Thermodynamics HL Thermodynamics HL Thermodynamics is a branch of natural science concerned with heat and its relation to energy and work.

(Wikipedia: Thermodynamics) 10.2.1: Deduce an expression for the work involved in a volume change of a gas at constant pressure

The internal energy of a fixed number of moles of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature.

The total work done can be found through the area under a pressure-volume graph. The net work done is the work done by the gas minus the work done on the gas. 10.2.2: State the first law of thermodynamics First law of thermodynamics: The change in the internal energy of a closed system is equal to the amount of heat supplied to the system, minus the amount of work done by the system on its surroundings. (Wikipedia: First law of thermodynamics)

If given the pressure and change in volume, work done can be calculated, then the thermal energy transferred between two points can be found using:

10.2.3: Identify the first law of thermodynamics as a statement of the principle of energy conservation The law is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed. (Wikipedia: First law of thermodynamics)

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10.2.4: Describe isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic changes of state of an ideal gas Isobaric process: A gas expands or contracts at a constant pressure. No work is done on or by the gas. Internal energy decreases, thermal energy is lost. Isochoric process: A process where the volume of the gas is fixed. Temperature and internal energy increase. Thermal energy is gained. Isothermal process: The temperature at any point is constant. If the temperature is constant, then the change in internal energy is zero. Work done is equal to energy supplied. Adiabatic process: the gas does not absorb or give out energy. Work done is negative, internal energy increases. If the gas expands, it is doing work If the gas is compressed, work is done on it

10.2.5: Draw and annotate thermodynamic processes and cycles on P-V diagrams

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Thermodynamics HL Finding the work done of an isothermally expanding system: If temperature is constant, then the change in internal energy is zero. This means that the work done is equal to the change in thermal energy.

Temperature change of an adiabatically expanding system: If the change in thermal energy is equal to zero, then . The gas is doing work by expanding, which reduces its internal energy, and therefore temperature. The work done by the gas is equal to the energy put into minus the energy removed from the system.

10.3.1: State that the second law of thermodynamics implies that thermal energy cannot spontaneously transfer from a region of low temperature to region of high temperature. Second law of thermodynamics: the entropy of an isolated system never decreases, because isolated systems spontaneously evolve toward thermodynamic equilibriumthe state of maximum entropy. (Wikipedia: Second law of thermodynamics) Thermal energy is disordered, and it cannot be converted into ordered mechanical energy. In other words, you cannot convert heat completely into work. 10.3.2: State than entropy is a system property that expresses the degree of disorder in the system All natural processes are irreversible, and lead to a state of increased disorder. Entropy (S) is a measure of irreversibility. It is a measure of the number of specific ways in which a thermodynamic system may be arranged, often taken to be a measure of disorder, or a measure of progressing towards thermodynamic equilibrium (Wikipedia: entropy). It is measured in JK-1.

If thermal energy is put into the system, entropy increases. If thermal energy is removed from the system, entropy decreases.