ANAND INSTITUTE OF HIGHER TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ME 2354- AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING UNIT-1 (2 MARKS QUESTIONS)

1. Wha a!" h" #$%& '(%) (# a #!a*"+ To support the chassis components and the body. To withstand static and dynamic loads without undue deflection or distortion. To carry the load of the passengers or goods carried in the body. 2. L') ($ h" ,a!'($) *a "!'a-) $)". '% h" &(%) !$& '(% (# &ha))') #!a*"). Low Carbon Steel - 0.18 or 0.20 carbon content !igh Carbon Steel - 0.2" carbon content #lloy Steel $ %ith alloying elements li&e 'i ( Cr /. W!' " .(0% a%1 0( *a'% )"& '(%) (# ,"h'&-" &(%) !$& '(%. Chassis construction )ody construction 2. Wha a!" 0( 13") (# ,"h'&-" )$)3"%)'(%)+ *igid a+le suspension ,ndependent suspension 4. Wha -(a.) a!" &(*'%5 ( a6-"+ -ertical bending load due to .ehicle weight /ri.ing tor0ue )ra&ing tor0ue Side thrust 7. Wha a!" h" #$%& '(%) (# a 5"a! 8(6+ ,t has to pro.ide tor0ue multiplication ,t has to pro.ide neutral position ,t has to pro.ide the means to re.erse a .ehicle 9. Wh1 1($ %"". a 5"a! 8(6+ %hen a .ehicle is mo.ing on a road1 it has to encounter different resistances depending upon the road surface1 .ehicle speed and road gradient. !ence1 wheel tor0ue re0uired at road wheels is different for different operating conditions. To satisfy this re0uirement1 a gearbo+ is necessary in a .ehicle. :. Na*" h" .'##"!"% ;'%. (# !")') a%&") ( ,"h'&-" *( '(%. #ir resistance *olling resistance 2radient resistance <. Wh1 ') h" #!a*" %a!!(0 a #!(% + The frame is narrowed at the front to pro.ide a better steering loc&.This also permits smaller turning circle radius

1=. L') ($ h" ,a!'($) *a "!'a-) $)". '% h" &(%) !$& '(% (# ,"h'&-" 8(.1 %ood 3etals 4lastics 3i+ed construction of all these materials 11. Wh1 a!" h" )'." *"*8"!) (# h" #!a*" $3)0"3 a 0( 3-a&")+ The frame is upswept at the rear and front to accommodate the mo.ement of the a+les due to springing. ,t also &eeps the chassis height low. 12. Wha ') h" #$%& '(% (# a 8$*3"!+ # bumper is the front-most or rear-most part1 which is designed to allow the .ehicle to sustain an impact without damage to the .ehicle5s safety systems 1/. Wha a!" h" ) !"))") ( 0h'&h h" #!a*" *"*8"!) a!" )$8>"& ". (+ 6rame longitudinal members $ bending stress 6rame side members $ twisting stress 12. Na*" #"0 &(*3(%"% ) (# "%5'%". Cylinder bloc& Cylinder head Cran&case Cylinder 4iston Connecting rod Cran&shaft Camshaft -al.es Spar& plug 7in the case of petrol engine8 6uel in9ector 7in the case of diesel engine8 14. Wha a!" h" 13") (# #!a*")+ Ladder type frame 4erimeter type frame : type frame )ac&bone type frame

17. Wha ') *"a% 81 )"-#-3!(3"--". ,"h'&-"+ # self propelled .ehicle is &nown as an ;#utomobile< 19. L') h" ,a!'($) *a%$#a& $!"!) (# a$ (*(8'-" 3!(.$& ) '% I%.'a. 3aruti1 !yundai1 'issan1 6ord $ 4assenger -ehicles Tata1 #sho& Leyland $ !ea.y Commercial -ehicles )a9a91 !ero !onda1 T-S Su=u&i $ Two %heelers )a9a91 3ahindra $ Three %heelers 1:. S a " h" *a>(! 13") (# a$ (*(8'-") a&&(!.'%5 ( h" #$"- $)".. 4etrol >ngines 7S, engines8 /iesel >ngines 7C, engines8 2as >ngines 7either S, or C, mode8

1<. C-a))'#1 a$ (*(8'-") 0' h !")3"& ( h" .!'," (# h" ,"h'&-". 6ront wheel dri.e *ear wheel dri.e #ll four wheel dri.e Left hand dri.e *ight hand dri.e 2=. Wha ') *"a% 81 h" "!* Cha))')+ # complete .ehicle without a body structure is &nown as Chassis. ,t comprises of basic structure1 power unit1 transmission system1 controls and au+iliaries. 21. H(0 a$ (*(8'-") a!" &-a))'#'". '% ( .'##"!"% 13")+ )ased on 3a&e ( 3odel )ased on 6uel )ased on )ody Style )ased on 'o. of %heels )ased on /ri.e )ased on Transmission 22. Wha a!" h" 0( 13") (# &1-'%."! -'%"!)+ /ry liners %et liners 2/. Wha a!" h" #$%& '(%) (# 3') (% !'%5)+ To pro.ide a gas tight seal between the piston and cylinder liner to pre.ent the escape of gases from top side of the piston to the underside. 22. Wha a!" h" 0( 13") (# 3') (% !'%5)+ Compression rings ?il rings 24. Wha a!" h" .'##"!"% *" h(.) (# "%5'%" &((-'%5+ #ir cooling ?il 7or8 %ater cooling 27. Wha a!" h" a.,a% a5") (# a'!-&((-". "%5'%")+ Less weight-power ratio /oes not re0uire radiator and water pump 'o antifree=e agents re0uired 'o salt and mud deposits in the system #ir cooled engines are cheaper 29. Wha a!" h" &(*3(%"% ) (# 0a "! &((-'%5 *" h(.+ %ater pump1 radiator tube1 upper tan&1 lower tan&1 thermostat .al.e etc. 2:. S a " h" .'##"!"%&" 8" 0""% S.I a%. C.I "%5'%". Pa!a*" "! SI E%5'%" CI E%5'%" Type of fuel 4etrol /iesel Compression *atio Low 7 @ to 108 !igh 712 to 2A8 ?perating cycle ?tto cycle /iesel or /ual cycle Thermal efficiency Low !igh

2<. Wha ') &-"a!a%&" ,(-$*"+ A%. 0ha a!" ' ) "##"& )+ The .olume abo.e the piston1 when it reaches T/C is &nown as clearance .olume. The clearance .olume is in.ersely proportional to the compression ratio. /=. Wha a!" h" #$%& '(%) (# 3') (%? &(%%"& '%5 !(.? &!a%; )ha# a%. &1-'%."! h"a.+ 4iston $ The piston assembly transfers the force from the power stro&e to the cran&shaft Connecting rod $ con.erts reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion of cran&shaft Cylinder head $ it acts as a top co.er to the cylinder bloc&. The .al.es are placed in the cylinder head in an o.erhead .al.e engine. /1. Wha ') h" 3$!3()" (# &((-'%5 )1) "*+ The purpose of cooling system is to cool the engine components in order to &eep their temperature below certain limit and thereby a.oiding e+cessi.e thermal stress in those components. /2. S a " h" *"!' ) a%. ."*"!' ) (# a'! a%. 0a "! &((-'%5 )1) "*. A'! C((-'%5 M"!' ) 1. Less weight-power ratio 2. /oes not re0uire radiator and water pump B. 'o antifree=e agents re0uired A. 'o salt and mud deposits in the system ". #ir cooled engines are cheaper D"*"!' ) 1. Cooling efficiency is lower 2. 'on uniform cooling B. >ngines are noisier. A. ,t needs impellor or blower to blow air o.er the fins Wa "! C((-'%5 M"!' ) 1. Cooling efficiency is better 2. 3ore uniform cooling B. >ngine operation is silent in nature A. ,t does not need an impeller or blower /emerits 1. 3ore number of components li&e radiator1 water pump 2. #ntifree=e agents needed 7>thylene 2lycol1 3ethanol8 B. 3ore salt and mud deposition in the system A. >ngines are costlier //. Wha ') h" 3$!3()" (# -$8!'&a '%5 )1) "*+ S a " ' ) 13"). The purpose of lubrication system is to supply the lubricating oil between the mo.ing parts of the engine in order to 1. *educe the friction 2. 4ro.ide the cooling effect B. carry away the deposits formed due to wear and tear TypesC -

3ist lubrication Splash lubrication 4ressure feed lubrication Combined splash ( pressure feed lubrication /2. Wha ') *"a% 81 $!8( &ha!5'%5+ ,ncreasing the density of inducted chargeDair by using a compressor which gets its power from e+haust dri.en turbine is &nown as Turbo charging. /4. Wha a!" h" ,a!'($) 3(--$ a% ) '% I.C "%5'%"+ !C C? '?+ 4articulates S?2 C?2 /7. Wha ') *"a% 81 P.C.@+ A%. 0ha a!" ' ) "##"& )+ 4C- $ 4ositi.e Cran&case -entilation ,t is used to reduce the blow-by and thereby unburned hydrocarbon emissions /9. Wha ') a Ca a-1) + Catalyst is a chemical substance which increases the rate of chemical reaction. >+amples are 4latinum1 4alladium and *hodium. /:. W!' " .(0% h" #'!'%5 (!."! a 2 &1-'%."! a%. 7 &1-'%."! "%5'%" A cylinder engine firing orderC 1-A-B-2 @ cylinder engine firing orderC 1-"-B-@-2-A

UNIT-2 (2 MARKS QUESTIONS)

/<. Wha ') Ga)(-'%" D'!"& I%>"& '(%+ The gasoline 7petrol8 is directly into the cylinder at the end of compression stro&e as such in diesel engines. This is called 2asoline /irect ,n9ection 72/,8 2=. Wha ') &(%,"% '(%a- '5%' '(% )1) "*+ The con.entional ignition system gets its electrical .oltage either from battery or dynamo1 which will be boosted to a .ery high .oltage due to which spar& is produced in the cylinder to combust the mi+ture. 21. D"#'%" &(**(% !a'- '%>"& '(% )1) "*. # common rail which is maintaining high fuel pressure is connected to indi.idual fuel in9ectors of a multi cylinder engine. 22. Wha ') $%' '%>"& '(% )1) "*+ ,t is an integrated direct fuel in9ection system for diesel engines1 combining the in9ector no==le and the in9ection pump in a single component 2/. Wha ') a !( a!1 .') !'8$ (!+ The rotary distributor has a rotating element1 which releases a high intensity spar& to the indi.idual spar& plugs according to the engine firing order.

22. Wha ') h" #$%& '(% (# a )3a!; 3-$5+ The spar& plug is a de.ice to produce electric spar& to ignite the compressed air-fuel mi+ture inside the cylinder. 24. Wha ') a% E-"& !(%'& '5%' '(% )1) "*+ The ignition system1 in which the mechanical contact points are replaced by electronic triggering and switching de.ices1 is &nown as electronic ignition system. 27. Wha a!" h" #$%& '(%) (# T$!8( &ha!5"!)+ To produce more power from the same si=e engine To pro.ide the altitude compensation To impro.e more complete combustion ( hence less emissions 29. Wh1 h" "%5'%" "*'))'(%) ( 8" &(% !(--".+ Some of the engine emissions are carcinogenic. 3oreo.er1 the engine emissions led to green house effect. 6or these reasons1 the engine emissions need to be controlled. 2:. Wha a!" h" a.,a% a5") (# 3" !(- '%>"& '(%+ !igh power can be de.eloped ,t has 0uic& starting characteristics ,t has lowest specific fuel consumption Less engine emissions than carburetted engines 2<. Wha ') )$3"! &ha!5'%5+ The process of increasing the density of inducted chargeD air is &nown as supercharging. ,t is performed for the following reasons. To produce more power from the same si=e engine To pro.ide the altitude compensation To impro.e more complete combustion ( hence less emissions 4=. Wha ') *"a% 81 &a!8$!" '(% '% I.C "%5'%"+ The method of preparing the air-fuel mi+ture in an ,C engine is &nown as carburetion. The de.ice used for this purpose is &nown as carburettor. 41. Wha a!" h" a.,a% a5") (# "-"& !(%'& #$"- '%>"& '(% )1) "* (,"! &(%,"% '(%a- '%>"& '(%+ Cold starting is easier !igh fuel economy Less engine emissions Euic& response to .arying engine operating conditions 42. Wha a!" h" #$%& '(%) (# 5"%"!a (! a%. ) a! '%5 *( (!+ The function of the generator is to produce electricity to charge the battery. The starting motor is used to cran& the engine during the starting condition. 4/. Wha ') h" #$%& '(% (# a% '5%' '(% )1) "* '% I.C "%5'%"+ The function of an ignition system is to ignite the air-fuel mi+ture at the end of the compression stro&e.

42. S a " h" !"A$'!"*"% ) (# '5%' '(% )1) "*+ A%. ) a " ' ) 13") ,t should consume minimum of power and produce high intensity spar& across spar& plugelectrodes ,t should ha.e a sufficient spar& duration which is sufficient to establish burning of air-fuel mi+ture under all operating conditions ,t should pro.ide sufficient ignition energy o.er the entire speed range of the engine 2ood performance at high speed Longer life of contact brea&er points and spar& plug #d9ustment of spar& ad.ance with speed and load

T13")B )attery ignition 3agneto ignition >lectronic ignition

44. Wha ') h" '5%' '(% a.,a%&"+ %hen the speed of the engine increases1 the ignition timing also needs to be ad.anced for proper combustion. This process is &nown as ignition ad.ance.
47. Wha a!" h" .'##"!"%&" 8" 0""% 8a "!1 &('- '5%' '(% a%. *a5%" ( '5%' '(% )1) "*+ S-.N( Ba "!1 I5%' '(% Ma5%" ( I5%' '(% )attery is needed 'o battery needed )attery supplies current in primary circuit 3agneto produces the re0uired current for primary circuit # good spar& is a.ailable at low speed also /uring starting the 0uality of spar& is poor due to slow speed ?ccupies more space -ery much compact *echarging is a must in case battery gets discharged 'o such arrangement re0uired 3ostly employed in car and bus for which it is re0uired to cran& the engine Fsed on motorcycles1 scooters1 etc )attery maintenance is re0uired 'o battery maintenance problems

49. Wha ') h" )"a-". h"a. -a*3 )1) "*+ # sealed headlamp system is a type of uniti=ed lamp with a parabolic reflector1 one or more filaments and a glass or polycarbonate lens all permanently attached together and sealed. 4:. Wha ') h" #$%& '(% (# &a!8$!" (!+ The function of a carburetor is to prepare the air-fuel mi+ture according to the engine operating conditions. 4<. Wha a!" h" *"!' ) a%. ."*"!' ) (# *(%( 3('% a%. *$- ' 3('% #$"- '%>"& '(% )1) "*+ S-.N( M(%( P('% I%>"& '(% M$- ' P('% I%>"& '(% 1 Single in9ector is sufficient Separate fuel in9ector for indi.idual cylinders 2 Low cost !igh cost B Low in9ection pressure Comparati.ely higher in9ection pressure A Slightly higher S6C and emissions than 346,

Low S6C and engine emissions 7=. L') h" .'##"!"% *" h(.) (# 8a "!1 &ha!5'%5. Constant current charging Constant .oltage charging !igh rate charging Slow rate charging 71. S a " h" 3!'%&'3-" (# 0(!;'%5 (# a% A.C.G"%"!a (!. The basic principle of ac generator is electromagnetic induction when a coil of a conductor mo.es in a magnetic field the electrons in it starts mo.ing because of attraction and repulsion of magnetic field. Thus1 an emf is induced in it. 72. I% 0ha !")3"& .(") a D1%a*( .'##"! #!(* a% A- "!%a (!+ i8. /ynamo produces /irect Current 7/C81 while #lternator produced #lternating Current 7#C8 which can be con.erted to /C using rectifiers ii8. #lternator is lighter in construction than dynamo for the same output 7/. Wha ') h" 3$!3()" (# S a (! '% h" T(!A$" C(%,"! "!+ The stator resides in the center of the tor0ue con.erter. ,ts 9ob is to redirect the fluid returning from the turbine before it hits the pump again. This dramatically increases the efficiency of the tor0ue con.erter. 72. Wha a!" h" &(*3(%"% ) (# -"a. a&'. 8a "!1+ Lead terminals >lectrolyte ,nternal plates 7positi.e and negati.e plates8 *esilient 4lastic container 74. Wha a!" h" .'##"!"% 13") (# ) a! "! *( (! .!',")+ )endi+ dri.e ?.errunning dri.e ?utboard dri.e 77. Wha a!" h" &h"*'&a-) $)". '% 8a "!1+ 4b?2 $ 4ositi.e plate 4b $ 'egati.e plate >lectrolyte $ /iluted Sulphuric acid 79. Wha ') a .!1 &ha!5". 8a "!1+ The battery is built1 charged1 washed and dried1 sealed1 and shipped without electrolyte. ,t can be stored for up to 18 months. %hen put into use1 electrolyte and charging are re0uired 7:. Wha ') h" 3$!3()" (# h" 5!'.+ The more GplatesG in the grid1 the more surface area e+posed to the electrolyte1 hence the more power produced. 7<. H(0 0'-- 1($ .') '%5$')h a 3()' '," 3-a " #!(* a %"5a '," 3-a " '% a -"a. a&'. 8a "!1+ The positi.e plates are coated with 4b?2 and chocolate brown in color The negati.e plates are coated with spongy lead and grey in color. 9=. Wha ') h" #$%& '(% a &$ ($ '% a &ha!5'%5 )1) "*+ The cut out permits the current flow from dynamoDalternator to battery for charging while it does not permit the re.erse flow of current. 91. Wha ') h" #$%& '(% (# !"5$-a (!) '% a &ha!5'%5 )1) "*+

Current regulator $ regulates the alternatorDdynamo current for charging the battery 7constant current charging mode8 -oltage regulator $ regulates the alternatorDdynamo .oltage for charging the battery 7constant .oltage charging mode8

UNIT-/ (2 MARKS QUESTIONS)

92. Wha ') h" #$%& '(% (# &-$ &h+ The function of the clutch is to connect and disconnect the engine with road wheels. The clutch has to be disengaged during gear shifting1 idling etc. 9/. Wha a!" h" 13") (# &-$ &h+ 6riction clutches Single plate clutch 3ulti plate clutch Cone clutch Semi centrifugal clutch Centrifugal clutch 6luid clutches 6luid flywheel HA. S a " h" !"A$'!"*"% ) (# a% a$ (*( '," &-$ &h a8 Tor0ue transmission should be ma+imum b8 2radual engagement of clutch plates c8 !eat dissipation should be more d8 /ynamic balancing of clutch components e8 -ibration damping f8 Si=e should be small g8 ,nertia should be low h8 Clutch free pedal play should be sufficient i8 >ase of operation 94. Wha ') h" #$%& '(% (# 5"a! 8(6+ S a " ' ) 13"). The functions of the gearbo+ are i8. To pro.ide the le.erage ratio ii8. To pro.ide the neutral position iii8. To pro.ide a means to re.erse the .ehicle. Types Sliding mesh gearbo+ Constant mesh gearbo+ Synchromesh gearbo+ #utomatic gearbo+ $ Tor0ue con.erter 97. Wh1 ') 5"a! 8(6 %"&"))a!1 '% a$ (*(8'-"+ The .ariation of resistance to .ehicle motion at different speeds
The .ariation of tracti.e effort of the .ehicle re0uired at .arious speeds 6or abo.e said reasons1 a gearbo+ is necessary in an automobile

99. Wha ') !a& '," "##(! + ,t is the force a.ailable at the road wheels for propelling the .ehicle. T I J% %here1 T I Tracti.e effort J$ Coefficient of friction between tyre and road surface % $ Load of the .ehicle C Kannan, Asst. Professor (Sl.Gr), Department of Mechanical Engineering, TRP Engineering College 9:. Wh1 ') )-'.'%5 *")h 5"a! 8(6 %( 3!"#"!!".+ 3ore noise

3ore wear and tear on the gears 6or smooth1 0uiet and 0uic& change of gears1 the dri.er re0uires great s&ill 6or the abo.e-said drawbac&s1 the sliding mesh gearbo+ is generally not preferred. 9<. Wha ') a$ (*a '& !a%)*'))'(%+ ,n the automatic transmission1 for changing the gear ratios1 manual effort is not at all needed. The change of gear is performed automatically according to the .ehicle speed. :=. Wha ') a% (,"! .!',"+ %hen the speed of the output shaft is greater than the speed of the input shaft1 then the dri.e is &nown as o.erdri.e. >+ampleC 0.8C1 or 0.KC 1 :1. Wha ') a $%',"!)a- >('% + Wha a!" ' ) 13")+ Fni.ersal 9oint is a type of fle+ible 9oint between two shafts who a+es intersect and may assume different inclinations at different times. ,t is used to transmit power e.en at inclined angles of the shaft. Types Lo&e 9oint Single cardan 9oint /ouble cardan 9oint *ag 9oint Canfield 9oint :2. S a " h" #$%& '(%) (# a )-'3 >('% . The function of a slip 9oint is to accommodate the propeller shaft length .ariations1 when a .ehicle is mo.ing o.er a bump or bit. :/. Wha ') h" %"&"))' 1 (# a 3!(3"--"! )ha# + The propeller shaft is used to transmit the power from the gearbo+ to the final dri.e. ,t is also used to co.er the span between these two components. :2. Wha ') H( &h;')) .!'," a%. T(!A$" T$8" .!',"+ ,n !otch&iss dri.e1 the loads such as .ehicle weight1 dri.ing tor0ue1 bra&ing tor0ue and side thrust all are ta&en by leaf springs. Two uni.ersal 9oints and one slip 9oint are must needed. ,n Tor0ue tube dri.e1 the dri.ing tor0ue and bra&ing tor0ue are ta&en by tor0ue tube while the .ehicle weight and side thrust are ta&en care of by leaf springs. ?ne uni.ersal 9oint is 9ust sufficient. :4. Wha ') h" #$%& '(% (# .'##"!"% 'a- $%' + The function of a differential unit is to permit the .ehicle turns without wheel s&idding. ,t permits higher speed for outer wheels and reduced speed for inner wheels during turning. :7. Wha ') h" #$%& '(% (# 3!"))$!" 3-a " '% a &-$ &h+ The function of a pressure plate is to hold the friction 7clutch8 plate tightly against the engine flywheel. :9. Wha ') *"a% 81 .'##"!"% 'a- -(&;+ # /ifferential loc& will transmit the same amount of power to both wheels on the a+le which is .ery useful in A%/ applications where a truc& might be stuc& and ha.e problems getting out of deep mud or snow. C Kannan, Asst. Professor (Sl.Gr), Department of Mechanical Engineering, TRP Engineering College ::. Wha ') a #-$'. &($3-'%5+ 6luid coupling is de.ice which transmits tor0ue due to the &inetic energy of the mo.ing fluid. ,n a fluid coupling1 two members namely impeller and turbine are present.

:<. Wha ') h" $)" (# (!A$" &(%,"! (!+ The tor0ue con.erter is de.ice which pro.ides a .arying tor0ue ratio using fluid energy. ,n a tor0ue con.erter1 three members namely impeller1 turbine and stator are present. <=. S a " h" #(!&") a& (% h" !"a! a6-"

Shear force due to .ehicle weight )ending moment due to .ehicle weight /ri.ing tor0ue Shear force due to side thrust )ending moment due to side thrust <1. Wha a!" h" .'##"!"% 13") (# !"a! a6-")+ Semi floating rear a+le 6ull floating rear a+le Three 0uarter floating rear a+le <2. Wha ') h" 3$!3()" (# S a (! '% h" T(!A$" C(%,"! "!+ The stator changes fluid flow between the turbine and pump and thus permits the tor0ue multiplication. %ithout a stator1 a tor0ue con.erter will simply act as a fluid coupling. </. Wh1 S1%&h!(%'C"! ') !"A$'!". '% h" a$ (*( '," !a%)*'))'(% )1) "*+ Synchroni=er is used to e0uali=e the speed of two mating surfaces1 before the contact is established. )y doing so1 wear ( tear and noise can be a.oided. <2. Wha ') !a%)#"! 8(6+ Wh"!" ' ') $)".+ The transfer bo+ is used to con.ert 2 wheel dri.e into A wheel dri.e. This is mainly used in hilly regions.

UNIT- 2 (2 MARKS QUESTIONS)

<4. D"#'%" 0h""- !a&; a%. 0h""- 8a)". The distance between the tyre centers1 mounted on the same a+le is &nown as wheel trac&. The wheelbase is the distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels <7. G'," a 8!'"# %( " (% .a*3"!. ,t is used to dampen the .ibrations of the suspension springs. ,t is mostly used in independent suspension. <9. D') '%5$')h 8" 0""% .')& 8!a;" 0' h .!$* 8!a;". S-.N( D!$* B!a;") D')& B!a;") 1 *elati.ely cheaper Costlier 2 3ore weight Lighter than drum bra&es B >asily sub9ected to bra&e fading ?ffer resistance to bra&e fading A 'on uniform pressure distribution Fniform pressure distribution C Kannan, Asst. Professor (Sl.Gr), Department of Mechanical Engineering, TRP Engineering College <:. Wha ') *"a% 81 8-"".'%5 (# 8!a;")+ The process of remo.ing air from the hydraulic bra&es is &nown as bleeding of bra&es. <<. D"#'%" ) ""!'%5 5"a!. The steering gear is used to con.ert the rotational mo.ement of the steering wheel into linear mo.ement of the steering lin&age. 3oreo.er it pro.ides mechanical ad.antage. 100. Wha a!" h" .'##"!"% 13") (# 0h""-)+ o 4ressed steel disc wheels o %ire spo&e wheels o Light alloy casted wheels 1=1. Wha ') h" 3$!3()" (# T("-'% a%. T("-($ + The purpose of pro.iding a toe in and toe out is straight line stability of the .ehicle1 after negotiating a turn. 1=2. Wha a!" h" .'##"!"% 13") (# 1!") $)". '% a$ (*(8'-"+

o Cross ply tyres o *adial ply tyres o )elted bias tyres

10B. Wha a!" h" .'##"!"% 13") (# )3!'%5) $)". '% )$)3"%)'(% )1) "*+ o Leaf springs 7*igid a+le suspension8 o Coil springs 7,ndependent suspension8 o Torsion bar 7,ndependent suspension8 1=2. D"#'%" ;'%5 3'% '%&-'%a '(%. The tilt of the &ing pin from the .ertical reference line is &nown as Ming 4in ,nclination 7M4,8. ,t is also called as Steering #+is ,nclination 7S#,8 10". G'," h" #$%& '(% (# 1!"+ o Supporting -ehicle %eight o Transferring Traction ( )ra&ing forces to the *oad Surface o Changing ( 3aintenance /irection of Tra.el o #bsorbing *oad shoc&s 1=7. D"#'%" &a) (! a%. &a*8"!. CastorC The tilt of the &ing pin from the .ertical reference line when .iewed from side is &nown as castor. CamberC The camber angle is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel relati.e to the .ertical reference 10H. Wha a!" h" 8"%"#' ) (# a% '--(&; 8!a;" )1) "*+ o 4re.enting the wheel from loc&ing at the time of bra&ing o Meeping the wheel rotating o /ue to rotating wheel1 it helps you to steer away the .ehicle from the ob9ect1 while applying bra&es at the same time. o ,t is e.en more effecti.e in sand1 snow1 water1 and mud where loss of traction is e.en higher1 as on these surfaces1 with normal bra&ing system1 it is e.en easier to loc& wheels and loose traction but #)S wor&s e+cellent in these conditions also and stops the .ehicle in a much shorter distance. C Kannan, Asst. Professor (Sl.Gr), Department of Mechanical Engineering, TRP Engineering College 1=:. Wha ') ) ""!'%5 !a '(+ The steering ratio is defined as the ratio of angle turned on the steering wheel to the angle turned by the stub a+le. Steering ratio I #ngle turned on steering wheel #ngle turned by the stub a+le 1=<. Wha ') (" '% a%. (" ($ + The distance between the front ends of wheels is less than the rear end1 the condition is said to be toe-in. The distance between the front ends of wheels is more than the rear end1 the condition is said to be toeout. 110. Wha a!" h" 13") (# ) ""!'%5 5"a! 8(6+ a8 %orm ( %orm wheel steering gear b8 %orm and 'ut steering gear c8 %orm and *oller steering gear d8 *ecirculating )all steering gear e8 *ac& and 4inion steering gear 111. Wha a!" *a'% a.,a% a5") (# 3(0"! ) ""!'%5+ o The manual effort re0uired to turn the .ehicle is getting reduced. o This layout also gi.es road feel to the dri.er. 112. Wha ') #$%& '(% (# )$)3"%)'(% )1) "* '% a$ (*(8'-"+ The function of the suspension system is to isolate the .ehicle and its occupants from road shoc&s and

.ibrations generated by the road surface1 while maintaining steering control and stability at all times. 11/. Wha ') h" #$%& '(% (# 8!a;"+ S a " ' ) 13". The function of bra&e is to stop the .ehicle within a short distance. TypesC 1. 3echanical bra&es o /rum bra&es o /isc bra&es 2. !ydraulic bra&es B. 4ower bra&es o #ir bra&es o #ir-hydraulic bra&es o -acuum bra&es o >lectric bra&es 11A. Wha a!" h" #$%& '(%) (# #!(% a6-")+ o ,t carries the weight of the front of the .ehicle o ,t carries the hori=ontal and .ertical loads on bumpy roads o ,t wor&s as a cushion through its spring for a comfortable side o ,n a four wheel dri.e1 it also transmits power to the road wheels o %hen bra&es are pro.ided at the front wheels1 it withstands bending stresses and torsional stresses 114. Wha I )"& '(% a *'..-" a%. (,a- )"& '(% a "%. ') 3!"#"!!". #(! #!(% a6-"+ N,O section is suitable for bending loads and NcircularO or No.alO section is suitable for torsional loads. !ence , section at middle and circular or o.al section at ends is pro.ided in the front a+le. 117. Wha a!" h" .'##"!"% 13") (# ) $8 a6-")+ Wh'&h ') h" *() 3!"#"!!". (%"+ o >lliot o *e.ersed >lliot C Kannan, Asst. Professor (Sl.Gr), Department of Mechanical Engineering, TRP Engineering College o Lamoine o *e.ersed Lamoine ?ut of these four types1 *e.ersed >lliot is the most preferred type. 119. Wha ') *"a% 81 h" "!* D !"a.E+ The tread of a tire refers to the patterns on its rubber circumference that ma&es contact with the road. 11:. Wha a!" .'##"!"%&") 8" 0""% &!()) 3-1? !a.'a- 3-1 a%. 8'a) 8"- ". 3-1 1!")+ 11<. Wha ') a )"-# "%"!5'C'%5 8!a;"+ # bra&e is called self-energi=ing if it uses the rotational force of the wheel to help stop the automobile. 12=. Wha ') .')& 8!a;"+ These bra&es are different from drum bra&es in that the drum is replaced by a circular plate and the bra&e shoes are replaced by a caliper which supports a pair of friction pads1 one on each side of the disc. These pads are forced inward by the operating force and so retard the disc. 121. Wha ') *"a% 81 "-"& !'& 8!a;"+ ,n an electric bra&e1 the current from the battery is utili=ed to energi=e an electromagnet within the bra&e drum. This actuates a cam to e+pand the bra&e shoes. %hen the current is not supplied1 the cam and bra&e shoes are returned to the release position by retractor springs. 122. Wha ') !"5"%"!a '," 8!a;'%5+ # regenerati.e bra&e is an energy reco.ery mechanism1 which slows a .ehicle by con.erting its &inetic energy into another form1 which can be either used immediately or stored until needed. This contrasts with

con.entional bra&ing systems1 where the e+cess &inetic energy is con.erted to heat by friction in the bra&e linings and therefore wasted.

UNIT- 4 (2 MARKS QUESTIONS)

12B. L') h" a.,a% a5") (# h1.!(5"% #$"- $)". '% a$ (*(8'-"). o ,t can be manufactured from water through electrolysis process o ,t does not contain carbon. !ence1 C? and unburned !C emissions are not present o The flame speed is highest. !ence it results in high thermal efficiency o ,t has wide ignition limits. 122. Wha ') a h18!'. ,"h'&-"+ # hybrid .ehicle is a .ehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to mo.e the .ehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric .ehicles 7!>-s81 which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors. C!()) P-1 B'a) B"- ". P-1 Ra.'a- P-1 Two or more layers running across perpendicular to tyre rotation ,n addition to body plies1 additional plies or brea&er chords 4lies running from bead to bead across the crown at right angles to rotation Comfortable ride /onOt fle+ as li&e cross ply1 reduced comfort #dditional brea&er chord angle .aries from 18 to 22 4oor steering control Steering control impro.ed *educed the tyre wear1 increases o.erall life and slightly harder dri.e at low speed. C Kannan, Asst. Professor (Sl.Gr), Department of Mechanical Engineering, TRP Engineering College 124. Wha ') a #$"- &"--+ # fuel cell is an electrochemical de.ice that con.erts a source fuel into an electrical current and water. ,t generates electricity inside a cell through reactions between a fuel and an o+idant1 triggered in the presence of an electrolyte. 127. W!' " h" &(*3()' '(% (# LPG a%. CNG. Composition of C'2 C!A I H0.K 1 C2!@ I ".10 1 !2 I B 1 C? P C?2 I 22 Composition of L42C 4ropaneI B0 and )utane I H0 129. D"#'%" ." (%a '(% a%. 3!"-'5%' '(%. The abnormal combustion occurring in ,C engines is called as detonation. This results in sudden rate of pressure rise1 abnormal heat release1 hea.y .ibrations of the engine and loud noise operation. The ignition of the air-fuel mi+ture before the introduction of the spar& in the combustion chamber is called as pre-ignition. 128. Wha a!" h" a.,a% a5") (# a% "-"& !'& &a!+ o 'o emissions from an electric car o ,t does not depend upon the a.ailability fossil fuels 12<. S a " h" a.,a% a5") (# #$"- &"--. o !igher efficiency than diesel or gas engines. o Euiet operation.

o 6uel cells can eliminate pollution problems o /onOt need con.entional fuels such as oil or gas and can therefore reduce economic dependence on oil producing countries1 creating greater energy security for the user nation. o The maintenance of fuel cells is simple since there are few mo.ing parts in the system. 1B0. Wha a!" h" 13") (# #$"- &"--+ o 4roton e+change membrane fuel cell o #l&aline fuel cell o 4hosphoric acid fuel cell o /irect methanol fuel cell o Solid o+ide fuel cell o 3olten carbonate fuel cell 1/1. Wha a!" h" a- "!%a '," #$"-)+ #lcohols1 !ydrogen1 'atural 2as1 C'21 L'21 L421 )io 2as1 4roducer 2as1 Co&e o.en 2as1 %ater 2as1 2asohol1 )iodiesel 1/2. Wha a!" h" ,a!'($) 3!(3"! '") (# 5a)"($) #$"-+ #d.antages 2aseous fuels due to erase and fle+ibility of their applications possess the following ad.antages o.er solid or li0uid fuelsC 7a8 They can be con.eyed easily through pipelines to the actual place of need1 thereby eliminating manual labour in transportation. 7b8 They can be lighted at ease. 7c8 They ha.e high heat contents and hence help us in ha.ing higher temperatures. 7d8 They can be pre-heated by the heat of hot waste gases1 thereby affecting economy in heat. 7e8 Their combustion can readily by controlled for change in demand li&e o+idi=ing or reducing atmosphere1 length flame1 temperature1 etc. 7f8 They are clean in use. C Kannan, Asst. Professor (Sl.Gr), Department of Mechanical Engineering, TRP Engineering College 7g8 They do not re0uire any special burner. 7h8 They burn without any shoot1 or smo&e and ashes. 7i8 They are free from impurities found in solid and li0uid fuels. /isad.antages 7a8 -ery large storage tan&s are needed. 7b8 They are highly inflammable1 so chances of fire ha=ards in their use is high 1//. Wha ') CNG+ Compressed 'atural 2as. ,t is typically stored in a tan& at a pressure of B1000 to B1@00 pounds per s0uare inch 1/2. Wha ') BIO- DIESEL+ S a " ' ) a.,a% a5"). )iodiesel is a non-petroleum based diesel fuel which consists of the mono al&yl esters of long chain fatty acids deri.ed from .egetable oil and animal fats. #d.antages o /omestically produced from non-petroleum1 renewable resources o Can be used in most diesel engines1 especially newer ones o Less air pollutants 7other than nitrogen o+ides8 o Less greenhouse gas emissions 7e.g.1 )20 reduces C?2 by 1" 8 o )iodegradable o 'on-to+ic o Safer to handle 1/4. Wha a!" a.,a% a5") (# LPG (,"! &(%,"% '(%a- #$"-)+

o L42 contains less carbon than petrol o L42 mi+es with air at all temperatures

o ,n multi cylinder engines1 a uniform mi+ture can be supplied to all cylinders o Since the .apour in the form of .apour1 no cran&case dilution o #utomobile engines can use propane if they use high compression ratio. o L42 has better anti&noc& characteristics o *unning on L42 produces fuel sa.ing cost of about "0 o The engine will ha.e "0 longer life. 1/7. Wha a!" h" .')a.,a% a5") (# $)'%5 a-&(h(- a) a% a- "!%a '," #$"-+ o # larger 0uantity of fuel is re0uired to produce a specified power output. 6or e+ample1 in an automobile1 more fuel is re0uired for each mile dri.en. o Low boiling points and high .apor pressures of methyl and ethyl alcohol indicate that .apor loc& could be a serious problem1 particularly at high altitudes on warm summer days. o The relati.ely high latent heats of methyl and ethyl alcohol cause problems in mi+ing these alcohols with air and transporting them through the inta&e manifold of the engine. !eating the inta&e manifold may be necessary in cold weather or before the engine reaches operating temperatures. o %ithout e+ternal heat to more completely .apori=e the fuel1 the engine may be difficult to start and sluggish for a considerable time after starting. o #ll of the alcohols are soluble in water1 but butyl alcohol is relati.ely insoluble compared to methyl and ethyl alcohol. Less engine power is produced as the water content of an alcohol increases. 6urther1 .apor loc&1 fuel mi+ing and starting problems increase with water. 1/9. D"#'%" #-a*" )3"".. The speed at which flame tra.els inside the combustion chamber is called as flame speed. The unit is mDs 1B8. L') ($ h" ,a!'($) #(!*) (# %a $!a- 5a). o 'atural 2as 7'28 o Compressed 'atural 2as 7C'28 o Li0uefied 'atural 2as 7L'28 1BK. W!' " .(0% h" &(*3(%"% ) (# LPG "A$'3*"% . o Con.erter o 3i+er o 2as ,n9ector 1A0. W!' " .(0% h" 3a! ) (# a #$"- &"--. o #node o Cathode o >lectrolyte o 6uel 1A1. Wha a!" h" 3!(3"! '") (# CNG+ o Colourless o ?dourless o Lighter than air o 'on - to+ic 1A2. Wha a!" h" 0( 13") (# LPG $)". #(! a$ (*( ',"-"%5'%" #$"-+ o 4ropane based L42 o )utane based L42 1AB. Wha a!" h" *a'% &(*3(%"% ) (# "-"& !'& a%. h18!'. ,"h'&-")+ o 2asoline engine o 6uel tan& o 2enerator o >lectric motor

o )attery o Transmission elements 122. Wha a!" h" a.,a% a5") (# #$"- &"--+ o The only by product from the fuel cell is either water or C?21 which can be safely disposed. o ,t is compact in si=e o #s long as there is a supply of fuel1 there will be generation of electricity. 124. Wha a!" h" a.,a% a5") (# Ga)(h(-+ 2asohol $ ,t is the mi+ture of 10 >thanol P K0 unleaded gasoline o 10 fuel sa.ings in terms of consumption of petrol o Less emissions than con.entional petrol fuelled .ehicles