Chapter 3

3.
1 Power and Polynomial Functions 155
Chapter 3: Polynomial and Rational Functions

Chapter 3: Polynomial and Rational Functions...............................................................155 Section 3.1 Power Functions & Polynomial Functions...............................................155 Section 3.1 Exercises...................................................................................................1 ! Section 3.! "uadratic Functions..................................................................................1 3 Section 3.! Exercises...................................................................................................1#! Section 3.3 $raphs o% Polynomial Functions..............................................................1## Section 3.3 Exercises...................................................................................................1& Section 3.' Rational Functions....................................................................................1&( Section 3.' Exercises...................................................................................................!)! Section 3.5 *n+erses and Radical Functions................................................................!)& Section 3.5 Exercises...................................................................................................!1'
Section 3.1 Power Functions & Polynomial Functions

, s-uare is cut out o% card.oard/ with each side ha+in0 len0th L. *% we wanted to write a %unction %or the area o% the s-uare/ with L as the input and the area as output/ you may recall that the area o% a rectan0le can .e %ound .y multiplyin0 the len0th times the width. Since our shape is a s-uare/ the len0th & the width are the same/ 0i+in0 the %ormula:
A2 L1 = L L = L!
3i4ewise/ i% we wanted a %unction %or the +olume o% a cu.e with each side ha+in0 some len0th L/ you may recall +olume o% a rectan0ular .ox can .e %ound .y multiplyin0 len0th .y width .y hei0ht/ which are all e-ual %or a cu.e/ 0i+in0 the %ormula:
V 2 L1 = L L L = L3
5hese two %unctions are examples o% power functions/ %unctions that are some power o% the +aria.le. Power Function , power function is a %unction that can .e represented in the %orm
f 2 x1 = x p
6here the .ase is a +aria.le and the exponent/ p/ is a num.er. Example 1 6hich o% our tool4it %unctions are power %unctions7 5he constant and identity %unctions are power %unctions/ since they can .e written as f 2 x 1 = x ) and f 2 x1 = x 1 respecti+ely. 5he -uadratic and cu.ic %unctions are .oth power %unctions with whole num.er powers: f 2 x 1 = x ! and f 2 x 1 = x 3 . 5he reciprocal and reciprocal s-uared %unctions are .oth power %unctions with ne0ati+e whole num.er powers since they can .e written as f 2 x1 = x 1 and f 2 x1 = x ! .
5his chapter is part o% Precalculus: An Investigation of Functions 8 3ippman & Rasmussen !)11. 5his material is licensed under a Creati+e Commons CC9:;9S, license.
15
Chapter 3
5he s-uare and cu.e root %unctions are .oth power %unctions with %ractional powers since they can .e written as f 2 x1 = x 1 ! or f 2 x 1 = x 1 3 . 5ry it <ow 1. 6hat point2s1 do the tool4it power %unctions ha+e in common7
f 2 x1 = x f 2 x1 = x '
Characteristics of Power Functions Shown to the ri0ht are the 0raphs o%

f 2 x1 = x / f 2 x 1 = x / and f 2 x 1 = x / all
! '
f 2 x1 = x !
e+en whole num.er powers. <otice that all these 0raphs ha+e a %airly similar shape/ +ery similar to the -uadratic tool4it/ .ut as the power increases the 0raphs %latten somewhat near the ori0in/ and .ecome steeper away %rom the ori0in. 5o descri.e the .eha+ior as num.ers .ecome lar0er and lar0er/ we use the idea o% in%inity. 5he sym.ol %or positi+e in%inity is / and %or ne0ati+e in%inity. 6hen we say that =x approaches in%inity>/ which can .e sym.olically written as x / we are descri.in0 a .eha+ior ? we are sayin0 that x is 0ettin0 lar0e in the positi+e direction. 6ith the e+en power %unction/ as the input .ecomes lar0e in either the positi+e or ne0ati+e direction/ the output +alues .ecome +ery lar0e positi+e num.ers. E-ui+alently/ we could descri.e this .y sayin0 that as x approaches positi+e or ne0ati+e in%inity/ the f(x) +alues approach positi+e in%inity. *n sym.olic %orm/ we could write: as x / f 2 x1 . f 2 x1 = x5 #
f 2 x1 = x
Shown here are the 0raphs o%

f 2 x1 = x 3 / f 2 x1 = x 5 / and f 2 x 1 = x # / all odd
whole num.er powers. <otice all these 0raphs loo4 similar to the cu.ic tool4it/ .ut a0ain as the power increases the 0raphs %latten near the ori0in and .ecome steeper away %rom the ori0in. For these odd power %unctions/ as x approaches ne0ati+e in%inity/ f(x) approaches ne0ati+e in%inity. ,s x approaches positi+e in%inity/ f(x) approaches positi+e in%inity. *n sym.olic %orm we write: as x / f 2 x1 and as x / f 2 x1 . 3on0 Run :eha+ior
f 2 x1 = x3
3.1 Power and Polynomial Functions 15# 5he .eha+ior o% the 0raph o% a %unction as the input ta4es on lar0e ne0ati+e +alues 2 x 1 and lar0e positi+e +alues 2 x 1 as is re%erred to as the long run behavior o% the %unction. Example ! @escri.e the lon0 run .eha+ior o% the 0raph o% f 2 x1 = x & . Since f 2 x1 = x & has a whole/ e+en power/ we would expect this %unction to .eha+e somewhat li4e the -uadratic %unction. ,s the input 0ets lar0e positi+e or ne0ati+e/ we would expect the output to 0row without .ound in the positi+e direction. *n sym.olic %orm/ as x / f 2 x1 . Example 3 @escri.e the lon0 run .eha+ior o% the 0raph o% f 2 x1 = x ( Since this %unction has a whole odd power/ we would expect it to .eha+e somewhat li4e the cu.ic %unction. 5he ne0ati+e in %ront o% the x ( will cause a +ertical re%lection/ so as the inputs 0row lar0e positi+e/ the outputs will 0row lar0e in the ne0ati+e direction/ and as the inputs 0row lar0e ne0ati+e/ the outputs will 0row lar0e in the positi+e direction. *n sym.olic %orm/ %or the lon0 run .eha+ior we would write: as x / f 2 x1 and as x / f 2 x1 . ;ou may use words or sym.ols to descri.e the lon0 run .eha+ior o% these %unctions. 5ry it <ow !. @escri.e in words and sym.ols the lon0 run .eha+ior o% f 2 x 1 = x ' 5reatment o% the rational and radical %orms o% power %unctions will .e sa+ed %or later. Polynomials ,n oil pipeline .ursts in the $ul% o% Aexico/ causin0 an oil slic4 in a rou0hly circular shape. 5he slic4 is currently !' miles in radius/ .ut that radius is increasin0 .y & miles each wee4. *% we wanted to write a %ormula %or the area co+ered .y the oil slic4/ we could do so .y composin0 two %unctions to0ether. 5he %irst is a %ormula %or the radius/ r/ o% the spill/ which depends on the num.er o% wee4s/ w/ that ha+e passed. Bope%ully you reco0niCed that this relationship is linear:
r 2 w1 = !' + &w
6e can com.ine this with the %ormula %or the area/ A/ o% a circle: A2 r 1 = r !
15& Chapter 3
Composin0 these %unctions 0i+es a %ormula %or the area in terms o% wee4s:
A2 w1 = A2 r 2 w11 = A2 !' + &w1 = 2!' + &w1 !
Aultiplyin0 this out 0i+es the %ormula

A2 w1 = 5# + 3&'w + 'w !
5his %ormula is an example o% a polynomial. , polynomial is simply the sum o% terms each consistin0 o% a trans%ormed power %unction with positi+e whole num.er power. 5erminolo0y o% Polynomial Functions ! n , polynomial is %unction that can .e written as f 2 x1 = a ) + a1 x + a ! x + + a n x Each o% the ai constants are called coefficients and can .e positi+e/ ne0ati+e/ or Cero/ and .e whole num.ers/ decimals/ or %ractions. , term o% the polynomial is any one piece o% the sum/ that is any a i x i . Each indi+idual term is a trans%ormed power %unction. 5he degree o% the polynomial is the hi0hest power o% the +aria.le that occurs in the polynomial. 5he leading term is the term containin0 the hi0hest power o% the +aria.le: the term with the hi0hest de0ree. 5he leading coefficient is the coe%%icient o% the leadin0 term. :ecause o% the de%inition o% the =leadin0> term we o%ten rearran0e polynomials so that the powers are descendin0.
f 2 x 1 = a n x n + ..... + a ! x ! + a1 x + a )
Example ' *denti%y the de0ree/ leadin0 term/ and leadin0 coe%%icient o% these polynomials:
f 2 x1 = 3 + ! x ! ' x 3
g 2t 1 = 5t 5 !t 3 + #t h2 p 1 = p p 3 !
For the %unction f(x)/ the de0ree is 3/ the hi0hest power on x. 5he leadin0 term is the term containin0 that power/ ' x 3 . 5he leadin0 coe%%icient is the coe%%icient o% that term/ 9'. For g(t)/ the de0ree is 5/ the leadin0 term is 5t 5 / and the leadin0 coe%%icient is 5. For h(p)/ the de0ree is 3/ the leadin0 term is p 3 / so the leadin0 coe%%icient is 91.
3.1 Power and Polynomial Functions 15(
3on0 Run :eha+ior o% Polynomials For any polynomial/ the long run behavior o% the polynomial will match the lon0 run .eha+ior o% the leadin0 term. Example 5 6hat can we determine a.out the lon0 run .eha+ior and de0ree o% the e-uation %or the polynomial 0raphed here7
Since the output 0rows lar0e and positi+e as the inputs 0row lar0e and positi+e/ we descri.e the lon0 run .eha+ior sym.olically .y writin0: as x / f 2 x1 . Similarly/ as x / f 2 x1 . *n words/ we could say that as x +alues approach in%inity/ the %unction +alues approach in%inity/ and as x +alues approach ne0ati+e in%inity the %unction +alues approach ne0ati+e in%inity. 6e can tell this 0raph has the shape o% an odd de0ree power %unction which has not .een re%lected/ so the de0ree o% the polynomial creatin0 this 0raph must .e odd/ and the leadin0 coe%%icient would .e positi+e. 5ry it <ow 3. $i+en the %unction f 2 x 1 = ).!2 x !12 x +112 x 51 use your al0e.ra s4ills to write the %unction in standard polynomial %orm 2as a sum o% terms1 and determine the leadin0 term/ de0ree/ and lon0 run .eha+ior o% the %unction. Short Run Behavior Characteristics o% the 0raph such as +ertical and horiContal intercepts and the places the 0raph chan0es direction are part o% the short run .eha+ior o% the polynomial. 3i4e with all %unctions/ the +ertical intercept is where the 0raph crosses the +ertical axis/ and occurs when the input +alue is Cero. Since a polynomial is a %unction/ there can only .e one +ertical intercept/ which occurs at the point 2)/ a ) 1 . 5he horiContal intercepts occur at the input +alues that correspond with an output +alue o% Cero. *t is possi.le to ha+e more than one horiContal intercept.
1 ) Chapter 3 Example $i+en the polynomial %unction f 2 x1 = 2 x !12 x +112 x '1 / written in %actored %orm %or your con+enience/ determine the +ertical and horiContal intercepts. 5he +ertical intercept occurs when the input is Cero. f 2)1 = 2) !12) +112) '1 = & . 5he 0raph crosses the +ertical axis at the point 2)/ &1. 5he horiContal intercepts occur when the output is Cero. ) = 2 x !12 x +112 x '1 when x D !/ 91/ or ' 5he 0raph crosses the horiContal axis at the points 2!/ )1/ 291/ )1/ and 2'/ )1 <otice that the polynomial in the pre+ious example/ which would .e de0ree three i% multiplied out/ had three horiContal intercepts and two turnin0 points ? places where the 0raph chan0es direction. 6e will now ma4e a 0eneral statement without Eusti%yin0 it ? the reasons will .ecome clear later in this chapter. *ntercepts and 5urnin0 Points o% Polynomials , polynomial o% de0ree n will ha+e: ,t most n horiContal intercepts. ,n odd de0ree polynomial will always ha+e at least one. ,t most n91 turnin0 points Example # 6hat can we conclude a.out the 0raph o% the polynomial shown here7
:ased on the lon0 run .eha+ior/ with the 0raph .ecomin0 lar0e positi+e on .oth ends o% the 0raph/ we can determine that this is the 0raph o% an e+en de0ree polynomial. 5he 0raph has ! horiContal intercepts/ su00estin0 a de0ree o% ! or 0reater/ and 3 turnin0 points/ su00estin0 a de0ree o% ' or 0reater. :ased on this/ it would .e reasona.le to conclude that the de0ree is e+en and at least '/ so it is pro.a.ly a %ourth de0ree polynomial. 5ry it <ow
3.1 Power and Polynomial Functions 1 1 '. $i+en the %unction f 2 x 1 = ).!2 x !12 x +112 x 51 determine the short run .eha+ior. *mportant 5opics o% this Section Power Functions Polynomials Coe%%icients 3eadin0 coe%%icient 5erm 3eadin0 5erm @e0ree o% a polynomial 3on0 run .eha+ior Short run .eha+ior 5ry it <ow ,nswers 1. 2)/ )1 and 21/ 11 are common to all power %unctions. !. ,s x approaches positi+e and ne0ati+e in%inity/ f(x) approaches ne0ati+e in%inity: as x / f 2 x1 .ecause o% the +ertical %lip. 3. 5he leadin0 term is ).! x 3 / so it is a de0ree 3 polynomial. ,s x approaches in%inity 2or 0ets +ery lar0e in the positi+e direction1 f(x) approaches in%inityF as x approaches ne0ati+e in%inity 2or 0ets +ery lar0e in the ne0ati+e direction1 f(x) approaches ne0ati+e in%inity. 2:asically the lon0 run .eha+ior is the same as the cu.ic %unction1. '. BoriContal intercepts are 2!/ )1 291/ )1 and 25/ )1/ the +ertical intercept is 2)/ !1 and there are ! turns in the 0raph.
1 ! Chapter 3
Section 3.1 Exercises

Find the lon0 run .eha+ior o% each %unction as x and x ' 3 1. f ( x ) = x !. f ( x ) = x 3. f ( x ) = x '. ! ' # f x = x f x = x f x = x ( ) ( ) ( ) 5. . #. Find the de0ree and leadin0 coe%%icient o% each polynomial (. ' x # 1). 5 x 11. 5 x ! 1!. + 3 x ' x 3 13. ! x ' 3 x ! + x 1 1'. x 5 ! x ' + x ! + 3 15. ( ! x +3) ( x ' ) 23x +11 1 . ( 3x +1) ( x +1) 2' x +31 Find the lon0 run .eha+ior o% each %unction as x and x 1#. ! x ' 3 x ! + x 1 1&. x 5 ! x ' + x ! + 3 1(. 3 x ! + x ! !). ! x 3 + x ! x + 3 !1. 6hat is the maximum num.er o% x9intercepts and turnin0 points %or a polynomial o% de0ree 57 !!. 6hat is the maximum num.er o% x9intercepts and turnin0 points %or a polynomial o% de0ree &7 6hat is the least possi.le de0ree o% the polynomial %unction shown in each 0raph7
f ( x ) = x5
&.
( x ) = x (
!3.
!'.
!5.
! .
!#.
!&.
!(.
3).
Find the +ertical and horiContal intercepts o% each %unction. 31. f ( t ) = ! ( t 1) ( t +! ) 2t 31 3!. f ( x ) = 3 ( x +1) ( x ' ) 2 x +51 33. g ( n ) =! ( 3n 1) 2!n +11 3'. k ( u ) =3 ( ' n ) 2'n +31
3.! "uadratic Functions
1 3
Section 3.2 Quadratic Functions

*n this section/ we will explore the %amily o% !nd de0ree polynomials/ the -uadratic %unctions. 6hile they share many characteristics o% polynomials in 0eneral/ the calculations in+ol+ed in wor4in0 with -uadratics is typically a little simpler/ which ma4es them a 0ood place to start our exploration o% short run .eha+ior. *n addition/ -uadratics commonly arise %rom pro.lems in+ol+in0 area and proEectile motion/ pro+idin0 some interestin0 applications. Example 1 , .ac4yard %armer wants to enclose a rectan0ular space %or a new 0arden. She has purchased &) %eet o% wire %encin0 to enclose 3 sides/ and will put the 'th side a0ainst the .ac4yard %ence. Find a %ormula %or the area enclosed .y the %ence i% the sides o% %encin0 perpendicular to the existin0 %ence ha+e len0th L. *n a scenario li4e this in+ol+in0 0eometry/ it is o%ten help%ul to draw a picture. *t mi0ht also .e help%ul to introduce a temporary +aria.le/ W/ to represent the side o% %encin0 parallel to the 'th side or .ac4yard %ence. $arden W L
:ac4yard Since we 4now we only ha+e &) %eet o% %ence a+aila.le/ we 4now that L + W + L = &) / or more simply/ ! L + W = &) . 5his allows us to represent the width/ W/ in terms o% L: W = &) ! L <ow we are ready to write an e-uation %or the area the %ence encloses. 6e 4now the area o% a rectan0le is len0th multiplied .y width/ so
A = LW = L2&) ! L1 A2 L1 = &) L ! L!
5his %ormula represents the area o% the %ence in terms o% the +aria.le len0th L. Short run Behavior: Vertex 6e now explore the interestin0 %eatures o% the 0raphs o% -uadratics. *n addition to intercepts/ -uadratics ha+e an interestin0 %eature where they chan0e direction/ called the vertex. ;ou pro.a.ly noticed that all -uadratics are related to trans%ormations o% the .asic -uadratic %unction f 2 x 1 = x ! .
Example !
1 ' Chapter 3 6rite an e-uation %or the -uadratic 0raphed .elow as a trans%ormation o% f 2 x 1 = x ! / then expand the %ormula and simpli%y terms to write the e-uation in standard polynomial %orm.
6e can see the 0raph is the .asic -uadratic shi%ted to the le%t ! and down 3/ 0i+in0 a %ormula in the %orm g 2 x1 = a 2 x + !1 ! 3 . :y plu00in0 in a point that %alls on the 0rid/ such as 2)/911/ we can sol+e %or the stretch %actor:
1 = a 2) + !1 ! 3 ! = 'a 1 a= !
! 6ritten as a trans%ormation/ the e-uation %or this %ormula is g 2 x1 = 2 x + !1 3 . 5o
1 !
write this in standard polynomial %orm/ we can expand the %ormula and simpli%y terms:
1 2 x + !1 ! 3 ! 1 g 2 x 1 = 2 x + !12 x + !1 3 ! 1 ! g 2 x 1 = 2 x + ' x + '1 3 ! 1 ! g 2 x1 = x + ! x + ! 3 ! 1 g 2 x 1 = x ! + ! x 1 ! g 2 x1 =
<otice that the horiContal and +ertical shi%ts o% the .asic -uadratic determine the location o% the +ertex o% the para.olaF the +ertex is una%%ected .y stretches and compressions.
5ry it <ow
3.! "uadratic Functions 1. , coordinate 0rid has .een superimposed o+er the -uadratic path o% a .as4et.all1. Find an e-uation %or the path o% the .all. @oes he ma4e the .as4et7
1 5
Forms o% "uadratic Functions 5he standard form o% a -uadratic %unction is f 2 x1 = ax ! + bx + c 5he transformation form o% a -uadratic %unction is f 2 x1 = a 2 x h1 ! + k 5he vertex o% the -uadratic %unction is located at 2h/ k1/ where h and k are the num.ers in the trans%ormation %orm o% the %unction. :ecause the +ertex appears in the trans%ormation %orm/ it is o%ten called the vertex form. *n the pre+ious example/ we saw that it is possi.le to rewrite a -uadratic %unction 0i+en in trans%ormation %orm and rewrite it in standard %orm .y expandin0 the %ormula. *t would .e use%ul to re+erse this process/ since the trans%ormation %orm re+eals the +ertex. Expandin0 out the 0eneral trans%ormation %orm o% a -uadratic 0i+es:
f 2 x1 = a 2 x h1 ! + k = a 2 x h12 x h1 + k f 2 x1 = a 2 x ! ! xh + h ! 1 + k = ax ! !ahx + ah ! + k
5his should .e e-ual to the standard %orm o% the -uadratic:

ax ! !ahx + ah ! + k = ax ! + bx + c
5he second de0ree terms are already e-ual. For the linear terms to .e e-ual/ the coe%%icients must .e e-ual:
!ah = b / so h =
b !a
5his pro+ides us a method to determine the horiContal shi%t o% the -uadratic %rom the standard %orm. 6e could li4ewise set the constant terms e-ual to %ind:
b! b! b ah + k = c / so k = c ah ! = c a = c a ! = c 'a 'a !a
!
!
*n practice/ thou0h/ it is usually easier to remem.er that k is the output +alue o% the %unction when the input is h/ so k = f 2h1 . Findin0 the Gertex o% a "uadratic For a -uadratic 0i+en in standard %orm/ the +ertex 2h/ k1 is located at:
1
From http:HH.lo0.mrmeyer.comH7pD'##&/ 8 @an Aeyer/ CC9:;
Chapter 3
h = b b / k = f 2h 1 = f !a !a
Example 3 Find the +ertex o% the -uadratic f 2 x1 = ! x ! x + # . Rewrite the -uadratic into trans%ormation %orm 2+ertex %orm1. 5he horiContal coordinate o% the +ertex will .e at h =
!
b 3 = = = !a !2 !1 ' !
!
5 3 3 3 5he +ertical coordinate o% the +ertex will .e at f = ! + # = ! !
Rewritin0 into trans%ormation %orm/ the stretch %actor will .e the same as the a in the ori0inal -uadratic. Isin0 the +ertex to determine the shi%ts/
3 5 f 2 x 1 = ! x + ! !
!
5ry it <ow !. $i+en the e-uation g 2 x1 = 13 + x ! x write the e-uation in standard %orm and then in trans%ormationH+ertex %orm. *n addition to ena.lin0 us to more easily 0raph a -uadratic written in standard %orm/ %indin0 the +ertex ser+es another important purpose ? it allows us to determine the maximum or minimum +alue o% the %unction/ dependin0 on which way the 0raph opens. Example ' Returnin0 to our .ac4yard %armer %rom the .e0innin0 o% the section/ what dimensions should she ma4e her 0arden to maximiCe the enclosed area7 Earlier we determined the area she could enclose with &) %eet o% %encin0 on three sides was 0i+en .y the e-uation A2 L1 = &) L ! L! . <otice that -uadratic has .een +ertically re%lected/ since the coe%%icient on the s-uared term is ne0ati+e/ so the 0raph will open downwards/ and the +ertex will .e a maximum +alue %or the area. *n %indin0 the +ertex/ we ta4e care since the e-uation is not written in standard polynomial %orm with decreasin0 powers. :ut we 4now that a is the coe%%icient on the s-uared term/ so a D 9!/ b D &)/ and c D ). Findin0 the +ertex:
h = &) = !) / !2!1 k = A2 !)1 = &)2 !)1 !2 !)1 ! = &))
1 #
5he maximum +alue o% the %unction is an area o% &)) s-uare %eet/ which occurs when L D !) %eet. 6hen the shorter sides are !) %eet/ that lea+es ') %eet o% %encin0 %or the lon0er side. 5o maximiCe the area/ she should enclose the 0arden so the two shorter sides ha+e len0th !) %eet/ and the lon0er side parallel to the existin0 %ence has len0th ') %eet. Example 5 , local newspaper currently has &'/))) su.scri.ers/ at a -uarterly char0e o% J3). Aar4et research has su00ested that i% they raised the price to J3!/ they would lose 5/))) su.scri.ers. ,ssumin0 that su.scriptions are linearly related to the price/ what price should the newspaper char0e %or a -uarterly su.scription to maximiCe their re+enue7 Re+enue is the amount o% money a company .rin0s in. *n this case/ the re+enue can .e %ound .y multiplyin0 the char0e per su.scription times the num.er o% su.scri.ers. 6e can introduce +aria.les/ %or char0e per su.scription and ! %or the num.er su.scri.ers/ 0i+in0 us the e-uation Re+enue D ! Since the num.er o% su.scri.ers chan0es with the price/ we need to %ind a relationship .etween the +aria.les. 6e 4now that currently ! D &'/))) and D 3)/ and that i% they raise the price to J3! they would lose 5/))) su.scri.ers/ 0i+in0 a second pair o% +alues/ D 3! and ! D #(/))). From this we can %ind a linear e-uation relatin0 the two -uantities. 5reatin0 as the input and ! as the output/ the e-uation will ha+e %orm ! = " + b . 5he slope will .e
"= #(/))) &'/))) 5/))) = = !/5)) 3! 3) !
5his tells us the paper will lose !/5)) su.scri.ers %or each dollar they raise the price. 6e can then sol+e %or the +ertical intercept
&'/))) = !5))23)1 + b
b =15(/)))
! = !5)) + b
Plu0 in the point ! D &5/))) and Sol+e %or b
D 3)
5his 0i+es us the linear e-uation ! = !/5)) +15(/))) relatin0 cost and su.scri.ers. 6e now return to our re+enue e-uation.
Re+enue = ! Re+enue = 2 !/5))
Re+enue = !/5))
!
+15(/)))1
+15(/)))
Su.stitutin0 the e-uation %or ! %rom a.o+e Expandin0
6e now ha+e a -uadratic e-uation %or re+enue as a %unction o% the su.scription char0e. 5o %ind the price that will maximiCe re+enue %or the newspaper/ we can %ind the +ertex:
h = 15(/))) = 31.& !2 !/5))1
1 & Chapter 3
5he model tells us that the maximum re+enue will occur i% the newspaper char0es J31.&) %or a su.scription. 5o %ind what the maximum re+enue is/ we can e+aluate the re+enue e-uation: Aaximum Re+enue D !/5))231.&1 ! +15(/)))231.&1 = J!/5!&/1)) Short run Behavior: ntercepts ,s with any %unction/ we can %ind the +ertical intercepts o% a -uadratic .y e+aluatin0 the %unction at an input o% Cero/ and we can %ind the horiContal intercepts .y sol+in0 %or when the output will .e Cero. <otice that dependin0 upon the location o% the 0raph/ we mi0ht ha+e Cero/ one/ or two horiContal intercepts.
Cero horiContal intercepts
one horiContal intercept
two horiContal intercepts
Example Find the +ertical and horiContal intercepts o% the -uadratic f 2 x1 = 3x ! + 5 x ! 6e can %ind the +ertical intercept .y e+aluatin0 the %unction at an input o% Cero: f 2)1 = 32)1 ! + 52)1 ! = ! Gertical intercept at 2)/9!1 For the horiContal intercepts/ we sol+e %or when the output will .e Cero
) = 3x ! + 5 x !
*n this case/ the -uadratic can .e %actored easily/ pro+idin0 the simplest method %or solution
) = 23 x 112 x + !1 ) = 3 x 1 1 or x= 3
) = x +! x = !
BoriContal intercepts at /) and 29!/)1
1 3
<otice that in the standard %orm o% a -uadratic/ the constant term c re+eals the +ertical intercept o% the 0raph. Example #
3.! "uadratic Functions Find the horiContal intercepts o% the -uadratic f 2 x1 = ! x ! + ' x ' ,0ain we will sol+e %or when the output will .e Cero
) = !x ! + 'x '
1 (
Since the -uadratic is not easily %actora.le in this case/ we sol+e %or the intercepts .y %irst rewritin0 the -uadratic into trans%ormation %orm.
h = b ' = = 1 !a !2 !1 f 2 x 1 = !2 x +11 ! k = f 211 = !2 11 ! + '2 11 ' =
<ow we can sol+e %or when the output will .e Cero

) = !2 x +11 ! = !2 x +11 ! 3 = 2 x +11 ! x +1 = 3 x = 1 3
5he 0raph has horiContal intercepts at
2 1 3 /)1 and 2 1 + 3 /)1
5ry it <ow 3. *n 5ry it <ow pro.lem ! we %ound the standard & trans%ormation %orm %or the %unction g 2 x 1 = 13 + x ! x . <ow %ind the Gertical & BoriContal intercepts 2i% any1. 5his process is done commonly enou0h that sometimes people %ind it easier to sol+e the pro.lem once in 0eneral and remem.er the %ormula %or the result/ rather than repeatin0 the process each time. :ased on our pre+ious wor4 we showed that any -uadratic in standard %orm can .e written into trans%ormation %orm as:
b b! f 2 x 1 = a x + +c !a 'a
!
Sol+in0 %or the horiContal intercepts usin0 this 0eneral e-uation 0i+es:
b b! ) = a x + +c !a 'a b! b c = a x + 'a !a
! !
start to sol+e %or x .y mo+in0 the constants to the other side di+ide .oth sides .y a %ind a common denominator to com.ine %ractions
b! c b =x + ! 'a a !a
1#) Chapter 3
b! 'ac b ! = x + ! ! a 'a 'a b ! 'ac b = x + ! ! a 'a
! !
com.ine the %ractions on the le%t side o% the e-uation ta4e the s-uare root o% .oth sides
b ! 'ac b su.tract bH!a %rom .oth sides = x+ ! !a 'a

b b ! 'ac =x !a !a b b ! 'ac !a
com.inin0 the %ractions <otice that this can yield two di%%erent answers %or x
x=
"uadratic Formula For a -uadratic %unction 0i+en in standard %orm f 2 x 1 = ax ! + bx + c / the !uadratic formula 0i+es the horiContal intercepts o% the 0raph o% this %unction.
x= b b ! 'ac !a
Example & , .all is thrown upwards %rom the top o% a ') %oot hi0h .uildin0 at a speed o% &) %eet per second. 5he .allKs hei0ht a.o+e 0round can .e modeled .y the e-uation # 2t 1 = 1 t ! + &)t + ') . 6hat is the maximum hei0ht o% the .all7 6hen does the .all hit the 0round7 5o %ind the maximum hei0ht o% the .all/ we would need to 4now the +ertex o% the -uadratic.
h =
! &) &) 5 5 5 5 = = / k =# = 1 + &) + ') = 1') !2 1 1 3! ! ! ! !
5he .all reaches a maximum hei0ht o% 1') %eet a%ter !.5 seconds. 5o %ind when the .all hits the 0round/ we need to determine when the hei0ht is Cero ? when #(t) D ). 6hile we could do this usin0 the trans%ormation %orm o% the -uadratic/ we can also use the -uadratic %ormula:
t= &) &) ! '21 12')1 &) &( ) = !21 1 3!
Since the s-uare root does not simpli%y nicely/ we can use a calculator to approximate the +alues o% the solutions:
t= &) &( ) 5.'5& 3!
or
t=
&) + &( ) ).'5& 3!
1#1
5he second answer is outside the reasona.le domain o% our model/ so we conclude the .all will hit the 0round a%ter a.out 5.'5& seconds. 5ry it <ow '. For these two e-uations determine i% the +ertex will .e a maximum +alue or a minimum +alue. a. g 2 x1 = & x + x ! + # .. g 2 x1 = 323 x1 ! + ! *mportant 5opics o% this Section "uadratic %unctions Standard %orm 5rans%ormation %ormHGertex %orm Gertex as a maximum H Gertex as a minimum Short run .eha+ior Gertex H BoriContal & Gertical intercepts "uadratic %ormula 5ry it <ow ,nswers
# 2 x + '1 ! + # . 1 #.51 1. ' F he doesnKt ma4e 5o ma4e the shot/ h29#.51 would need to .e a.out '. h2
1. 5he path passes throu0h the ori0in with +ertex at 29'/ #1. h2 x 1 = it.
!. g 2 x1 = x ! x + 13 in Standard %ormF g 2 x1 = 2 x 31 ! + ' in 5rans%ormation %orm 3. Gertical intercept at 2)/ 131/ <L horiContal intercepts. '. a. Gertex is a minimum +alue .. Gertex is a maximum +alue
1#! Chapter 3

6rite an e-uation %or the -uadratic %unction 0raphed.
1.
!.
3.
'.
5.
For each o% the %ollow -uadratic %unctions/ %ind a1 the +ertex/ .1 the +ertical intercept/ and c1 the horiContal intercepts. ! ! #. $ ( x ) = ! x +1) x +1! &. % ( p ) = 3x + x ( ! ! (. f ( x ) = ! x 1) x + ' 1). g ( x ) = ! x 1' x +1! ! ! 11. h ( t ) = 't + t 1 1!. k ( t ) = ! x + ' x 15 Rewrite the -uadratic %unction into +ertex %orm. ! ! 13. f ( x ) = x 1! x +3! 1'. g ( x ) = x + ! x 3 ! ! 15. h ( x ) = ! x +& x 1) 1 . k ( x ) = 3 x x ( ! #) 1#. Find the +alues o% b and c so f ( x ) = & x + bx + c has +ertex ( !/ ! (1 1&. Find the +alues o% b and c so f ( x ) = x + bx + c has +ertex 2#/
1#3
6rite an e-uation %or a -uadratic with the 0i+en %eatures 1(. x9intercepts 293/ )1 and 21/ )1/ and $ intercept 2)/ !1 !). x9intercepts 2!/ )1 and 295/ )1/ and $ intercept 2)/ 31 !1. x9intercepts 2!/ )1 and 25/ )1/ and $ intercept 2)/ 1 !!. x9intercepts 21/ )1 and 23/ )1/ and $ intercept 2)/ '1 !3. Gertex at 2'/ )1/ and $ intercept 2)/ 9'1 !'. Gertex at 25/ 1/ and $ intercept 2)/ 911 !5. Gertex at 293/ !1/ and passin0 throu0h 23/ 9!1 ! . Gertex at 21/ 931/ and passin0 throu0h 29!/ 31
!#. , roc4et is launched in the air. *ts hei0ht/ in meters a.o+e sea le+el/ as a %unction o% ! time/ in seconds/ is 0i+en .y h ( t ) ='.(t +!!(t +!3' . a. From what hei0ht was the roc4et launched7 .. Bow hi0h a.o+e sea le+el does the roc4et reach its pea47 c. ,ssumin0 the roc4et will splash down in the ocean/ at what time does splashdown occur7
!&. , .all is thrown in the air %rom the top o% a .uildin0. *ts hei0ht/ in meters a.o+e ! 0round/ as a %unction o% time/ in seconds/ is 0i+en .y h ( t ) = '.(t +!'t +& . a. From what hei0ht was the .all thrown7 .. Bow hi0h a.o+e 0round does the .all reach its pea47 c. 6hen does the .all hit the 0round7
!(. 5he hei0ht o% a .all thrown in the air is 0i+en .y h ( x ) =
1 ! x + x + 3 / where x is 1!
the horiContal distance in %eet %rom the point at which the .all is thrown. a. Bow hi0h is the .all when it was thrown7
1#' Chapter 3 .. 6hat is the maximum hei0ht o% the .all7 c. Bow %ar %rom the thrower does the .all stri4e the 0round7 3). , Ea+elin is thrown in the air. *ts hei0ht is 0i+en .y h ( x ) =
1 ! x + & x + / where x is !)
the horiContal distance in %eet %rom the point at which the Ea+elin is thrown. a. Bow hi0h is the Ea+elin when it was thrown7 .. 6hat is the maximum hei0ht o% the Ea+elin7 c. Bow %ar %rom the thrower does the Ea+elin stri4e the 0round7 31. , .ox with a s-uare .ase and no top is to .e made %rom a s-uare piece o% card.oard .y cuttin0 in. s-uares out o% each corner and %oldin0 up the sides. 5he .ox needs to hold 1))) in3. Bow .i0 a piece o% card.oard is needed7
3!. , .ox with a s-uare .ase and no top is to .e made %rom a s-uare piece o% card.oard .y cuttin0 ' in. s-uares out o% each corner and %oldin0 up the sides. 5he .ox needs to hold !#)) in3. Bow .i0 a piece o% card.oard is needed7
33. , %armer wishes to enclose two pens with %encin0/ as shown. *% the %armer has 5)) %eet o% %encin0 to wor4 with/ what dimensions will maximiCe the area enclosed7
3'. , %armer wishes to enclose three pens with %encin0/ as shown. *% the %armer has #)) %eet o% %encin0 to wor4 with/ what dimensions will maximiCe the area enclosed7
35. ;ou ha+e a wire that is 5 cm lon0. ;ou wish to cut it into two pieces. Lne piece will .e .ent into the shape o% a s-uare. 5he other piece will .e .ent into the shape o% a circle. 3et A represent the total area enclosed .y the s-uare and the circle. 6hat is the circum%erence o% the circle when A is a minimum7
1#5
3 . ;ou ha+e a wire that is #1 cm lon0. ;ou wish to cut it into two pieces. Lne piece will .e .ent into the shape o% a ri0ht trian0le with le0s o% e-ual len0th. 5he other piece will .e .ent into the shape o% a circle. 3et A represent the total area enclosed .y the trian0le and the circle. 6hat is the circum%erence o% the circle when A is a minimum7
3#. , soccer stadium holds !/))) spectators. 6ith a tic4et price o% J11/ the a+era0e attendance has .een ! /))). 6hen the price dropped to J(/ the a+era0e attendance rose to 31/))). ,ssumin0 that attendance is linearly related to tic4et price/ what tic4et price would maximiCe re+enue7
3&. , %armer %inds that i% she plants #5 trees per acre/ each tree will yield !) .ushels o% %ruit. She estimates that %or each additional tree planted per acre/ the yield o% each tree will decrease .y 3 .ushels. Bow many trees should she plant per acre to maximiCe her har+est7
3(. , hot air .alloon ta4es o%% %rom the ed0e o% a mountain la4e. *mpose a coordinate system as pictured and assume that the path o% the .alloon %ollows the 0raph o%
f ( x) = ! x ! + '5 x . 5he land rises !5))
at a constant incline %rom the la4e at the rate o% ! +ertical %eet %or each !) horiContal %eet. MI6N a. 6hat is the maximum hei0ht o% the .alloon a.o+e water le+el7 .. 6hat is the maximum hei0ht o% the .alloon a.o+e 0round le+el7 c. 6here does the .alloon land on the 0round7 d. 6here is the .alloon 5) %eet a.o+e the 0round7
1#
Chapter 3
'). , hot air .alloon ta4es o%% %rom the ed0e o% a plateau. *mpose a coordinate system as pictured .elow and assume that the path the .alloon %ollows is the 0raph o% the -uadratic %unction
f ( x) = ' ' x ! + x . 5he !5)) 5
land drops at a constant incline %rom the plateau at the rate o% 1 +ertical %oot %or each 5 horiContal %eet. MI6N a. 6hat is the maximum hei0ht o% the .alloon a.o+e plateau le+el7 .. 6hat is the maximum hei0ht o% the .alloon a.o+e 0round le+el7 c. 6here does the .alloon land on the 0round7 d. 6here is the .alloon 5) %eet a.o+e the 0round7
3.3 $raphs o% Polynomial Functions
1##
Section 3.3 Graphs of Polynomial Functions

*n the pre+ious section we explored the short run .eha+ior o% -uadratics/ a special case o% polynomials. *n this section we will explore the short run .eha+ior o% polynomials in 0eneral. Short run Behavior: ntercepts ,s with any %unction/ the +ertical intercept can .e %ound .y e+aluatin0 the %unction at an input o% Cero. Since this is e+aluation/ it is relati+ely easy to do it %or a polynomial o% any de0ree. 5o %ind horiContal intercepts/ we need to sol+e %or when the output will .e Cero. For 0eneral polynomials/ this can .e a challen0in0 prospect. 6hile -uadratics can .e sol+ed usin0 the relati+ely simple -uadratic %ormula/ the correspondin0 %ormulas %or cu.ic and 'th de0ree polynomials are not simple enou0h to remem.er/ and %ormulas do not exist %or 0eneral hi0her9de0ree polynomials. Conse-uently/ we will limit oursel+es to three cases: 11 5he polynomial can .e %actored usin0 4nown methods: 0reatest common %actor and trinomial %actorin0. !1 5he polynomial is 0i+en in %actored %orm. 31 5echnolo0y is used to determine the intercepts. Example 1 Find the horiContal intercepts o% f 2 x1 = x 3x ' + ! x ! . 6e can attempt to %actor this polynomial to %ind solutions %or f(x) D ). Factorin0 out the 0reatest common %actor x 3x ' + ! x ! = ) ! ' ! x ( x 3x + !) = ) Factorin0 the inside as a -uadratic in x! x ! ( x ! 1)( x ! ! ) = ) 5hen .rea4 apart to %ind solutions
x =)
!
(x
1) = )
(x
! = )
x =)
or
x ! =1 x = 1
or
x =!
!
x = !
5his 0i+es us 5 horiContal intercepts. Example ! Find the +ertical and horiContal intercepts o% g 2t 1 = 2t !1 ! 2!t + 31 5he +ertical intercept can .e %ound .y e+aluatin0 g()).
g 2)1 = 2) !1 ! 2 !2)1 + 31 = 1!
5he horiContal intercepts can .e %ound .y sol+in0 g(t) D ) 2t !1 ! 2!t + 31 = ) Since this is already %actored/ we can .rea4 it apart:
1#& Chapter 3
2t !1 ! = ) t ! = ) t =!
2!t + 31 = )
or
t=
3 !
6e can always chec4 our answers are reasona.le .y 0raphin0 the polynomial. Example 3 Find the horiContal intercepts o%
h2t 1 = t 3 + 't ! + t
Since this polynomial is not in %actored %orm/ has no common %actors/ and does not appear to .e %actora.le usin0 techni-ues we 4now/ we can turn to technolo0y to %ind the intercepts. $raphin0 this %unction/ it appears there are horiContal intercepts at t D 93/ 9!/ and 1. 6e could chec4 these are correct .y plu00in0 in these +alues %or t and +eri%yin0 that h2 31 = h2!1 = h 211 = ) . 5ry it <ow 1. Find the +ertical and horiContal intercepts o% the %unction f 2t 1 = t ' 't ! . "raphical Behavior at ntercepts *% we 0raph the %unction
f 2 x 1 = 2 x + 312 x !1 ! 2 x +11 3 / notice that the
.eha+ior at each o% the horiContal intercepts is di%%erent. ,t the horiContal intercept x D 93/ comin0 %rom the 2 x + 31 %actor o% the polynomial/ the 0raph passes directly throu0h the horiContal intercept. 5he %actor is linear 2has a power o% 11/ so the .eha+ior near the intercept is li4e that o% a line 9 it passes directly throu0h the intercept. 6e call this a sin0le Cero/ since the Cero corresponds to a sin0le %actor o% the %unction. ,t the horiContal intercept x D !/ comin0 %rom the 2 x !1 ! %actor o% the polynomial/ the 0raph touches the axis at the intercept and chan0es direction. 5he %actor is -uadratic 2de0ree !1/ so the .eha+ior near the intercept is li4e that
3.3 $raphs o% Polynomial Functions o% a -uadratic ? it .ounces o%% o% the horiContal axis at the intercept. Since 2 x !1 ! = 2 x !12 x !1 / the %actor is repeated twice/ so we call this a dou.le Cero.
1#(
,t the horiContal intercept x D 91/ comin0 %rom the 2 x +11 3 %actor o% the polynomial/ the 0raph passes throu0h the axis at the intercept/ .ut %lattens out a .it %irst. 5his %actor is cu.ic 2de0ree 31/ so the .eha+ior near the intercept is li4e that o% a cu.ic/ with the same =S> type shape near the intercept that the tool4it x 3 has. 6e call this a triple Cero. :y utiliCin0 these .eha+iors/ we can s4etch a reasona.le 0raph o% a %actored polynomial %unction without needin0 technolo0y. $raphical :eha+ior o% Polynomials at BoriContal *ntercepts *% a polynomial contains a %actor o% the %orm 2 x h1 p / the .eha+ior near the horiContal intercept h is determined .y the power on the %actor. pD1 pD! pD3
Sin0le Cero
@ou.le Cero
5riple Cero
For hi0her e+en powers '/ /& etc.O the 0raph will still .ounce o%% o% the horiContal axis .ut the 0raph will appear %latter with each increasin0 e+en power as it approaches and lea+es the axis. For hi0her odd powers/ 5/#/( etcO the 0raph will still pass throu0h the horiContal axis .ut the 0raph will appear %latter with each increasin0 odd power as it approaches and lea+es the axis. Example ' S4etch a 0raph o% f 2 x1 = !2 x + 31 ! 2 x 51 . 5his 0raph has two horiContal intercepts. ,t x D 93/ the %actor is s-uared/ indicatin0 the 0raph will .ounce at this horiContal intercept. ,t x D 5/ the %actor is not s-uared/ indicatin0 the 0raph will pass throu0h the axis at this intercept. ,dditionally/ we can see the leadin0 term/ i% this polynomial were multiplied out/ would .e ! x 3 / so the lon09run .eha+ior is that o% a +ertically re%lected cu.ic/ with the outputs decreasin0 as the inputs 0et lar0e positi+e/ and the inputs increasin0 as the inputs 0et lar0e ne0ati+e.
1&) Chapter 3 5o s4etch this we consider the %ollowin0: ,s x the %unction f 2 x1 so we 4now the 0raph starts in the !nd -uadrant and is decreasin0 toward the horiContal axis. ,t 293/ )1 the 0raph .ounces o%% o% the horiContal axis and so the %unction must start increasin0. ,t 2)/ ()1 the 0raph crosses the +ertical axis at the +ertical intercept. Somewhere a%ter this point/ the 0raph must turn .ac4 down or start decreasin0 toward the horiContal axis since the 0raph passes throu0h the next intercept at 25/)1. ,s x the %unction f 2 x1 so we 4now the 0raph continues to decrease and we can stop drawin0 the 0raph in the 'th -uadrant. Isin0 technolo0y we can +eri%y that the resultin0 0raph will loo4 li4e:
Solving Polynomial ne!ualities Lne application o% our a.ility to %ind intercepts and s4etch a 0raph o% polynomials is the a.ility to sol+e polynomial ine-ualities. *t is a +ery common -uestion to as4 when a %unction will .e positi+e and ne0ati+e. 6e can sol+e polynomial ine-ualities .y either utiliCin0 the 0raph/ or .y usin0 test +alues. Example 5 Sol+e 2 x + 312 x +11 ! 2 x '1 > ) ,s with all ine-ualities/ we start .y sol+in0 the e-uality 2 x + 312 x +11 ! 2 x '1 = ) / which has solutions at x D 93/ 91/ and '. 6e 4now the %unction can only chan0e %rom positi+e to ne0ati+e at these +alues/ so these di+ide the inputs into ' inter+als. 6e could choose a test +alue in each inter+al and e+aluate the %unction f 2 x 1 = 2 x + 312 x +11 ! 2 x '1 at each test +alue to determine i% the %unction is positi+e or ne0ati+e in that inter+al
3.3 $raphs o% Polynomial Functions *nter+al x Q 93 93 Q x Q 91 91 Q x Q ' xP' 5est x in inter+al 9' 9! ) 5 f( test +alue) #! 9 91! !&& P) or Q)7 P) Q) Q) P)
1&1
Ln a num.er line this would loo4 li4e: ) ne0ati+e ) positi+e
ne0ati+e
) positi+e
From our test +alues/ we can determine this %unction is positi+e when x Q 93 or x P '/ or /31 2 '/ 1 in inter+al notation/ 2 6e could ha+e also determined on which inter+als the %unction was positi+e .y s4etchin0 a 0raph o% the %unction. 6e illustrate that techni-ue in the next example Example Find the domain o% the %unction v2t 1 =
5t t !
, s-uare root is only de%ined when the -uantity we are ta4in0 the s-uare root o%/ the -uantity inside the s-uare root/ is Cero or 0reater. 5hus/ the domain o% this %unction will .e when 5t t ! ) . ,0ain we start .y sol+in0 the e-uality 5t t ! = ) . 6hile we could use the -uadratic %ormula/ this e-uation %actors nicely to 2 + t 121 t 1 = ) / 0i+in0 horiContal intercepts t D 1 and t D 9 . S4etchin0 a 0raph o% this -uadratic will allow us to determine when it is positi+e. From the 0raph we can see this %unction is positi+e %or inputs .etween the intercepts. So 5t t ! ) %or t 1 / and this will .e the domain o% the v(t) %unction.
5ry it <ow !. $i+en the %unction g 2 x1 = x 3 x ! x use the methods that we ha+e learned so %ar to %ind the +ertical & horiContal intercepts/ determine where the %unction is ne0ati+e and positi+e/ descri.e the lon0 run .eha+ior and s4etch the 0raph without technolo0y.
1&! Chapter 3
#riting $!uations using ntercepts Since a polynomial %unction written in %actored %orm will ha+e a horiContal intercept where each %actor is e-ual to Cero/ we can %orm a %unction that will pass throu0h a set o% horiContal intercepts .y introducin0 a correspondin0 set o% %actors. Factored Form o% Polynomials *% a polynomial has horiContal intercepts at x = x1 / x ! / / x n / then the polynomial can .e written in the %actored %orm
f 2 x1 = a2 x x1 1 p1 2 x x ! 1 p! 2 x x n 1 pn
where the powers pi on each %actor can .e determined .y the .eha+ior o% the 0raph at the correspondin0 intercept/ and the stretch %actor a can .e determined 0i+en a +alue o% the %unction other than the horiContal intercept. Example # 6rite a %ormula %or the polynomial %unction 0raphed here.
5his 0raph has three horiContal intercepts: x D 93/ !/ and 5. ,t x D 93 and 5 the 0raph passes throu0h the axis/ su00estin0 the correspondin0 %actors o% the polynomial will .e linear. ,t x D ! the 0raph .ounces at the intercept/ su00estin0 the correspondin0 %actor o% the polynomial will .e !nd de0ree 2-uadratic1. 5o0ether/ this 0i+es us:
f 2 x1 = a 2 x + 312 x !1 ! 2 x 51
5o determine the stretch %actor/ we can utiliCe another point on the 0raph. Bere/ the +ertical intercept appears to .e 2)/9!1/ so we can plu0 in those +alues to sol+e %or a:
! = a 2) + 312) !1 ! 2) 51 ! = )a 1 a= 3)
3.3 $raphs o% Polynomial Functions 5he 0raphed polynomial appears to represent the %unction
f 2 x1 = 1 2 x + 312 x !1 ! 2 x 51 . 3)
1&3
5ry it <ow 3. $i+en the 0raph/ write a %ormula %or the %unction shown.
$stimating $xtrema 6ith -uadratics/ we were a.le to al0e.raically %ind the maximum or minimum +alue o% the %unction .y %indin0 the +ertex. For 0eneral polynomials/ %indin0 these turnin0 points is not possi.le without more ad+anced techni-ues %rom calculus. E+en then/ %indin0 where extrema occur can still .e al0e.raically challen0in0. For now/ we will estimate the locations o% turnin0 points usin0 technolo0y to 0enerate a 0raph. Example & ,n open9top .ox is to .e constructed .y cuttin0 out s-uares %rom each corner o% a 1'cm .y !)cm sheet o% plastic then %oldin0 up the sides. Find the siCe o% s-uares that should .e cut out to maximiCe the +olume enclosed .y the .ox. w 6e will start this pro.lem .y drawin0 a picture/ la.elin0 the w width o% the cut9out s-uares with a +aria.le/ w.
<otice that a%ter a s-uare is cut out %rom each end/ it lea+es a 21'9!w1 cm .y 2!)9!w1 cm rectan0le %or the .ase o% the .ox/ and the .ox will .e w cm tall. 5his 0i+es the +olume:
V 2 w1 = 21' ! w12!) ! w1 w = !&) w &w ! + ' w 3
Isin0 technolo0y to s4etch a 0raph allows us to estimate the maximum +alue %or the +olume/ restricted to reasona.le +alues %or w: +alues %rom ) to #.
1&' Chapter 3
From this 0raph/ we can estimate the maximum +alue is around 3')/ and occurs when the s-uares are a.out !.#5cm s-uare. 5o impro+e this estimate/ we could use ad+anced %eatures o% our technolo0y/ i% a+aila.le/ or simply chan0e our window to Coom in on our 0raph.
From this Coomed9in +iew/ we can re%ine our estimate %or the max +olume to a.out 33(/ when the s-uares are !.#cm s-uare. 5ry it <ow '. Ise technolo0y to %ind the maximum and minimum +alues on the inter+al M91/ 'N o% the %unction f 2 x1 = ).!2 x !1 3 2 x +11 ! 2 x '1 .
*mportant 5opics o% this Section Short Run :eha+ior *ntercepts 2BoriContal & Gertical1 Aethods to %ind BoriContal intercepts Factorin0 Aethods Factored Forms 5echnolo0y
3.3 $raphs o% Polynomial Functions $raphical :eha+ior at intercepts Sin0le/ @ou.le and 5riple Ceros 2or power 1/ !/ and 3 .eha+iors1 Sol+in0 polynomial ine-ualities usin0 test +alues & 0raphin0 techni-ues 6ritin0 e-uations usin0 intercepts Estimatin0 extrema 5ry it <ow ,nswers 1. Gertical intercept 2)/ )1/ BoriContal intercepts 2)/ )1/ 29!/ )1/ 2!/ )1 !. Gertical intercept 2)/ )1/ BoriContal intercepts 29!/ )1/ 2)/ )1/ 23/ )1 5he %unction is ne0ati+e on 2 / 9!1 and 2)/ 31 5he %unction is positi+e on 29!/ )1 and 23/ 1 5he leadin0 term is x 3 so as x / g 2 x 1 and as x / g 2 x1
1&5
3. f 2 x1 = 2 x !13 2 x +11 ! 2 x '1 '. 5he minimum occurs at approximately the point 2)/ 9 .51/ and the maximum occurs at approximately the point 23.5/ #1.
1 &
1&
Chapter 3

Find the and t intercepts o% each %unction. 1. ( t ) = ! ( t ' ) ( t +1) 2t 1 !. ( t ) = 3 ( t + ! ) ( t 3) 2t +51 3. 5.
( t ) = 't ( t ! )
!
2t +11
'. .
( t ) = !t ( t 3) ( t +1)
( t ) = !t ' &t 3 +
t!
( t ) = 't ' +1!t 3 ')t !
Ise your calculator or other 0raphin0 technolo0y to sol+e 0raphically %or the Ceros o% the %unction. 3 ! 3 ! #. f ( x ) = x # x + ' x + 3) &. g ( x ) = x x + x + !& Find the lon0 run .eha+ior o% each %unction as t and t 3 3 ! 3 (. h ( t ) = 3 ( t 5 ) ( t 3 ) 2t !1 1). k ( t ) = ! ( t 3) ( t +1) 2t + !1 11.
p ( t ) = !t ( t 1) ( 3 t )
!
1!. & ( t ) ='t ( ! t ) ( t +1)
S4etch a 0raph o% each e-uation. ! 13. f ( x ) = ( x +3) 2 x !1

3 ! 15. h ( x ) = ( x 1) ( x +3)
1'.
g ( x ) = ( x +' ) ( x 1)
3 ! 1 . k ( x ) = ( x 3) ( x ! )
1#.
" ( x ) = ! x ( x 1) 2 x +31
1&. n ( x ) =3x ( x +! ) 2 x '1
Sol+e each ine-uality. ! 1(. ( x 3) ( x ! ) > ) !1. ( x 1) ( x + ! ) ( x 3) < ) Find the domain o% each %unction. !3. f ( x ) = '! +1( x ! x ! !5. h ( x ) =
' 5 x + x !
!
!). ( x 5 ) ( x +1)
>)
!!. ( x ' ) ( x +3) ( x + ) < )
!'.
g ( x ) = !& 1# x 3 x ! ! + # x +3 x !
! . k ( x) = !&.
"( x) =
!#. n ( x ) = ( x 3) ( x +! ) !(. p ( t ) =
1 t + !t &
!
( x 1)
!
2 x +31
3). & ( t ) =
' x 'x 5
6rite an e-uation %or a polynomial the 0i+en %eatures. 31. @e0ree 3. Reros at x D 9!/ x D 1/ and x D 3. Gertical intercept at 2)/ 9'1 '1. @e0ree 3. Reros at x D 95/ x D 9!/ and x D 1. Gertical intercept at 2)/ 1 '!. @e0ree 5. Roots o% multiplicity ! at x D 3 and x D 1/ and a root o% multiplicity 1 at x D 93. Gertical intercept at 2)/ (1
3.3 $raphs o% Polynomial Functions '3. @e0ree '. Root o% multiplicity ! at x D '/ and a roots o% multiplicity 1 at x D 1 and x D 9!. Gertical intercept at 2)/ 931 ''. @e0ree 5. @ou.le Cero at x D 1/ and triple Cero at x D 3. Passes throu0h the point 2!/ 151
1&#
'5. @e0ree 5. Sin0le Cero at x D 9! and x D 3/ and triple Cero at x D 1. Passes throu0h the point 2!/ '1 6rite a %ormula %or each polynomial %unction 0raphed.
3#.
3&.
3(.
').
'1.
'!.
'3.
''.
6rite a %ormula %or each polynomial %unction 0raphed.
1&& Chapter 3
'5.
' .
'#.
'&.
'(.
5).
51. , rectan0le is inscri.ed with its .ase on the x axis and its upper corners on the para.ola $ = 5 x ! . 6hat are the dimensions o% such a rectan0le that has the 0reatest possi.le area7
' . , rectan0le is inscri.ed with its .ase on the x axis and its upper corners on the cur+e $ =1 x ' . 6hat are the dimensions o% such a rectan0le that has the 0reatest possi.le area7
3.' Rational Functions
1&(
Section 3. !ational Functions

*n the last %ew sections/ we ha+e .uilt polynomials .ased on the positi+e whole num.er power %unctions. *n this section we explore %unctions .ased on power %unctions with ne0ati+e inte0er powers/ called rational %unctions. Example 1 ;ou plan to dri+e 1)) miles. Find a %ormula %or the time the trip will ta4e as a %unction o% the speed you dri+e. ;ou may recall that multiplyin0 speed .y time will 0i+e you distance. *% we let t represent the dri+e time in hours/ and v represent the +elocity 2speed or rate1 at which we dri+e/ then vt = distance . Since our distance is %ixed at 1)) miles/ vt = 1)) . Sol+in0 this relationship %or the time 0i+es us the %unction we desired:
t 2v 1 = 1)) = 1))v 1 v
6hile this type o% relationship can .e written usin0 the ne0ati+e exponent/ it is more common to see it written as a %raction. 5his particular example is one o% an inversely proportional relationship ? where one -uantity is a constant di+ided .y the other -uantity/ li4e $ =
5 . x 1 x
<otice that this is a trans%ormation o% the reciprocal tool4it %unction/ f 2 x1 =
Se+eral natural phenomena/ such as 0ra+itational %orce and +olume o% sound/ .eha+e in a manner inversely proportional to the s!uare o% another -uantity. For example/ the k +olume/ V/ o% a sound heard at a distance ' %rom the source would .e related .y V = ! ' %or some constant +alue k. 1 5hese %unctions are trans%ormations o% the reciprocal s-uared tool4it %unction f 2 x1 = ! x . 6e ha+e seen the 0raphs o% the .asic reciprocal %unction and the s-uared reciprocal %unction %rom our study o% tool4it %unctions. 5hese 0raphs ha+e se+eral important %eatures.
1() Chapter 3
f 2 x1 =
1 x
f 2 x1 =
1 x!
3etKs .e0in .y loo4in0 at the reciprocal %unction/ f 2 x 1 =
1 . ,s you well 4now/ x
di+idin0 .y Cero is not allowed and there%ore Cero is not in the domain/ and so the %unction is unde%ined at an input o% Cero. Short run behavior: ,s the input +alues approach Cero %rom the le%t side 2ta4in0 on +ery small/ ne0ati+e +alues1/ the %unction +alues .ecome +ery lar0e in the ne0ati+e direction 2in other words/ they approach ne0ati+e in%inity1. 6e write: as x ) / f 2 x1 . ,s we approach Cero %rom the ri0ht side 2small/ positi+e input +alues1/ the %unction +alues .ecome +ery lar0e in the positi+e direction 2approachin0 in%inity1. 6e write: as x ) + / f 2 x1 . 5his .eha+ior creates a vertical asymptote. ,n asymptote is a line that the 0raph approaches. *n this case the 0raph is approachin0 the +ertical line x D ) as the input .ecomes close to Cero. %ong run behavior: ,s the +alues o% x approach in%inity/ the %unction +alues approach ). ,s the +alues o% x approach ne0ati+e in%inity/ the %unction +alues approach ). Sym.olically: as x / f 2 x1 ) :ased on this lon0 run .eha+ior and the 0raph we can see that the %unction approaches ) .ut ne+er actually reaches )/ it Eust =le+els o%%> as the inputs .ecome lar0e. 5his .eha+ior creates a hori&ontal asymptote. *n this case the 0raph is approachin0 the horiContal line f 2 x1 = ) as the input .ecomes +ery lar0e in the ne0ati+e and positi+e directions. Gertical and BoriContal ,symptotes , vertical asymptote o% a 0raph is a +ertical line x D a where the 0raph tends towards positi+e or ne0ati+e in%inity as the inputs approach a. ,s x a / f 2 x1 . , hori&ontal asymptote o% a 0raph is a horiContal line $ =b where the 0raph approaches the line as the inputs 0et lar0e. ,s x / f 2 x 1 b .
3.' Rational Functions 5ry it <ow: 1. Ise sym.olic notation to descri.e the lon0 run .eha+ior and short run .eha+ior %or the reciprocal s-uared %unction.
1(1
Example ! S4etch a 0raph o% the reciprocal %unction shi%ted two units to the le%t and up three units. *denti%y the horiContal and +ertical asymptotes o% the 0raph/ i% any. 5rans%ormin0 the 0raph le%t ! and up 3 would result in the %unction
f 2 x1 = 1 + 3 / or e-ui+alently/ .y 0i+in0 the terms a common denominator/ x +! 3x + # f 2 x1 = x +!
Shi%tin0 the tool4it %unction would 0i+e us this 0raph. <otice that this e-uation is unde%ined at x D 9!/ and the 0raph also is showin0 a +ertical asymptote at x D 9!. ,s x ! / f 2 x 1 / and as x ! + /
f 2 x1
,s the inputs 0row lar0e/ the 0raph appears to .e le+elin0 o%% at output +alues o% 3/ indicatin0 a horiContal asymptote at $ =3 . ,s x / f 2 x1 3 . <otice that horiContal and +ertical asymptotes 0et shi%ted le%t ! and up 3 alon0 with the %unction. 5ry it <ow !. S4etch the 0raph and %ind the horiContal and +ertical asymptotes o% the reciprocal s-uared %unction that has .een shi%ted ri0ht 3 units and down ' units. *n the pre+ious example/ we shi%ted a tool4it %unction in a way that resulted in a %unction o% the %orm f 2 x1 =
3x + # . 5his is an example o% a more 0eneral rational %unction. x +!
Rational Function
1(! Chapter 3 , rational function is a %unction that can .e written as the ratio o% two polynomials/ P(x) and ((x). ! p P 2 x 1 a) + a1 x + a! x + L + a p x f 2 x1 = = ( 2 x 1 b) + b1 x + b! x ! + L + b& x &
Example 3 , lar0e mixin0 tan4 currently contains 1)) 0allons o% water/ into which 5 pounds o% su0ar ha+e .een mixed. , tap will open pourin0 1) 0allons per minute o% water into the tan4 at the same time su0ar is poured into the tan4 at a rate o% 1 pound per minute. Find the concentration 2pounds per 0allon1 o% su0ar in the tan4 a%ter t minutes. <otice that the amount o% water in the tan4 is chan0in0 linearly/ as is the amount o% su0ar in the tan4. 6e can write an e-uation independently %or each:
water = 1)) + 1)t
sugar = 5 +1t
5he concentration/ / will .e the ratio o% pounds o% su0ar to 0allons o% water

2t 1 = 5 +t 1)) +1)t
Finding 'symptotes and ntercepts $i+en a rational %unction/ as part o% in+esti0atin0 the short run .eha+ior we are interested in %indin0 any +ertical and horiContal asymptotes/ as well as %indin0 any +ertical or horiContal intercepts/ as we ha+e done in the past. 5o %ind +ertical asymptotes/ we notice that the +ertical asymptotes in our examples occur when the denominator o% the %unction is unde%ined. 6ith one exception/ a +ertical asymptote will occur whene+er the denominator is unde%ined. Example ' Find the +ertical asymptotes o% the %unction k 2 x1 =
5 + !x ! ! x x!
5o %ind the +ertical asymptotes/ we determine where this %unction will .e unde%ined .y settin0 the denominator e-ual to Cero:
! x x ! =) 2! + x 121 x1 = ) x = !/ 1
5his indicates two +ertical asymptotes/ which a loo4 at a 0raph con%irms.
1(3
5he exception to this rule can occur when .oth the numerator and denominator o% a rational %unction are Cero at the same input. Example 5 Find the +ertical asymptotes o% the %unction k 2 x 1 =
x ! . x! '
5o %ind the +ertical asymptotes/ we determine where this %unction will .e unde%ined .y settin0 the denominator e-ual to Cero:
x ! ' = ) x ! =' x = !/ !
Bowe+er/ the numerator o% this %unction is also e-ual to Cero when x D !. :ecause o% this/ the %unction will still .e unde%ined at !/ since
) is )
unde%ined/ .ut the 0raph will not ha+e a +ertical asymptote at x D !. 5he 0raph o% this %unction will ha+e the +ertical asymptote at x D 9!/ .ut at x D ! the 0raph will ha+e a hole: a sin0le point where the 0raph is not de%ined/ indicated .y an open circle. Gertical ,symptotes and Boles o% Rational Functions 5he vertical asymptotes o% a rational %unction will occur where the denominator o% the %unction is e-ual to Cero and the numerator is not Cero. , hole mi0ht occur in the 0raph o% a rational %unction i% an input causes .oth numerator and denominator to .e Cero. *n this case/ %actor the numerator and denominator and simpli%yF i% the simpli%ied expression still has a Cero in the denominator at the ori0inal input the ori0inal %unction has a +ertical asymptote at the input/ otherwise it has a hole. 5o %ind horiContal asymptotes/ we are interested in the .eha+ior o% the %unction as the input 0rows lar0e/ so we consider lon0 run .eha+ior o% the numerator and denominator separately. Recall that a polynomialKs lon0 run .eha+ior will mirror that o% the leadin0
1(' Chapter 3 term. 3i4ewise/ a rational %unctionKs lon0 run .eha+ior will mirror that o% the ratio o% the leadin0 terms o% the numerator and denominator %unctions. 5here are three distinct outcomes when this analysis is done: Case (: 5he de0ree o% the denominator P de0ree o% the numerator 3x + ! Example: f 2 x1 = ! x + 'x 5 3x 3 *n this case/ the lon0 run .eha+ior is f 2 x 1 ! = . 5his tells us that as the inputs x x 0row lar0e/ this %unction will .eha+e similarly to the %unction g 2 x1 = 0row lar0e/ the outputs will approach Cero/ resultin0 in a horiContal asymptote at $ = ) . ,s x / f 2 x1 ) Case ): 5he de0ree o% the denominator Q de0ree o% the numerator Example: f 2 x1 =
3x ! + ! x 5
3 . ,s the inputs x
3x ! = 3 x . 5his tells us that as the inputs x 0row lar0e/ this %unction will .eha+e similarly to the %unction g 2 x 1 = 3 x . ,s the inputs
*n this case/ the lon0 run .eha+ior is f 2 x1
0row lar0e/ the outputs will 0row and not le+el o%%/ so this 0raph has no horiContal asymptote. ,s x / f 2 x1 / respecti+ely. Iltimately/ i% the numerator is lar0er than the denominator/ the lon0 run .eha+ior o% the 0raph will mimic the .eha+ior o% the reduced lon0 run .eha+ior %raction. ,s another example i% we had the %unction f 2 x 1 =
f 2 x1 3x5 x ! with lon0 run .eha+ior x +3
3x5 = 3 x ' / the lon0 run .eha+ior o% the 0raph would loo4 similar to that o% an x e+en polynomial/ and as x / f 2 x1 .
Case *: 5he de0ree o% the denominator D de0ree o% the numerator 3x ! + ! Example: f 2 x1 = ! x + 'x 5 3x! *n this case/ the lon0 run .eha+ior is f 2 x1 ! = 3 . 5his tells us that as the inputs x 0row lar0e/ this %unction will .eha+e li4e the %unction g 2 x1 = 3 / which is a horiContal line. ,s x / f 2 x1 3 / resultin0 in a horiContal asymptote at $ =3 .
1(5
BoriContal ,symptote o% Rational Functions 5he hori&ontal asymptote o% a rational %unction can .e determined .y loo4in0 at the de0rees o% the numerator and denominator. @e0ree o% denominator P de0ree o% numerator: BoriContal asymptote at $ = ) @e0ree o% denominator Q de0ree o% numerator: <o horiContal asymptote @e0ree o% denominator D de0ree o% numerator: BoriContal asymptote at ratio o% leadin0 coe%%icients. Example *n the su0ar concentration pro.lem %rom earlier/ we created the e-uation
2t 1 =
Find the horiContal asymptote and interpret it in context o% the scenario. :oth the numerator and denominator are linear 2de0ree 11/ so since the de0rees are e-ual/ there will .e a horiContal asymptote at the ratio o% the leadin0 coe%%icients. *n the numerator/ the leadin0 term is t/ with coe%%icient 1. *n the denominator/ the leadin0 term is 1)t/ with coe%%icient 1). 5he horiContal asymptote will .e at the ratio o% these +alues: ,s t /
$= 1 . 1) 2t 1 1 . 5his %unction will ha+e a horiContal asymptote at 1)
5 +t . 1)) +1)t
5his tells us that as the input 0ets lar0e/ the output +alues will approach 1H1). *n context/ this means that as more time 0oes .y/ the concentration o% su0ar in the tan4 will approach one tenth o% a pound o% su0ar per 0allon o% water or 1H1) pounds per 0allon. Example # Find the horiContal and +ertical asymptotes o% the %unction
f 2 x1 = 2 x !12 x + 31 2 x 112 x + !12 x 51
First/ note this %unction has no inputs that ma4e .oth the numerator and denominator Cero/ so there are no potential holes. 5he %unction will ha+e +ertical asymptotes when the denominator is Cero/ causin0 the %unction to .e unde%ined. 5he denominator will .e Cero at x D 1/ 9!/ and 5/ indicatin0 +ertical asymptotes at these +alues. 5he numerator has de0ree !/ while the denominator has de0ree 3. Since the de0ree o% the denominator is 0reater than the de0ree o% the numerator/ the denominator will 0row %aster than the numerator/ causin0 the outputs to tend towards Cero as the inputs 0et lar0e/ and so as x / f 2 x1 ) . 5his %unction will ha+e a horiContal asymptote at $ =) .
1(
Chapter 3
5ry it <ow 3. Find the +ertical and horiContal asymptotes o% the %unction
f 2 x1 = 2! x 112! x +11 2 x !12 x + 31
ntercepts ,s with all %unctions/ a rational %unction will ha+e a +ertical intercept when the input is Cero/ i% the %unction is de%ined at Cero. *t is possi.le %or a rational %unction to not ha+e a +ertical intercept i% the %unction is unde%ined at Cero. 3i4ewise/ a rational %unction will ha+e horiContal intercepts at the inputs that cause the output to .e Cero 2unless that input corresponds to a hole1. *t is possi.le there are no horiContal intercepts. Since a %raction is only e-ual to Cero when the numerator is Cero/ horiContal intercepts will occur when the numerator o% the rational %unction is e-ual to Cero. Example & Find the intercepts o% f 2 x1 =
2 x !12 x + 31 2 x 112 x + !12 x 51
6e can %ind the +ertical intercept .y e+aluatin0 the %unction at Cero

f 2)1 = 2) !12) + 31 3 = = 2) 112) + !12) 51 1) 5
5he horiContal intercepts will occur when the %unction is e-ual to Cero:
)=
) = 2 x !12 x + 31 x = !/ 3
2 x !12 x + 31 2 x 112 x + !12 x 51
5his is Cero when the numerator is Cero
5ry it <ow '. $i+en the reciprocal s-uared %unction that is shi%ted ri0ht 3 units and down ' units/ write this as a rational %unction and %ind the horiContal and +ertical intercepts and the horiContal and +ertical asymptotes. From the pre+ious example/ you pro.a.ly noticed that the numerator o% a rational %unction re+eals the horiContal intercepts o% the 0raph/ while the denominator re+eals the +ertical asymptotes o% the 0raph. ,s with polynomials/ %actors o% the numerator may ha+e inte0er powers 0reater than one. Bappily/ the e%%ect on the shape o% the 0raph at those intercepts is the same as we saw with polynomials. 6hen %actors o% the denominator ha+e inte0er powers 0reater than one/ the .eha+ior at the correspondin0 +ertical asymptote will mirror one o% the two tool4it reciprocal %unctions.
1(#
6e 0et this .eha+ior when the de0ree o% the %actor in the denominator is odd. 5he distin0uishin0 characteristic is that on one side o% the +ertical asymptote the 0raph heads towards positi+e in%inity/ and on the other side the 0raph heads towards ne0ati+e in%inity.
6e 0et this .eha+ior when the de0ree o% the %actor in the denominator is e+en. 5he distin0uishin0 characteristic is that the 0raph either heads toward positi+e in%inity on .oth sides o% the +ertical asymptote/ or heads toward ne0ati+e in%inity on .oth sides.
For example/ the 0raph o%

2 x + 11 ! 2 x 31 is shown here. f 2 x1 = 2 x + 31 ! 2 x !1
,t the horiContal intercept x D 91 correspondin0 to the 2 x +11 ! %actor o% the numerator/ the 0raph .ounces at the intercept/ consistent with the -uadratic nature o% the %actor. ,t the horiContal intercept x D 3 correspondin0 to the 2 x 31 %actor o% the numerator/ the 0raph passes throu0h the axis as weKd expect %rom a linear %actor. ,t the +ertical asymptote x D 93 correspondin0 to the 2 x + 31 ! %actor o% the denominator/ the 0raph heads towards positi+e in%inity on .oth sides o% the asymptote/ consistent with 1 the .eha+ior o% the ! tool4it. x ,t the +ertical asymptote x D ! correspondin0 to the 2 x !1 %actor o% the denominator/ the 0raph heads towards positi+e in%inity on the le%t side o% the asymptote and towards ne0ati+e in%inity on the ri0ht side/ consistent with the .eha+ior o% the
1 tool4it. x
Example ( S4etch a 0raph o% f 2 x 1 =
2 x + !12 x 31 . 2 x +11 ! 2 x !1
1(& Chapter 3 6e can start our s4etch .y %indin0 intercepts and asymptotes. E+aluatin0 the %unction at Cero 0i+es the +ertical intercept: 2) + !12) 31 f 2)1 = =3 2) + 11 ! 2) !1 3oo4in0 at when the numerator o% the %unction is Cero/ we can determine the 0raph will ha+e horiContal intercepts at x D 9! and x D 3. ,t each/ the .eha+ior will .e linear/ with the 0raph passin0 throu0h the intercept. 3oo4in0 at when the denominator o% the %unction is Cero/ we can determine the 0raph will ha+e +ertical asymptotes at x D 91 and x D !. Finally/ the de0ree o% denominator is lar0er than the de0ree o% the numerator/ tellin0 us this 0raph has a horiContal asymptote at $ D ). 5o s4etch the 0raph/ we mi0ht start .y plottin0 the three intercepts. Since the 0raph has no horiContal intercepts .etween the +ertical asymptotes/ and the +ertical intercept is positi+e/ we 4now the %unction must remain positi+e .etween the asymptotes/ lettin0 us %ill in the middle portion o% the 0raph. Since the %actor associated with the +ertical asymptote at x D 91 was s-uared/ we 4now the 0raph will ha+e the same .eha+ior on .oth sides o% the asymptote. Since the 0raph heads towards positi+e in%inity as the inputs approach the asymptote on the ri0ht/ the 0raph will head towards positi+e in%inity on the le%t as well. For the +ertical asymptote at x D !/ the %actor was not s-uared/ so the 0raph will ha+e opposite .eha+ior on either side o% the asymptote. ,%ter passin0 throu0h the horiContal intercepts/ the 0raph will then le+el o%% towards an output o% Cero/ as indicated .y the horiContal asymptote. 5ry it <ow 5. $i+en the %unction f 2 x1 =
2 x + !1 ! 2 x !1 / use the characteristics o% polynomials !2 x 11 ! 2 x 31
and rational %unctions to descri.e its .eha+ior and s4etch the %unction . Since a rational %unction written in %actored %orm will ha+e a horiContal intercept where each %actor o% the numerator is e-ual to Cero/ we can %orm a numerator that will pass throu0h a set o% horiContal intercepts .y introducin0 a correspondin0 set o% %actors. 3i4ewise/ since the %unction will ha+e a +ertical asymptote where each %actor o% the
1((
denominator is e-ual to Cero/ we can %orm a denominator that will produce the +ertical asymptotes .y introducin0 a correspondin0 set o% %actors. 6ritin0 Rational Functions %rom *ntercepts and ,symptotes *% a rational %unction has horiContal intercepts at x = x1 / x ! / / x n / and +ertical asymptotes at x = v1 / v ! / / v " then the %unction can .e written in the %orm
2 x x1 1 p1 2 x x ! 1 p! 2 x x n 1 pn f 2 x1 = a 2 x v1 1 &1 2 x v ! 1 &! 2 x v " 1 &n

where the powers pi or &i on each %actor can .e determined .y the .eha+ior o% the 0raph at the correspondin0 intercept or asymptote/ and the stretch %actor a can .e determined 0i+en a +alue o% the %unction other than the horiContal intercept/ or .y the horiContal asymptote i% it is nonCero. Example 1) 6rite an e-uation %or the rational %unction 0raphed here. 5he 0raph appears to ha+e horiContal intercepts at x D 9! and x D 3. ,t .oth/ the 0raph passes throu0h the intercept/ su00estin0 linear %actors. 5he 0raph has two +ertical asymptotes. 5he one at x D 91 seems to exhi.it the .asic .eha+ior similar to
1 / with the 0raph headin0 toward positi+e in%inity on one side and x
headin0 toward ne0ati+e in%inity on the other. 5he asymptote at x D ! is exhi.itin0 a 1 .eha+ior similar to ! / with the 0raph headin0 toward ne0ati+e in%inity on .oth sides x o% the asymptote. ItiliCin0 this in%ormation indicates an %unction o% the %orm
f 2 x1 = a 2 x + !12 x 31 2 x + 112 x !1 !
5o %ind the stretch %actor/ we can use another clear point on the 0raph/ such as the +ertical intercept 2)/9!1:
!)) Chapter 3
2) + !12) 31 2) + 112) !1 ! ! = a ' & ' a= = 3 ! = a
5his 0i+es us a %inal %unction o% f 2 x1 =
'2 x + !12 x 31 32 x + 112 x !1 !
*mportant 5opics o% this Section *n+ersely proportionalF Reciprocal tool4it %unction *n+ersely proportional to the s-uareF Reciprocal s-uared tool4it %unction BoriContal ,symptotes Gertical ,symptotes Rational Functions Findin0 intercepts/ asymptotes/ and holes. $i+en e-uation s4etch the 0raph *denti%yin0 a %unction %rom its 0raph 5ry it <ow ,nswers 1. 3on0 run .eha+ior/ as x / f 2 x1 ) Short run .eha+ior/ as x ) / f 2 x1 2there are no horiContal or +ertical intercepts1 !.
5he %unction and the asymptotes are shi%ted 3 units ri0ht and ' units down. ,s x 3 / f 2 x1 and as x / f 2 x1 ' 3. Gertical asymptotes at x D ! and x D 93F horiContal asymptote at $ D ' '. For the trans%ormed reciprocal s-uared %unction/ we %ind the rational %orm.
f 2 x1 = 1 1 '2 x 31 ! 1 '2 x ! x + (1 ' x ! + !' x 35 ' = = = 2 x 312 x 31 2 x 31 ! 2 x 31 ! x! x + (
!)1
Since the numerator is the same de0ree as the denominator we 4now that as x / ' is the horiContal asymptote. <ext/ we set the denominator e-ual f 2 x1 ' . $ = to Cero to %ind the +ertical asymptote at x D 3/ .ecause as x 3 / f 2 x1 . 6e set the numerator e-ual to ) and %ind the horiContal intercepts are at 2!.5/)1 and 23.5/)1/ then we e+aluate at ) and the +ertical intercept is at )/ 5. BoriContal asymptote at $ D 1H!. Gertical asymptotes are at x D 1/ and x D 3. Gertical intercept at 2)/ 'H31/ BoriContal intercepts 2!/ )1 and 29!/ )1 29!/ )1 is a dou.le Cero and the 0raph .ounces o%% the axis at this point. 2!/ )1 is a sin0le Cero and crosses the axis at this point.
35 (
!)! Chapter 3
Section 3. Exercises
Aatch each e-uation %orm with one o% the 0raphs. 1. f ( x ) =
xA x)
!. g ( x )
( x A) =
x)
3. h ( x ) =
xA
( x ))
'.
k ( x) =
( x A) ! ( x ))
!
For each %unction/ %ind the horiContal intercepts/ the +ertical intercept/ the +ertical asymptotes/ and the horiContal asymptote. Ise that in%ormation to s4etch a 0raph. 5. p ( x ) =
!x 3 x +'
'
. & ( x) =
x 5 3 x 1
5
#. s ( x ) = x ! ! ( ) (. f ( x ) =
3x ! 1' x 5 3x ! + & x 1 x! + ! x 3 x! 1
! x ! + x 1 x '
&. r ( x ) = x +1 ! ( ) 1). g ( x ) =
! x ! + # x 15 3 x ! 1' + 15
11. a ( x ) = 13. h ( x ) = 15. n ( x ) = 1#. w ( x ) =
1!. b ( x ) =
x! x x! '
! x ! 3 x !) x 5
1'. k ( x ) = 1 . "( x) =
3x ! + ' x ' x3 ' x !
5 x !x + #x + 3
!
!
( x 1) ( x + 3) ( x 5) ! ( x + ! ) 2 x '1
( x + !) ( x 5) 1&. % ( x ) = ( x 3) ( x +1) ( x + ' )
6rite an e-uation %or a rational %unction with the 0i+en characteristics.
3.' Rational Functions 1(. Gertical asymptotes at x = 5 and x = 5

1/ )1 x intercepts at 2!/ )1 and 2
!)3
$ intercept at ( )/ ' )
'#. Gertical asymptotes at x = ' and x = 1 x intercepts at (1/ ) ) and ( 5/ ) ) $ intercept at 2)/ #1
'&. Gertical asymptotes at x = ' and x = 5 x intercepts at ( '/ ) ) and ( / ) ) BoriContal asymptote at $ = #
'(. Gertical asymptotes at x = 3 and x =

!/ ) ) and (1/ ) ) x intercepts at (
! BoriContal asymptote at $ =
5). Gertical asymptote at x = 1 @ou.le Cero at x = ! $ intercept at 2)/ !1
51. Gertical asymptote at x = 3 @ou.le Cero at x =1 $ intercept at 2)/ '1
6rite an e-uation %or the %unction 0raphed.
!5.
! .
!)' Chapter 3
!#. !&. 6rite an e-uation %or the %unction 0raphed.
!(.
3).
31.
3!.
33.
3'.
!)5
35.
3 .
6rite an e-uation %or the %unction 0raphed.
3#.
3&.
3(. , scientist has a .ea4er containin0 !) m3 o% a solution containin0 !)T acid. 5o dilute this/ she adds pure water. a. 6rite an e-uation %or the concentration in the .ea4er a%ter addin0 n m3 o% water. .. Find the concentration i% 1) m3 o% water has .een added. c. Bow many m3 o% water must .e added to o.tain a 'T solution7 d. 6hat is the .eha+ior as
n / and what is the physical si0ni%icance o% this7
5!. , scientist has a .ea4er containin0 3) m3 o% a solution containin0 3 0rams o% potassium hydroxide. 5o this/ she mixes a solution containin0 & milli0rams per m3 o% potassium hydroxide. a. 6rite an e-uation %or the concentration in the tan4 a%ter addin0 n m3 o% the second solution.
!)
Chapter 3 .. Find the concentration i% 1) m3 o% the second solution has .een added. c. Bow many m3 o% water must .e added to o.tain a 5) m0Hm3 solution7 d. 6hat is the .eha+ior as
n / and what is the physical si0ni%icance o% this7
53. Lscar is huntin0 ma0netic %ields with his 0auss meter/ a de+ice %or measurin0 the stren0th and polarity o% ma0netic %ields. 5he readin0 on the meter will increase as Lscar 0ets closer to a ma0net. Lscar is in a lon0 hallway at the end o% which is a room containin0 an extremely stron0 ma0net. 6hen he is %ar down the hallway %rom the room/ the meter reads a le+el o% ).!. Be then wal4s down the hallway and enters the room. 6hen he has 0one %eet into the room/ the meter reads !.3. Ei0ht %eet into the room/ the meter reads '.'. MI6N a. $i+e a rational model o% %orm " ( x ) =
ax + b relatin0 the meter readin0 cx + '
"2 x 1 to how many %eet x Lscar has 0one into the room.
.. Bow %ar must he 0o %or the meter to reach 1)7 1))7 c. Considerin0 your %unction %rom part 2a1 and the results o% part 2.1/ how %ar into the room do you thin4 the ma0net is7 5'. 5he more you study %or a certain exam/ the .etter your per%ormance on it. *% you study %or 1) hours/ your score will .e 5T. *% you study %or !) hours/ your score will .e (5T. ;ou can 0et as close as you want to a per%ect score Eust .y studyin0 lon0 enou0h. ,ssume your percenta0e score/ p 2 n1 / is a %unction o% the num.er o% hours/ n/ that you study in the %orm p2n1 = you need to study7 MI6N
an + b . *% you want a score o% &)T/ how lon0 do cn + '
55. , street li0ht is 1) %eet north o% a strai0ht .i4e path that runs east9 west. Lla+ is .icyclin0 down the path at a rate o% 15 miles per hour. ,t noon/ Lla+ is 33 %eet west o% the point on the .i4e path closest to the street li0ht. 2See the picture1. 5he relationship .etween the intensity
o% li0ht 2in candlepower1 and the

=
!)#
distance ' 2in %eet1 %rom the li0ht source is 0i+en .y dependin0 on the li0ht source. MI6N
k / where k is a constant '!
a. From !) %eet away/ the street li0ht has an intensity o% 1 candle. 6hat is k7 .. Find a %unction which 0i+es the intensity o% the li0ht shinin0 on Lla+ as a %unction o% time/ in seconds. c. 6hen will the li0ht on Lla+ ha+e maximum intensity7 d. 6hen will the intensity o% the li0ht .e ! candles7
!)& Chapter 3
Section 3." #n$erses and !adical Functions

*n this section/ we will explore the in+erses o% polynomial and rational %unctions/ and in particular the radical %unctions that arise in the process. Example 1 , water runo%% collector is .uilt in the shape o% a para.olic trou0h as shown .elow. Find the sur%ace area o% the water in the trou0h as a %unction o% the depth o% the water. 3%t 1& in 1! in
Since it will .e help%ul to ha+e an e-uation %or the para.olic cross9sectional shape/ we will impose a coordinate system at the cross section/ with x measured horiContally and $ measured +ertically/ with the ori0in at the +ertex o% the para.ola.
y
From this we %ind an e-uation %or the para.olic shape. Since we placed the ori0in at the +ertex o% the para.ola/ we 4now the e-uation will ha+e %orm $ 2 x1 = ax ! . Lur e-uation will need to pass throu0h the point 2 /1&1/ %rom which we can sol+e %or the stretch %actor a:
1& = a ! 1& 1 a= = 3 !
Lur para.olic cross section has e-uation $ 2 x1 =
1 ! x !
Since we are interested in the sur%ace area o% the water/ we are interested in determinin0 the width at the top o% the water as a %unction o% the water depth. For any depth $ the width will .e 0i+en .y !x/ so we need to sol+e the e-uation a.o+e %or x. Bowe+er notice that the ori0inal %unction is not one9to9one/ and indeed 0i+en any output there are two inputs that produce the same output/ one positi+e and one ne0ati+e.
3.5 *n+erses and Radical Functions
!)(
5o %ind an in+erse/ we can restrict our ori0inal %unction to a limited domain on which it is one9to9one. *n this case/ it ma4es sense to restrict oursel+es to positi+e x +alues. Ln this domain/ we can %ind an in+erse .y sol+in0 %or the input +aria.le:
1 ! x ! !$ = x! $=
x = ! $
5his is not a %unction as written. Since we are limitin0 oursel+es to positi+e x +alues/ we eliminate the ne0ati+e solution/ 0i+in0 us the in+erse %unction weKre loo4in0 %or
x2 $ 1 = !$
Since x measures %rom the center out/ the entire width o% the water at the top will .e !x. Since the trou0h is 3 %eet 23 inches1 lon0/ the sur%ace area will then .e 3 2!x1/ or in terms o% $:
Area = #! x = #! ! $
5he pre+ious example illustrated two important thin0s: 11 6hen %indin0 the in+erse o% a -uadratic/ we ha+e to limit oursel+es to a domain on which the %unction is one9to9one. !1 5he in+erse o% a -uadratic %unction is a s-uare root %unction. :oth are tool4it %unctions and di%%erent types o% power %unctions. Functions in+ol+in0 roots are o%ten called radical functions. Example ! Find the in+erse o% f 2 x1 = 2 x !1 ! 3 = x ! ' x + 1 From the trans%ormation %orm o% the %unction/ we can see this is a trans%ormed -uadratic with +ertex at 2!/931 that opens upwards. Since the 0raph will .e decreasin0 on one side o% the +ertex/ and increasin0 on the other side/ we can restrict this %unction to a domain on which it will .e one9to9one .y limitin0 the domain to x ! . 5o %ind the in+erse/ we will use the +ertex %orm o% the -uadratic. 6e start .y replacin0 the f(x) with a simple +aria.le $/ then sol+e %or x. $ = 2 x !1 ! 3 ,dd 3 to .oth sides $ + 3 = 2 x !1 ! 5a4e the s-uare root $ +3 = x ! ,dd ! to .oth sides
! $ +3 = x
L% course/ as written this is not a %unction. Since we restricted our ori0inal %unction to a domain o% x ! / the outputs o% the in+erse should .e the same/ tellin0 us to utiliCe the U case:
x=f
1
2 $1 = ! +
$ +3
!1) Chapter 3
*% the -uadratic had not .een 0i+en in +ertex %orm/ rewritin0 it into +ertex %orm is pro.a.ly the .est approach. ,lternati+ely/ we could ha+e ta4en the standard e-uation and rewritten it e-ual to Cero:
) = x ! 'x +1 $
6e would then .e a.le to use the -uadratic %ormula with a =1 / b = ' / and c = 21 $ 1 / resultin0 in the same solutions we %ound a.o+e:
x= 2'1 2'1 ! '21121 $ 1 1! + ' $ =! =! 3+ $ ! !
5ry it <ow 1. Find the in+erse o% the %unction f 2 x 1 = x ! +1 / on the domain x ) . 6hile it is not possi.le to %ind an in+erse o% most polynomial %unctions/ some other .asic polynomials are in+erti.le. Example 3 Find the in+erse o% the %unction f 2 x1 = 5 x 3 +1 . 5his is a trans%ormation o% the .asic cu.ic tool4it %unction/ and .ased on our 4nowled0e o% that %unction/ we 4now it is one9to9one. Sol+in0 %or the in+erse .y sol+in0 %or x
$ = 5 x 3 +1 $ 1 = 5 x 3 $ 1 = x3 5 x= f
1
2 $1 = 3
$ 1 5
<otice that this in+erse is also a trans%ormation o% a power %unction with a %ractional power/ x1H3. 5ry it <ow !. 6hich tool4it %unctions ha+e in+erse %unctions without restrictin0 their domain7 :esides .ein0 important as an in+erse %unction/ radical %unctions are common in important physical models. Example '
!11
5he +elocity/ v in %eet per second/ o% a car that slammed on its .ra4es can .e determined .ased on the len0th o% s4id mar4s that the tires le%t on the 0round. 5his relationship is 0i+en .y
v2' 1 = ! gf'
*n this %ormula/ g represents acceleration due to 0ra+ity 23! %tHsec!1/ ' is the len0th o% the s4id mar4s in %eet/ and f is a constant representin0 the %riction o% the sur%ace. , car lost control on wet asphalt/ with a %riction coe%%icient o% ).5/ lea+in0 !)) %oot s4id mar4s. Bow %ast was the car tra+ellin0 when it lost control7 Isin0 the 0i+en +alues o% f D ).5 and ' D !))/ we can e+aluate the 0i+en %ormula: v 2!))1 = !23!12).512!))1 =&) %tHsec / which is a.out 5'.5 miles per hour. 6hen radical %unctions are composed with other %unctions/ determinin0 domain can .ecome more complicated. Example 5 Find the domain o% the %unction f 2 x1 =
2 x + !12 x 31 . 2 x 11
Since a s-uare root is only de%ined when the -uantity under the radical is non9ne0ati+e/ we need to determine where
2 x + !12 x 31 ) . , rational %unction can chan0e si0ns 2 x 11
2chan0e %rom positi+e to ne0ati+e or +ice +ersa1 at horiContal intercepts and at +ertical asymptotes. For this e-uation/ the 0raph could chan0e si0ns at x D 9!/ 1/ and 3. 5o determine on which inter+als the rational expression is positi+e/ we could e+aluate the expression at test +alues/ or s4etch a 0raph. 6hile .oth approaches wor4 e-ually well/ %or this example we will use a 0raph. 5his %unction has two horiContal intercepts/ .oth o% which exhi.it linear .eha+ior/ where the 0raph will pass throu0h the intercept. 5here is one +ertical asymptote/ correspondin0 to a linear %actor/ leadin0 to a .eha+ior similar to the .asic reciprocal tool4it %unction. 5here is a +ertical intercept at 2)/ 1. 5his 0raph does not ha+e a horiContal asymptote/ since the de0ree o% the numerator is lar0er than the de0ree o% the denominator. From the +ertical intercept and horiContal intercept at x D 9!/ we can s4etch the le%t side o% the 0raph. From the .eha+ior at the asymptote/ we can s4etch the ri0ht side o% the 0raph.
!1! Chapter 3 From the 0raph/ we can now tell on which inter+als this expression will .e non9 ne0ati+e/ so the ori0inal %unction f(x) will .e de%ined. f(x) has domain ! x < 1 or x 3 / or in inter+al notation/ M !/11 M3/ 1 . 3i4e with %indin0 in+erses o% -uadratic %unctions/ it is sometimes desira.le to %ind the in+erse o% a rational %unction/ particularly o% rational %unctions that are the ratio o% linear %unctions/ such as our concentration examples. Example 5he %unction
2 n1 =
concentration o% an acid solution a%ter n m3 o% ')T solution has .een added to 1)) m3 o% a !)T solution. 6e mi0ht want to .e a.le to determine instead how much ')T solution has .een added .ased on the current concentration o% the mixture. 5o do this/ we would want the in+erse o% this %unction:
!) + ).'n 1)) + n 21)) + n1 = !) + ).'n 1)) + n = !) + ).'n 1)) !) = ).'n n 1)) !) = 2).' 1 n 1)) !) n2 1 = ).' =
!) + ).'n was used in the pre+ious section to represent the 1)) + n
multiply .oth sides .y the denominator distri.ute 0roup e+erythin0 with n on one side %actor out n di+ide to %ind the in+erse
*%/ %or example/ we wanted to 4now how many m3 o% ')T solution need to .e added to o.tain a concentration o% 35T/ we can simply e+aluate the in+erse rather than sol+in0 an e-uation in+ol+in0 the ori0inal %unction: 1))2).351 !) 15 n2).351 = = = 3)) m3 o% ')T solution would need to .e added. ).' ).35 ).)5 5ry it <ow 3. Find the in+erse o% the %unction f 2 x1 = *mportant 5opics o% this Section *mposin0 a coordinate system Findin0 an in+erse %unction Restrictin0 the domain *n+erti.le tool4it %unctions Radical Functions *n+erses o% rational %unctions
x +3 . x !
3.5 *n+erses and Radical Functions 5ry it <ow ,nswers 1. x = f 1 2 $ 1 = $ 1 !. identity/ cu.ic/ s-uare root/ cu.e root
1 3. f 2 $ 1 = $ 1
!13
! $ +3
!1' Chapter 3
Section 3." Exercises

For each %unction/ %ind a domain on which the %unction is one9to9one and non9decreasin0/ then %ind an in+erse o% the %unction on this domain. ! ! 1. f ( x ) = ( x ' ) !. f ( x ) = ( x + ! ) 3. 5.
f
( x ) =1! x !
'. .
( x ) =( x!
f ( x ) = 3x 3 +1
f ( x ) = ' ! x 3
Find the in+erse o% each %unction. #. f ( x ) =( + ' x ' &. f ( x ) = (. f ( x ) = ( + ! 3 x 11. f ( x ) = 13. f ( x ) = 15. f ( x ) =
! x +& x +3 x+# 3x + ' 5 'x
x & +5
1). f ( x ) = 3 3 x 1!. f ( x ) = 1'. f ( x ) = 1 . f ( x) =

3 x ' x ! x +# 5 x +1 ! 5x
Police use the %ormula v = !) L to estimate the speed o% a car/ v/ in miles per hour/ .ased on the len0th/ L/ in %eet/ o% its s4id mar4s when suddenly .ra4in0 on a dry/ asphalt road. 1#. ,t the scene o% an accident/ a police o%%icer measures a carVs s4id mar4s to .e !15 %eet lon0. ,pproximately how %ast was the car tra+elin07
5 . ,t the scene o% an accident/ a police o%%icer measures a carVs s4id mar4s to .e 135 %eet lon0. ,pproximately how %ast was the car tra+elin07 5he %ormula v = !.#r models the maximum sa%e speed/ v/ in miles per hour/ at which a car can tra+el on a cur+ed road with radius o% cur+ature r/ in %eet. 5#. , hi0hway crew measures the radius o% cur+ature at an exit ramp on a hi0hway as '3) %eet. 6hat is the maximum sa%e speed7
!15
5&. , hi0hway crew measures the radius o% cur+ature at a ti0ht corner on a hi0hway as ()) %eet. 6hat is the maximum sa%e speed7 5(. , draina0e canal has a cross9 section in the shape o% a para.ola. Suppose that the canal is 1) %eet deep and !) %eet wide at the top. *% the water depth in the ditch is 5 %eet/ how wide is the sur%ace o% the water in the ditch7 MI6N
). :roo4e is located 5 miles out %rom the nearest point A alon0 a strai0ht shoreline in her sea 4aya4. Bun0er stri4es and she wants to ma4e it to WonoKs %or lunchF see picture. :roo4e can paddle ! mph and wal4 ' mph. MI6N a. *% she paddles alon0 a strai0ht line course to the shore/ %ind an expression that computes the total time to reach lunch in terms o% the location where :roo4e .eaches her 4aya4. .. @etermine the total time to reach WonoKs i% she paddles directly to the point A. c. @etermine the total time to reach WonoKs i% she paddles directly to WonoKs. d. @o you thin4 your answer to . or c is the minimum time re-uired %or :roo4e to reach lunch7 e. @etermine the total time to reach WonoKs i% she paddles directly to a point on the shore hal% way .etween point , and WonoKs. Bow does this time compare to the times in parts . or c7 @o you need to modi%y your answer to part d7
1. Clo+is is standin0 at the ed0e o% a dropo%%/ which slopes ' %eet downward %rom him %or e+ery 1 horiContal %oot. Be launches a small model roc4et %rom where he is standin0. 6ith the ori0in o% the coordinate system located where he is standin0/ and the x9axis extendin0 horiContally/ the path o% the roc4et is descri.ed .y the %ormula $ = ! x ! +1!) x . MI6N
!1
Chapter 3 a. $i+e a %unction h = f 2 x 1 relatin0 the hei0ht h o% the roc4et a.o+e the slopin0 0round to its x9coordinate. .. Find the maximum hei0ht o% the roc4et a.o+e the slopin0 0round. 6hat is its x9coordinate when it is at its maximum hei0ht7 c. Clo+is measures the hei0ht h o% the roc4et a.o+e the slopin0 0round while it is 0oin0 up. $i+e a %unction x = g ( h ) relatin0 the x9coordinate o% the roc4et to h. d. @oes the %unction %rom 2c1 still wor4 when the roc4et is 0oin0 down7 Explain.
!. , trou0h has a semicircular cross section with a radius o% 5 %eet. 6ater starts %lowin0 into the trou0h in such a way that the depth o% the water is increasin0 at a rate o% ! inches per hour. MI6N a. $i+e a %unction w = f ( t ) relatin0 the width w o% the sur%ace o% the water to the time t/ in hours. Aa4e sure to speci%y the domain and compute the ran0e too. .. ,%ter how many hours will the sur%ace o% the water ha+e width o% %eet7
1 c. $i+e a %unction t = f ( w ) relatin0 the time to the width o% the sur%ace o% the water. Aa4e sure to speci%y the domain and compute the ran0e too.

Chapter 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3.

1 Power and Polynomial Functions 155

Chapter 3: Polynomial and Rational Functions

Section 3.1 Power Functions & Polynomial Functions

Characteristics of Power Functions Shown to the ri0ht are the 0raphs o%

Shown here are the 0raphs o%

Aultiplyin0 this out 0i+es the %ormula

3.1 Power and Polynomial Functions 15(

Section 3.1 Exercises

3.! "uadratic Functions

Section 3.2 Quadratic Functions

5his should .e e-ual to the standard %orm o% the -uadratic:

From http:HH.lo0.mrmeyer.comH7pD'##&/ 8 @an Aeyer/ CC9:;

5 3 3 3 5he +ertical coordinate o% the +ertex will .e at f = ! + # = ! !

3.! "uadratic Functions

Plu0 in the point ! D &5/))) and Sol+e %or b

Su.stitutin0 the e-uation %or ! %rom a.o+e Expandin0

Cero horiContal intercepts

one horiContal intercept

two horiContal intercepts

BoriContal intercepts at /) and 29!/)1

<ow we can sol+e %or when the output will .e Cero

5he 0raph has horiContal intercepts at

2 1 3 /)1 and 2 1 + 3 /)1

b ! 'ac b su.tract bH!a %rom .oth sides = x+ ! !a 'a

&) + &( ) ).'5& 3!

3.! "uadratic Functions

Section 3.2 Exercises

3.! "uadratic Functions

!(. 5he hei0ht o% a .all thrown in the air is 0i+en .y h ( x ) =

3.! "uadratic Functions

3.3 $raphs o% Polynomial Functions

Section 3.3 Graphs of Polynomial Functions

Ln a num.er line this would loo4 li4e: ) ne0ati+e ) positi+e

Section 3.3 Exercises

( t ) = 't ' +1!t 3 ')t !

1!. & ( t ) ='t ( ! t ) ( t +1)

S4etch a 0raph o% each e-uation. ! 13. f ( x ) = ( x +3) 2 x !1

1&. n ( x ) =3x ( x +! ) 2 x '1

!!. ( x ' ) ( x +3) ( x + ) < )

6rite a %ormula %or each polynomial %unction 0raphed.

3.' Rational Functions

Section 3. !ational Functions

<otice that this is a trans%ormation o% the reciprocal tool4it %unction/ f 2 x1 =

3etKs .e0in .y loo4in0 at the reciprocal %unction/ f 2 x 1 =

1 . ,s you well 4now/ x

5he concentration/ / will .e the ratio o% pounds o% su0ar to 0allons o% water

5his indicates two +ertical asymptotes/ which a loo4 at a 0raph con%irms.

3.' Rational Functions

*n this case/ the lon0 run .eha+ior is f 2 x1

3.' Rational Functions

6e can %ind the +ertical intercept .y e+aluatin0 the %unction at Cero

2 x !12 x + 31 2 x 112 x + !12 x 51

5his is Cero when the numerator is Cero

3.' Rational Functions

For example/ the 0raph o%

Example ( S4etch a 0raph o% f 2 x 1 =

3.' Rational Functions

2 x x1 1 p1 2 x x ! 1 p! 2 x x n 1 pn f 2 x1 = a 2 x v1 1 &1 2 x v ! 1 &! 2 x v " 1 &n

5his 0i+es us a %inal %unction o% f 2 x1 =

'2 x + !12 x 31 32 x + 112 x !1 !

3.' Rational Functions

11. a ( x ) = 13. h ( x ) = 15. n ( x ) = 1#. w ( x ) =

3x ! + ' x ' x3 ' x !