2009

OPERATIVE DENTISTRY
FUNCTION OF DENTAL UNIT
The dental is the centre of all clinical activity. The chair is designed for the operator and the assistant to work on the patient in the comfortable and efficient manner. The dental chair supports the patients entire body, in either an upright, supine position (nose and knees on the same plane) or sub supine position (the head lower than the feet). The dental chair is designed to accommodate both children and adults. It is also control to move the chair up and dawn, recline the back rest, and raise the seat and a combination button that automatically recline and raise the patient. The controls are either side o of the chair back or on the floor

Dr.Shawfekar
TOSHIBA INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
3/21/2009

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA

KULLIYYAH OF DENTISTRY

PHASE 1 YEAR 1 BLOCK 4 2007/2008 Session Course Code: DEN

Operative of Dentistry Function of dental unit

Prepared by

Dr.Shawfekar Lecturer Kulliyyah Of Dentistry IIUM Kuantan

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The Function of Dental Unit.

Objectives:
1. 2. To identify the special need of dental equipments. To define and demonstrate how to maintain the oral cavity and the equipment utilized in treatment of the oral cavity.

Outline:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The Dental Chair Dental Stools Dental Unit Operating Light Cabinetry Sink Dental X-Ray Unit Small equipment Dental Air Compressor

Dental Chairs
The dental is the centre of all clinical activity. The chair is designed for the operator and the assistant to work on the patient in the comfortable and efficient manner. The dental chair supports the patients entire body, in either an upright, supine position (nose and knees on the same plane) or sub supine position (the head lower than the feet). The dental chair is designed to accommodate both children and adults. It is also control to move the chair up and dawn, recline the back rest, and raise the seat and a combination button that automatically recline and raise the patient. The controls are either side o of the chair back or on the floor.

Dental Chair with foot controls for adjusting chair.

Dental Stools
The dental stools are required by the operator and the assistant during most procedures. Ergonomic studies have resulted in the improved design dental stools to provide comfort and prevent fatigue during dental procedures. The operators and assistants stools have some similarities but also have several difference (Fig-2A, 2B)

A. Operators Stool
The operators stool has the following characteristics: Adjustable height Adjustable back rest Comfortable seat Mobility Broad base

Dental Operators Stool with back support.

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B. Dental Assistant stool

The dental assistants stool has the following characteristics. Adjustable height Adjustable back rest Comfortable seat Mobility Broad base Foot rest Easy to adjust

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Assistants stool with front arm support.

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The Dental Unit including two high speed handpiece,one slow speed handpieces, Ultradonic Scaling Unit, Light cure unit, saliva ejector and HVE The dental unit consists of handpieces, an air-water syringe, a saliva ejector, an oral evacuator (HIVE), ultrasonic scaling unit, Light cure unit and numerous other options. This unit is front delivery system.

1. The head.

rear delivery system is designed with the equipment located behind the patients side delivery system

2. The is designed with the equipment located on the dentists side. The unit is mounted to a moveable arm or a mobile cart. 3. The is designed so that is can be pulled over the patients chest and is located between the dentist and the assistant.

front delivery system

Rear delivery system.

Side delivery system

Front delivery system.

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Mobile carts Sometimes, mobile carts (Fih-5A, 5B) are used to hold delivery systems, including the
air-water syringe, oral evacuator, handpieces, and saliva ejector. One cart may be used by both the operator and the dental assistant with the instrumentation on the appropriate side. Two carts, one on each side of the dental chair, may be equipped and used. The operators cart is usually set up for two or three dental handpieces plus an air-water syringe. The assistants carts is usually set up with the air-water syringe, saliva ejector, and HVE. Carts are designed to be moved easily, provide a work space and some storage, and hold basic instruments.

Fig-5A. Operators chart with dental handpiece and air-water syringe.

Fig-5B. Assistants chart with saliva ejector, HVE, air-water syringe

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Air-Water syringe: The air water syringe (Fig-6A, 6B) provides air, water, or a combination
spray of air and water. The tip of the syringe is removable and made of either disposable plastic or autoclavable metal. New barriers are placed on the syringe handle and the tubing for each patient. The controls for the syringe are on the handle and should be easy to operate with the thumb of one hand. Air, water, and the combination spray help keep the oral cavity clean and dry and protect tooth from the heat produced by the handpiece. For easier use, the syringe tips come in several lengths and are slightly angled. To reduce the risk of retaining oral fluid, flush the air-water syringe with water between patients at beginning and end of the day.

Fig-6A. Air-water syringe. (A) handle, (b) air-water control, (C) removable and disposable tip.

Fig-6B. Air-water syringe.

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Dental handpieces: There are usually two dental handpiece; low and high speed.
The handpieces are attached to hoses that are part of the dental unit. It is important that these hoses are not bent or tangled. Each handpiece has two controls. First, the hose attachment has on/off switch to prevent more than one handpiece from running at once. Second, the speed of handpiece is controlled by a foot pedal called a rheostat. The dental handpieces are removed after eash patients treatment and are sterilized.at the beginning and end of the day, the handpiece should be run for several minutes. Between patient, run the handpiece for at least one minute to flush the system.

Fig-7A.Dental unit. (A) Dental handpieces,Contra-angle

low speed handpieces.

High speed handpieces

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Ultrasonic Scaler: The ultrasonic scaler is attached to the dental unit. The scater is used
during prophylaxis and periodontal procedures. Small tips attach to the ultrasonic scaler. The scaler has a vibrating action that remove hard deposits, such as calculus, and other debris from the teeth.

Ultrasonic scaler

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Saliva Ejector: The saliva ejector is used to remove saliva and fluid from the patients mouth
slowly. It has a low volume suction that is used during certain procedures, such as fluoride treatments and under rubber dams. The saliva ejector tip is a thin, flexible, plastic tube that is disposable of after each patients treatment. This plastic tip slides into the opening of the saliva ejector hose that part of the dental unit. There is a small trap located in the saliva ejector that needs to be cleaned routinely.

Saliva ejectors.

Disposable saliva ejectors.

High Volume Evacuation (HVE): The high volume evacuation (HVE) is also
called the oral evacuator.It is used by the assistant to remove fluids from the patients mouth. Evacuation tips are wider tubes that are often bevelled at both ends.Some of the tips are metal and can be sterilized, but most offices use plastic tips that can be sterilized or disposed of.The evacuation tips fit into the handle of the hose,which is covered with a protective barrier during procedures.The on/off control for the HVE is on the handle.Each unit has a trap that collects debris from the evacuator. This trap must be changed or cleanad weekly or as needed. There are cleaning systems available to flush the HVE at the end of the day and week.

high volume evacuation (HVE)

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Operating Light
The operating light is attached to the dental chair or mounted to the ceiling. Both the operator and the assistant should be able to adjust the position of the light. Operating lights have improved in many ways. They are easier to move, more flexible, and direct less heat on the patient. The light has a control switch for high and low intensities, an on/off switch, and handles on both sides. The light is attached to extension arms for positioning over the patients face in order to view either the maxillary or mandibular arch. The handles and on/off switch are covered with barriers during procedures. The barriers are changed between each patient. Maintenance includes changing the light bulb occasionally and keeping the heat shield clean. It is important to follow the manufacturers instructions for both of these procedures.

Operating light.

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Cabinetry
Most treatment rooms have some type of cabinetry for storage of supplies and materials used during treatment. Some dental units are designed in fixed cabinets that surround the patient, operator, and assistant. These units include cupboards that open from the front and the back for treatment trays, drawers for materials frequently used, and sinks for both the operator and the assistant. The amount of cabinetry depends on the size of the room and the dentists preference. Mobile cabinets are also used in the treatment room. These cabinets come in a variety of designs and are used for storage and as work space. The mobile cabinet is stored against the wall and then pulled into position after the patient is seated.

Cabinetry

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Sink
The treatment room should be designed with sinks in convenient locations for the dentist and the assistants. Some treatment rooms have to sinks, one on each side of the dental chair. Other treatment rooms have one sink that is located centrally behind the dental unit for both the dentist and assistant to use. The water controls on the sink should be operated by wrist, foot, or knee control. There are light and motion sensor devices that turn the water on and off automatically when standing in front of the sink the sinks should be easy to clean and have an area nearby for soap and towel dispensers.

Sink

Dental Curing Light: A dental curing light is used to cure or set light-cured materials.
Many dental products are light cured. The curing light has a small motor that produces the high intensity light, a wand, a protective shield, a handle, and trigger to turn the light on and off. The curing light used halogen bulbs. Follow the manufacturers instructions when changing the bulb.

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Light cure unit

Amalgamator: The amalgamator is a small machine that mixes dental amalgam and some
dental cements. It is placed near the assistant either on the counter or in a drawer.

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Dental X-Ray Unit

A dental x-ray unit used to expose intraoral radiograph is part of most treatment rooms. Sometimes the xray tube head is housed between two rooms with doors on both side for x-ray tube head to slight out into either room. The controls are found out side the room, so that the dental assistant is not exposed to radiation. The panoramic machine for exposing extra oral radiograph is usually located in a separate area out side the treatment room.

X RAY UNIT

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Small equipment
There may be variety of equipments in the treatment room depending on the primary use of the room. Most rooms have an x-ray view box, curing light, amalgamator, communication system, computerized intra oral dental camera, and satellite computer.

X-ray View box: The x-ray view box is used to read and diagnosed radiograph. It consists of
bright light source covered with a frosted surface. X-rays are placed on the frosted surface for clear viewing.

DENTAL DIGITAL RADIOGRAPH UNITS

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X-RAY UNIT

Radiograph Unit

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X- ray Unit

Dental Air Compressor and Central Vacuum System

The air compressor provides compressed air for the handpiece and air for the air-water syringe. The size of air compressor depends on the number of dental units utilized by the office. Usually, the compressor is stored away from the main office because of it size and noise level.

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The dental vacuum system provides suction for saliva ejector and oral evacuators at each dental unit. The filters or traps must be cleaned regularly to keep this system working to capicaty. This system is also stored away from the main office. Dental office staffs and dental service companies must follow the manufacturers instructions for maintenance and repairs on the air compressor and the vacuum system. Both units may be set up on time clocks to run only when the office is open and operating.

Reference:
Phinney DJ, Halstead JH, 2000 Delmars Dental Assisting, Delmer Thomson Learning.

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