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, then
is called an anti-
Indefinite integra
Let
. Then
So, The arbitrary constant is called the constant of integration. indefinite integral. !a"ple # is called the
$ewrite
%ns&
!a"ple '
$ewrite
%ns&
!a"ple (
Let %ns&
. )ind
Thus,
a+
b+
is an anti-derivative of
9.1.! Ru es of integration
The process of integration of a function can be perfor"ed using a standard set of rules and for"ulae. .onstant $ule
/ower $ule
.onstant 0ultiple
a+ %ns& a+
b+
b+
a+
b+
. If
is replaced by
and
being constants+
-the coefficient of +
Integration of e"#onentia functions )or functions in e!ponential for", the following for"ulae can be used to deter"ine the anti-derivative.
a+
b+
a+
b+
c+
We 5now that
, therefore
To evaluate
where
and
are constants.
In general, if the nu"erator of he rational function can be written as the derivative of the deno"inator then we can find its integral by using the for"ula&
!a"ple #
and
a+
b+ %ns& a+
b+
!a"ple '
)ind %ns&
in the for"
6ote that
b+
c+
Let
!ercise
#+ )ind
'+ valuate
99999.-#+
!a"ple ' )ind %ns& Let *ence, and -by differentiating+ -by integrating+
b+
The rules of partial fraction are as follows& i- The nu"erator of a given function "ust be of lower degree than that of the deno"inator. If not, then the first step is to carry out long division. ii- )actori:e the deno"inator into its factors iii- 2uide line to for" the partial fractions& ,eno"inator % non-repeated linear factor $epeated linear factors !a"ples of /artial fraction for"
&
Substitute Substitute
b+
c+
lower and upper li"its of the integral respectively. Let such that
over
, denoted by
is defined as
is constant
, for
, where
is
!ercise #+ valuate
and
. )ind
a+
b+
(+ /rove that
!a"ple # )ind the area enclosed by the curve and the -a!is.
%ns&
The bounded region is below the -a!is. %rea of the enclosed region
!ercise #+ )ind the area of the region enclosed by the following curves a+ b+ c+ d+ -a!is, -a!is, -a!is, and and and and -a!is
Suppose
and
where
are
!a"ple # )ind the area bounded by th curve %ns& Total area and the lines and .
!ercise #+ S5etch the region bounded between the curves the area of the region. '+ S5etch the curves and on the sa"e a!es. and . *ence, find
a+ )ind the coordinates of , the point of intersection between the two curves. b+ )ind the area enclosed by the curves and the -a!is.