Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between the energy and radiated energy.

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy which is a spectroscopy method that uses near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum in the region from 800nm to 2500nm. Near infrared spectroscopy have been used in pharmaceutical, medical diagnostics, food and agrochemical quality control, and else. One of the applications of NIR spectroscopy is the detection of cancer by using near IR fluorescent label. Colon cancer is the one of the cancer that uses near IR fluorescent to detect. Current techniques used for colon cancer screening include double-contrast barium enema, fecal occult blood tests and colonoscopy. These methods are considered to be either lacking in sensitivity or invasive, and colon cancer continues to be a major cause of death in the western world. There is therefore a need for development of more effective methods for early detection of colonic tumors. However, optical imaging techniques by using near IR region spectrum provides functional and anatomical characterization of biological tissues, revealing important information on significant physiological parameters. While optical imaging based on white light allows observation of only superficial structures, fluorescence imaging allows for observation beyond the surface. Another advantage of fluorescence imaging compared to white-light technology is the high signalto-noise ratio that can be achieved. However, significant auto fluorescence of bodily tissues remains a limiting factor, with fluorescence imaging in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Materials with fluorescence in the near-infrared (NIR) region (7001000 nm) intended for use as imaging agents are of great interest, as they result in a lower background signal and deeper penetration into biometrics. Nanoparticle-based NIR probes have been shown to have significant advantages over free organic NIR dyes such as enhanced photo stability and biocompatibility, improved fluorescent signal and easy conjugation of biomolecules to functional group on the nanoparticles surface. Nanoparticles based on silica, calcium phosphate and lipoprotein containing NIR dyes have already been developed.

Tumors can be actively targeted by nanoparticles conjugated to molecular probes that recognize tumor-specific biomarkers. Known targeting agents include antibodies, lectins, small peptides and small targeting molecules, all with unregulated receptors on the tumor cell membrane. With targeting agents conjugated to the nanoparticles, the nanoparticles bind to specific cell-surface receptors, and are often up taken into the cell via receptormediated endocytosis. The intracellular concentration of nanoparticles is consequently enhanced in cancer cells compared to normal cells. Fabrication of albumin nanoparticles get public attention due to their biocompatibility and non-antigenicity Albumin is very common used and characterized proteins in the pharmaceutical field. Human serum albumin (HSA).is the most abundant plasma protein. Albumin is also known to accumulate and to be catabolized by cancerous tumor. The accumulation of HAS in tumor tissues is probably due to enhanced microvascular permeability that to allow large molecules to penetrate through the tumor tissue. NIR dyes such as indocyanine green (ICG) and others cyanine dye derivatives have high affinity to albumin. Hence, high affinity albumin to cancer tissue incorporate with cyanine dyes can be used as a tumor-specific contrast agent for bio-imaging. Another application of spectroscopy is the non- destructive assessment of microbial contamination in meat by using NIR hyperspectral imaging. Meat is a perishable, nutritious and high-valued food in human diet. Traditionally, storing meat is using cooling and freezing method and innovative refrigeration processes and system have been opened for improving its quality and safety is of major concern not only from consumer but also from the producer. Meat is the very important product in market and requires a proper storage conditions. Unfavorable condition during cold storage of meat products usually cause undesirable microbial growth, which affects products quality and safety. Muscle food are described as spoiled if decomposition and the generation of metabolites caused by the growth and enzymatic activity of microorganisms make them unacceptable to the consumer. These factors can lead to sensory changes, discoloration, development of off-odor, slime production and changes in taste. Moreover, once the total viable count (TVC) of bacteria exceeds a certain limit, the meat becomes dangerous to consume and can cause very severe health problems. Psychrotrophic bacteria, on the other hand, are

emblematic spoiling organisms of various cold-stored raw meats due to their ability to grow at low temperatures and its potential to cause spoilage. Therefore, meat contamination has been a major concern in recent years, leading to the need for a rapid and accurate detection method for spoiled or contaminated meat. Currently, the conventional plating methods remain the most widely used enumeration method to estimate the number of viable microorganisms in food samples. This method involves preparing appropriate dilutions of the sample and incubating the plates at 30 C for 48 h or 72 h. A similar method is used for determining the psychrotrophic plate count (PPC), which is typically characterized by identification of colonies plated on solid medium and incubated at refrigerated temperatures. Although this test is robust and relatively cheap to perform and has been extensively validated over decades of use, it is also laborious, tedious, sample-destructive and very slow since the results are only available after 48 h72 h for TVC, and even several days for PPC. Furthermore, these conventional plating methods require a large space to incubate plates and counting the colonies. To solve the conventional methods problems, several investigations have exploited the optical technology as a rapid and non-destructive method to measure the quality of food and agricultural products. Hyperspectral imaging technology combining computer vision and spectroscopy techniques is a new rapidly growing technique which enables contactless monitoring of attributes in complex systems. Recent studies have shown that spatially resolved hyperspectral scattering imaging system in the visible and very near infrared range (400C1100 nm), in combination with multivariate analysis, was able to detect the bacterial spoilage in beef and pork samples. Similar to the other microbial detection methods, this approach is based on the assumption that the microorganisms are homogeneously distributed within the food sample. Hyperspectral images consist of a near infrared spectrum for each individual pixel, in theory, allowing the prediction of composite concentrations in each pixel. When additional quantitative information is available, multivariate exploration and regression models can be created for accurate attribute prediction. For a certain kind of problem that embraces a large amount of data used to express the information of spectrum and spatial dimension, it is crucial to choose

an appropriate modeling method in order to achieve a good prediction result. Chemometric techniques represent an attractive option for meat quality screening without sample pre-treatments, which can identify the microbial contamination of the sample. This approach has proven to be a useful tool for screening quality of various food products including fruit and meats. Previous studies have reported the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and least square support vector machines (LS-SVM) for the prediction of microbial contamination in meat. The ANNs method was not appropriate for problems involving a few samples, but calculation models based on LSSVM showed good prediction ability for meat contamination. However, these are nonlinear methods that could create some hindrance when applied for visualization of the predicted responses or when used with a reduced number of predictors. However, comprehensive evaluation and optimization of such tests for food microbiology applications, particularly for contamination distribution in raw meat, have not been exploited so far. NIR hyperspectral system has the promising potential to become an alternative method for rapid and reliable shelf-life determination and microbial assessment in the meat industry. The advantage of allowing for the early detection of contamination spots in meat cuts or even the whole carcasses. The wide application of this automated system would seem to offer a number of potential advantages, including reduced labor costs, the elimination of human error or subjective judgment, and the creation of product data in a real time for documentation, traceability, and labeling in food inspection. Such information fulfills the need of the meat industry for an accurate and fast method for meat contamination assessment.