MOON PHASES

Joseph Stanovsky PhD 2013 by J.S In an earlier paper, Moon Orbits Sun, it was shown that the Moon orbits the Sun (contrary to the accepted theory of the Moon orbit of Earth). This paper provides more evidence to show that Phases of the Moon better fit a 13 month calendar (introduced in Moon Orbits Sun) than it fits in a calendar of 12 months. Space for the 13 months of a year are identifiable in Fig 1. The plane of the ecliptic is divided into 13 parts by imaginary boundaries.

View constellations and stars The view changes 13 yearly Moon Sun Earth

One month of a 13 month year Typical boundaries

Figure 1: Earth and Moon are shown in just one month of a 13 month year. The angle between boundaries is 27.69 (360/13). The central position of the Sun correlates with what astronomers say about the position of the Sun when stars are being viewed: the sun shines into the face of the constellations. All of the boundaries converge at Sun center. Notice that a boundary line on one side of the Sun is centered on a pair of boundaries on the opposite side of the Sun (a characteristic of 13 boundaries). The number of days (D) in one month of a 13 month year are defined in eq. (1). D = 365.2565/13.0 = 28.09665385 days (1)

In a year of 365 days there are 365.2565 - 365 = 0.2565 days that are unaccounted each year. Obviously 0.2565 4 = 1.026 days are ignored every four years so one day is added to the calendar every fourth year (a leap year). The same calendar repair remedy is required for a year with 13 months. In a 13 month year there are 28.09665385 - 28 = 0.09665385 days ignored each month. This amounts to 0.09665 12 = 1.1598 days ignored each year. Adjust the calendar after six years by adding 7 days to the calendar. ONE MONTH OF A 13 MONTH YEAR Figure 2 describes a 28 day month constructed with a Wikipedia File: Moon phase calendar May 2005.jpg.

-1-

PHASES OF THE MOON

13 Month Moon-Day Calendar --- May-June 2005
Sunday 8 15 22 29 Monday 9 16 23 Tuesday Wednesday Thursday 10 17 24 Friday 13 Saturday 14

0 7 14 21

1 8 15 22

2 9 16 23

11 18 25

3 10 17 24

12 19 26

4 11 18 25

5 12

6 13 20 27

20 ***** 21 27

19 26

28

30 31 1 2 3 4 ***** no moon phase photo on 20 May in current calendar.

Figure 2: The 28 day calendar (for 13 months per year) shows day numbers from 0 to 27. Day 0 coincides with 8 May 2005 of a 12 month year. Phase records indicate a new Moon occurs on 8 May and 6 June of a 12 month calendar. Table 1: Moon phase data for May-June 2005 mm* =28 days 12 month year calendar 13 month year calendar date day hours Midnight % mm* day # in 13 month year 8 Sunday 0.00 0 0.0 0.0 New Moon 9 Monday 24.00 2 3.559 1.0 10 Tuesday 48.00 3 7.118 2.0 11 Wednesday 72.00 4 10.677 3.0 12 Thursday 96.00 5 14.237 4.0 13 Friday 120.00 6 17.80 5.0 14 Saturday 144.00 7 21.355 6.0 15 Sunday 168.00 8 24.914 7.0 16 Monday 192.00 9 28.473 8.0 1st Quarter 17 Tuesday 216.00 10 32.032 9.0 18 Wednesday 240.00 11 35.591 10.0 19 Thursday 264.00 12 39.151 11.0 20 Friday 288.00 13 Friday 5/20/05 calendar event 21 Saturday 312.00 14 0.427097 12.0 22 Sunday 336.00 15 0.462688 13.0 23 Monday 360.00 16 0.498279 14.0 24 Tuesday 384.00 17 0.533871 15.0 Full Moon 25 Wednesday 408.00 18 0.56946 16.0 26 Thursday 432.00 19 0.60505 17.0 27 Friday 456.00 20 0.640646 18.0 28 Saturday 480.00 21 0.67624 19.0 29 Sunday 504.00 21 0.711829 20.0 30 Monday 528.00 22 0.74742 21.0 Last Quarter 31 Tuesday 552.00 23 0.783011 22.0 1 Wednesday 576.00 24 0.839283 23.0 2 Thursday 600.00 25 0.912264 24.0 3 Friday 624.00 26 0.948755 25.0 4 Saturday 648.00 27 0.960969 26.0 5 Sunday 672.00 28 0.99656 27.0 end of month 6 Monday 696.00 29 0.99656 28.0 7 Tuesday: New Moon 30 0.0 0

-2-

PHASES OF THE MOON

SOME NUMBERS The number of hours in 365.2565 days/year x 24 hours/day is 8766.156 hours/year. The number of hours in just one month of a 13 month year is 8766.156/13 = 674.3196. The hours in one day in a month of a 13 month year is 674.3196923/(365.2565 /13) = 24.0 hours. COUNTING DAYS Counting from 1 to 10 starting with 1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 For a 1-1 repeat, count 1+10=1

Counting from 1 to 10 starting with 0. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 For 0-1 repeat, count 0+10=1

MOON TIME The 25 minute daily increase in the time between phase photographs and the day without a Moon phase photo (May-June 2005 Moon phases) occurs in a 12 month year calendar BUT does not occur in a 13 month calendar (a 12 month calendar is flawed). The midnight time on a Full Moon face is shown in Fig 3. The 12 midnight time repeats each day of a 28 day calendar.
Midnight 24 hours 12 Sunrise 6 hours 3 6 12 hours Noon

The shape of a Full Moon 9 18 hours Sunset

Figure 3:A typical face of the Moon in a Moon Calendar. The bold faced numbers within the boundary of the Moon represent the 12 hours of a half day. The time of Midnight, Sunrise, Noon and Sunset are the 24 hours of a day. The daily midnight time is expected to be in the same place in each successive Moon phase photograph. THE BOUNDARIES Line boundaries separate the months. The boundaries are drawn to describe and for convenience. A boundary does not represent a fence, structure nor any religious thing. There is, however, a physical boundary of some kind that separates constellations and possibly other unseen lights in the vicinity of Earth. One reason constellations are separated, for 12 or 13 month calendar, may be due to the distance between monthly positions of a star. For example, the yearly orbit of Betelgeusebetelguese (in Orion in the January Constellation Collection) moves 1/13th of the circumferential motion of Orion, from its centrally located position to its central place in the February group of constellations. Betelgeuse, when viewed from Earth, is about 1400 light years distant from Earth so Betelgeuse is at least 1555 light years [(2 1400/13)2+14002 ]1/2 from Earth after

-3-

PHASES OF THE MOON

28.096 days [365.2565/13] (from the January collection of constellations to those in the February collection. A second cause of a boundary may be due to the bright sunlight bathing Earth. A star may not be visible as its dim light passes through the bright light of Sun bathing Earth. Bright sunlight may be the cause or contributes to the cause of a boundary. CONCLUSION The 28 day Moon month houses daily photographs of phases of the Moon. A 13 month calendar can be applied to Earth. A 28 day Earth month will assure workers on salary their efforts throughout a year are uniform. ABSTRACT TO MOON ORBITS SUN The velocity of Moon along its trajectory is constant only if its orbit occurs once a year. A 13 month per year calendar better houses the phases of the Moon than does the current 12 month per year calendar. Consequently: (1) multiple orbits of Moon around Earth can not be used to explain the cause of a Moon phase, (2) that whatever mechanism does explain Moon phases it must repeat regularly, (3) the mechanism that identifies phases of the Moon (is similar to the current version of a partially lighted Moon) is defined in Moon Orbits Sun, (4) ocean tides can not be attributed to a gravitational effect of Earth, Sun or Moon, (5) all weather events are likely due to the daily rotation of Earth (forecasting is not science). It is known that Earth orbits the Sun. The paper Moon Orbits Sun shows Moon orbits the Sun with the Earth closer to the Sun than the Moon. The Moon does not orbit Earth nor does it rotate regularly about a centroidal axis that must be perpendicular to track of the Moon. Consequently, there is no need to apply the unworkable idea about a Moon in synchronous rotation. A REVIEW OF MOON ORBITS SUN The duration of one orbit of Moon per year around the Sun will affect many of the theories used to establish weather concepts. One Moon orbit around the Sun changes all current explanations for the causes of ocean tides. One Moon orbit around the Sun eliminates the influence of gravity between Moon, Earth and Sun and tides. Synchronous rotation of the Moon is an unnecessary feature because the Moon does not rotate about its centroidal axis nor does it need too. Instead of multiple Moon orbits of 29.531 days around Earth the Moon orbits Sun one year (365.256 days). REFERENCES 1. J. Stanovsky; Moon Orbits the Sun, Scribd Inc., 2013. 2. R. and J. Stanovsky; Is the NASA Photo Inverted, Scribd Inc, 2013.

Personal Opinion: In the design of structures it is necessary to relate a calculated stress to an allowable stress. For concrete structures, aluminum or steel materials the allowable stress is typically pounds per square inch, about 3000 psi for concrete and 20,000 pounds per square inch more or less for aluminum and steel. All engineers know a pound weight: a pint of water weighs a pound the world round. Now comes a stress unit so bad that allowable stresses are in Giga Pascals. Giga is a 1,000,000,000 multiplier, whereas a Pascal is 1 Newton per square meter. Now what is a Newton or a square meter and who cares? Engineers should ignore the Giga and Pascal terminology. It is offputting and I dont like it!

-4-