho regulator. An estimation ofthis range is oven by: Your wax ~ Your mn = Veupecy waxsuo ~ Viiowna.auo ~ 20 Baamples: LMa40-15: Vouruax ~ Youruin = 95 — 15 ~ 2= 18V ‘Figure 23 usrats te above consiorations. Even though ‘he {0940 is by itsl short crcut protected, when the ou ‘Ut crops, 86 Vx drops and the voltage difference across the dovice increases. exceeds 35V tho pass vansistor intemal tote regulate wil breakdown, as explained in sec- ‘ion 11. To remedy te, an over voltage shutdown is includ (34) fed inthe oreu. When the output drops the comparator ‘Swches lon, pulls down the base G2 thus opening the ‘teh O1, and shuting down the LM340. Once te short Cut has boon removed the LMSI1 must be actvaied {trough the svobe to swich high and close Q1, which wil ‘sar th roglator again The adcitonal votages required to ‘operate the comparator may be taken tom the 62V since the LMG11 hae a certan pple rjection and the referonco votage (in 3) may have a superposed smal ac signa. “The typical load regulation can be computed trom equation 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. ANSA2: “IC Provides on Card Regulation for Loge C= outs.” 2. Cas T. Nelson: “Power dstrbuion and regulation can be ‘Sinple, cheap and rigged. "EDN, February 20,1978, 801-NYAN-104 Noise Specs Confusing? realy alt very simplo—once you understand it, Than, here's the inside story on noes fr those of us whe haven't ben designing ow nose ampere for fon years, You hea al sorts of terms ik signa-tonoise rato, noise ‘igure, noise factor, noise voltage, nea curent,nol8 pow cr, cise spectral dens, noise per oot Hertz, broadband ‘noise, spot noise, shot nota, Mckor nose, cass noe, IVF noise, ucuation noise, thea nee, te noise, pink ‘noise, popcam nose, bipolar ska noiso, low nol, no ‘noise, and loud noise. No wonder not everyone understands noise specications. In case Bk noise ts probably bost to sor ital out rom the beginning. So, in the beginning, there was noise: and thn there was signal. The whole ia is o have tna nose very small Compared the signal: or. conversely, wo das {afighsignalto-noise ratio S/N. Now it happens iat S/N is Telatod to noige figure NF, nolo factor F, noes power, ‘ols voltage fy and noise curent To simply mars, ‘80 happons that eny neay channel or ampitier can be completely spectied for nos erms of wo noise gonars- tors and a8 shown in Figure 1. FIGURE 1. Noise Characterization of Ampitier ‘All wo rally noed to understand are NF, 8, andy. S0 here 's arundown on these thes, NOISE VOLTAGE, @p, or mora propery, EQUIVALENT SSHORT:CIRCUTT INPUT RIMS NOISE VOLTAGE ls simply {hat noise votage which woul appear to origina at the input ofthe noiseless ample he input terminals wore ‘shortd. itis expressed in nanovots por rot Herts VIVRE ata spected frequency, orn mcrovats v8 given frequen: {oy band, tis detained or maasures by shoring te input {eeminals, measuring the ouput ms noise, evcing by am pitir gain. and rterencing tothe Input. Hence the tem, ‘quvalent noise voltage. An output bandpass titer of known charactaiste i used in maasurements, and the ‘mossured valves vised bythe square root of tho band with 1 f datas tobe express per unt bandwith or por {ot Herz. The level of &y snot constant over the frequen: ‘yan: ypicaly it ineroases at lower requencies as shown in Figure 2 This increase 1/4 NOISE. NOISE CURRENT, jy or more propery, EQUIVALENT (OPEN-CIRCUTT RMS NOISE CURRENT i that noise which National Semiconductor ‘Application Note 104 Ramsey or FIGURE 2, Noise Voltage and Current for an Op Amp ‘occurs apparent at ho input othe nieeees amplifier due ‘ont (0 noise currents, Is expressed in picoamps por root Hertz pA/ al specie frequency on nanoamps in ‘iven frequency bard. Is measured by shuntng a capac {or or restr across the input trminals such thatthe noise current wil verse to an adstonal noee votage which fs {jFin (x Man. Tho output ie measured, divided by amp gain, references to input and that contrbuton Known be de toy and resistor noise Is sopropritalysubvacted from the teal measured now capactor is uted a the Input, thro is only gy any Xe Ta measured with & bandpass fiter and conveced to pA if spproprite Np cally increases at lower frequencies for op amps and bpo- lar transistors, but increases at higher hequencies for fel ‘toc anaistrs. [NOISE FIGURE, NF is the fogerthm of the rao of input ‘gnel-to-elee and output signal-to-noise, 10 Log Sin. NF = s0Loa ame, here: S ana N are ower or (voltage? ov ‘This is measured by dotorminng the S/N at the input with "no amplifier present and thon dividing bythe measured S/N, atthe output wih signal sour present ‘The value of en 6 any Xgen 28 Wel as roquency must be known to propory express NF in meaning toms. This Is bocause tho arpliir lx Zan 8 WO BS Pon a pro- ‘duces input noise. The signal source in Figure Y contains ‘somo noise, However ong is generally considered to be noise free and input nose is prosont as tho THERMAL [NOISE of the resistive componont of the signal generator impedance Ryan. This thermal ise is WHITE In nature a8 Contains constant NOISE POWER DENSITY per unt band: Wight easily seen from Equation 2 that the 0 has the lun V2/he ad that) has tho ants V/s axTRB whore: isthe temperature in Ris rositervalua in Bis bancwatn in ks Botaman’s constant 0 2aT RELATION BETWEEN Sy is NF [Now wo can examine te relationship between @ and in at ‘he amir input. When the signal source is connected, the By appears in sees with tho ogg and Bq, The in flows ou Ra por rane tae et noise voltage is clearly dependant upon the orgy Alf hove rows votags aad athe npn ‘hs tasiol tat a0te square oo fo sa 9 be ‘Squares. Thus, neglecting possible corelation between &y Ay te ttl input noise is ‘ant = one + On? + GP Romt o Further examination ofthe NF equation shows the relation- ‘hip of fy and NF Sap ox? ono where: Gp = power gain we s009(1+ EER!) ‘rs. erat Re rn via ni re we Rage srfvomnes pear A Swoon Serer angen ceca henraen vn Pe sci Sy ttn fo Wate hve mur tat Sais Thur tye snr toner CALCULATING TOTAL HOSE Migcon gem ot yore va pr Mie alt tu oda nuns one She Sane mn Phue damon Mgce sore SEBS Re oman nove roses Sines Tet egor see ot paoh et Rana ar any om near 9 ret itespansion stn a fon Pe senston PESSET iv Dens cocina = FREQUEN FIGURE 3. Total Nols forthe Op Amp of Figure 2 FIGURE 4. Thermal Nol of Resistor [Example t: Determine toil equivalent input noise per unit bandwith for an ample operating at # Kz from a source resistance of 10 kf. Use the data from Figures 2 and 4 1 Rada tom Figure a 10 0; the values 12.7 VF 2. Read & trom Figure 2a + KH; the vai is 9.5 nV FE 8, Read fom Figure 2a Kz; the vale is 0.68 pA/ SF Muti by 10K to obtain 6.8 nV 4, Square each term incviaualy, and erer into Equation 8 This total ms noise atthe input in one Hertz bandh at 1 itt, foal nolo in glen bandwith is deere, on Imustintagrate the noise over a bangwich as spect. This |S most easly dona in a noise measurement setup, but may be approximated as flows: ‘ithe tequency renge of interest inte at band: Le between 1 KHz and 70 Kez In Figure 2, iis simply & ‘ator of muting by by the square root ofthe band: tid Then, inthe 1 Kitz 10 KH band, tt! noise is = 1748000 = 185KV 2. Itt frequency band o intrest notin ho fat band of ‘Figure 2, ona must beak the band into sections, calcula: ing average noise in each con, squsting, muting by section bandwith, suring all sectons, and fly ‘thing square root ofthe sum a8 flows: aun fete EGER © ‘where iis the total number of sub-blocks. For most purposes a sub-block may be one or two octaves. Example 2 dotass such a calculation, Example 2: Determine the rms noise lvel nthe trequency band 50 Hz to 10 KH forte ampli of Figure 2 operating ftom Rgen = 2 1. Read 6 trom Figure 4 a 2k. square the value, and mut ply by the one bandwith. Easost way isto construct a {able as shown on tho nox page. 2, Read the median value of ina relatively smal requen- ‘y bard, say 80 Hz-100 Hz fom Figure 2, square # ans enter no the tao. 205, POL-NYAN-104 8. Read the median value of jy inthe 50 He~100 He bang ftom Figure 2, multiply by Boen = 2k, square te rosut and enter nthe table, are robuts trom stops 2 and 9, muti the "100-50 = 50 He, and ontor in the tae 5. Ropeat stops 2-4 for band sections of 100 H-200 Hz, {300 He-1000 He and 1 kii-T0 Kea. Enter eat inthe table. 6. Sum all ents in th last col, and fal take the square root ofthis sum forthe total rms oles inthe 60 H2=10,000 He bands 7. Total yi 1.82 nV in the 50 He-10,000 Hz band. CALCULATING S/N and NF Signato noise rato can be easly calculated trom known ‘gna lovts once total rms noisa inthe band ie determine, Example 3 shows tis rather simp calculation fom Eau ton 6 for the data of Example 2. 25 SIN = 200052 © Example 3: Determine S/N for an ems ogg ~ 4 nv atthe Input fo the amptter operated n Example 1 RMS signal tug = 4 mV 2. RMS noise from Examplo 2 1.62 nV 8. Galeulate S/N trom Equation 6 4nv SIN 201095 1 2092.47 109) "= 200g 108 + log 247) = 20(3 + 0.390) SIN ~ 6608. Its also possible to pot NF vs frequency at various gn for any ven plot of ey, and iy, However there sno purpose conversion plot relating NF, Gy Agen ad ft ‘ther Gy oF Is neglecta, a rtorence chan an bo €on- structed Fire 5s suc a plot whan ony ais consigered, Ris useful fr most op amps wn gen sss than about 2000 and for FETS al any ian (Docause ther sno igre cant iy or FETS), however actual NF for op amp. with 200 is higher than inicatod on the chart The | nogigibe and atthe specie requoncy of interest fr NF {andy and for 1 Hz bandwith. I bandwith increases, the ‘otis val 5 long ae 6 multpiod by vB. 7 ew (om rary FQURE . p0t Fv Fa when Consaeing On ‘nd op (nt valid whey Figen sgnicant) ‘THE NOISE FIGURE MYTH Noiso tinue Is easy to calculate because the signa! vel eed not be pected ree tat ox ops out of Equaton 4), Because NF 00 aay to Rando in calcusone, many tle as to case whores ov Proporta to long = HRgpd mas aon ae eigen pact vel of Re Wn eg? inaes sone buna ve off Roy Yeas con Serene vores bo Appene” “The al mean at i des rot make snes otaar wth {he Rye enisng gna sources man atong fo make gen = Ropr. Especially, donot add series resstance to a ‘io ors pupoo 1 owe a san 10 ah Pye Irkansforer coped etsy manip arate (Cnagn Reece agua povap i opens si pr trpsttnerd ore knean Kcoos make sons ecte to doug eosnce cf lg sauces mucho cand Roer co lnges aga Volage arate wit Pn (Tore og! Rooyen rx once te Sore Sloot S cpl wan Rort to etch Rees b- Stine onc ante operating tise Fon ay SSbc0 ‘ower S/N than anahr(qte Spt’ epraing wth gon * opr. (Wa soe eplr Is poshle to cit op ov a Troggs by acting re tet slag opr caret (te Natorl Bate and et fr xa). Wh ham Seo mg ereee cova cer vanes Ror 1 fe Soden nina 37 reatig po sage rent Secoaee Hopton ss Soowannaansiou safari powwed Lotus corel one adn cae of ty compac a te ho asa pacteal example wich wi ott wp ome tect ote oerooke ramp 4 Deere th SIN apparent th er fe rp ol Powe 2 opting over 0-100 whan oe Sry'e pono cage eng Rye = 1050, laa eeage og =e mend To carne (SB oad ys os Powro Ts aaa 2 tings Sue Vis pe tor average lvl eed = Teeter Sune vais Lattin etn *mEComaENDED LOAD 1. Choese sectional bandwidths of 1 octave each, these ars Istodin the flowing table. 2, Rad @p fom Figure 2 as average for each octave and conto inthe table 8. Road inom Figure 2 a8 average for each octave and fentor nthe table 4, Read forthe ign = 19500 tom Figure 4 and enter inthe table. 5, Determine the values of Zpen atthe mlépoint of each ‘octave and ontarn tho tala 6, Dotormine the amount of which roaches the amptier input tis s| eft RAT Zon 7, Rad the nelee contibuton dyn, of RI 47k om Fgr oro. 6, Determine the amount of rx which reaches the ampli orinput this is facxsaone ev) FIGURE 7. Relative Gain for RIAA, : [ASA Welghting A, and H-F Boost Curves acauency pe ame ook FIGURE 6. Phono Preamp Noise Sources 7 POL-NYAN-104 9, Dotomine the sttctve noise contrbted by I towing ‘rough he paral combination of Rand Ze. Tie iy zoe ge AT 10. Square anise voage vis reauting om sep 2.8, 8 and and sum he squares 11. Detorine the relat gain atthe midpoint ofeach oo {ave trom te RIAA payback respons cue of Fre ; 12. Detomin the relative gan at thse same midis trom tho A waghed romporse cuve of Fowe 7 fo Seund oval metres roughy account or varatons inrumen heen) STEPS FOR EXAMPLE 1 Frequency Bandits) 0-109 Sandwich, 8) 0 1000 Bandoentr, 2) 7% 150300 5 Zyoatt(O) 10551425166 ZyerR3 (0) 190019801600 Zour! + Za) 02 0000 © aoa BNR + 200 097097 Os7 11 FIAAGSin Anan se 8120 42. Comrfor Hearing, Ay 008 0184s, 13 Hi BO0R Mace ee + 14 Producto aie, A ous 05508 ” 0204 0304 0st 4 Bava) 47h 47447 7 Ben tov) nm @ 3 nea 085 09 arr 2 By (owAFR eo 4 on 8B ~ inant 1 t00 128 8S BARIART + Zy_g) 495495495 8 B= Benzyl Zyed 081087098 10 of 360185 ron) 218 Bea rom oy) 3 18 tom Send 085 078 086 Sas (vera) se 218 ae 15 BAG) 2 4182 BARLAG oN) 690 655023000, 10 Nong + Oy + Gal + BAIOA = 1.815.900.0N2 dye Eo 1397 HV 17 SIN = 20l0g (40 mv/1.337 nV) = 60.468 100-200 200-400 400-800 800-1600 18, Assume atone contol high frequency boost of 10.8 at 10k tom Figure 7 Again determine oatv response ‘of octave midpoint 14. Mutiply all relawve gain values of steps 11-13 and square the resutt 15. Multiply the sum ofthe squared values trom stop 10 by the resutantrolatve gain of stop 14 and by the band lath in each octave, 16. Sum all the valves resultant ftom stp 15, and fi tho ‘Square root of the sum. This is the total ausble rms, ‘noise apparent inthe Band. 17. Dido eng = 4 mV by tho total noise to find S/N = 6208, 18-9.2k 3.2-64K 64-128 400 800-1600 3200400 600 1200 «240048009600 2400 42008100 tk tk 2270 © 30006900 14.0k «10k 0485 0.082045 0.255 0.400 09 = 092088070 14 1 07 045 oaN6 om 4 14 05. 1 14200 as 29a 124121284030 12604125165 1.08 oes Ame Atk AT ae 20 20 ar) 20 072 065 = one 0 88 ® ° ° ass 420415388 as 14 2h 42 THB 1000 Bot a 265 0651858] 18 18 7 1% om 72 2 58 we 55185 we mma 504 1010640 34001550, 161500 121000950000 670000 580000[Note the signfcant contributions of and the 47k resistor, ‘espocially at high requoncios. Note also that thee willbe & Gttorance betwoon calcuated noise and that noise ree: ‘sued on broadband meters because of the A curve em- ‘ployed in the example tt were nat forthe A curve attonua- fon at fw froquancies, the 8p would ada very importart ‘contibution below 200 Ha, This would bo duo 10 the BINA boost at low frequency. As it sands, 97% of tho 1.35 nV ‘would occur in the 800-1238 kHz band alone, principally ‘because ofthe high frequency boost and the A measur: ‘mont cue It the measurement were mado without other the Pigh frequonoy boost or the A curv, they would be 4125 pV In bi case, 76% of the total nose would arise in the 50 H2-400 Hz band alone. the A curve wore used, but the Rgh-requoncy boost wore deleted, Gy would be (09 ys and 9456 would aise nthe 600~ 12/800 He band sone, “Tho tree ferent methods of measuring would only re- duce a diferonce of +3.5 08 in overall S/N, howover tho pe sources ofthe largest part of the noise and the fe- ‘uoncy charactor ofthe mows can vary greatly wit he tost ‘or measurement condions tis, ten, aut Important Know the method of measuroment in ordo fo Know whch Indvidual noise sources in Figure & must be reduced in orto signin improwo S/N. APPENDIX! Deaton of Rot NF = 10109 ond + B+ TE Rp? soa (1 ONE _ 0.435; ‘A ” GeKTROP TAB (aR) 1 (Gnd + Ga RAVARTRB where: R= Rose Setthis = 0, and 4 xTRBQRRTA) = 4473 GE + TERA 2iaRE ~ ae + FERE Fare = 38 Re = Bigg APPENDIX I Solocting ge or highest S/N, og SiN aR Beet + Fer SIN to neroase with, BM so Bs Baga CONCLUSIONS ‘The main points in slaving low noise preampiiirs ars: 1. Dont pad the signal source; Ive withthe existing Ryan 2.Solacton the basis of lw valvos of 8 and ospecaly nf Roms # vr about a thousand A. 8, Don't select on tha basis of NF or Ropr In most cases. INF specs ar al right 0 long 2s you know precisaly how to vse them and 20 long as they are valid over the ro ‘quency band for the Rgen + Zpun wth wich YOU must swore, 4. Be aro to (101) sum a he nee sources dyn and Ba in your systom over appropriate bandwith ‘5, The higher raquoncos are often tho most important un leas thro i ow Froquorcy boost x high Wequency ator. Lat in the system 6, Don't forget the firing otfoct of to human earn aucio systema. Know tha eventual frequency emphasis ior Ing tobe employed 5/1 _ 2050 866/99) GB + B+ GBRA~ ogg? (4A + 21) a Bat > ae + oe ae ‘vOI-NYAN-104 APPENDIX! (Continued) Ife set > 0, then 2 (0059/3) BE + BE + GERA)> ogg kT + 2TER) Forgan = Me (2/0) + BB + BRA) > ky (AT + 2GER BP + Gea + aRe> 4KTR + 2TERE a> gare Aci ‘Thereiore S/N increases wih Figg $0 long a8 Agen = RoPr For ogg ~ ki F,Boag/3R ~ hy 2k; GAR + G+ TARA) > KAR UAAT + 2GBR) 20R + 26,8 + 2GERP> 447A + 2GERE Bae + 2o>0 ‘Thon S/N incroasos with Rien for any ampli. For any og < ky Fan optimum Fn maybe detormined Take or exaele, 05g = ki REM, Boyy/3A = Oks A-O8 (08K, /RO8) (5 + aye + GERM) > my ROA AKT + 2EER) 0BaRe + 08s + O8GAAR> akTR + 2 RE 0BGE> 025Rs + 12GzRE ‘Thon S/N ineceases with Roan Unt 0.25 a8 + TERE =Fast IC Power Transistor with Thermal Protection inTRODUCTION Cveroad protection is perhaps most nacessary in power ceulty. This is shown by recent tends in power transistor technology Saf-area, voltage and current handing capa by have been increased o lint far in excess of packago Power dissipation In RF transistors, devices are now ava- ‘b\e and abl o withstand badly mismatched loads witha Sostructon. However, fr anyone working with power tran- ‘Ss1o"s, they ar sil easily destoyod ‘Since power circuit, in many cases, erives other low lovel Cereaiysuch as a wltageregualor—protocton is doubly Important. Overoads that cause power tansistoefalure can ‘exuitin the dostrucon of th ons cxeut. Ths ‘the commen falre mode for power Wansisirs i ‘tom collector to emiter—appiving ful votag fo the load. Inthe caso of a voltage reguator, the raw supply voltage ‘would be applied to te low level ccuty. ‘A-now monolithic power transistor provides vitally abso- {uta protection against any type of overiod. Included on th chip are curontimtng, safe area protection and thrmal limitog. Curent iting controls the peak current though the chip to a sae level Below the fing carrot of ho alumi- rum motazaton. At high collector to emitor voltage the Sa aoe ting reduces the poak current to further protect the power vansistor. I under prolonged overoad, power 8V “+ Vi pk thus, tor smal signals, power dissipation is mach ‘greater wit the LMT 458, Example: Required Vo = Vo +1 Bk nto 2k, Vsuppy = a requred. Find quiescent dissipa- ton in load and arp for LM1488 and LMS, Ls unas. Vor +1 Vo=av Veuruy= +35V Veurwy= 8 ee 4 ‘2 Poo=SE= F=05mW Promo mW Po=Vald +Vs-Vall, Po= P+ Vs-Volh, wv av S5vXOT MATES =22 mn +(e ae Pp=245~1.25-37mW P= 22 8=80mW Proma=87+08~42mN — Pyoay=30+8=38 mW romvype ewes “Frm peal nacre Te LMT458 roquies over twice the supply voltage and ‘early 10 mes the supply power of tho L358 inthis app+ ation, INVERTING DC GAIN ‘Connections and biasing fr DC invring gun are essental- ly th samo aa fr tho AC coupled caso. Noto, of courso, thatthe ouput cannot swing negative when oporsted rom & ‘ingle postive supply. Figure 9 shows the connections and ‘signal imtations. [NON-INVERTING DC GAIN “The non-inverting gain connection does not requre the Vo biasing 25 before; the inverting input can be retuned 10 ‘ground nthe usual manna for gains greater han unity, 00 ‘Figure 4, A womendous advantage of the LMSSB fh this ‘connection is that input signals and output may extend all ‘he way t groun therlore OC signals he low mivot tango can be handed. The [M1458 sill requires that Vi = 9-17V. Therefore maximum gains ited to Ay (Wo~9)/3, or Ay max = 54 for 8 20V supp “Theres no sia tation forthe LMS. OL-NYAN-116 ‘ZERO T.C. INPUT BIAS CURRENT BALANCED SUPPLY OPERATION 'An intresting and unusual characte is that hy has a The LMS5@ wil operate satistactolyn balanced eupoly op- 2010 temperature coeiciont. This maans that matched re- eration so long as loed ls mantsned rom ouput to the ‘sistanca Is not raqurod atthe input, alowing omision of | _nogabve supply. ‘one rtisor per op amp from the excut in most cases. FIGURE 2. Typical DC Coupled inverting Gan tas try = ot ‘rt nas ibpunae rureer hr S420 Sty FIGURE 4. Typical DC Coupled Nom-invering Gain =a come oon ex Vo = YE FIGURE 6. Spt Supply Operation of LM958‘Tho output load to negative supply forces the ampliier to ‘ouroe some minimum curent ata! mes, thus eliminating ‘crossover distorion. Crossover distortion without this load ‘would be mare severo than that expect with the normal top amp, Since the single supply design tock notice of tis ‘rma load connection to ground, a class AB output stage was notinelosed Where ground referenced feedback ess- {ore aro used aa in Figure 5, the roqured load to the nga- {wo supply depends upon the peak negative output signal Javel desired without exiting crossover distortion. Ri. to tha negatve rai should be chosen small enough tat to votage dvdr formed by Fe and A will pert Voto swing gave fo the desta point accortng tothe equation: Ye vs A= eS Fi, could also be returned fo tho postive supply withthe fdvantage thet Vo max woud never exceed (vs" — 15V). ‘Thon with =#5V supp Fi Would bo 0:12 Re. The Faadventago woud be thatthe LNGSB can sourco two a much curent abit can snk, therfore Ro negative Supa an be one-haf he value f fo posive suppy. “The need fr single oF spit supply Is based on aystom ro- ‘quremonts which maybe othr than op amp oranted. How {ver the only need for balanced suppis i to simply the basing of op amps there are many sytams which can fred 2 cost sffectvo benefit in operating LMGSE's from single {upples rather than standard op amps om balanced sup- pls. OF the usual opamp crcuts, Tae I shows those fw fwnich have linted function with single supply operation. Most are based onthe promise tat to operate toma single ‘supply, rlerence Vq at about one-half the supp be ava tbe fo bas of (20) signal reterence. The Babe ciuts re thot sted in AN20, ‘TABLE Il Conventional Op Amp Cirults ‘Suitable fr Single Supply Operation Application Limitations ‘AC Coupled amp Vor Irvertng am Yo Non-inverting amp ox Unity gan butler ox Summing amp Vo Diterence amp vo Ditrentiator vo Integrator Yo LP Fier Yo EV Connector Yo PE Cal AME OK 4s 1 Source ‘oun = 2 sin OK Volt Ret OK FW Rector Yq moditod ereut Sine wave os: Vo Tangle generator Vo “Thrashed detector ox “Tracking, regulator PS Not practical Programmable PS. OK Peak Detoctor OK ton = Sone terre cag atte YE Ot ester nee 307 OL-NYAN-127 LM143 Monolithic High Voltage Operational Amplifier Applications inTRODUCTION ‘The LMTAS isa goneral purpose, high vliage operations ample featuing = 40V' maximum supply votage opera tion, ouput swing to +97V, = 38V Input common-mode range, input overvtage Protection up to =4DV and slow fato goater than 2V/us*. Offer capably pis low n= pul bas ard otis curonts (8 A and’ nA respectively) minimize erorsin both high and low source impedance a Blcatons. Due to isothermal symmetry of tho chip lyo ‘ainis constant or oads = 2 Kat output levels to #97V. Because of these features, tho LMTa3 offers advantagos not found in other general purposa op amps. The LMtA2 tay, in fac, be used as an improved perormance, plugin ‘oplacemoni for tro LM743 In most appscations. This paper describes the operation ofthe LM143 and pre: ‘sonts pplestions which tske advantage of ts unaue, high voltage’ capabities. Obvious, otter applcabons ext ors th ow input curent and high slow rato ofthe LM 43 13 usetu (See AN-29 on he LMIOB) Anplestion tps are Included inthe append to guide the user toward resale, oubio-treo eperation CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION A simpli schematic of tho LM123, shown in Figure 1, itustrales the basic crout operation, The supers input transistor!) G1 and G2, are used as emir flowers to achieve low input bias currents, Although these devoes x hibit ~ 2000-5000, thy inhaenty have alow collector: base breakdown voltage of about 4V,Theroore, active vl. ‘0 clamps Q3 and Qe protect Qt and Q2 under al input National Semiconductor ‘Application Note 127 condtons including common-mode and diferent over- voltage. Otter NPNS in the ceult are representative of ‘those found in standard 1G op amps (8 ~ 200, Loe 50-70V). The input stago frontal amplifier Q7 and 08 with large base wit exhib Lvceo = 90V 10 T10V and high BVE=0. 0 roadly withstand input overvotages, The total input ‘Stage collector curont = 60 wA) is made higher than in "most op amps to improve stow rate. Emer degeneration Fosistors, ATO and RI, reduce transconductance to it ‘mall sgnal bandwiath att MHz fora pase margin of 75° (16 ang 017 uncon as ace coleter loads for QT and (8 and provide citerental to single-ended curant conver: ‘on with fl itferental gin (ne of tho highest brakzown vitages avaliable in stan- dard planar NPN processing Is the collector base, BVcaq which is typically SOV to 120V. To mako use of tis hgh votage capably in the active region, the second slage ‘Consists ofa cascode (common emitter common base pat) Connection of G21 and 023. Tho internal vokage bss Vos, ‘shunts avalancherinduced leakage current away fom tho base of 21, avoiing mulipicaton as Tound in the Lce9 modo. G23 and amir folower G22 are intrnally biased ata low votage £0 the BVce mode is imposible. Frequency compensation is atseved with an intra, igh vwotage capacitor, Co. ahs tot rs Tot re compe FIGURE 1.143 Simpliting Schematic Ey‘The s0cond stage drives @ complementary class AB output stage, A cascode connection of 032 and O34 is agano ployed fr high breakdown voago. The associated voltage bias, Va, i intomaly dered. A Darington PNP pai. 38 fand'QA0 with BVoe0 ~ 100V, provides the active pul wa, HIGH VOLTAGE APPLICATIONS ‘The following applications make uso ofthe high voltage cs: pabiltes of the LMT43. Ae with most general purpose op lamps, the powor supplios should be adoquatly bypassed {te ground with 0.1 nF capactors 190 Vp-p Drive toa Floating Load A circuit clagram using two LMAS's 1 cve up to 130 peak-to-peak s even in Figure 2. ‘noninverting voltage ampter, witha gan of Ay = 1+ (R2/R), Is folowea by a unity ‘gain inverter. Th load is applied across the outputs of AI and. AZ. Therofore, Your = Vi=v2= Vi (=Vi)= aVinitVt = 65¥ep, then 2V1 = 150 Ve. ‘The above crc was breadboardod and the results areas follows: 1) Maximum output votage: 198 Vp-p unclipped into 10k. toad 1) Stow rate: 6V/us +£94V Common-Mode Range instrumentation Amplifier ‘An inwrumentaton amplier wih +34V common-mode ‘ange, high input Impedance and again of X1000 is shown in Figure 8. Fora diferent input signal, Vig, AY and A2 act as non-n- vertng ampliire of gan Ayy'= 1+. (2R1/R2}, where i= RS. However, the gain is unty fer common-mode FIGURE 2. 130V Drive Across Floating Loed signals since voltages V1 and V2 ae in phase, aed no cur ent flow e developed through Ri, R2 and RS. The s00ond Sage a emly an opamp connected a a simple cerental famplfor of gan. Ave = (RB/R4), whore RS. = 7 and Ra'= Re, The total gan ofthe instrumentation ampiior is salle 5B) (Fe) ~ (Saar) Gee) 7 may be edjustd to tako up the resistance tolerances of Fi, RS and 6 for best common-mode rjecton (CMF). ‘Also, R2 may be made adustable to vary th gain of tho Instimantation ampliior witout degrading the CMR. rein we 8 “a mays stmt tetn regan “A yt acne conver ees nc A? FIGURE 2. Wide Common-Mode Range Instrumentation Amplifier 300) 2NYAN-27 Laboratory evaluation of this ckeut revealed noise and (GMA datas flows: 1) Frequency response wih 10k load and Ay = 1000: 3008 e189 KH 1) CMA measurements (common-mode signal of +38 Veo) in Figur 4 ii) Nese measurements in Fire 5 a FIGURE 5. Noise Measurement High Compliance Current Source A current source with a complance of = 28V is shown in Figure 6. Aree ttn, en tant sested FIGURE 6. High-Compllance Current Source ‘The non-inverting input ofthe op emp senses the curent through Fé to establish an outbut current Ip proportional 12 put voltage. The expression foro EqR2__ 0.1 mA arRe~v Fs keops the cxcut stable under any vale of load resist ‘ance. Measir0d crcl performance is a flows: lowax = #35 mAstEy = +35V Rout = 2M tloyr = £20 ‘CURRENT BOOSTED APPLICATIONS Because of tho high voltage capably ofthe LMS, some ‘ought must be gan forthe selection o! the minimus oad resistance. At an ambient tompoature of 25°, the LMi43 Can asspato 680 mW. Worst case cision arses when the load resistance Ry connected 10 one Supply and Vo =-0. Then the ampliir sources lo = (8V/A) with 98V internal voltage op. During this coneton, lo Ew = eso = £2 = COME Mnseetasaiiat aha saaave orn, = A = aka Hence, toad resistances less than 2k wil cause excessive power dissipation ‘Simple Power Boost Clcult For loads loss than 2 kA, a power boost circuit shoud be ‘assed. The simple booster shown in Fgure 7 has the ad vantage of minimal parts count, but crossover distortion i otceabla and thor is no short exeut protecton; Rene, thor the LMS oF the boost Wansistors may fal under ‘Shot eel conions. aa snk Tara No, 22905 oe FIGURE 7. Simple Power Boost Cirult