Eskalt

Kamchukchee and Eskimo Glottochronology
and Some Altaic Etymologies

Found in the Swadesh List
Oleg A. j~
Moscow, Russian State University for the Humanities
The latest glottochronological research on Kamchukchee and Eskimo lan-
guages is based on new results in Kamchukchee (KCh) and Proto-Eskimo
(PE) historical phonology studies and the etymological databases of the
two families, made by the author. It can be stated that these two families
have not had any genetic connections for at least the last 50 millennia (al-
though connections between their ancestors may possibly be traced at the
levels of macrofamilies like Nostratic). But for the last 23 millennia they
have been in constant contact on the territory of North-Eastern Asia. The
results of glottochronology agree with our subjective experience, based on
what we know of the levels of relationship between languages (e. g. quant-
ity of etymologies necessary for postulating a certain degree of proximity,
the level of complexity of the correspondences between the phonological
systems of the daughter languages, etc.).
The original KCh family must have existed around 2800 years ago (55 %
of matches within the 00-word list). Based on the average (not minimal)
number of possible matches, we will have to assume a splitting not earlier
than 2500 years ago. At that time the KCh family became divided in two
branches Proto-Chukchee (PCh) and Proto-Kamchadal (PK). After that
point contacts between the two became minimal and various innovations be-
gan taking place. Then, at the beginning of the 6th century (83 % matches), the
PK unit split in several parts among them the Southern and the Western
Kamchadal branches, whose languages were attested in the 9th century; the
last Southern language, written down by B. a, had disappeared by
the beginning of the 20th century. It is possible that an Eastern branch also ex-
isted, but the last dialectal material from Eastern Kamchatka was attested at
the end of the 8th century, and, according to those recordings, it was prob-
ably a dialect close to WK, with a relatively low level of differentiation.
Around the same time or a little earlier (around 50 82 % matches),
the PCh unity had become split into the Chukchee (Northern) branch (mod-
ern Chukchee) and the Kamchatkan (Southern) branch. [Of course, there is no
need to take these datings literally they are rather provisional, and varia-
298 l. j~. Kamchukchee/Eskimo Glottochronology & Altaic-Eskimo Etymol. ...
tions within the limits of one or two generations are possible]. On the edge of
the st and the 2nd millennia Koryaks (Chawchuwen herdsman, mod. Ko-
ryak) lost contact with other PCh-Kamchatkan dialects remaining in the north
part of the Kamchatkan peninsula along the Sredinny ridge. This may be re-
lated to changes in the traditional Koryak style of life (salmon-fishing, still
preserved among remaining PCh languages speakers on the Kamchatkan
peninsula) and to the adoption of the caribou stockman culture. The separa-
tion of dialect of Western Kamchadals described by B. a in the
9th century (presumably Sedanka dialect) from other WK languages around
00 (92 % matches) was a result of Koryak migration. Later, around 250
(95 % matches) the Kamchatkan (Nymylan) languages split into the Palana
language (the so-called Koryak dialect of Palana, located on the western part
of the ridge facing the Okhotsky sea) and the Alutor (Olutor) language on the
eastern part of the ridge closer to the Pacific ocean. Around 20 (9 %
matches) the remaining WK language had become divided into the Itelmen
language as represented by the Napana dialect (described by A. P. s
in his monograph), and the Itelmen dialect used as the basis for the new short
Itelmen-Russian dictionary (written by A. P. s and K. N. h~J
~, dialects of Kovran and Upper Khayriuzovo). This is an exhaustive list of
KCh languages which one can use for comparative studies and glottochrono-
logy. What is interesting is that the dates of splitting of KCh languages find
their chronological correlates in the results for Eskimo.
The Proto-Eskimo (PE) language split in two about 200 years ago (5 %
matches) not later than 200, judging by the averaged list of numbers of
matches. These two branches have been traditionally recognized as Proto-
Inupik (PI) and Proto-Yupik (PY). Around 0 (68 % matches), the Sirenik
language split from PY; in 80 (5 % matches) Siberian Yupik (SY) and
American Yupic (AY) were formed. The SY unity was shattered in 50
(82 % matches), after which Chaplinski (Unazigmit) and Naukanski (Nyvu-
kagmit) lost contact and became different languages. At about the same
time, as shown above, Chukchee had split from other PCh languages, and
it seems that the migration of Chukchees to the territories between Nau-
kanski (now located on the North-Eastern part of Chukotkan peninsula)
and Chaplinski was the main reason for this separation of SY languages. The
first subbranch of AY became separated about 60 (8 % matches); it in-
cludes such closely related languages and dialects as Nunivak (Nun) (used
here for glottochronological calculations), Norton Sound, Chevak, Egegik.
Speakers of these languages now inhabit islands and select parts of the
Western Alaska seaboard close to the Bering sea. The separation of Supik dia-
lects (Chevak and Koniag) from the Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) took place
around 80 (9 % matches). It is possible that the marginal position of
Nunivak and similar dialects is a result of CAY expansion.
. vv.. - . ... 299
The splitting of PI began around 60 (85 %), when the Inupik of the
Seward peninsula (SPI) became an independent subbranch in reality its
speakers remained on the original territory, while the rest of the Inupik
migrated to the North-East. It is possible that Nun was the first wave of
Yupik colonisation of free Alaskan territories where other Inupik had been
living previously. Later, at around 050 (93 % matches), the Eastern sub-
branch, including Greenlandic and Eastern Canadian Inupik, was formed.
These languages became distinct from one another around 30 (9 %
matches). The Western branch split into North Alaskan Inupik and Western
Canadian Inupik at around 30 (96 % matches). Of course, operating with
the closely related Inupik languages is rather problematic, but the fact that
the PI unity at some time split into SPI and the rest is undeniable.
It is interesting that the loanwords in Eskimo (PE, PI, PY), present in
the authors etymological dictionary, look like old borrowings from KCh.
Their phonetics and semantics show an active contact with a KCh source
closer to PK than to PCh. We may suggest that the breakup of the KCh
family and migrations of PCh language speakers actually provoked the mig-
ration of a part of PE speakers across the Bering Strait, and, subsequently,
their partial isolation which caused the forming of the PI subgroup with its
independent developments. It is also necessary to say that there are some
KCh and PC borrowings in the Eskimo 00 wordlist (small, moon, leaf),
but reverse loans from PE have not been attested.
Phonetic correspondences between PE and Nostratic were established by
the author more than 20 years ago. At the same time the hypothesis about a
specific relationship between the Altaic family (Proto-Altaic, PA) and PE was
put forward. It was interesting to perform glottochronological calculations be-
tween modern languages descending from PE and PA. The results of etymo-
logical research show that only about 0 PE roots (out of about 200 roots from
modern Eskimo languages encountered in the 00-wordlist) do not have any
phonetically regular parallels with close semantics in PA. In fact, it is possible
to say that practically for every one of them one can offer a PA etymology
(with a few exceptions, all of these roots can be found in EDAL). As a result,
every modern Eskimo language has at least 0 reliable phonetic and semantic
parallels in modern Altaic languages.
The exact distribution is as follows: modern Eskimo language/modern
Turkic language more than (but with Chuvash, Tuvinian, Kirgiz
more than 2, with Turkmenian more than 3), modern Eskimo language/
modern Mongolian language about , modern Eskimo language/Modern
Tungus-Manchu language about 3 (but with Nanai more than 5, with
Evenki about 6, with Negidal more than ), modern Eskimo lan-
guage/modern Korean 0, modern Eskimo/modern Japanese about 3.
The unexpected surplus of Tungus parallels may be the result of close separ-
ate contact after the disintegration of the Altaic unity.
Below we present a list of Proto-Eskimo (PE) and Altaic root correspond-
ences found on Swadeshs 00-wordlist (plus 0 additional items). What is
most striking is that, for the most part, in addition to wider Eurasiatic or Nos-
tratic etymologies, many of the presented Eskimo etymologies display a spe-
cial connection with Altaic in respect to specific phonetic processes and mean-
ing specification, such as, for instance, the same non-trivial development *m- >
*v- (*b- in Altaic) in the auxillary words and st person pronouns. Some of
these roots are preserved in the other branches of Nostratic (such as Uralic or
Indo-Europian), but some are lexical isoglosses typical only for PE and Altaic.
The preliminary table of consonantal correspondences is listed before the
etymologies, but it can be subject to further modifications as new lexical en-
tries are gradually introduced. The main characteristics of the PE phonolo-
gical system are: ) the opposition between voiceless stops and voiced fricat-
ives; 2) a ban on initial voiced fricatives and voiceless stops at the end of the
last syllable; 3) a lack of more than two-consonantal clusters in the inlaut posi-
tion; ) lack of clusters in the initial position and in wordfinal position; 5) a
ban on the sequence *ti; 6) some traces of old vowel harmony resulting in the
differentiation of velar and uvular consonants on the PE level; ) etymological
reduction of vowels in certain positions (probably due to some former accentu-
ation peculiarities); 8) an archaic recomposition of some roots with the struc-
ture *ToTV into *VTTV, with the false first vowel replicating the second one.
) PE
7
*aca paternal aunt > PYup. *aca id., PInup. *acca (~ -b ) id. The
geminate in Inup. may reflect a vocative form of this relatives name (CED 2).
Altaic *V elder relative, ancestor (mostly female; forms denoting a
male relative with meaning father, ancestor must represent a different
root) > Turk. *aj / *ej, T.-M. *as wife, woman, Kor. *-. An expressive
kinship nursery word with the typical structure *VCV. The Mongolian
reflexes are problematic: Mong. eei mother, elder sister is probably <
Turk. (EDAL 2, 22).
2) PE
570
*aci area below, downward > PYup. *aci area below, down-
ward; to go down; earth, ground (Sirenikan), PInup. *aci, *at- area below,
down; ground, floor (CED 3, ).
Altaic *d
to lie > Turk. *jt-, Mong. *de-b-, T.-M. *d-du-, Jap. *dnto-r-.
One of the common Altaic monosyllabic verbal roots. Note dental suffixation
(probably *d-ta-) reflected in Turk, T.-M. and Jap. (EDAL 66). Cf. also Turk.
*bat- to get down, to sink.
. vv.. - . ... 30!
3) PE
599
*aci-b- good, to like > PYup. *aci-b- good; to like (CED ).
PInup. *aca- to love (CED 6).
Altaic *gte strong, very > Turk. *ged, Mong. *kdr, T.-M. *gata- / *kada-,
Jap. *koto. The root reveals some phonetic irregularities probably due to
contaminations with *kto much, many and *kadi(rV) strong, tough (EDAL
532, 533). Another possible comparison: Altaic *odi (~ -e) sexual passion,
Turk. *d-i, Mong. *(h)uid, T.-M. *uda- (EDAL 02).
) PE
594
*ao- to go on walks > PYup. *ao- ~ *a-ub- to go on walks
(CED , 55), PInup. *ai-, *ai-k-lob-, *ai-t-rub- to go; to go home; to fetch,
to give. There is another common root with close semantics: *ai-|- to
come (CED ).
Altaic *
`
ja to go, walk > Turk. *Aj-, Mong. *aja-, T.-M. *j-, Jap. *jm-
(EDAL 2, 28).
5) PE
706
*ao- that, on the other side, across > PYup. *ao- (-kuro,
-rumo, -ani) that, over there, on the other side, across. The main pronoun
for that, with a specific declination paradigm unlike that of the other de-
monstrative pronouns, but analogical with *u- and *t-u- this (CED 53).
PInup. *a-na (*ak-kua, *a-ruma, *a()-ani) that, on the other side, across.
Some ECI and GRI forms in the paradigm are replaced by the phonetically
similar pronoun *av- over there, going away (CED 53, 56).
Altaic * that (deictic root) > Turk. *(-n), Mong. *e-ne, T.-M. *e-, Kor.
*-m, Jap. *- (EDAL 8).
6) PE
556
*ai-b- to come > PYup. *ai-b- to come; to bring. See also
*ao- ~ *a-u|- to go on walks, PInup. *ai-b- (-t-) to come, to come from
afar; to take sth. home, to bring home (CED ).
Altaic *aje (~ *ejo) to reach, come close > Mong. *aji-su-, Jap. *ojomp-.
A Mong.-Jap. isogloss (EDAL 29).
) PE
1
*aru-, *ari- star > PYup. *aRu-, *aRa(b) star (CED , 9).
PInup. *aru-, *ari-aq- constellation: the Pleiades, constellation of two
stars (appearing on the shortest day of the year) (CED ).
Altaic *j
kV-rV light, white > Turk. *k, Mong. *jagaan, T.-M. *ixere,
Kor. *ikir-, Jap. *k-(r-). The final vowel is not quite clear: some languages
point to *-i or *-e, others rather to *-a (EDAL 598). Cf. also Altaic ? *bjaga
(~ -i) moon, brilliance, preserved only in T.-M. *biaga.
8) PE
727
*abna- (~ *-b-) woman, female > PYup. *aba- woman, girl, fe-
male (in compounds), PInup. *abna- woman, female (in compounds) (CED 3).
Altaic *kune (~ g-) one of several wives > Turk. *gni, Jap. *kuanami.
A Turk-Jap. isogloss (EDAL 39, 0).
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9) PE
513
*abra ashes, powder > PYup. *br[a] ashes; drug, powder.
The Chap. form features a metathesis: *aro- > ro-, so that the stem be-
gins atypically with a voiced initial -. The word for drug looks like an
Alaskan cultural loanword in Siberian Eskimo (CED 6, ). PInup. *abra
ashes; gunpowder (CED , 2).
Altaic *gari (~ --, -o) light > Mong. *gere-l, T.-M. *garpa (EDAL 53). The
original semantics in PE should have been something like flaring, blazing coals.
0) PE
666
*akma-Lu- round > PInup. *amalu- round (CED 36).
Altaic *gk hook, bend > Turk. *Kek- / *Kak-, Mong. *gek-, T.-M. *gek(u)-,
Jap. *knkm- (!) (EDAL 536, 53).
) PE
664
*akra-- (*aqra-b-) wheel, to roll, round > PYup. *ak(r)a--,
*ak(r)a-m-ko- (-m-|u-), *aq(r)a-b- wheel, round; to roll, PInup. *akra--
(-lu-), *aqrab- to roll, to turn round or over; wheel, tyre, wheeled vehicle
(CED 0, 36). There is also PE *aqra- ~ *aRqa- ball (665).
Altaic *kju a k. of vehicle, wheel > Turk. *Kiak, *Kiagu, Mong.
*kr-dn, T.-M. *kur-, Jap. *krm (EDAL 08).
2) PE
662
*aku- root of plant > PYup. *aku- root, PInup. *aku- root
of plant. It is necessary to distinguish this root from *aku(vo) skirt, part of
garment, waterproof garment (65), despite CED (CED ).
Altaic *gokV a k. of reed or leek () > Turk. *Koga (~ -k-),
Mong. *gogu-. A Turk-Mong. isogloss: not quite reliable because of late attesta-
tion, but borrowing in either direction seems improbable (EDAL 563, 56).
3) PE
736
*ali-(va-) far, in the distance > PYup. *ali- from afar, PInup.
*ali-(va-) to be far; to retreat a little (CED 17).
Altaic *gj
la to stay behind, be separated > Turk. *Kil-, Mong. *gal-,

T.-M. *giala-, Jap. *kra-. The original meaning is well reconstructible as to
lag behind > become separated (EDAL 5, 58).
) PE
523
*amo- many, much > PYup. *amo- (-lo-, -tV-) frequent, per-
petual; many, much, PInup. *ami- (-lba, -tu-) many; to increase in num-
bers (CED 22, 23).
Altaic *
ma (~ -o) to stay, be left, leave > T.-M. *em-n-, Jap. *m- plenty.
A T-M~Jap. isogloss. Cf. perhaps also MKor. momir- to stay, remain (< *Vmo-
mir-, with a rather usual Korean loss of initial vowel?) (EDAL 503, 50).
5) PE
740
*am-orto- with negation affix thin, narrow > PYup. *amorto-
thin in girth; narrow, PInup. *amit- narrow, thin (CED 2). Literally not wide.
Altaic *mbe heavy, big > Mong. *amban, T.-M. *amba-, Kor. *mi-, Jap.
*om(p)o- (EDAL 295).
. vv.. - . ... 305
6) PE
681
*ami- hide, skin > PYup. *ami-(ba-) hide, pelt, skin, PInup.
*ami-(-ba-) hide, skin; fish skin; tree bark (CED 23).
Altaic *emV(V) saddle, belt > Turk. *(de-r, Mong. *emee-l, T.-M. *emu-l.
A Western isogloss (EDAL 506).
) PE
502
*m|u- ~ *mo|u- leaf, coltsfoot > PYup. *am|u- coltsfoot.
PInup. *molu- ~ *mulo- leaf of plant; coltsfoot. The metathesis of vowels in
GRI took place under the influence of *mulo- paddle blade (CED 202, 255).
Altaic *m
`
ro a k. of weed > T.-M. *mr-, Kor. *mr, Jap. *mo (~*mu)
[WHITMAN 985: , 55, 23]. An Eastern isogloss. In Turk. cf. perhaps Oyr.,
Shor parga weed (which would require a modification of the PA form to
*mjro). The loss of resonant in Jpn. presupposes a suffixed form like *mr(o)-
gV (cf. the Turkic parallels) or *mr(o)-V (cf. Evk. moria) (EDAL 95). But
PE reflects a form with original *.
8) PE
528
*amqo- to bite > PYup. *am(o)qo- to bite , to bite off, to
nibble lips 2, PInup. *apqa-la- to eat quickly (CED 6).
Altaic *mo mouth; taste (*amo-ta, *amo-sa), Turk. *um-, *um-sa-, Mong. *ama-,
*amsa-, *amta, T.-M. *ama, *amta-, Kor. *ms, Jap. *m-, *nt (EDAL 296, 29).
9) PE
729
*ana-b- rust > PYup. *ana-b- rust.
Altaic *bea red clay, dirt > Turk. *bAak, T.-M. *be-ge-, Jap. *pn. If
the Negidal form belongs here, it may reflect, together with Turk. *bAak,
a common derivative *bea-kV (EDAL 339).
20) PE
580
*anob spark, fire > PYup. *anob- (-ib-) spark, fire (CED 28).
Altaic *jjn to burn; ashes, tar > Turk. *jan-, *jan-tir-, T.-M. *ian-,
Kor. *i, Jap. *dn. Medial *-j- accounts for loss of *-n- in Kor. (EDAL 539).
2) PE
1588
*ania- moon, month > PInup. *ania(a-) moon (CED 28).
The connection to the word elder brother cited in CED represents a folk
etymology.
Altaic *
u moon, moon cycle > Turk. *k, Mong. *oj, T.-M. *aa
(EDAL 303). In both Turkic and T.-M. a postconsonantal velar stop is evident.
22) PE
745
*anuqo wind > PYup. *anuqo wind, PInup. *anubo, *anuq-
-lib-, *anub-rab- wind, to be windy (CED 30).
Altaic *jangu > Turk. *(i)aki- emit odour, Mong. *(h)oguli- to gasp,
breathe heavily, T.-M. *uu- to smell (instead of Turk. *in-tik to be-
come tired, exhausted). See juu (~ -a) to breathe, smell (EDAL 620).
23) PE
519
*a(u)- big > PYup. *a(u)- big, great (CED 32, 35), PInup.
*ao-na- big , wide, last long 2, too big for 3, to make too big (large)
(CED 32). Derivatives: *a(o)-li- to grow up, to become bigger, *a-tu-
big, bigness. Not related to *au-nt man, old man, male animal.
Altaic *ni very > Turk. *e, Mong. *a-ka, T.-M. *ana-, Kor. * (EDAL
300). The hypothesis that Turkic and Mongolian here reflect a suffixed form
*ni-kV, with assimilation *-n- > *-- (with further reduction in Turkic) can
be challenged by the alternative hypothesis that they actually reflect the
original velar nasal.
2) PE
648
*apju- smoke, fume, vapour > PYup. *apju- smoke, fume,
PInup. *apju- smoke, haze, mist (CED 38).
Altaic *api wind, vapour > Turk. *Ep-, Mong. *aur, T.-M. *apka (EDAL 3).
25) PE
517
*aqja (-qu-) belly, stomach > PYup. *aqja (-qu-) id., PInup.
*aqia- (-bu-) (~ *-qj-) id. (CED ).
Altaic *kra belly; body, ribs > Turk. *Krin, T.-M. *kerimuk, Kor. *kari,
Jap. *kr-(n)t (EDAL 669).
26) PE
602
*ara hand > PYup. *ara hand, PInup. *ara (~ -l-)
hand, wrist (CED ).
Altaic *gr (~ -e-) arm > Turk. *Kari, Mong. *gar, Jap. *kt (EDAL
530, 53).
2) PE
539
*aru blood > PYup. *ru (-ja-) blood, clotted blood,
PInup. *a(r)u (-ia-), *arro-b- blood, to bleed, clotted blood, red (CED 5).
T.-M. *erin breath, life, soul; hardly connected to Altaic *
ra to be >
Turk. *er-, Mong. *ere-, Jap. *r- (EDAL 55). On the other hand, the semantic
development blood ~ strength, soul is quite common in many languages.
28) PE
651
*atabu-ci- one > PYup. *atabu-ci- one, PInup. *ataucci- one
(CED 50).
Altaic *ggt one of a pair > Turk. *Kat, Mong. *gaga, T.-M. *gagda, Jap.
*kt (EDAL 525, 526).
29) PE
641
*atob, *atRib- name; to name > PYup. *atob, *atjib- id.,
PInup. *atob, *accib- name, namesake; to name (CED 51).
Altaic *
t (~ -t-) sound > Turk. *t-, Mong. *i-, T.-M. *(x)ot-, Jap. *oto
(EDAL 068).
30) PE
732
*ava-nt, (-t-li-) area around, outermost, faraway > PYup.
*avanto, *avali- area around, locality; faraway, PInup. *ava-nt, *ava-lli-
surrounding area, outermost (CED 5).
Altaic *ebo enough, big > Mong. *(h)- / *(h)b-, T.-M. *ebi-, Kor. *-. Cf.
Jap. *opo- big which may reflect a merger of this root with *
po (EDAL 90, 9).

3) PE
541
*caHunob (~ --, -r-) bone > PInup. *caunob (~ -ab) bone;
seed (CED 2).
. vv.. - . ... 307
Altaic *s bone; shin bone > Turk. *sik / *siok, Mong. *sia, T.-M.
*sia-, Kor. *siin, Jap. *sni (EDAL 25, 255). But cf. also Altaic *jau (~
*joe) a sharp bone, sharp instrument (EDAL 39).
32) PE
546
*cakima- (~ --) chest, rib cage > PYup. *cakima- (~ --)
breast, chest, breastbone, rib (of animal), PInup. *caki(m)a chest, breast-
bone, breast, rib cage (CED 65).
Altaic *ekV part of shoulder close to neck > Turk. *ekn, Mong.
*ekerej (EDAL 22).
33) PE
567
*caluv- to tan skin, thin, dried, lean > PYup. *calu- dry,
dried out, PInup. *calu- (-m-), *callu to tan (skin), thin (CED 66).
Altaic *tjule (~ -o) to weaken, be exhausted > Mong. *tul-, T.-M. *tla-
(EDAL 3). For the anlaut consonant development cf. PE *cior-qu-,
*cir-qu- knee; *cilu (~ *c-), *culuk-Ru feather of wing, dorsal fin.
3) PE
719
*ca-u- (-ra, -na) interrogative pronoun what, what to do >
PYup. *ca-u-ra (-na), *ca- what, why, what to do, PInup. *cu-na, cu-a,
*cu-(r-) what, why, what to do (CED 90). For the first part cf. PChuk *on,
*eq- id. < KCh *no-qo. The second part of this pronoun may correspond to:
Altaic *[jV] what, who > Turk. *n, Mong. *jau-n-, *jauma, T.-M. *,
Kor. *n-, Jap. *nV (EDAL 03).
35) PE
542
*caro- to turn towards, to face, to pass in front > PYup.
*ca(r)u- to turn towards, to face (CED 2); PInup. *caa-t-, *car-but-, *car-
va-b- to face, to turn towards , to pass in front 2, to move, to put forwards
3 (CED 62, 63). The corresponding nominal stem: PE *caro front, breast >
PYup. *caro breast, front of body (CED 62, 3), PInup. *caa-, *ca-mun
(-mi-, -lo-b-) front of body, in front, to turn forwards, foremost (CED 62).
Altaic *e front, front part > Turk. *d, Mong. *dli, T.-M. *ule, Kor.
*iro (EDAL 03, 0).
36) PE
1499
*ca(r)u earth or snow covering sth., humus > PInup. *cau
to bury, to cover with earth or snow (CED 2).
Altaic *sji earth, sand; marsh > Turk. *sia, Mong. *sirau, T.-M.
*siru-, Kor. *hrk, Jap. *situ (EDAL 269, 20).
3) PE
671
*coa-b- to see, to look, to open eyes > PYup. *coa-b- (>
*coba-b-) to see, to look; to open eyes, to wake up. Cf. PInup. *ca-vi- to
become visible ().
Altaic *sg (~ z-) to look, search > Mong. *sigia-, T.-M. *sig-, Kor.
*h-, Jap. *snk-. Kor. *h- is an assimilation < *sVh- = PJ *s(n)kas-
(EDAL 22).
38) PE
657
*cola universe, atmosphere, weather > PYup. *cola ~ *ocla
universe, atmosphere, weather, external world, area outside, PInup. *cila
universe, atmosphere, weather, external world (CED 8).
Altaic *zli wind > Turk. *jl, Mong. *salki, T.-M. *sal-di-, Kor. *sar-
(EDAL 508).
39) PE
549
*cotu(m)- (-qu-), *cotu-b- nail, claw, hoof; to extend out legs >
PYup. *cotu- (-m-qu-), *cotu-b- nail, claw, hoof; to extend out legs (CED 86,
8), PInup. *cittu-b- to extend legs (CED 8). The Russian equivalent for
the verbal meanings is = to throw away the hooves,
with the connotation to die (to lie with outstretched legs).
Altaic *sjudu (~ -a) a hoof deformation > Turk. *sidir-gak, Mong.
*sdrge, T.-M. *sudu, Jap. *sia (~ *sai). An interesting common Altaic body
part name. The final vowel is difficult to reconstruct because of contrac-
tion in Jap. (EDAL 28, 288).
0) PE
609
*cior-qu-, *cir-qu- knee > PYup. *cior-qu-, *cir-qu- knee,
knee-cap, patella, PInup. *ciotqu knee (CED ).
Altaic *tj
e leg; knee > Turk. *d, Mong. *trej, T.-M. *tr-kse, Kor.
*tr. Mongolian and Tungusic forms are genetically related to PT *di
(*d). This is one of the few cases of secondary voicing in PT (before *, *r):
the original voiceless reflex is preserved within the Common Turkic deriv-
ative *tir-sgek elbow (EDAL ). For the anlaut consonant development cf.
PE *caluv- to tan skin, thin, dried, lean, *cilu (~ *c-), *culuk-Ru feather
of wing, dorsal fin.
) PE
569
*ciunt ear > PYup. *ciunt ear, PInup. *ciunt ear (CED
5). The stem formally looks like a deverbal instrumental noun from an un-
known verb.
Altaic *[ja]ki temple, ear > Turk. *ke, Mong. *iki, T.-M. *akar, Kor.
*kami. The vocalism is not quite certain: a reconstruction of *-ja- is pos-
sible if we admit a secondary monophthongization *ja- > *a- in T.-M.
(EDAL 3, 38).
2) PE
669
*cibu--, *cib-mi- to become covered with dirt, sand, ice >
PYup. *ci[b]u--, *cib-mi- to freeze, covered with dirt (CED 85), PInup.
*ciuba-b, *cib-mi- sand; ice on an object (CED 8, 85).
Altaic *jaga cold, frozen snow > Mong. *a(g)-su, T.-M. *iaga, Kor. *h-
(Kor. hiw- cold is a secondary derivation from h-). Mong. a-sun may ac-
tually reflect a contamination with *ar-sun, cf. *ar crust (of snow), (see
*era, Turk. *ar-, Mong. *ar EDAL 2); Southern Mongolian languages
seem, however, to preserve traces of a velar *ag-su (EDAL 36).
. vv.. - . ... 309
3) PE
749
*cibu-nob horn > PYup. *cibu-nob horn, antler (CED 85, 86).
Altaic *j
`
j thorn, (pine) needle > Turk. *sojagu, Mong. *sojua, T.-
M. *je, Kor. *si, Jap. *soj (EDAL 339).
) PE
578
*cilu (~ *c-), *culuk-Ru feather of wing, dorsal fin > PYup.
*cilu ~ *culu, *culuk-ju- feather; wing; body hair; dorsal fin. Cf. *cu-
lu-: PInup. *culu(), *culuRRu- feather of wing; dorsal fin; wing (CED 92).
Altaic *d
l mane; collar > Turk. *jl, Mong. *del, T.-M. *del-n, Jap. *(d)i-
r. The diphthong in Jap. may indicate PA *djl (EDAL 0). For the anlaut
consonant development cf. PE *cior-qu-, *cir-qu- knee, *caluv- to tan
skin, thin, dried, lean.
5) PE
658
*ci|a-|u, *ciHa- (-j-, -r-) bad weather, rain > PYup. *ci|a-
|u (~ *co|a-) rain; bad weather, PInup. *cila(q)-lu, *cialo- bad weather;
rain, to be rain (CED 8). The first meaning suggests derivation from *cola
weather etc., but this may really be a secondary confusion, as shown by
Inup. variants with the meaning rain.
Altaic *sj
`
i to flow, drip > Turk. *s-, Mong. *sr-, T.-M. *sir-. A
Western isogloss (EDAL 298, 299). The root may in fact be the same as
*sjri (reflected in the Eastern area, EDAL 283), but modified under the
influence of a synonymous *ju (EDAL 32). The first PE variant re-
flects an older * , the second may reflect *-r- if the PE form is to be recon-
structed with *-j- , and *-r- or *-- if the PE form contains *-r-.
6) PE
510
*ci|o-m- (~ *colo-m-) full, to fill > PYup. *co|o-m- full, all; to fill,
PInup. *cilo[m]- (~ -v-, --) to have a full stomach; to fill completely (CED 9).
Altaic *
lo full, fill > Turk. *dl-, Mong. *del-, T.-M. *alu(-m) (!), Kor.
*ra-, Jap. *tr- (EDAL 390, 39). The suffixal -m in T.-M. and PE is probably
the same.
) PE
683
*cino- to sleep > PInup. *cino- (*coni-) to sleep; sleep
(CED 80, 8).
Altaic *j
`
dream, echo > Turk. *ja, Mong. *e- sleep, T.-M.
*i-, Kor. *()-, Jap. *dmi / *dmi. Semantically a challenging etymo-
logy, with some mythological connotations (EDAL 53, 5). The PE re-
flex suggests a consonantal cluster *-ng-, rather than simple *--, in Altaic.
8) PE
701
*ciqi-nob sun > PYup. *ciqi-nob sun, PIup *ciqi-nob sun,
to be sunshine (CED 8).
Altaic *sj
`
gu sun; sky > T.-M. *sign, Kor. *hi, Jap. *su-r. An East-
ern isogloss. It is also interesting to note MKor. hnr sky, which may,
together with PJ *sur id., go back to a complex form *sjog[u]n-lV (EDAL
2). The uvular stop in PE suggests an original (Nostratic) uvular or
voiceless fricative. Cf. PE *oqa-|u fish.
3!0 l. j~. Kamchukchee/Eskimo Glottochronology & Altaic-Eskimo Etymol. ...
9) PE
597
*cub-ra- blue, green, blue-berry > PYup. *cub-(R)a- blue-
berry. Cf. *ocu|o-mo- murky in PYup, PInup. *cubba- blue-berry (CED 95).
Altaic *j
`
ke (~ -k-) grass, weed > Turk. *ekin, T.-M. *Ka, Kor. *soksi,
Jap. *tksi. Mong. ike-n in names of plants may be a merger of this root and
*ika (EDAL 2). Kor. soksi horse-tail is hard to separate from Jap. tukusi id.;
we are most probably dealing with an assimilation (soksi < *oksi) (EDAL 0).
50) PE
613
*cuja- willow leaf > PYup. *cuja- willow leaf (CED 96).
Altaic *sj
`
gi a k. of foliage tree > Turk. *segt willow, Mong. *sier,
T.-M. *siakta willow (EDAL 263).
5) PE
600
*cua- gall, bile, blue, green > PYup. *cua- gall; blue, green;
rubicund (CED 93, 9); PInup. *cua- gall, bile; green (CED 93).
Altaic *sje(rV) (~ z-) yellowish, greyish > Mong. *saar-, T.-M.
*sia(r)-. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss (EDAL 268).
52) PE
601
*cua- bead > PYup. *cua- bead, PInup. *cuaura- bead
(CED 93). This cannot be an affix-less derivate from *cua- gall, bile, since
the attempt to propose an original semantics like the colour of turquoise
implicates a semantic concretization to gall and bead without any addi-
tional morphological markers; also unclear is the issue of why the specifica-
tion stopped at meanings like gall and bead instead of sky, sea, grass,
etc., which might be more expectable.
Altaic *sn seed, grain > Turk. *sunu, Jap. *sni (EDAL 38).
53) PE
633
*ob[r]o-t- to dawn, light > PYup. *ob-to-, *ob-cu--, *obr-unt-
(~ *a-) light; dawn, to dawn on, PInup. *Ibro-b- (-t-) to become visible, to
be clear, visible. These stems have no connection to the root to hide, despite
(CED 22). See *ob[r]o-nob day.
Altaic *obri (~ -e) dawn > Turk. *r (*r), Mong. *wr, T.-M.
*(x)oru- (EDAL 00, 0).
5) PE
548
*oko(-) to burn, fire > PYup. *oko(-) conflagration, fire; to
burn, PInup. *iko- (-t-) to burn, to ignite (CED 0). Cf. also *okuma- to
burn, *okno- fire.
Altaic *d
k to burn > Turk. *jak-, T.-M. *deg-e-gi-, Kor. *th-, Jap. *dk-
(EDAL 69).
55) PE
581
*okno- fire > PYup. *okno-b (~ *kono-b), *okno-o-, *okn-a- fire;
to build a fire under, to start to burn, to cook, PInup. *ikno-b, *ikn-a- fire; to
strike fire; flintstone (CED 0). The stem looks like a deverbal noun from
*oko(-) to burn, but if so, the uvular in the affix should have been a constant
presence. Yet, as can be seen from Nauk. and Inup. data, it is regularly
. vv.. - . ... 3!!
dropped; thus, we are probably dealing with a secondary association,
where some forms are reinterpreted as containing the suffix -n| (CED 0).
This stem has a correspondence in Nostratic *HenkV fire, to burn (> IE
*pgn-i-, etc.).
56) PE
547
*okuma- to burn > PYup. *okuma- to burn, PInup. *ikuma-
to be burning (CED 0). The stem formally looks like a derivate from
*oko(-) to burn, fire (58) with the perfective suffix, but the word does
not have any perfective semantics. Also, modern Yup. languages (except
for Nauk.) show the loss of the initial *o-. We may be dealing with second-
ary contamination and re-etymologization in Eskimo languages.
Altaic *kume (~ -ju-) black; coal > Turk. *kmr, Kor. *kom- (EDAL 852).
5) PE
687
*olo-- to inflame, to fume, to burn > PYup. *olo-- to in-
flame , to fume 2, to get scorched, to burn 3, PInup. *olo-- to get scorched,
burnt (CED 0).
Altaic *a to fry, burn > Turk. *i, Mong. *ila-, T.-M. *(x)ila- (EDAL 58).
But cf. also Altaic *gjola (~ --, *gjalo) to burn, fire (Mong.-Tung isogloss,
EDAL 55).
58) PE
610
*oli-(ma-) to know, to have a feeling > PYup. *oli-ma-, *oli--
(iko-) to know; sensitive, understanding; to cognize, to take in mind, PInup.
*oli-ma- suspicious, apprehensive; to suspect (CED 05). Cf. also the trans-
itive derivate *oli-t- (-ima-) to learn, to know, to recognize (CED 05).
Altaic *i-tV to know; to listen, hear > Turk. *it-, Mong. *aldar, T.-
M. *ala-, *aldu, Kor. *r- (EDAL 293).
59) PE
512
*olu-, *olov- all, whole > PInup. *olu-, *olov- all, whole, to
be whole (CED 0, 29). Also Yup. AAY lci|- id.
Altaic *bjolo all, completely > Turk. *bile (bula), Mong. *bul-tu, T.-M.
*bil-. A Western isogloss (EDAL 35).
60) PE
563
*omo-b- to drink > PYup. *omob- to drink, PInup. *omob-
to drink (CED 0). See also *omob water (566) and deverbal derivates
*omi-c- to soak, to drench, to give a drink, *omob-unt cup, vessel (56),
*omoq-ju- to be thirsty (565).
Altaic *umV (~ *o-) to drink > Mong. *umda, T.-M. *um(i)-, Kor. *m-
(EDAL 99, 500).
6) PE
566
*omob water > PYup. *omob water (fresh), PInup. *omob
water (CED 0). Unlike in the case of the verb to drink, this nominal stem
never drops its -| before suffixes, meaning that here it is a part of the stem.
Altaic *mj
`
ri water > Mong. *mren, T.-M. *m, Kor. *mir, Jap. *m(-n-
t). Turkic has preserved the root only within the archaic compound *jag-
mur rain. Tone in Jap. is irregular (probably because of reduction and the
position within a compound; suffixless *mi is also attested in OJ, but its
accent is unknown); loss of resonant presupposes a suffixed form: *m <
*mj
`
r(i)-gV (cf. Manchu m-ke). The development of the monosyllabic
structure *ToT > *oToT is obligatory according to PE phonotactic laws.
62) PE
649
*-onbi-b-, *-onbi-t negative affix: to stop doing, not (imperat.)
> PYup. *-onbi-b-, *-onbi-t- (CED 6, ), PInup. *-onbi-b-, *-onbi-t (CED
). Cf. *-()i-.
Altaic *
`
ni not, negative verb > Turk. *en, T.-M. *(n)-, Kor. *n-, Jap. *n-,
*-(a)n-, *n (EDAL 300, 30).
63) PE
717
*opRu-(a-) to walk > PYup. *poju-(a-) to walk, to go on
foot, PInup. *picu-(a-) to walk (CED 265).
Altaic *p
o (*--d-, *--b-) to walk, to run > Turk. *-, Mong. *hlde-, T.-
M. *peli- (/*puli-), *pelbu-, Kor. *pcrb-, Jap. *psr- (EDAL 33, 3). In PE it is
easier to see the development from the affixal variant *pe-bo- , with reflexa-
tion typical of * in syllable-final position.
6) PE
582
*oqa|u, *i- fish > PYup. *iqa|u fish, PInup. *oqalu, *i-
fish; polar cod, tomcod (CED , 2).
Altaic *djgi (~ -jo-) fish > Mong. *ia-, Kor. *thi, Jap. *(d)wu (EDAL
). T.-M. *oji (actually *obi) Salmo lenoc (compared in some of the above
sources) has a precise match in Mong. *ebee and has to be separated (Altaic
*jabo, EDAL 539). The Jap. form should also belong there phonetically. See
PE *ivica game-fish. The PE reflex *-q- in this root can be compared to the
same development in PE *ciqi-nob sun vs. Altaic *sj
`
gu sun; sky.
65) PE
713
*(o)qoru (-ib-) wood, to chop wood, to stoke > PYup. *oqoru,
*oqor-ib- wood, tree; to stoke, to chop wood (CED 0, 295). PInup. *qoru,
*qorriub- wood; to chop wood (CED 295).
Altaic *k()arU-gV wood, shrub > Turk. *kargaj pine tree, Mong. *kar-
gali- shrub sp., Kor. koro- a k. of maple.
66) PE
598
*(o)qru blue, green, dark (sky) > PYup. *qoru-(-) green,
greenery; blue, bluish reflection in sky from open water; to become bluish,
bruised, PInup. *qIcu dark cloud over open water (CED 30).
Altaic *kru (~ k-) black > Turk. *Kara, Mong. *kara, Jap. *kru-
(EDAL 65, 652).
6) PE
554
*orro- cold, to be cold > PYup. *oco-ko-na- (*ocu-) cold,
PInup. *orro- cold, to be cold (CED , 6).
Altaic *()i (~ -e) to freeze > Turk. *i- / *li-, Mong. *lir able to
stand the cold, T.-M. *ula-n (EDAL 96, 9).
. vv.. - . ... 3!3
68) PE
544
*ovjao- breast (usually female) > PYup. *ovjao- breast,
PInup. *iviai- breast (CED 2).
Altaic *p breast, rib > Mong. *eb-, Kor. *op-, Jap. *mpr (EDAL 53,
55). PE probably reflects the same affixal form with *-rV as Jap. and the
Mong. variant *ebr.
69) PE
525
*ica-qu- (-Hi-) wing, to flap wings > PYup. *jaqu- (-Hi-)
wing; to flutter or flap (wings); bird, butterfly (CED 9, 0, 0). PInup.
*icabu, *icaqqi- wing; to flap wing; butterfly (CED 9, 0).
Altaic *gi (~ *ga) branch, bough > Turk. *i-a tree (the second
part), Mong. *ga-, Kor. *k (EDAL 525). PE rather reflects the second vari-
ant of reconstruction.
0) PE
606
*ibca-qu- heart > PYup. *ibca-qu- heart, PInup. *iqca-bu-
heart (CED ).
Altaic *b(g)si (~ -o-, -e) kidney, liver > Turk. *bgse(k), Mong. *bse,
T.-M. *bosa-kta. A Western isogloss but cf. also MKor. kh-phs kidney
(kh bean), where phs is also folk-etymologically analysed as bean,
but may in fact continue the same Altaic root (EDAL 38).
) PE
614
*in-[r]ab- to lie down, to go to bed > PYup. *inab- id.,
PInup. *innab- id. (CED 36, 3). The stem is confused with *i-ab- to
lie (65) in (CED 36).
Altaic *
`
nV (~ -) to fall, lie > Mong. *una-, T.-M. *n- (EDAL 05).
2) PE
620
*iu person, man > PYup. *ju person, human being; man,
PInup. *inu, *innu-, *inuq-unt person, owner; family member; servant
(CED 3, 38).
Altaic *gendV (~ k-) male, self > Turk. *[g]nt (-nd-), Mong. *gend.
A Turk.-Mong. isogloss (EDAL 5, where it is reconstructed as *gentV due
to incorrect reconstruction of the cluster in Turk.).
3) PE
572
*iro eye > PYup. *iro (-()-mi-, -a-) eye; air-hole, ventil-
ate, PInup. *iro (--mi-), *ir-a-, *irri-t- eye; to wink; to get sth. in ones
eye (CED 9, 98). Cf. verbs *iro-ku- to see, to look, *iro-|u- to become
blind (= to have bad eyes) (CED 9).
Altaic *g
`
re to see; understand > Turk. *g (= *gr-s) / *gr-, Mong. *gori, T.-
M. *gur-, Kor. *kir- (EDAL 56, 568). Cf. Mong. girkaj having good eyesight.
) PE
508
*irobu-(na-) all, whole, complete > PYup. *irobu-(na-) all,
whole, complete.
Altaic *jr(-gV) to gather, crowd > Turk. *irk-, Mong. *ir-, *irge-, T.-
M. *ur-, Kor. *ur, Jap. *(n)t (EDAL 622).
5) PE
584
*ito-(a-) footpoint, foot > PYup. *ito-(a-) (-mi-) toe-cap,
footpoint; foot; to kick with top of foot (CED 6, 2), PInup. *ito-(a-)
(-mi-) ankle skin of caribou; foot; to kick (CED 6, ).
Altaic *b
ktV leg, thigh > Turk. *bt, T.-M. *begdi / *bugdi (EDAL 380).
6) PE
751
*ivica game-fish > PYup. *ivica flounder, halibut (CED 8),
PInup. *ivita- (-bu-) trout, salmon (CED 9). This root is strongly influ-
enced by *ovitob- (*ovitora-) red stone, ochre, hence secondarily developed
meanings like red trout.
Altaic *jobe (~ *jabo) fish, salmon > Mong. *ebee, T.-M. *obi Salmo
lenoc, Jap. *(d)wu, cf. also modern Jap. iwasi herring with the same af-
fixation as in Eskimo languages (EDAL 539).
) PE
376
*iv-ju()-, *ivoba- rain > PYup. *ivRu rain (CED 229),
PInup. *ivba-b-, *iv-cu- to be wet from rain; rain (CED 229, 8).
Altaic *jbu to pour > Turk. *ju(b)-, Mong. *je-le-, T.-M. *iabe-, Kor.
*nb-. It is tempting to compare OJ mjiwo water-way, seaway (if mji- is to be
analysed as water, the -wo part remains completely obscure) (EDAL 03).
8) PE
12
*kao-(ru?) walrus hide peeled off > PYup. *ka(r)u walrus
hide: blubber with fat (walrus hide); walrus skin for thongs; walrus (CED
62), PInup. *kaa-t-, *kau- slice blubber from whale skin; to split or to be
split into two layers (walrus hide); walrus skin with blubber (CED 5, 62).
Altaic *kaku- (~ -k-) tanned skin, leather > Turk. *kakma, T.-M. *kak-
(EDAL 632).
9) PE
11
*kaj(a)- hungry, weak > PYup. *kaja-, *kajo-- poor, indigent;
weak, hungry (CED 5, 62), PInup. *kaa--, *kajjo-ba- hungry; to starve,
to devour food hungrily (CED 5, 63).
Altaic *kjru need, necessity > Turk. *grge-, Mong. *kara, T.-M. *kor-
pi-, Kor. *kari- (?) (EDAL 69, 692).
80) PE
37
*kanu blood > PYup. *kanu blood, bloody stain, PInup.
*kanu blood (CED 56).
Altaic *kj
no blood; blood vessel > Turk. *Kin, T.-M. *xu-kta (EDAL 9).
8) PE
49
*kato- to come near, to join, to gather > PYup. *kato- to come
near, to overtake, to catch up; to gather, to append; to join, to gather (refl.)
(CED 60, 6, 5), PInup. *kato- to join; gathered (CED 60, 6).
Altaic *ki to pass, go through > Turk. *ge-, T.-M. *kas-. A Turk-
Tung isogloss (EDAL 62).
82) PE
54
*kavir-(u-) red > PYup. *kavir-(u-), *kavib- red; red fox (CED
62, 63), PInup. *kavib-, *kajub- red; red fox (CED 62, 63).
. vv.. - . ... 3!5
Altaic *kj
u red, reddish; brown, dark > Turk. *Ki-, Mong. *kre-

(*kri-), T.-M. *xuri-, Kor. *kr, Jap. *kr- (EDAL 828, 829).
83) PE
66
*koo- to bite > PYup. *koo- to bite, PInup. *kio-, *kio-q
to bite; bite, bitten (CED 6). Cf. *koo-m- to bite, to grip between teeth.
Altaic *kk to bite; rub, scrape > Turk. *Kik-, Mong. *kege-, T.-M.
*kik-, Jap. *kkm- (EDAL 6, 68).
8) PE
69
*kounto tooth > PYup. *kounto tooth, PInup. *kiunt tooth
(CED 65). Formally looks like a derivate from *koo- to bite with an in-
strumental suffix.
Altaic *kj
`
ge palate, jaw > Turk. *Kgme, Mong. *kemej, T.-M. *xkte
tooth, Kor. *kohm, Jap. *k()i tusk (EDAL 85).
85) PE
85
*komo flesh, skin > PYup. *komo skin (human); flesh, body;
fatty (CED 68), PInup. *komo- inner force, power, influence; strong, effect-
ive (CED 69).
Altaic *kami a k. of cloth > Turk. *KEmek, Mong. *kemerlig, T.-M. *kam-.
A Western isogloss (although the Turkic reflex is somewhat dubious). Cf.
also MKor. kamtho a horsehair cap worn by officials (EDAL 60, 6).
86) PE
118
*kica- stone, anchor > PYup. *kica- (-unt) stone; anchor,
PInup. *kica- anchor (CED ). This word is hardly derived from *kito- to
sink, because of the neutral meaning stone. The development stone >
k. of stone (anchor) is quite reliable, while the reverse development is pro-
blematic. On the contrary, the semantic development stone > anchor may
have been assisted by homophony with PE *kito- to sink.
Altaic *ksV (~ -u-) chain, ring (of stones) > T.-M. *kosa, Kor. *ksir, Jap.
*ksr. An Eastern isogloss. Cf. Old Koguryo *kos gem, jewel (EDAL 26).
8) PE
104
*ki-na (*kiR-kur, *kira-m) interrogative pronoun: who > PYup.
*kina (kin-kur, ki[r]am, ki-tu-) id., PInup. *kina (kit-kut, kia/ kinaup) id.
(CED 3, ). PE has a variant *qa- in the interrogative pronouns where,
why, how, how much.
Altaic *ka(j) who, interrogative pronoun > Turk. *kem, *Ka-, Mong. *ken,
*ka-, T.-M. *xia (*xai), Kor. *ka, Jap. *ka (EDAL ).
88) PE
111
*kinob- to dry > PYup. *kinob- to dry; dried; dried meat or
fish. Cf. PYup. konob- viscous (CED 69, 5). PInup. *kinob- dry, without
water. This root is confused with wet, damp, dirty and other words begin-
ning with *kin... or *kon... in CED.
Altaic *ke to burn, get burnt > Turk. *k-, Mong. *ke, Kor. *kiir-,
Jap. *kunkra-. The Jap. form reflects a suffixal variant *ke-KV- (EDAL 853).
89) PE
113
*kiu insect, shrimp, worm > PYup. *kiu id., PInup.
*kiu shrimp, sand flea (CED 6).
Altaic *kjuu worm, grub > Mong. *kiur-, T.-M. *xuVl-, Jap. *ku.
The Jap. form goes back to *kju(u)-gV (EDAL 823).
90) PE
705
*kuim-Ra- to swim; wave > PYup. *kuim-Ra- id. (CED 80).
Altaic *k
ja-pV- (~ -o) to slide, swim > Turk. *Kj- (Turkish dial. kajp-),
Mong. *kajiba-, T.-M. *xeje-. A rather complicated Western isogloss; it is not ex-
cluded that PTM *xeje- sink, float, flow should be replaced by forms like
Evenki kajama, Orok qajama bare (not fur-lined) skis.
9) PE
140
*kuko, *kukokra- nail, claw > PYup. *kuko-, *kukokra- ar-
rowhead, PInup. *kuki, *kukurva- nail, claw; hoof; barb (CED 80). Inup.
*kukurva- < *kukura-.
Altaic *kk hook > Turk. kk, *kken, Mong. *kgene, T.-M. *kkta, Jap.
*kunki nail, peg, hook. Initial *k- in PTM is probably due to assimilation
(*kkta < *kkta) (EDAL 833, 83).
92) PE
142
*kuma louse > PYup. *kuma louse, PInup. *kuma louse
(CED 8).
Altaic *kumi (~ -o-, -ju-) a k. of insect > Turk. *Kumir-, Mong. *kmrege,
T.-M. *kumke, Kor. *komii, Jap. *kmu.
93) PE
420
*luna land, eart, country > PYup. *luna land, earth, country;
tundra, PInup. *nuna (-vi) land, earth, inland (CED 20).
Altaic ? > Mong. *nuntug / *nintug fatherland, own territory; rather here
than to *nju / *ju field, grazing place, hunting place > Turk. *(i)ai, T.-
M. *ui, Kor. *nn, Jap. *na (EDAL 988), cf. also IE *lendh-, Uralic *lamte
lowland.
9) PE
153
*maca- sun > PYup. *maca- sun, PInup. *maca-b sun (CED 8).
Cf. IE *mens- moon.
95) PE
182
*mai- (~ *mani-) egg > PYup. *man()i- egg, PInup.
*ma[n]i- egg (CED 90).
Altaic *n
`
mo testicle > Turk. *jum-, Mong. *(n)im, T.-M. *nma / mna
(*ma) (EDAL 962). The T.-M. parallel is of particular interest; cf. also Ur-
alic *muna egg, testicle, Dravidian *m-, showing the original construc-
tion with the first labial consonant.
96) PE
184
*mau[] lower part in front of hood below neck, breastplate >
PYup. *mau() breastplate, bib; part of capote under chin; front side of
sth.; apron, front lap, PInup. *manu() lower part in front of hood below
neck; breastplate, bib; front of (snow) house, house entrance (CED 9).
. vv.. - . ... 3!7
Altaic *m
jno neck > Turk. *bjn, Mong. *mundaa, T.-M. *mo-ga-n,

*mo-pen, Kor. *mjo-k, Jap. *nompV (EDAL 939).
9) PE
189
*ma(r)u- to plant, to sit down, root, base > PYup. *ma(r)u-
to sit down; to plant, to shove in, PInup. *mau-, *mau-b to drive in
(peg, stick), to plant, to stick in; root (CED 92).
Altaic *me[o] dwelling place, village > Mong. *maji-kan, T.-M. *mne-,
Kor. *mrh, Jap. *mr. The Kor.-Jpn. form is a derivative in *-rV (*-lV). The
Tungusic form fits very well semantically, but raises some phonetic doubts:
vowel length and the quality of -n- (instead of *--) do not correspond to
other languages. Cf. perhaps Turk. (Oyr.) man fence (EDAL 93).
98) PE
216
*mol-qu- fur, pile, feather > PYup. *molqu- fur, pile, feather,
PInup. *motqu- fur, pile, hair; feather (CED 9). The stem is formed by
means of the well-known body part marker -qu (CED 9).
Altaic *moa tassel > Turk. *baak spike of cereals (Chuvash po),
Mong. *molag tassel.
99) PE
787
*mimci ~ *mici (*p-) dried fish > PYup. *mici- (~ *p-) dried
fish, PInup. *pipci (~ *m-) dried fish, dried meat (CED 262). The voiceless
variant is presented as a result of assimilation before a voiceless stop at the
beginning of the second syllable (CED 262).
Cf. IE *mms- meat.
00) PE
255
*naa-(qo-) to listen, to understand, to read > PYup. *naa-
q[u]- to memorize; to hear, to understand; to listen, to read, to count,
PInup. *naa-qo-, *naa-la- to read; to listen (CED 206). The reconstruc-
tion proposed in CED (*naaqo-) is impossible, because the ignored Chap.
form naaq- can only reflect an intervocal PE *--.
Altaic *ljk to intend, demand > Mong. *neke-, T.-M. *leKe-, Kor. *njok- /
*noik-, Jap. *nink-p- (EDAL 869, 80).
0) PE
322
*Nabco-- (~ -bic-?) to wrinkle the nose, to push up the nose,
pug-nosed > PYup. *Nab(i)co-- to push up the nose, PInup. *naqci-- to
push up (nose), to wrinkle nose, to have a pug nose (CED 28). The con-
nection with *Na|o- (-ru-|-, -ma-) to smell sth. is unclear (CED 28).
Altaic *jka nose, part of nose > Mong. *nagarkaj, T.-M. *iakso,
*iaksi-n, Kor. *nh (EDAL 030).
02) PE
540
*nnob bone > PYup. *nnob bone, skeleton; to choke on bone.
Chap. forms reflect *n
o
/
a
-qu- with the body part suffix -qu- (CED 226, 22).
Altaic *ao nut > Turk. *jAgak, Mong. *iag, T.-M. *au-, Jap. *mamai
(EDAL 006).
03) PE
304
*nao-b- to stand up > PYup. *nao-b- to stand up,
PInup. *nao-b- to be standing up (CED 25).
Altaic *njaa to arrange, steer > Turk. *ja-, T.-M. *iani-, Jap. *nama-.
The original meaning is well reconstructible as to arrange, take or lead (smb.
or smth.) in a row (EDAL 98).
0) PE
295
*Nait- short > PYup. *Nanit- short, PInup. *nait- short
(CED 23).
Altaic *
i thin, narrow; short > Turk. *ji-ge, Mong. *iig, T.-M. *nisi-,
Jap. *mnsk- (EDAL 00).
05) PE
262
*naru- wrist, antler > PYup. *naru- wrist; thumb (CED
336), PInup. *naru antler, horn (CED 208).
Altaic *njdurgi fist > Turk. *jidruk / *judruk, Mong. *nidurga, T.-M. *nur-
ga, Jap. *nnkr- (EDAL 99). As shown by the Turk. variant *ju(m)druk and
Jap. *nnkr-, the Altaic reconstruction should rather be *nj()durgi. Thus, the
Eskimo correspondece -- for *-d- is quite expectable.
06) PE
310
*Napar tree (foliar) > PYup. *Napa tree (growing); asp, PInup.
*napaaqtu-, *napar- tree; moutain ash (CED 26). The conjuction with the
root *apa-(b-) to stand erected, pole, mast is probably secondary.
Altaic *ljp[] leaf > Turk. *japur-gak, Mong. *labi, Kor. *nph, Jap. *npi
(EDAL 8).
0) PE
518
*Nara- belly, abdomen > PInup. *nara-, *narra belly, ab-
domen; to get a big belly, Jen. also has the meaning stomach (CED 205).
Altaic *V jVrV (~ -g-, --) gland > Mong. *nojir, T.-M. *i(a)ru, Jap. *mr-
ta (EDAL 023). The reconstruction may be *jojru, judging by dialectal
alternations in Evenki.
08) PE
619
*Noborto louse, parasite > PYup. *Noborto louse, parasite
(CED 230).
Altaic *neji louse, nit > Mong. *ni-sa-, T.-M. *nej(l)e-, Kor. *n (EDAL 966).
09) PE
379
*nobo(v)- to eat > PYup. *nobo- (-(v)qo-, -vi) to eat; feed;
place to eat, PInup. *nobi- (-v-ka-b), *nobbo-vi to eat; to feed; table (CED
230, 23).
Altaic *lega/o to eat greedily > Mong. *laga- to chaw, champ, to eat
as a swine, T.-M. *legbe- (not *lebge-) to eat greedily (this word should be
removed from the Altaic etymology *lebV (~ -p-) to eat greedily, Mong.
*labsi-; instead it would be better to compare T.-M. *labada- to grasp with
teeth or *lupku- to suck) (EDAL 869). Cf. IE *leigh- to lick.
. vv.. - . ... 3!9
0) PE
715
*(No)k[r]uba- (~ *Nokovba-) tree, spruce tree > PYup. *(No)-
kuba- (~ *Nokovba-) tree, spruce tree (CED 225). Not derived from *okuv-,
*ovko- to stand up, to be standing (although later contaminations betwen
both roots are possible).
Altaic *krV a k. of thorny tree > Mong. *eergene, T.-M. *ikri-kta,
Jap. *mkri (EDAL 009).
) PE
362
*nomobja- worm, snake, eel > PYup. *nomobja- worm,
PInup. *nimibia- water worm, snake; eel (CED 226).
Altaic *ljmba (~ *-, -o) a k. of big fish > T.-M. *liamba-, Jap. *nm(n)t.
A Tung.-Jap. isogloss; but cf. perhaps also Turk. *jom-: Khakas nomza dace and
Tatar jumba, umba burbot (VEWT 20) and Mong. nmer octopus (EDAL 8).
2) PE
367
*no|i-, *-l- cold, cool > PYup. *no|i (-ab-), *nolo- frost,
cold; to be cold; to cool off, to feel cold (person), PInup. *noli-, *nola-
to cool off; cold, cool (CED 228).
Altaic *
`
i (~ -e) snow > T.-M. *le, Kor. *nn (EDAL 89, 892).
3) PE
377
*noqo meat, food > PYup. *noqo (-k-ra-, -liHub-) meat; food;
to prepare food; to make poison, PInup. *noqo (-k-ra-, -liub-) meat; food;
to cook a meal, to prepare food (CED 230).
Altaic *nuki meat > Mong. *nugu- > Khalkha nugulr bloated part of stom-
ach filled with meat, nugui- to dress the corpse of an animal (no connection
with to bend), Jap. *niku() meat (homophonous with Chinese borrowing ,
but cf. jaku-niku roasted meat, niku-buto, niku-zuki fat, fatty in constructions
which are usual for genetically inherited words; in each of these compounds,
the second part is a native word, and mixed on/kun readings are quite rare).
) PE
604
*nio-(t-) to see, to hear, to listen > PYup. *nio-t- (-ru-) to
see; to hear; to listen. The affixation in Nauk. is the result of contamination
with *naa-q-u- to hear, to listen, to read etc. (2). The strange Sir. form na-
ot(o)- to see, to watch, to open eyes [Orr], cited in (CED 2), is the result of
confusion between the normal form noot-, widely attested in derivates for the
meaning to see, and Chap. nalxtaquq to open eyes wide (CED 206, 2).
Altaic *NintV (~ L-) > Turk. *jint- to seek, search (should be removed
from *zni shape, EDAL 53).
5) PE
428
*nuoru- (~ *ni-) moon, star, dim light > PYup. *nub(r)u-,
*nubora- (~ *ni-) light; to lighten. The root is frequently used in conjunc-
tion with nouns like sun, moon, star, dawn, lightning, electricity in
Chap. vocabulary examples. PInup. *nuu-, *nuira- (<*nuru-, *nuorra-)
moon (not full) (CED 33, 23).
Altaic *lu(-r) (~ *-, -o-, -i) morning or evening dawn > T.-M.
*luur, Kor. *nir, Jap. *nN- / *niN- / *naN-. An Eastern isogloss (EDAL
88, 882). T.-M. and Kor. data suggest a (suffixal?) -r in the auslaut.
6) PE
434
*nu-ta- new, young > PYup. *nuta- new; just now, right now,
PInup. *nuta- new; young person (CED 22, 23). Cf. *nuka- younger sib-
ling (CED 22).
Altaic *nb new > Turk. *jub-ga, Mong. *niu-n, T.-M. *nebi, Kor. *no-,
Jap. *np- (EDAL 96). Turk. *jub-ga bastard, adopted son and Mo *niu-n
child, boy (MMo noun, but Kalkha nugun) reflect the Altaic relative term
suffix *-gA, also preserved in PE *nuka- younger sibling.
) PE
553
*Nuvoja cloud > PInup. *nuvoja cloud; to be cloudy (CED 23).
Altaic *nbi (~ -e) to smoke, to smell > Mong. *ne-, T.-M. *nibu(p)-,
Kor. *ni, Jap. *npo-p- (EDAL 9, 95).
8) PE
275
*alua- to lie down, to land, to settle > PYup. *alu[]a-(t-)
to land (bird); means to become ripe, to ripen and fall on the ground in
Nauk.; PInup. *nala-, *nallab- to be lying down; to lie down, to lie on
ones back (CED 209).
Altaic *n
(L) to lie, put > Mong. *niu-, T.-M. *n-, Kor. *n-b-, Jap.
*n- (EDAL 96). Length in T.-M. and Kor. may reflect an auslaut resonant
like *-- or *-l-, regularly dropped in Eastern languages.
9) PE
389
*ovob- to lie on ones back > PYup. *ov[o]b- to lie on ones
back, PInup. *novob-, *novbala- to lie on ones back; to fall backwards (CED 233).
Cf. Mong. *ni- and Kor. *n-b- with a labial stop.
20) PE
311
*apa-(b-) to stand erected, pole, mast > PYup. *apa-b- to
erect, to set upright; pillar, pole, mast, PInup. *napa- (*-ru-, *-b-ia-), *nap-
pa-b- to stand erected, to be upright; to erect, to raise up; sth. upright, post
(CED 26, 2). Not necessarily connected with *Napa-(|-) tree (CED 26).
Altaic *lp (~ *-) to rise, high > T.-M. *lep- / *lupu-, Kor. *nph-, Jap.
*nompor- (EDAL 83).
2) PE
337
*aro-qu- head > PYup. *aro-qu- head; skull; to have a
headache, PInup. *niaqu id. (CED 222). Cf. derivates: Chap. nasqnq (|ot)
part of tree with roots and ECI najuquti root of tree (CED 222).
Altaic *n
bo face, resemblance > Turk. *j, Mong. *niur, Jap. *nor-

(EDAL 95), Uralic *ere front, beak, nose, Dr *ner_r_i forehead.
22) PE
385
*obiru- light, expectation, hope > PYup. *obiru()- light,
glare, shine; hope, expectation. This stem is confused with to eat greedily
. vv.. - . ... 32!
in CED, but the semantic range is unbelievable (CED 23). PInup. *nobiu- to
expect, to hope; to promise, NAI ni|iui- trans. is opposed to ni|isuk- to want
to eat. These are two different roots (despite CED), the second of which
should be traced back to the prototype *no|o-ju-, analyzable as the verb to
eat plus a desiderative affix (CED 232). Cf. a probable variant *No|u[]a-
(~ *-r-) to choose (CED 23).
Altaic *
r day, sun, light > Turk. *jr-in, Mong. *naran, T.-M. r(i)-,
Kor. *nr, Jap. *r- (EDAL 028, 029).
23) PE
353
*okuv-, *ovko- to stand (up) > PYup. *okuv- (-a-), *ov-
ko- to stand (up); to build up (CED 225), PInup. *nokuv-, *j- (-ba-, -rab-) to
stand (up); to stand on tiptoe (CED 225).
Altaic *j
`
k (~ -k-) to rise, elevation > Turk. *jok-, T.-M. *Ke ~ *Ku,
Jap. *oko-. The reconstruction of the diphthong in this root is based on PT *j-:
one should suppose an early development *j- > *join Turkic (which ex-
plains the vocalic reflex) (EDAL 03, 032).
2) PE
373
*opo-Ju- rain, drizzle > PYup. *op(o)ju- rain, cf. Chap. nopt-
|aq to wet in water. PInup. *nIpo- (-ca-, -l/ju-) rain; damp, sweaty (CED 229).
Altaic *nj
`
bo (~ -o-) storm, natural disaster > Turk. *jubug (~ *jabug),
Mong. *ne-le-, T.-M. *[be]-kte, Jap. *nw(u). The vocalism is not quite se-
cure, due to assimilations; nevertheless, the root seems well reconstructible
(EDAL 982). But cf. also Altaic *jbu to pour > Turk. *ju(b)-, Mong. *jele-,
T.-M. iabe-, Kor. *nb- (EDAL 03).
25) PE
403
*ib(u)-lu upper part of backbone, carcass, rib of boat > PYup.
*ibu-lu- rib of boat; upper bar of a carcass; PInup. *nIblu-(b-), *niulo- to
break back near head; backbone of bird; first vertebra (CED 23, 235). This
stem merges with *ibu leg in CED.
Altaic ? > Mong. *nigur-su backbone. This word should be removed from
Altaic *njke neck, vertebra > Turk. *jaka, T.-M. *nikimna (EDAL 983, 98). In-
stead of that entry, a comparison with Mong. *aka edge, collar, neckpiece is
preferable, so that the proper reconstruction for this root would be *jake.
26) PE
438
*uja-, *nuja- hair > PYup. *uja-, *nuja- hair, PInup. *nuja-,
(*nujja-t) hair (CED 2).
Altaic *nj
`
ra(-kV) (~ --) hair > Mong. *norakai, T.-M. *rikte, Kor. *narot
(EDAL 993).
2) PE
650
*-()i- negative affix no, without, have no more, to lack
etc. > PYup. *-()i- id., PInup. *-()i- id. (CED , 8, 9). The intervo-
calic -- is a result of morphonological changes in PE and corresponds to
the glottal stop in the anlaut prevocalic position.
Altaic *e not > Mong. *e-se, T.-M. *e- (EDAL 88).
28) PE
473
*palqo ashes, hot, dry > PYup. *palqo ashes, PInup. *pa[t]qo-
hot; dry (CED 29).
Altaic *poe ashes; grey > Turk. *o (~ -j), Mong. *hne-s, T.-M. *pule-
(EDAL 0).
29) PE
470
*pamoju- (-ba-) tail, back part > PYup. *pamoju-(ba-) tail;
back part of carcass; bulge at base of harpoon; tailbone, coccyx, PInup.
*pamiu, *pamia- (-llu) tail (of an animal); tailbone, coccyx; peg, tail end of
arrow or harpoon (CED 28, 29).
Altaic *pojme (~ -o) trousers, stockings > Turk. *ojma, Mong. *hojmu-su,
T.-M. *pe(j)m-, Jap. *pomuta (EDAL 66).
30) PE
474
*pano-b- to burn, ashes, to dry out, to become skinny > PYup.
*pano-b- to burn; ashes; to starve to death, PInup. *panob-, *panna-b- to
dry out; to lose weight, to become skinny; to be very dry (CED 29).
Altaic *peo (~ *b-, *p-, -o-) flame, light > Kor. *p-, Jap. *pono. A
Kor.-Jap. isogloss.
3) PE
477
*papo, *papor- tail > PYup. *papo, *papor- tail (of mam-
mal); fish tail; to wag tail, PInup. *papo, *papaa- bird tail, fish tail; animal
placenta; to wag tail, to wriggle, to jump around (CED 250).
Altaic *pojbV (?) > T.-M. *pojpu- tail, Evenki hojpon ( 2, 330), Jap.
*bo (*bu), Ryukyu j < *bujwa tail. A Tung.-Jap. isogloss.
32) PE
498
*pok(o)ju- (~ *pokoRu-) egg, to gather eggs > PYup. *pokju-
egg; to lay eggs; to find eggs, PInup. *pIkiu- wild egg; to find eggs, to
gather eggs (CED 25).
Altaic *p
g(-rV) kidneys, testicles > Turk. *bgr, *bgrek, Mong.

*bere, T.-M. *pugi- / *puki-, Kor. *pir / *pur, Jap. *pnkri (EDAL 0).
33) PE
501
*po|u- leaf > PYup. *po|u- leaf, PInup. *pIlu- leaf; bilberry
shrub (CED 255).
Altaic *pre leaf, bud > Turk. *br, Mong. *bor-, Jap. *p. Jap. presupposes
a suffixed form *pr(e)-gV (= Mong. *bor-gu-) (EDAL , 2). PE reflects *--.
3) PE
728
*por(r)i-b- rufous, yellow > PYup. *pori-b- rufous, Imaq
(Inup) potoq to become yellow.
Altaic *puli (~ p-,--, -o-e) red > Mong. *hulaan, T.-M. *pula-, Kor. *pirk-
(EDAL 09). PE reflects *--.
35) PE
762
*poto-b flea > PYup. *poto-b sand flea, dandruff (CED
25). Possible connections to *moto- ~ *poto- to jump, to leap up, to spring
up are secondary. Cf. Inup. SPI (KI) pizuaq louse, parasite [Jen.].
. vv.. - . ... 323
Altaic *p
`
te louse, biting insect > Turk. *bit, Mong. *batagana, T.-M. *pn-
ta- / *pnte-, Kor. *ptr (EDAL 08).
36) PE
670
*pi(j)-, *pi-ru- to do, to say, to be, to happen, thing > PYup.
*pi(j)-, *pi-ru- to do; to say; to be, to happen; thing, PInup. *pi-, *pirru-nt
to do; to say; to be, to happen; thing (CED 258). Evidence speaks in fa-
vour of two different roots in PE, one with the meaning to be, to happen
and the other with the meaning to say.
Altaic *bju to be, sit > Mong. *bji, T.-M. *bi-, Jap. *b(i)- (EDAL 32).
Altaic *ipi (~ -p-, -e) mouth; to say > T.-M. *(x)ipke-, Kor. *p, Jap. *p-.
An Eastern isogloss (but cf. perhaps Mong. abija(n) (L ), Khalkha ata, Bur.
a|a sound ( < *ibaja ?) (EDAL 589, 590).
3) PE
596
*pii- (~ *pini-) good, beautiful > PYup. *pini- to love; beau-
tiful, good, the best; to do sth. better; to ornament, PInup. *pinni, *pinnab-
good, pretty, beautiful; ugly, bad (with negation) (CED 262, 263).
Altaic *pai (~ p-) ornament, attire > T.-M. *pani-, Kor. *p-, Jap. *pn.
An Eastern isogloss (EDAL 08).
38) PE
676
*pito- (~ *m-) plant, to grow up (plant) > PYup. *pito- (~ *m-)
plant; to sprout, to grow up (plants); to blossom; flower (CED 26).
Altaic *p
t poplar, branch, stick > Turk. *bta-, Mong. *buta, T.-M. *pota,
Kor. *potir, Jap. *pota (EDAL , 5).
Special mention must be made of the Sir. form misqxo seed. In this
language (as well as in some other Yup. languages) initial voiced v-, m- are oc-
casionally unstable before a voiceless stop in the second syllable, shifting to
p-. On the other hand, in the same positions we sometimes see hypercor-
rected forms with secondary m- (e. g. Chap. mito- ochre < *vito). The m- is
really voiceless in these cases, but some languages, including Sir, do not have
the voiceless fricative f- as a phoneme. The same root is possibly present in
Chap. pstaquq to spring, to grow up (plant). If so, this may require us to set
up a separate PE root *picu, which can be further supported by:
Altaic *pisV (~ p-, -ja-) seed, grain > T.-M. *pise-, Kor. *ps (EDAL 09).
39) PE
702
*puimor(a)- to swim > PYup. *puimora- to swim, PInup.
*puumot-, *puuvra-b- to swim (CED 266). The stem looks similar to *puo-
to emerge, to surface, but the non-trivial endings show that these are two
different (contaminated) roots.
Altaic *pbVrV (~ p-, -p-, --) to swim, flow > T.-M. *pabri-, Jap.
*ppr- (EDAL 0).
0) PE
685
*puju- smoke, soot > PYup. *puju- smoke; soot, PInup. *puju
(-ba-) smoke; steam, fog; to smoke, to give off smoke; soot (CED 22).
Altaic *pe (~ p-) smoke > Mong. *huni-, T.-M. *pu-, Kor. *piok (EDAL 05).
The PE reflex *-j- instead of the expected *-- is unusual.
) PE
562
*pu(r)u- dog > PInup. *puuu- dog (CED 269).
Altaic *pjun[e] a small wild animal > Turk. *enk (~ *nek) puppy, Mong.
*hnegen fox, T.-M. *p-. A Western isogloss, with not quite secure correspond-
ences: in T.-M. one would rather expect *pun-. Thus it is not excluded that the
Evenki and Even forms reflect a vowel metathesis < *puni-ki (EDAL 6).
2) PE
516
*qaca-|u bark > PInup. *qaca-lu bark of tree (CED 23).
An intervocalic -l- has been preserved in Seward Peninsula Inup. (CED 23).
Altaic *ku covering, skin > Turk. *KA-(g)a, Mong. *kui-, T.-M. *kau-,
Kor. *k (EDAL 62, 628).
3) PE
724
*qb-cu-b- white, bleached > PYup. *qb-cu--, *qobi-b-
white; shiny, brightly gleaming (CED 28, 30). PInup. *qaqcub- white;
to be bleached (skin) (CED 28).
Altaic *kk bright, shine > Mong. *kaka-rkaj (~ -g-), T.-M. *kakta-, Jap.
*knk- (EDAL 633).
) PE
723
*qakru-b-(na-) frost > PYup. *qakru-b-(na-) (*k-) frost on
trees; pounded ice, PInup. *qaku-b-na- frost; ice fog. The connection to
*qakoru- to whiten, dawn is quite problematic (CED 29).
Altaic *kj
ra (~ -j-) thin snow, hoar-frost > Turk. *Kir-, Mong. *karig

(EDAL 99).
5) PE
639
*qali-(b-) covering, membrane, to cover > PYup. *qali- (-b-)
membrane, pellicle; to put on raincoat; to cover (CED 2, 25, 290). PInup.
*qalo-b, *qalli-b-, *qallint outer covering; to cover; fatty mass around in-
ternal organs; cf. also PInup. *qallo-pia- membrane (CED 2, 25, 290).
This root is confused with with *qaro-(|i-) top, upper part, surface in CED.
Altaic *ki napeless skin, membrane > Turk. *ke, Mong. *kali-su, T.-
M. *xalukta (EDAL 58).
6) PE
514
*qalto bark, scale > PYup. *qalto bark; scale (CED 280).
Altaic *k(t)a bark, scales; scab > Turk. *Ku, Mong. *kolta-su, *koli-,
T.-M. *xolda-ksa, Jap. *ks (EDAL 85).
) PE
640
*qanob(-) mouth, to speak > PYup. *qanob(-) mouth; rum-
our; to speak, PInup. *qano-b mouth; to speak (CED 283).
Altaic *keV to bite, gnaw > Turk. *KEdi-, T.-M. *kei- (EDAL 666, 66).
8) PE
738
*qan-to-, *qan(o)-li- near, to approach > PYup. *qan-to-,
*qan-li- to be near; nearby; recently, short time ago; to approach, PInup.
*qano-(t-), *qali- ~ *qanli- to be near; to approach (CED 283).
. vv.. - . ... 325
Altaic *k
`
ntV to reach, attain > Mong. *kan[t]u-, T.-M. *knta- (EDAL
6). For the PE forms with the affix *-li- cf.: Altaic *kalV (~ --) near, to come
near > Mong. *kalu-, T.-M. *kal- (EDAL 63, 638), provided the -l- in Altaic
goes back to a simplified consonant cluster.
9) PE
637
*qaro-qa- (-qi-) mountain, hill, to climb up > PYup. *qaro-q(a)-
(-qi-) steep (of bank); to reach the top, PInup. *qatqa-, *qatqi- mountain; to
reach the top (CED 2). Derived from *qaro- top, upper part (CED 2).
Altaic *kori hill; embankment, boundary > Turk. *Korum, Mong. *kri,
T.-M. *xur, Kor. *kr, Jap. *kra (~ -ru) (EDAL 83).
50) PE
515
*qaribu bark, upper layer > PYup. *qaribu bark; to take away
the upper layer of sth. (CED 25); PInup. *qaibu- bark (CED 26). Cf. also
PE *qaru sore on head; to rind, detach.
Altaic *k bark > Turk. *Ka, *Ka-di, Mong. *kajir(a)-, T.-M. *xerekte,
Jap. *kr (EDAL 82). The Mong. word shows that the Altaic form could con-
tain the intervocalic cluster *-jr-.
5) PE
682
*qava-b- to sleep > PYup. *qava-b- dream; to sleep, PInup.
*qava-b- to sleep on back in water (seal) (CED 29).
Altaic *kejbe to lie > Mong. *keb-, T.-M. *kebi-, Kor. *kbr-, Jap. *kojo-
(EDAL 656, 65).
52) PE
526
*qavo-(a-) duck, eider, bird > PYup. *qavo-(a-) bird (CED
292, 26). PInup. *qavo(), *qaua- eider, duck (CED 292).
Altaic *kjp a k. of aquatic bird > T.-M. *kiab-, Jap. *kpn. A Tung.-Jap.
isogloss. It is worth noting Yak. kuba swan usually derived from PT *Ku-
gu, but with an inexplicable -b-; it is, in fact, possible that some other Turkic
forms cf. Turkmen Guv, Noghay quv etc., also go back to PT *Kub(a) in
most modern languages, naturally, the word has merged with *Kugu (see un-
der *kgu) (EDAL 699).
53) PE
667
*qavja(-) sand, gravel > PYup. *qavja- sand; pebble (CED
292, 26), PInup. *qavia sand (CED 292).
Altaic *kjaurV sand, steppe, earth > Turk. *Kjir, Mong. *kuir, T.-M.
*kuur- (EDAL 693).
5) PE
750
*qoci-b- to spit > PYup. *qoci-b- to spit; spit, PInup. *qici-
b- to spit; spit (CED 29). Cf. *qito- fog, drizzle, rain (656).
Altaic *kjso to vomit > Turk. *Kus-, T.-M. *xse- (EDAL 830).
55) PE
537
*qonba- (~ *qiHonba-?) fox, polar fox, wolf > PYup. *qonba-b-
~ *q[i]bna-b- polar fox; wolf (CED 66, 308, 30). PInup. *qianba-b-, *qibno-
ba- fox; wolf (CED 30, 308, 302).
Altaic *kV dog > Turk. *KA-ik, T.-M. *kai-kn, Kor. *k- (EDAL 65).
56) PE
668
*qonu slush ice > PYup. *qonu frazil, slush; sand, PInup. *qo-
nu slush snow, ice; thin layer of new ice on water (CED 298).
Altaic *kugo (~ -o-) to freeze, snow > Mong. *kugar- / *kger-, T.-M.
*xu-da-, Jap. konkor- (EDAL 85).
5) PE
645
*qoa- nose > PYup. *qoa- nose, PInup. *qoa- nose (CED 298).
Altaic *kja nose > Turk. *K(i)a-(ir)-, Mong. *ka[m]ar, T.-M. *xoa-,
Kor. *kh, Jap. *kan-k- (EDAL 806).
58) PE
559
*qopo-nob dog > PYup. *qopo-nob dog.
Altaic *kopI dog > Turk. *kpek.
59) PE
931
*qoro- to gather > PYup. *qoro- together; to gather, to as-
semble, PInup. *qIno- cache (CED 298). In PInup. there has occurred a
metathesis within the consonantal group *-n-.
Altaic *ko to remunerate, repay > Turk. *Kagan- (~ --) to obtain, to
gain, Mong. *kerig miserly, T.-M. *xeri- price, payment, Jap. *koto-pok- to ce-
lebrate (EDAL 83). The semantics in Altaic is typologically close to the situ-
ation with Russian (ingathering, exaction) vs. (meeting).
60) PE
538
*qibno-b- black, dark > PInup. *qibnob- black, dark (CED 308).
Altaic *kri dirt, dirty > Turk. *kir, Mong. *kir, T.-M. *(x)ir-, Jap. *kt-
n- (EDAL 9, 92).
6) PE
551
*qilaa- palate, roof of mouth > PYup. *qilaa- palate, roof
of mouth, PInup. *qila(a)- palate. This stem is not connected to *qila
(-|u) sky, cloud (CED 30).
Altaic *kjli tongue > Turk. *kele-, Mong. *kele-, T.-M. *xil, Kor.
*kr- (EDAL 96, 9).
62) PE
550
*qila (-|u) sky, cloud > PYup. *qila (-|u) sky; cloud,
PInup. *qila (-lu) sky; cloud; roof, ceiling (CED 30, 305).
Altaic *glV clear (of sky, weather) > Turk. *K(i)ali- sky; clear sky, T.-M.
*galu- (EDAL 528).
63) PE
673
*qinob- ~ *qono-b- to look in, to look through, to watch > PYup.
*qinob- ~ *qono-b- to look in, to look ahead; to look through sth., PInup. *qi-
nob- ~ *qono-b- to see, to look; to look at, to watch; to look through (CED 306).
Altaic ? > Turk. *kn- to agree, trust.
6) PE
656
*qito- fog, drizzle, rain > PYup. *qito- mist, drizzle; rain,
Chap. has the first vowel -- due the contamination with qocib- to spit (59).
PInup. *qito-b-, (~ *-c-) drizzle, fog (CED 29). This root contaminates with
. vv.. - . ... 327
*qoci-b- to spit in Inup. due the phonetic development *-it- > *-ic- in some
languages, so it has been included in that entry in CED.
Altaic *kd wind, fog, Turk. *Kad, Mong. *kde, T.-M. *xedn, Jap.
*koti (~ -ua-) (EDAL , 2).
65) PE
568
*qumV- to become dry, to stale > PYup. *qumV- to become dry.
Altaic *kmu (~ -o, -a) drought, hunger > Turk. *Komi-, Mong.
*komu-kai, T.-M. *xom-, Kor. *kmr (EDAL 838).
66) PE
643
*quor-(a-) (*quru-) ~ *quov- (*quvu-) neck, scruff of neck
> PYup. *quHub- scruff of neck, top of back; to hang ones head; hump-
backed whale. Cf. PYup*qutub, *qutoa- hump (CED 3, 29). PInup.
*quocci-, *quia- neck (CED 3).
Altaic *kutV (~ -o-) rump, anus > Turk. *Ko, Mong. *kodu-, *koi-, T.-
M. *kudu-, Kor. *kutu- (EDAL 2, 3).
6) PE
746
*qupolbu- maggot, grub, worm > PYup. *qpolbu- maggot,
grub; worm, PInup. *qupolbu- maggot, grub; worm (CED 38). Cf. PCh
*qopalo- butterfly.
Altaic *kjpe a k. of insect, butterfly > Turk. *kepelek, Mong. *kibe, Jap.
*koporonk (~-ua-) (EDAL 98).
68) PE
731
*quq-ju- ~ *qubcu- yellow, green > PInup. *quqcu- yellow;
green (CED 39).
Altaic *k
ke (~ -i) blue, green > Turk. *gck, Mong. *kke, T.-M. *kuKu
(EDAL ). PE rather reflects an older form like *k
ke (with consonantal
metathesis).
69) PE
985
*qura- pinworms, eel > PYup. *qu[r]a-bta-, *qu[r]a-ut-na-
pinworms, anal itch; eel, PInup. *quaqta, *qurrauna- (~ -r-) id. (CED 32).
The meaning eel has obvious semantic connections with worm, but com-
parison with the stem meaning to split with a wedge (CED 32) is untenable.
Altaic *kj
ro worm > Turk. *Krt, Mong. *koro-kaj, T.-M. *xirga (EDAL

80, 808).
0) PE
574
*quvi- thick, fat > PYup. *quvi-na- to become thick, fat (of
person); fat, PInup. *qui-ni(r)-, *quiv-to-t- to be fat (CED 33).
Altaic *kp to bend; elevation, convexity > Turk. *gpe(ne), Mong. *kb- /
*kb-, T.-M. *kupe-, Kor. *kp-, *kp-, Jap. *kompu (EDAL 23).
) PE
555
*tai- to come, to visit > PYup. *tai- to come (here); to
bring, PInup. *tai-b- to go from place to place; to go visiting (CED 325).
Altaic *tg (~ -u-) to see, beware > Mong. *toa-, T.-M. *tuga- (~ -b-),
Jap. *tk- (EDAL 50).
2) PE
530
*ta(i)t-u fog, mist > PYup. *taitu fog, mist, PInup. *tak-
tu (~ *taitu-), *takci-b- fog; to be foggy (CED 32, 325).
Altaic *tk to become thick (of liquids) > T.-M. *tekti, Kor. *ttho-b-, *ti-,
Jap. *tka- (EDAL 2). T.-M. *tekti and Kor. *ttho-b- suggest an earlier clus-
ter like *-kt-.
3) PE
536
*tao- (~ --) black > PYup. *tano- ~ *tao- black; dark,
darkness; shadow, PInup. *taa- total darkness (CED 333). Not connected
to *tar-(r)u- dark, black and others (ibid.).
Altaic *t
`
go dirt (dust, clay) > Turk. *Tog, T.-M. *tksa (EDAL 39).
) PE
739
*tabju- (*taboRu- ?) salt > PYup. *tabju- salt, PInup. *tab(o)-
ju salt; salt water, sea (CED 33).
Altaic *tk (~ -k-) (?) salt, to pickle, T.-M. *taK(V), Jap. *tk-. A some-
what dubious Tung.-Jpn. isogloss: the comparison is possible only if Jpn.
*tk- pickle is distinct from *tk- soak (EDAL 396).
5) PE
618
*tako(v)- long, (high) > PYup. *tako(v)- (*-li-) long, high;
length, height; to get or make long, PInup. *tako-, *tak(o)li- long; to be-
come or make long (CED 325).
Altaic *tga high, top, mountain > Turk. *dg, Mong. *dee-, T.-M. deg-,
Kor. *to-, Jap. *tk- (EDAL 359).
6) PE
674
*takuv- to check out, to visit, to see > PYup. *taku- (-jab-)
guard, examination; to check out, PInup. *taku (-cab-), *takku- to check on; to
visit; to see (CED 32, 326). Cf. PE*takvi-, *tak(u)vi- to see well, pupil of eye.
Altaic *tk to repair > Turk. *Tagra-, T.-M. *taku-, Jap. *tkr- (EDAL 393).
) PE
509
*tama[]- all, whole > PYup. *tama[]- all, whole, every,
PInup. *tama- all, both, whole (CED 328, 329).
Altaic *tmu to put into, gather > Mong. *tama- / *tem-, T.-M. *tama-, Kor.
*tm-, Jap. *tm- (EDAL 399).
8) PE
672
*tao- to see, to look at, truth, evidence > PYup. *tao- to
see; to watch out for; to look at, to watch, PInup. *tao-, *tao-b- truth,
evidence (CED 330).
Altaic *tnV to count, recite > Turk. *tnu-, Mong. *tana-, T.-M. *ta-,
Cf. also Kor. t- to tell, indicate, confess (SKE 29, EAS 20); MMong.
taul- (HY 0) to understand, distinguish ( < *taul-) (EDAL 399, 00).
9) PE
631
*taRqi- moon, bright > PYup. *tanqi- moon; to be bright,
PInup. *tatqi moon; to make the lamp shine brightly (CED 330).
Altaic *tjlgu moon > Mong. *tergel, Kor. *tr, Jap. *tki (EDAL 35).
The PE form reflects *-- within a cluster.
. vv.. - . ... 329
80) PE
531
*tar-(r)u- dark, black > PYup. *tarru- darkness, dusk; to be-
come dark, PInup. *tau-b- (-si-), *taru-ba- darkness; dark; black (CED 333,
33). All the words with meanings like shadow, dark, black are confused in close
but different entries in CED on pp. 333, 33. Related PE stems include *tar-|a-,
*tar-|o-t- black, dark, shadow, *tar-|o-no| shadow, darkness; unrelated, but
similar ones include *ta|-(no|) soul, life force and *tao- (~ --) black.
Altaic *telbu dirt > Turk. *TAlagu, Mong. *tolbu, T.-M. *telbe, Kor. *torob-.
The Kor. form is hard to distinguish from the one expected as a reflex of
*tu (EDAL 3, ). PE reflects *--.
8) PE
590
*tat(a)- all, to be full > PYup. *tatV- all, complete, whole,
PInup. *tat(a)- to be full; to bump into (CED 335).
Altaic *todV to be full (of stomach, belly) > Turk. *dod-, T.-M. *tude-, cf.
perhaps also Mong. to-sun melted fat ( < *tod-su-n?) (EDAL 36).
82) PE
707
*ta-u-, *tam-ani this, right here > PYup. *ta-(v)u-na (*ta(v)u-
kuro, -rumo, *tam-ani) this right here. One of two main pronouns for this,
with a specific paradigm that differs from other demonstrative pronouns
but is analogical with *- that (CED 328, 80, 55). PInup. *ta(a)m-na,
(*tav-ruma, *tav-ra-ni, *tam-ani) this, right here; finished (CED 80).
Altaic *t (*t) that > Turk. *ti-(k), Mong. *te-re, T.-M. *ta-, Kor. *tjo, Jap.
*to- (EDAL 389).
83) PE
527
*tobmira- bird, goose > PYup. *tomi(r)a- bird; goose,
PInup. *tomi(r)a- bird; small bird (CED 33, 32).
Altaic *tru (~ *tjro) crane > Turk. *durunja, Kor. *trmi, Jap. *tr
(EDAL 388).
8) PE
1089
*toki-ja- tern (arctic bird) > PYup. *toki-ja- tern (arctic bird)
(CED 339).
Altaic *tjaka hen > Turk. *tiakigu, Mong. *takija, T.-M. *tiaku (EDAL 3).
85) PE
557
*tokit- to come, to arrive > PYup. *tokit- to come, to arrive
(different from the homonymous *tokit- to hit, to knock), PInup. *tokit- to
arrive at (CED 338).
Altaic *tjoke to touch, reach > Turk. *dg-, Mong. *dk-. A Turk.-Mong.
isogloss; not quite reliable, because in Turkic one has to suppose assimilative
voicing (*dg- < *dk-) (EDAL 32). The original meaning in Mong. and Turk.
is to reach, to approach, as can be seen from the archaic gerund form tegi
that eventually became an adverb with the meaning until, (right) down to,
characterizing the route of movement.
86) PE
583
*too- to fly (up) > PYup. *too- to fly, PInup. *too-, *tomi-
(-
l
/
r
a-) to fly (up); to be flying (CED 3, 32).
One should consider comparison with the Turk. entry within the Altaic root
*tagiri oath, God > Mong. *tagarag oath, T.-M. *tagura- to bow while
praying, Jap. *tinkir- to swear (EDAL 02). There are really two Turkic roots
here, contaminated in some languages: one with front vowel vocalism and the
meaning sky, the second with back vowel vocalism (with some variation) and
the meaning God, spirit. It is possible to delineate the two groups of forms:
E (with front vowel): Runic teri sky; gods, MK teri sky; Buddha (in
the meaning Buddha there is no difference within the Arabic script), Saryg-
Yughur teer sky, Hakas tigor sky, Shor tegri sky, Oirot teeri God; sky,
Tuva dr sky, Tofa dre sky, Kirgiz teir God; sky, K-Balqar tejri God; sky;
2 A (with back vowel): all the examples have the meaning God, spirit
without any allusion to sky: Turkish, Azeri tanri, Turkmen tari, Salar
tanru, Chagatay teri ~ tari, Uzbek t:ri < *tari, Uighur t:ri < *tairi, Tatar,
Bashkir t:re, Kara-Kalpak t:ir etc., Jakut taara, Chuvash tura.
Thus, we can identify a separate Turk. root with the meaning sky and
compare it with Mong. *tegeri id., Jap. *tintaN (sun in Ryukyuan), as well
as with PE *too- to fly (up).
8) PE
1137
*tulub- to drowse > PYup. *tulub- to drowse. This root is
merged with *tulub- sharp tusk, to hit wit tusks in CED, although pos-
sible semantic associations are unknown.
Altaic *tke (~ -i) dream, sleep, divination > Turk. *d (/*dl), Mong.
*tlge, T.-M. *tolki-n (EDAL 3, ).
88) PE
661
*tumavja- round, oval > PInup. *tumavja- (*tumovja-) round,
oval. This root has no connection to *tumo trail, road despite (CED 39).
Altaic *t
`
m to spin, round > Turk. *tom-, Mong. *tomu-, T.-M. *tomka-,
Jap. *tm (EDAL 5, 58)
89) PE
660
*tumo, *tum-rab- trail, track, road > PYup. *tumo, *tum-rab-
track, trail, step, road; to follow tracks, PInup. *tumo, *tuv-rab-, *tuv-li-
trail, track, road, path; footstep; to track, to follow tracks (CED 39, 350).
Altaic *tmi trail, road > Mong. *tom trail of land animal, T.-M. *tm-se
> Evenki tmek trail (), Even tcmRe step, Udighe tumihe moun-
tain trail, road ( 2, 202203 in the entry to press down, to step), Jap.
*timata (chimata) crossroads, street, cf. also Turk. > Turkmen *tm-ajak with
naked legs, pedestrian, Oyrot tomul ajak on foot (without skis) etc.
90) PE
605
*tuno- to hear, to perceive > PYup. *tuno- to hear, PInup.
*tunaabo-, *tunoq-ci- to have eyes fixed on; to rely on, to put trust in. The
wide scope of meanings for the stem tunoq-ci- can be traced back to obedi-
ent, i. e. one who obeys, listens as in Russian (CED 350).
. vv.. - . ... 33!
Altaic *tue to inform > Turk. *T-, Mong. *tu-, T.-M. *tu-, Jap.
*tuanap- (EDAL ).
9) PE
593
*tun(i)- to give > PYup. *tuno- to give; to spend, PInup.
*tuno-, *tuni-uqqab- to give; to sell; to distribute (CED 350).
Altaic *tja to give, give a feast > Turk. *toj, Mong. *tau-, T.-M. *tuju-
(EDAL 68). The origin of PE *-n- is unknown.
92) PE
558
*tuqu- (-t-) to die; to kill > PYup. *tuqu- (-t-) to die; death; to
kill, PInup. *tuqu (-t-) id. (CED 35).
Altaic *tuk to come to an end, be exhausted > Turk. *tke-, Mong. *tgs-,
Jap. *tuku-. Also worth mentioning is Evk. dial. tko- to die (of exhaustion),
starve which may, however, be a derivative of tik- to fall (EDAL 69).
93) PE
1167
*turapa gravel, pebble > PYup. *tu(r)apa pebble; gravel
(CED 356), PInup. *tuapa, ? *tujakpa gravel. The form cited in SPI is
quite strange because of - in the auslaut position. Moreover, the -j- reflexa-
tion is not supported by forms in other languages.
Altaic *tporV earth, dust > Turk. *topra-k, Mong. *tour-, T.-M. *tap-
(EDAL 0).
9) PE
1165
*tu(v)ta- labret, knar > PYup. *tu(v)ta-b mushroom; labret
(ornament around pierced lips), PInup. *tuuta, *tutta- labret; jewel (CED 356).
Altaic *
takV (~ -ukV) pulp, mushroom; lip > Turk. *dtak, T.-M. *udak-
ta / *edukte (EDAL 0).
95) PE
630
*ula- numerous, many > PYup. *ula- many; to become
numerous, PInup. *ula- to crowd together; to visit (CED 36).
Altaic *
g big, many > Turk. *(g-id-, Mong. *au-, T.-M. *egdi, Kor. *ou-,
Jap. *onki-ro (EDAL 95, 96).
96) PE
689
*ujaba- stone, rock > PYup. *uj(a)ba-, *joHa-ma- stone ,
anchor 2. For Alaskan languages cf. Chap. juq (|ot) high or long stone re-
sembling a man (CED 386, 388). In some Yup. languages there is a meta-
thesis *uja > *jua-.
Altaic *bj
ge rock, hill > Turk. *bgr, Mong. *berg, T.-M. *bug-, Kor.
*phi, Jap. *bo (EDAL 35).
9) PE
642
*uja-(qu-) neck > PYup. *uja-qu- (-mi) neck; sth. worn
around neck; shoulder load, PInup. *uja-mi necklace (CED 385).
Cf. Altaic *gurgi palate (but Mong. front part of throat) (EDAL 53).
Even better is the comparison with Altaic *
`
je long hair (esp. on neck) >
Turk. *jek, Mong. *jekej, T.-M. *jelse (EDAL 03).
98) PE
708
*u-, *u-a this (near); here it is > PYup. *u-na (-kuro, -rumo-,
*u-ani), *u-a this near; here it is; now, right now, promptly, PInup. *u-na
(-kua, -uma, -ani), *u-aa this near; here it is (CED 80, 385).
Altaic * this, that (deictic particle) > Turk. *o(-l), Mong. *on-, T.-M. *u-,
Jap. *o- (EDAL 00).
99) PE
1194
*uk(a)- to give, to want to get > PYup. *uka- to give, PInup.
*uko-, *ukka/i-to- to want more of the same (CED 363).
Altaic *
k to give, to put > Turk. *ck-, Mong. *g-, T.-M. *ok-, Kor.
*ukir, Jap. *ok- (EDAL 0, 08).
200) PE
1195
*uki(r)- to stare at > PInup. *ukki-ri-, *ukki-to- to stare at
(CED 363).
Altaic *ku to understand, look into > Turk. *uk-, Mong. *uka-, T.-M.
*(x)oksa-, Jap. *k-(n)kp- (EDAL 90, 9).
20) PE
747
*ukju[r] (-a, -i-) winter, autumn, year > PYup. *ukiju- (-Ha-,
-Hi-) winter; year; autumn, fall, PInup. *ukiu-, *ukia-, *ukii- winter; year;
autumn, fall (CED 36, 365).
Altaic *k
e (~ -i) autumn; rain, storm > Turk. *g, Mong. *kura, T.-
M. *kure- (EDAL , 8).
202) PE
592
*uLiv-ka- full, to fill > PYup. *ulov- to overfill, to overload;
to fill to overflowing, PInup. *ulipka- to fill; to be full, The stem often
contaminates with *ulo(-t-), *ulov-Ra- high tide, flood, afflux, but it can be
seen, based on NAI data, that the second vowel is really *-i-, and that the
original semantics is closer to be full than anything else (CED 365).
Altaic *ulu (~ -o) big, many; good > Turk. *ulug, Mong. *olon, T.-M.
*ule-, Kor. *r- (EDAL 9).
203) PE
710
*ulu tongue > PYup. *ulu tongue; language; Imaq (Inup)
uljiq tongue of whale is borrowed from Nauk., cf. ultu|quq to cut out
deer tongues, Chap. ulzik (t) tongue of whale < *ulu-ri- (CED 36).
Altaic ? > T.-M. *lusim upper jaw, muzzle, upper lip ( , 53).
20) PE
688
*um|u- day, morning, star > PYup. *um|u- day; long time,
PInup. *uvlu- day; today; morning; star (CED 30).
Altaic *jumi fog, dusk > Turk. *im(i), *imirt (~ *-i-) fog, brume,
dusk, T.-M. umul- shadow > Evenki umulge (TMC 2, p. 20). PE reflects a
suffixal extension with *-. Cf. also PE
644
*unur (-a) night ( 207).
205) PE
1227
*una- to handle, to obtain, to kill > PYup. *una- (-nt, -ko-,
-o-) to handle; to rob, to devastate; to obtain, to catch, PInup. *unatab-
to beat, to kill, to struggle (CED 3).
. vv.. - . ... 333
Altaic *guna to rob, attack, torture > Turk. *Kun-, Mong. *gani, Tung
*gun- (EDAL 5).
206) PE
716
*unabo-ci- wood, driftwood, tree > PYup. *unabo-ci- tree
(lying, cut); wood, balk, PInup. *unaqci- driftwood; tree (CED 3).
Altaic *utV or *uni- pole in the house > Mong. *(h)uni-, T.-M. *unde(ken)
(EDAL 502).
20) PE
644
*unur (-a) night > PYup. *unu (-a) night, morning, tomor-
row. PInup. *unnu, *unnua-/ *unurra- evening, night (CED 33).
Altaic *iE(r) (instead of *
na) dawn, dusk > Turk. *iir, T.-M. *ine-, Kor.

*oir-im (EDAL 586, 58). It is necessary to distinguish two roots in the Turk.
entry *iir dusk in EDAL:
I *iir ~ *ir with an original meaning like evening, dusk (marked
as X below): Old Uighur iir X, MK iir X, Turkmen irek X, Azeri iniraz X,
Turkish dial. inirik, irik X, Halaj /gr, /gr X, Karaim eir X, Balqar iir
evening, Tat. eger-meger X, Bashkir eer X, Kara-Kalpak, Kazakh iir X,
Kirgiz iir(t) X, early evening, Oyrot eir evening, Hakas, Shor r even-
ing, Saryg-Yughur jeir evening, Tuva enir last, some time ago, Chu-
vash oner yesterday, onorok, ond(o)rok X;
II *im(i), *imirt (~ *-i-) with meanings like fog, brume and dusk:
MK imir darkness, brume, thick fog, Chagatay imir fog, evaporation go-
ing up from ground to sky, Turkmen mr fog, brume, evaporation,
Turkish mez fog, Uzbek mr, imir X, Tatar imzi X, Kara-Kalpak, Kazakh,
Kirgiz imirt X (in the morning or evening) brume, thick fog, grey air, Oy-
rot inir X, Shor inar evaporation, Tuva imir, imirti X, imire glimpse,
imistel- to dusk, Jakut, Dolgan im morning and evening dawn.
The first of these roots should be compared with T.-M. *ine- day is dawn-
ing (*ine-e day, morning dawn, *ine-ren day that is dawning etc. and Kor.
*oir-im evening, dusk) and goes back to Altaic *
nE(r) evening, dusk. The

second (with another T.-M. parallel) should be compared to PE *um|u- day,
morning, star.
208) PE
607
*u-uma- alive, heart > PYup. *uuva- (-nt), *uu-si- alive;
heart; (land) animal (CED 36). PInup. *uuma- (-ru-), *uummant alive; heart;
animal (CED 3). The word heart is a deverbal noun with an instrumental
suffix. The verb is formed with the perfective verbal affix *-(u)ma (CED ).
Altaic *j
`
ni to live, rest > Mong. *n-i-, T.-M. *in-, Kor. *ni, Jap. *no-t. In
MKor. there is a frequently observed reduction of the initial vowel (EDAL 69).
209) PE
712
*uqa- tongue, to speak > PInup. *uqa- tongue; to speak, to
say (CED 3, 38).
Altaic *oki to sing, recite > Turk. *oki-, Mong. *ge, T.-M. *(x)og- ~ *(x)ok-,
Kor. *oi-, Jap. *uka-ip-. Despite poor representation in T.-M., the root is well
preserved elsewhere and appears to be well reconstructible for PA (EDAL 05).
20) PE
1252
*uq(a)- to sleep (with a negative aspect) > PYup. *uqa-ma-
()i- neg. to sleep (with neg.), PInup. *uq-uma-ia- to sleep (with neg.):
to have a nightmare, to be half-asleep. The verb stem has a perfective
formant *-(u)ma- before the negation (CED 39).
Altaic ? > Turk. *ujku sleep (n.) > Hakas uji, Chulym uju, Tofa ujgu,
Chuvash ij.
2) PE
577
*uqru- fat, blubber > PYup. *uqru-, *uqrilu- fat, grease;
blubber, PInup. *uqru-, *uqri-u- fat, blubber; to feel sick from eating
too much fat (CED 38).
Altaic *j
gi (?) fat; brain > Turk. *, T.-M. *irg[] (EDAL 622). The
PE reflex -q- is the same as in *ciqi-no| sun.
22) PE
1190
*ur-(to-) to burn, to get burnt > PYup. *ur-(to-) to get burnt,
PInup. *uu-(t-), *utto- to be or get burnt; to burn oneself. This stem should
be separated from the PInup. root *uu-t-, *uu-ru-| to boil, to cook for
semantic reasons (it also has a different PYup. parallel) (CED 36, 362).
Altaic *dure (~ t-, --, -i) to burn, set on fire > Mong. *dr-, T.-M. *dur-
(EDAL 85).
23) PE
1264
*utu-, *uci- old > PYup. *utu-, *uci- old, PInup. *utuqqa-
old; old person (CED 383).
Altaic *
t old > Turk. *ct-, Mong. *te-, T.-M. *(x)ut-, Jap. *oto-n
(EDAL 06, 068).
2) PE
608
*vi sg., *va()- pl. personal pronouns: sg. I, pl. we >
PYup. *vi (-a), *va-ku-ta id., PInup. *uva-a, *uva-
u-t id. (CED 383). The

Sir. forms with initial m- may reflect either the oblique case stem *mV- or a
secondary development *v- > m- before a nasal resonant in the second syllable.
Altaic *b
(min-) sg., *b(u)E (mjun-) pl. I, we > Turk. *b (*men-), Mong.

*bi, *min- acc.; *ba, *man- acc., T.-M. *bi; *bue, *m-n-, Kor. *r, Jap. *b-. An al-
ternation *bi / *mi-ne- (sg.) ; *ba / *mju-n- (pl.) should be reconstructed. Korean
has undergone an irregular (dialectal) loss of *b- (*r < *b-r) (EDAL 3,
32). The specific Altaic denasalisation in these pronouns is clearly seen from
further Nostratic parallels. The exact same denasalisation is found in PE.
25) PE
709
*o|-vor sg., *o|-voci pl. personal pronouns: 2sg. thou, 2pl.
you > PYup. *o|-vor, *o|-voci id., PInup. *ol-vit/n, *ol-ovci id. (CED 06).
The first part of these pronouns is the same as in the 3sg., 3pl. pronouns he,
she, they (PE*o|-a, *o|-i-r), a pronominal stem with a deictic function,
. vv.. - . ... 335
presumably the same as Turk. *e/o this, that. The real interest lies in the
second parts of these forms. Etymologically, they are of a compound origin,
analyzable as *-vo- (< Nostratic 2
nd
p. pronoun, cf. PIE *o-) and *-r / -ci.
Taking into account the well-known PE consonantal alternations, we may
trace these suffixes back to early PE *-t/ *-ti. In this case, the corresponding
Altaic forms are:
Altaic *ti, *ta thou > Mong. *i, *ta (EDAL 2).
Abbreviation signs
(in PE) or b
H (in PE) , b, r, j, v or
L (in PE and PCh, PKCh) l or |
N (in PE) n or
R (in PE) r or j
R (in PKCh) r or
Abbreviations of language names
AY American Yupic
CAY Central Alaskan Yupik
Chap. Chaplinski
Jap., Jpn. Japanese
MK Mamd El-Kar
(M)Kor. (Middle) Korean
Mong. Mongolian, Mongolic
Nauk. Naukanski
Oyr. Oyrot
PA Proto-Altaic
PCh Proto-Chukchean
PE(
012
) Proto-Eskimo(
DB entry N
)
1
PI, PInup. Proto-Inupik
(P)IE (Proto-)Indo-European
PJ Proto-Japanese
PK Proto-Kamchadal
(P)KCh (Proto-)Kamchukchean
PT Proto-Turkic
PTM Proto-Tungus-Manchu
PY, PYup. Proto-Yupik
SK Southern Kamchadal
SPI Yupik of the Seward
peninsula
SY Siberian Yupik
Tung. Tungusic
Turk. Turkic
T.-M. Tungus-Manchu
WK Western Kamchadal
Literature
CED Michael c, Steven g~ & Lawrence
h~~. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary with Aleut Co-
gnates. Alaska Native Language Center, University
of Alaska, Fairbanks. 99.
EDAL A. V. a, O. A. j~, S. A. p~. An Ety-
mological Dictionary of Altaic Languages. HdO vol. 8-,
8-2, 8-3, LeidenBoston: Brill. 2003.

1
The index numbers refer to the corresponding entries in the authors comparat-
ive Eskimo database which can be found online at http://starling.rinet.ru.
JENNESS 928 D. g. Comparative Vocabulary of the Western Es-
kimo Dialects: Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition
9398. vol. XV, part A. Ottawa: Kings Printer.
MUDRAK 98 . . . -
. In:
. :
[On the External Relations of Eskimo Languages.
In: Linguistic Reconstruction and Prehistory of the
East. Part . Moscow: Insitute of Oriental Studies];
pp. 808.
MUDRAK 988 . . .
.
In: . :
[A Tcniciitc Rcccnsiruciicn cj i|c P|cnc|cgicc| Sqsicm
cj i|c 8cring Scc cn! Amcriccn |s|imcs. In: Pc|ccc-
csiciic Icngucgcs. Leningrad: Nauka]; pp. 28239.
MUDRAK 989 O. A. j~. Eskaleutian Roots. In: Reconstruct-
ing Languages and Cultures. Bochum: Studienverlag
Dr. Norbert Brockmeyer; pp. 22.
MUDRAK 2000 . . -
- . :
(Studia Philologica) [Oleg A. j~.
An Etymological Dictionary of Chukoto-Kamchatkan Lan-
guages. Moscow: Languages of Russian Culture
(Studia Philologica)].

- ; -
500 . ., 00 . .
, -
, ,
. -
- ,
200 ,
-
.

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Kamchukchee and Eskimo Glottochronology

and Some Altaic Etymologies

la to stay behind, be separated > Turk. Kil-, Mong. gal-,

po (EDAL 90, 9).

u red, reddish; brown, dark > Turk. Ki-, Mong. kre-

jno neck > Turk. bjn, Mong. mundaa, T.-M. *mo-ga-n,

bo face, resemblance > Turk. j, Mong. niur, Jap. *nor-

g(-rV) kidneys, testicles > Turk. bgr, bgrek, Mong.

ra (~ -j-) thin snow, hoar-frost > Turk. Kir-, Mong. karig

ro worm > Turk. Krt, Mong. koro-kaj, T.-M. *xirga (EDAL

na) dawn, dusk > Turk. iir, T.-M. ine-, Kor.

nE(r) evening, dusk. The

u-t id. (CED 383). The

(min-) sg., b(u)E (mjun-) pl. I, we > Turk. b (*men-), Mong.

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