Slave trade Ancient- go to Slavic areas, warfare losing side goes into slave trade, punishment.

. Not a perpetual(lifetime) condition Modern- develops in 1500s. Due to trade, exploration, Christianity, and labor needs. Joint-Stock Companies Dutch West India Co. (1621) French West India Co. (1664) Royal Africa Co. (1672) Asiento- license for trade Enslavement by Africans- How Africans made slaves of other Africans Prisoners of war Captives in commercial slave raids Condemned criminals Condemned debtors People accused of witchcraft People kidnapped and held for ransom Captives were ransomed Coffle- group of people that go from the interior to the coastline (slaves from Africa) Castles = fortsend of line for the coffle Crown Control Conquest created new social system and economy Crown tried to prevent casual relations and marriage between Europeans, Indigenous, and Africans Cedula de Gracias a Sacar Cedula de Gracias a Sacar License to make legally white Gain access to universities, officers commissions, government posts, priesthood, convents and other institutions officially closed to castas Privateer/ Pirate- need license (called letter of marque) England, France, Netherlandscant be at war-- all hate the Spanish What did rivals do to challenge Spains exclusive trade? Contraband import and export Attack major and minor Spanish ports

 Effective occupation Privateers Sources of Tobacco- Cuba, Mexico, Jamaica, Brazil, VirginiaTraders- Spanish, Dutch, English King James says smoking is bad Jamaica English Use as base to try for Santo Domingo Use as a base for further Caribbean colonization Effects of Spanish Prosperity Piracy became highly organized and large scale activity Contraband steadily increased Spain gradually loses opportunities for revenue from important profit building stock Royals to Brazil Left Libson Nov 1807 Arrived Bahia Jan 25 1808 Arrived Rio March 8 4 Steps to Brazilian Independence On Exam January 9 1822 o I Remain Day May 13 1822 o Dom Pedro assumes title of Perpetual Defender and Protector of Brazil September 7, 1822 o Independence or Death Declaration of Brazilian Independence October 12, 1822 o Dom Pedro proclaimed constitutional emperor of Brazil Crowned emperor on December 1, 1822 The Empires 1st empire o Dom pedro 1 (reign 1822-1831) nd 2 Empire o Dom Pedro 2 (reign 1831-1889) Brazilian 4 Steps Dom Pedro Joao dies in 1826 in Portugal Cuba 1886, Brazil 1888 abolished slavery Isabelle daughter of Dom Pedro 2 Rio Branco Law- September 28, 1871 children of slaves are now free, yet still live on plantation until age 8 September 28, 1885 Freed slaves sixty years or older May 13, 1888 Law of 1888 abolished slavery nationwide (Brazil) Nov 4 1889- Royal family from Brazil is overthrown and leave

Ferdinand 6 very good at picking advisors 1743 Treatise Initiatives of Charles 3 Attempted to revive Spanish industry by removing stigma attached to manual labor Establish state-owned textile factories Invited foreign technical experts into Spain Encouraged technical education Curbed privileges of stock breeders corporation

Political Reform Restructuring of administration Rio de la Plata Concern over larger volume of contraband in region Fear of foreign attack (British and Portuguese) Intendant System Colonies transferred to system between 1782-1790 (French idea) Hope of increasing royal revenues from colonies through greater administrative efficiency Intendant = provincial governor Early Resistance (Bourbons are people) What is allowing this unrest? Bourbon policies under Charles IV o Appeared to be a success in colonies o Administration more efficient, defenses improved, commerce swelled, government revenues increased Creoles upset by many of changes Threatened or succeeded in reducing their status and influence Poor governance in Iberia and colonies Napoleon o 1807 France invaded Portugal with permission of Spain o Spain little more than satellite of French government Jose Gabriel (Tupac Amaru II took name of last Incan ruler) Well educated, wealthy Peruvian mestizo Lineal descendent of the Inca o Tried repeatedly to effect change for his people through legal channels 1780 o Led Indian revolt with an army of 80,000 men o Executed regional Corregidor- took name of Tupac o Swept through southern highlands of Peru and present day Bolivia

The Plan Complete independence from Spain, expulsion of pennisulares, abolition of viceroy, audiencia, and Corregidor, restoration of Inca empire, elimination of caste system, suppression of mita system, elimination of great estates, permit small landholding, encourage trade Pachacuti The great overthrow o Total inversion of existing social order and return to idealized Inca empire o Desire to avenge cruelties of conquest and centuries of exploitation Overall Importance Begins seeds of colonial insurrections Plants ideas of Indigenous roots to insurrections which will help unify Creole ideals (think Mexico) Revolt of the Comuneros 1781 Violent protest against tax increase o Disruption spread through much viceroyalty o Not looking for independence, protesting within system not against it