Dragan a!

ic "# $arburg

Report
December 2013

GIS-Inventory for the purpose of small-scale biodigestors in urban areas.

Contents

1 Introduction
Resource depletion, and the inevitable irrational using up of the conventional energy sources, such as oil, natural gas, and coal, is evident. In the last decades, the society became aware of the negative effects of such conventional resources, which among many different environmental and social issues are the main cause of the greenhouse effect. One of the main worldwide proposed solutions is decreasing the CO 2 emissions by reducing the use of fossil fuels, where possible, and ma imi!ing the energy efficiency in all energy"conversion processes. #he main asset in this aim is the substitution of the old systems with new, clean and renewable energy sources. $ll energy that is used in the same rate as it is being generated can be called renewable energy. Renewable energy is most usually considered as solar energy, hydro energy, geothermal energy, and biomass, and biomass derived fuels. %iomass is the most easily harnessed and readily available renewable energy source, being the first energy source since the dawn of humanity. #here are many biomass sources. #he most usual division of biomass is done by the physical state of it. #his divides biomass into solid, li&uid and gaseous. It should be noted that with some processes such as fermentation, digestion, etc., it is possible to change the raw solid biomass into some more diverse biofuels, which can be used in more advanced energy systems. 'ome other important factors promoting the use of waste biomass for energy production in (ermany are the fact that (ermany is highly dependent on foreign fuels, such as gas and oil, which are being mainly used in district heating, or district combined heat and power )C*+, plants. -ood biomass is environmentally friendly )being almost CO2 neutral, and can be used to substitute for e ample natural gas. #he biogas production is e periencing a boom in many .uropean countries, with (ermany leading with the number of biogas plants installed. /rom the beginning where there was a tendency to build bigger biogas plants which have a planned resource production, now there is an increasing number of cases where smaller biogas decentrali!ed plants are being installed, functioning mainly on the local produced waste bioresources. 'till, in the case of biogas plants, and especially urban biogas plants, the spread of the bioresources used, and their management is crucial. 0ost scientifically accepted way of dimensioning, and inventory assessment is made by research of the point of resource generation, and then evaluating the sources in a geographical domain. In (ermany, there is a long practice and good atmosphere for re"using all resources and the usage of biogas"producing waste resources seems promising. 'ince this biowaste must be removed in any case, it ma1es sense that it is re"used locally and in a decentrali!ed way in urban areas. #his will cut the transportation costs, re"use the resources locally, which will all result in reduced CO2 emission amounts. #his is the leading idea in this report.

2 Description of the Goal and Scope

#he goals of this wor1 are mainly3 #o sort out the urban bioresources potential for biogas production by various substrates #o ma1e an spatial evaluation of the spread, the collection and the utili!ation of bio residues in the e isting system area of .astern *amburg, #o ma1e an inventory usable for the urban biogas digester, based on the resource scale, type, and spatial position

2.1 The scope of this work

'cope of this analysis will be the micro region of 4enfeld in the district -andsbe1 in *amburg. In it, the new system called 5*amburg -ater Cycle67 is being implemented. #he wastewater materials and other substrates will be used locally, within the 4enfelder $u &uarter in order to produce electricity and heat, as well as the compost for the soil. #he used water in the &uarter is split up at the point of occurrence, the graywater from washing processes is being filtered and reused in the ponds, while the blac1water from toilet use is being used as a substrate for biogas, rounding up the process. )8R.I', *owever, since the use of the resources which occur in the 4enfelder $u &uarter would not have the biogas potential that would run the plant for the whole year, a collection of readily available bioresources in the surrounding would be necessary. #his basically means that the scope in this report is the collection of readily available waste bioresources in the vicinity of the 4enfelder $u. #o obtain this, (I'"'oftware will be used, in order to ma1e an inventory of the substrates, their dissipation, and scales. It should be noted that the domain of research will be based on the theoretical collection potential. #he bioresources which will be considered are e plained in the ne t chapter. #he amount of bioresources needed is roughly dependent on the gas engine capacity. If we consider that the gas engine of 19: 1- will be used )indicated in the primary planning, we can orientate how much of the bioresources must be collected.

3 Bioresources Considered
%ioresources can be classified in many ways. 'ome classifications are made by the source, some are made by the composition, some by the physical state. %ioresources are mainly correlating with the term biomass3 Biomass is defined as the biodegradable part of products, waste and residues from agriculture, forestry waste and waste from related industries, as well as the biodegradable components of industrial and municipal waste. ).; directive <o. 2::3=3:=.C of :>.:9.2::3,

In the bioresources inventory of this report the accent was put on the urban biowaste, namely on the bioresources occurring as a byproduct or waste from other processes, maintenance or management of other resources. #hese bioresources don?t compete in the agricultural economy with the growing of crops for food, or some other industry, thus they cannot alter the mar1et prices of other raw materials, and they are compatible because they occur in the urban environment. #he formulated list of feasible resources is listed as follows3 +ublic (reen $reas -aste +rivate (reen $reas -aste Restaurant /at 'eparator -aste *ousehold %iodegradable -aste

In the following several passages they are more clearly defined, in the domain in which they will be used in the (I'"$nalysis.

3.1 Pu lic Green !reas "aste

+ublic green areas grass and leaves residues are collected mostly by the public utility company in charge for handling municipal waste, and sometimes in charge for the care of all green areas and trees in a city. #herefore this biomass is mainly grass, leaves, parts of trees which are regularly collected, and cleaned out within the cities, and ultimately combusted, and depending on the location, possibly landfilled. #he best use of this substrates is if it is observed as a co"substrate in the biogas production.

3.2 Pri#ate Green !reas "aste

+rivate green waste is structurally very similar with the public green area waste, @ust that the @urisdiction of maintaining the green areas, and collecting the waste falls not on the municipal waste company, but on the other natural or legal person. #his can be for e ample private gardens from households, but also green areas in industrial or commercial premises. $lso this waste occurs on the areas around social housings, where the owner is the social housing council. A

In *amburg, there is a practice that as much as possible of the private green waste producers should have a bio"bin in which they can remove their garden waste. #here are some other practices 1nown, and since the garden waste is relatively a seasonal product, many citi!ens of *amburg buy bigger plastic bags in which they leave the garden waste during the blooming season for pic1"up. #he private green areas can be used both as a pure decorative garden, and as a usable garden for growing vegetables or fruits. $s the latter is much less li1ely to occur, namely around >B of gardens are intended for growing vegetables or fruits )Oldenburg, 2::C, we will suppose that the gardens in *amburg are used purely for decorations with no vegetable and fruit plants.

3.3 $ousehold Biode%rada le "aste

%iodegradable household waste is considered basically all biodegradable waste which occurs from the food preparing processes, in preparing elementary food or ready meals. #his resource is considered as biomass under some definition, under some others not. /or e ample the (erman %iomasseverordnung treats this resource as a waste resource. %ut, since this waste is organic, at least in (ermany, it cannot be landfilled, so it must be either combusted, fermented, or composted. Coo1ing oil leftovers, e pired food products, old fruits and vegetables, as well as unfinished meals, meat, and dairy leftovers, etc are all part of household 1itchen waste. In *amburg already many households have a dedicated bio"bin where they should remove this 1ind of waste.

3.& Restaurant 'at Separator "aste

/at separators are devices which remove the waste fats and oils, as well as heavy particles from the wastewater stream coming from food preparation processes in the restaurants. In many countries, also in (ermany, there is an obligation that all restaurants, cantinas, and other entities producing mass meals must have a fat separator connected at this wastewater stream. 'ince the fats, oils, and food remains have different densities in comparison to pure water, the fat separator functions on the gravity separation of the phases, so that the fats and oils float up, while the food remains, either float up or sin1 down. #he fat separator must be emptied every once in a while, and the restaurants must contract other companies to ta1e it away. #he fat separator contents which are cleared can be used for biogas production, their main problem is the big specific volume per biogas yield. #his is because the dry matter is usually not more than 9B of the mass of the waste.

& GIS(Technolo%) and *ethodolo%) of the "ork

#he $rc(I' is a software pac1age containing an array of (I' processing applications of the company .'RI ).'RI,. #he products of interest in this case are $rcEiew, while the main server for all geoprocessing is called $rc(I' 'erver. #he program wor1s by splitting the area of interest )$OI, into different layers, which can be physical or imaginary, for e ample railways, roads, water surfaces, buildings, cadaster parcels, statistical units, regions and so on. %y obtaining the desired input layers various results can be generated. #he geoprocessing of layers in relationship one to another can bring up new layers )for e ample intersecting, merging, e tracting, dissolving individual or multiple layers,. #he layers are usually either raster or vector data. /or the type of analysis we have in &uestion, the raster layer )aerial photography, is only used to reference the results obtained by geoprocessing of vector layers. #he raster aerial photography are ta1en from the Open Fata +ortal of *amburg )/reie und *ansestadt *amburg,. #hey have a raster cell si!e of 2: cm. On #he picture below, the 4enfelder $u &uarter is mar1ed upon an aerial photography of the surroundings.

/I(;R. . $.RI$G +*O#O -I#* #*. 4.</.GF.R $; *I(*GI(*#.F

>

#he vector layers can be made out of points, lines or polygons. #he layers have an attribute list, giving closer details about individuals entities of the layer.

+ ,a)ers used
#he layers used in the (I'"inventory in this case are downloaded from Open 'treet 0aps depots, such as (eofabri1 )(eofabri1 (mb*, and -eo(eo )-eo(eo, Inc,. #hey were used as a base to portray the use of land )though not covering complete land area,, natural surfaces, man"made entities such as road, rail, and waterways, buildings )though again not 1::B e act,. #he administrative division layers were also used. Other than that, the census and statistical values were ta1en as well from the Open Fata +ortal )/reie und *ansestadt *amburg, the layers had to be pre"processed in order to find them usable for manipulation. In the following chapters is e plained how the specific substrates can be mapped in a (I'"Inventory, and how can they be standardi!ed to display a biomass potential around a certain area. #o simplify the geoprocessing, an area of interest was selected with the *amburg districts -andsbe1, 0itte, <ord, and %ergedorf, pictured below.

/I(;R. . O%'.RE.F FI'#RIC#' O/ *$0%;R( -I#* #*. 4.</.GF.R $; *I(*GI(*#.F

'ince the final goal of this (I'"inventory is to ta1e a loo1 how much biogas potential in this area e ists, all resources have to be standardi!ed to a common unit, which was in this case biogas yield per year in m3.

+.1 Pu lic Green !reas In#entor)

C

#o assess the public green areas such as par1s, street"green areas, di1es and so on, data from several layers was combined. #his was at the same time the easiest bioresource to assess. #he types of surfaces included in the public green areas inventory are3

cemeteries, sided grasslands )ne t to a di1e for e ample,, meadows, par1s, religious premises, state forest, landfills )they are inactive and covered,.

$lthough the areas are considered public green areas, they have buildings on them )for e ample churches, watch houses, e&uipment houses and so on, so it was necessary to remove the area of the buildings from the before mentioned areas. #he resulting layer can be seen on the picture below.

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/I(;R. . F.#$IG O/ #*. +;%GIC (R..< $R.$' F.#.R0I<.F /OR #*. I<E.<#ORH

#he biogas yields can be calculated by appro imating the biomass generation per s&uare meter per year. #he resources have very widely varying for this, and observing the wor1s of Oldenburg )Oldenburg, 2::C, and $dwiraah )$dwiraah, 2:13, it was concluded that for the value of :,D 1g=m2 of green waste will be generated per year. 'ince both the private and the public green areas have the same biogas yield, according to the %iomass $ct $ppendi es 1"3 )Feutsche %undestag, 2:12,, it can be concluded that :,:3 m3biogas=m2 can be obtained per year.

+.2 Pri#ate Green !reas

#o produce the assessable layer of private green areas was perhaps the most challenging tas1 since this is not clearly determined by any other division of land use. #herefore it should have been first determined which land cover types are not classifiable as private green areas, and then remove these surfaces se&uentially from the total surface of the area of interest. #he surfaces are3 basins, brownfields, building sites, cemeteries, 11

commercial land, farms and farmyards, forests, garage lots, grasslands, meadows, harbor, landfills, industrial !ones, orchards, par1s,

religious premises, plantations, reservoirs, retail !ones, riverban1s, sandy areas, scrubs, water surfaces )all 1inds,, all buildings, highways and railways )e plained more below,.

/or the highways and railways a special assessment had to be made, since these areas vary depending on the type of the road and rail. #he dimensions of these entities was found in a handboo1 with guidelines for street dimensioning )/orschungsgesellschaft fIr 'traJen" und Eer1ehrswesen, 1CCA,. %elow there is an overview of the widths used to map out the private bioresources. +rimary streets, highways K 2C m Residential streets, secondary streets K 12 m #ertiary streets, service roads, unclassified streets K C m /ootway, step way, @ogging trac1, bicycle path, tre11ing path K 3m Railways of all sorts, per trac1 )they superpose to a certain e tent in the case of multi"trac1 system, K > m

-hen all of these layers are removed, the green areas which are maintained privately will be shown, with minimal errors. #his is seen on the photo below. It is visible that most of the time, the green areas in the bac1yards of building bloc1s represent the main green areas around 4enfelder $u. It is also visible for e ample how the farmland on the east, the commercial par1s on the west and the par1 on the north west are not included. #he buildings are usually visible as holes or 1nic1s on the green surfaces.

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/I(;R. . +RIE$#. (R..< $R.$'

#he biogas yields can be calculated by appro imating the biomass generation per s&uare meter per year. #he resources have very widely varying for this, and observing the wor1s of )Oldenburg, 2::C, and )$dwiraah, 2:13, it was concluded that for the value of 1,D 1g=m2 of green waste will be generated per year. 'ince both the private and the public green areas have the same biogas yield, according to %iomass $ct )Feutsche %undestag, 2:12,, it can be concluded that :,:D3 m3biogas=m2 can be obtained per year.

+.3 Restaurant 'at Separator "aste

#he fat separator waste from restaurants, and similar establishments with cantinas is considered in this layer. It was not only a problem to map out these points of generation but also to dimension the scale of this waste. /ortunately in the before mentioned Open 'treet 0ap databases, a point of interest database e isted from which a list of such establishments could be e tracted. 'ince the point of interest layer was not so vast, first only the establishments where selected out, and then manually cleaned out of the incompatible sources. #he establishments of the following types were used in the analysis3

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restaurants, 1indergarten, school, university, hotel,

hostel, prison, hospital, nursing home, fast food.

#he resulting layer is visible on the picture below3

/I(;R. . 'O;RC.' O/ /$# '.+$R$#OR -$'#., 'C$G.F %H #*. 'C$G. O/ (.<.R$#IO<

#o obtain the biogas yields, it was first necessary to estimate the number of meals which are occurring per year per establishment type. It was based on an internet research of 12

some of these establishments )for e ample patients per year, beds available, seats available etc., the resulting values were ta1en3

restaurants 1:: meals, 1indergarten >: meals, university, hostel and school 2:: meals,

fast foot and hotel 2:: meals, hospital and prison 1::: meals, nursing home 29: meals,

-hen we 1now this, it is possible to calculate the yearly fat generation. #his is possible if we refer to a standard FI< .< 1>29 )Feutsches Institut fIr <ormung, 2::2,, and then derive that per meal around 3:g of fat will be generated and released )washed away with the washing stream, /inally we can refer to the %iomass $ct )Feutsche %undestag, 2:12, where in the $nne we can find the biogas yields per year for various substrates which are standardi!ed for logging the biogas plants in (ermany. restaurants 9AA m3=a, 1indergarten 292 m3=a, university, hostel and school 1132 m3=a, fast food and hotel 22AA m3=a, hospital and prison 9AA: m3=a, nursing home 292D m3=a.

+.& Pri#ate -itchen "aste

#his type of waste is usually generated in all households, and in (ermany, around 2:B of households is disposing its 1itchen waste in the bio bin )Oldenburg, 2::C,, the others putting in the residual waste bin. Residual waste bins are usually not sorted for further use, instead they are brought to the incineration plant. #o map out this waste source, from the buildings layer the residential buildings were roughly sorted out. #his though was not completely accurate so sometimes it can happen that an office building was included in the residential buildings. -hen it comes to inhabitants, the simpler statistical evaluation was made. #he population of individual *amburg districts was ta1en, then this population was spread proportionally to residential buildings in comparison to their surface. *owever it was not ta1en into the account if the residential entity is a single story, or a multi story house.

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/I(;R. . %;IGFI<(' G$H.R

$fter this, the amount of biodegradable 1itchen was roughly determined. In *amburg some of the inhabitants get a bio bin, and some don?t, but a rough overview of the yields of biowaste yields in *amburg has been done by the company 'tadtreinigung *amburg, and mentioned in )Oldenburg, 2::C,. /rom here we can conclude that around 1A 1g of biodegradable waste per inhabitant per year is collected from the bio bin alone. /urther A: 1g per inhabitant per year can be collected theoretically through complete separation from the residual waste bin. #his was though not considered, so the value of 1A 1g per inhabitant per year is used in the (I'"inventorying. Fepending on the number of inhabitants per building, the building is created as a source point with various amounts of private 1itchen waste. /or e ample a building of 1: people would generate 1A: 1g of this waste per year. #he good thing about this (I'"inventory is that in general after the inventory is done it is very easy to alter the values, and factors depending on the empirical e periences. -hen we loo1 at the %iomass $ct )Feutsche %undestag, 2:12,, stating that the 1itchen waste has a biogas yield of 9D m3 per ton of fresh mass, )short m3=t/0,, we can then calculate the biogas yield of this household, which is C,12 m 3 of biogas per year.

1A

. / tainin% and Displa)in% the Results

#o obtain the results of this (I'"inventory, the different types of sources )area, point, had to be standardi!ed to the same comparable entity, meaning that the centers of green areas were used as point sources. #he attribute list e ample of such source loo1s li1e this3
#$%G. . .L$0+G. O/ #*. +RIE$#. (R..< $R.$ +OI<# $##RI%;#. GI'#

I D 1 2 3 4 5 6

area (m2) 74,994 4490,63 0 35714,6 00 8071,17 0 2823,95 0 20805,6 00

biogas (m3/a) 5 328 2611 590 206 1521

$s it is visible, the biogas is directly derived from the area, since the area is analog to the green waste yield. #his goes the same for the public green areas. $fter each source is displayed as a point, we can ma1e asses the points as an integral inventory3

1D

/I(;R. . $GG R.'O;RC.' $' +OI<#'

$fter this step, we can use a feature in $rc0ap called <etwor1 $nalyst, and we can set up a road networ1 and figure out how much of these resources are within a 29:: m truc1 drive. #he following conditions were set up for the <etwor1 $nalyst3 on all streets crossings bending both right and left is allowed, it is not possible to ma1e a full turn anywhere e cept dead"end streets, the service point )center for delivery, is the geometrical center of 4enfelder $u

#he results are displayed below, with the sources as red points, and blue are the drivable streets.

1>

/I(;R. . R.'O;RC.' -I#*I< #*. 29:: m FRIE.

If we sum up all points from the picture, we can get a theoretical yield of AAD.9>C m 3 of biogas from these resources. #he following circumstances for the biogas plant will be considered to compare if the surrounding inventory of resources can theoretically satisfy the plant. #he engine parameters are3 19: 1-el and 29: 1-th rated power. :,39el and :,99th efficiencies, Running time >:::h per year, %iogas has a heating value of A,D 1-h.

In this case the yearly amount of biogas needed is around 912.::: m 3. #his basically means that within the 2,9 1m radius there is theoretically more than enough 1C

bioresources, especially 1nowing that the surrounding bioresources are @ust a co" substrate, since the main substrate should be the blac1water and biodegradable waste arising within the 4enfelder $u &uarter

0 Conclusions
'umming up the results , it is evident that (I'"based inventorying of bioresources has a huge potential. It is even easier to process this date in urban agglomerations, where the data is already well detailed, and can be used better as a base of assessments. #his was the case in *amburg, since the open data was well available. #he result visible is that the additional bioresources in the case of smaller scale digestors such as in the case of 4enfelder $u is at least theoretically easily utili!able. 'till, for a (I'"Inventory of bioresources it is crucial how much detailed the data will be defined. 'ome simplifications had to be done in this case, to maintain the wor1 in the before mentioned scope. #he most importation generali!ations in this wor1 were allocating the population according to the living ob@ect surface, and e&ualing out the yield of all private green areas, as well as e&ualing out the yield of the public green areas. *owever to obtain more accurate data, very detailed input data needed to be obtained, meaning that they had to be demanded from the cadaster office. $lso, if we would need to obtain e tremely accurate data, it would have been needed that we manually map out the missed"out, smaller green surfaces. #his may be done in a later re"evaluation of the assessment. $nother important aspect of the (I'"inventory in respect to the delivery position is the cost analysis. #his was not done at all, since it would surpass the scope of the wor1. *owever, for any deeper or detailed analysis this would have to be included, since most li1ely the collection of bioresources would be conditioned by the specific price of the bioresource collected. /inally it has to be noted that the (I'"inventory displayed in the results is still purely theoretical. It has to be determined if the available bioresources such as private green waste would be given away as a bioresources, or if the owners self"compost it for their own needs. %ut this also supersedes the scope of this wor1 because for these ad@ustments an on field study would have to be made, lasting at least several months, so that the seasonal variations are identified and overcome. $ll this leads to a conclusion that the urban smaller biodigestors have a big and mostly unused potential. $s there is a need to increase the share of the renewable energy in both the primary and electrical energy mi in all .; countries, these digestors can play an interesting role because of their good urban location, good infrastructural connections such as electricity heat and gas lines.

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1 Bi lio%raph)
Adwiraah, Helmut. 2013. (I'"based %ioresources Inventory. *amburg 3 #; *arburg, 2:13. Deutsche Bundestag. 2012. Eerordnung Iber die .r!eugung von 'trom aus %iomasse. Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz. 2:12. Deutsches Institut fr Normung. 200 . FI< .< 1>29 (rease separators. %erlin 3 %euth, 2::2. !"#I. Esri Deutschland. MOnlineN MOitat vom3 1:. 12. 2:13.N http3==www.esri.de=. $orschungsgesellschaft fr "tra%en& und 'er(ehrswesen. 1))*. Richtlinien fr die nlage !on "tra#en $ %uerschnitt. 8Pln 3 s.n., 1CCA. 2C9. $reie und Hansestadt Ham+urg. &pen Data 'ortal (amburg. MOnlineN MOitat vom3 :1. 12. 2:12.N http3==daten.hamburg.de=. ,eofa+ri( ,m+H. Geofabri). MOnlineN MOitat vom3 1. 12. 2:12.N http3==www.geofabri1.de=. -#!I". *RE+". MOnlineN MOitat vom3 9. 12. 2:13.N http3==www.1reis"@enfeld.de=. .lden+urg, "as(ia. 200). +n!entur der organischen *amburg 3 #; *arburg, 2::C. bf,lle im Bezir) Bergedorf.

/eo,eo, Inc. -eoGeo. MOnlineN MOitat vom3 1. 12. 2:12.N http3==www.weogeo.com=.

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