UNIT 3 ANALYSIS OF ARCHES

Structure
3.1 Introduction
Objectives

3.2 Arches
3.2.1 Temunology 3.2.2 Types of Arch

3.3 Analysis of Three-Hinged Arches

3.3 1 Deternunation of Reactions 3.3 2 Internal Stress Resultants 3.3.3 Benmng Moment D~agrams for Three-hlnged Arches

3.4 Influence Lines for Three-Hinged Arches

3 4.1 Influence Llnes for Horizontal Reaction, Moment, Radial Shear and Normal Thrust - General Case 3.4.2 To Determine Maxlmum Bendlog Moment due to a Concentrated Rolllng Load 3 4.3 To Determine Maxlmum B &ng Moment and Horlwntal Thrust for a Cmcular Arch TZ ust and Benhng Moment due to the Concentrated Loads and 3.4.4 To Detemune Hor~zontal Umformly Wstnbuted Load 3.4.5 Absolute Maximum Bending Moment

3.5 Summ,ary
3.6 Key Words 3.7 Answers to SAQs

INTRODUCTION
Till now, you had been studying two-dimensional (plane) structures like beams, frames and trusses which were mostly linear in their grometry or comprised of elements which were formed out of straight lines. Now in this unit, you are being introduced to a class of structures which will be composed of curved-mem%ers instead of straight ones. The simplest member of this class is the arch. Arches as such are not a new mode of construction and have been in use as a load bearing structure since ancient times. Although it is more difficult to construct a curved structure like an arch, there are certain advantages, apart from their aesthetic look, which have made them popular among civil engineers and architects. It will be shown here in this unit that the bending moment in an arch section is generally less than that in a corresponding beam section, of similar span and loading. Hence, the all-important bending stresses are less in arches. However, in an arch section, there is in additional normal thrust which is not present in beam sections (with transverse loading). But normally the net effect is not critical as concrete and masonry are usually stronger in compression and the total stresses are generally well within limits. So overall speaking, an arch is lighter and stronger than a similar or similarly-loaded beam. Figure 3.1 shows some kinds of arch used in civil engineering.

(a) Fhed Arch

(b)Linear Arch
Figure 3.1 :Different Types oPArch

(c) lhussed Arch

An arch could be defined in simple terms as a two-dimensional structure element which is curved in elevation and is supported at ends by rigid or hinged supports which are capable of developing the desired thrust to resist the loads. It could also be defined as a two-dimensional element which resists external loads through its profile. This is achieved by its characteristic horizontal reaction developed at the supports. The horizontal thrust causes hogging bending moment which tend to reduce the sagging moment due to loading and thus, the net bending moment is much smaller. However, at the same time the

ltolli~~g Loads and

lnflr~ence Lines

arch is subjected to large axial compressive force as shown in Figure 3.1. There are various types of arches. However, in this unit, we would confine to the study of Three-hinged Arches.

0bjectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to conceptualise the structural behaviour of an arch, determine the internal stress resultants namely, normal thrust, radial shear and bending moment for three-hinged arches, obtain influence lines for horizontal thrust and vertical reactions, bending moment, radial shear and normal thrust for a three-hingcd arch, and determine absolute maximum values of these internal stress resultants, or external reactions.

3 . 2 ARCHES
3.2.1 Terminology
Following are some commonly used terms relating to arches : Springing : This is the point where the arch axis meets the supporting structure (column, pier, wall or abutment). In a simple arch, there are two springings. The springings may or may not be at the same level [Figure 3.2 (a) and (b)].

Crown

: This is the highest point on the curved axis of the arch. In the case of a symmetrical arch with springings at same level, they will be above the midpoint of the arch-span [Figure 3.2 (a)]. In an unsymmetrical arch, the crown is at unequal distances from each support [Figure 3.2 (b)]. : This is the lower surface of the arch which is normally curved in shape. In case of trussed arches, the line joining the nodes form the soffit.
: The vertical height of the crown above the springing is the rise of the arch (Figure 3.2 (a)].

Soffit

Span

: The horizontal distance between the springings is called span [Figure 3.2 (a) and (b)].

3.2.2 Types of Arch

There are various ways in which arches can be classified. Following are some of the classifications of arches : (a) Arches can be (i) simple, or (ii) multiple. In the former case of simple arch, the arch consists of a single span structure, whereas in the latter case of multiple arch, it is a multi-span structure [Figure 3.2 (c) and (d)] (b) Arches can be classified according to the materials used in their construction in following way : (i) Brick or Stone masonry arches. (ii) Reinforced Concrete arches. (iii) Steel arches. (iv) Timber arches etc. (c) Their classification according to structural behaviour can be as follows : (i) Fixed arches [Figure 3.2 (e)] :The arch springings are fixed or clamped (in both position and direction). Here the arch is statically indeterminate to the third degree, as there are six reaction components (three at each support) and only three equations of static equilibrium are available. These arches are also called hingeless arches.

Analysis d A~.clles

(a)SymmetrfcalAl-ch

@)UnsymmetricalArch

. - . (c) Simple Arch

(d) Mnltipk Amh

(e) Fixed Arch

(0Twa-hingedArch

(g) Three-hinged Arch

Here, R, 4 = Polar Coor&nates of P x , y = Cartesian Coordinates of P We have,

x = R (sln 8 -sin 4)

=R

(COS

$ - cos 8)

(h) ~ i m d a (Segmentel) r A d

Equation of the parabola with A as origin i

'Slope e of arch axis with horizontal at point P :
1

tang =

*(l-h)

1% where ( x , y) are coordinates of point P.

(i) Perabdic (Symmetrical) A d

Figure 3.2 :Types of Arch

(ii) Two-hinged arches [Figure 3.2 (f)] :There are hinges at each of the springings. This type of arch is also statically indeterminate but the degree of indeterminacy is only one as the unknown reaction components are four in number (two at each support). (iii) Three-hinged arches [Figure 3.2 (g)] :In this case of arch, an extra hinge is provided (usually at the crown of the arch), besides the two hinges provided at the springings. Since bending moments at the hinges are zero, these three hinges provide the three extra equations to determine the support reactions besides the three equations of statics. Thus, a three-hinged arch is a statically determinute structure. (d) The arches can be classified according to the shape o'f the soffit curve, e.g. circular (or segmental), parabolic, cycloid, inverted catenary etc. as shown in .Figures 3.2 (h) and (i). (e) Arches can also be (i) linear arches in which case there centre-lines are composed of a series of straight segments fonning a curve, or (ii) trussed arches in which case they are composed of a number o f linear elements joined together to form a non-linearlcurved truss [Figures 3.1 (b) and (c)].

Rolling Loads and Influence Lines

3.3 ANALYSIS OF THREE-HINGED ARCHES

3.3.1 Determination of Reactions
The two-hinged arch can be made statically determinate by introducing a third hinge at the crown of the arch. Example 3.1 Let us consider the three-hinged arch shown in Figure 3.3. This type of arch is statically determinate as now an extra equation is available by taking bending moments of all leftlright hand side forces about C as zero.

F i p n 3.3

Solution Let us fist obtain vertical reactions. Taking moments about A of all the forces, (vBx10)-(100x2) = 0

Now, let us take moments about C of all forces acting on the right side of hinge C : (VBx5)-(HBx3) = 0

...

HB = VB -20 - 33.3 kN (acting towards the right) c 3 - 3

Fx

Applying equilibrium equation

= 0 ; * HA- HB = 0

We get, HA = 33.3 kN (acting towards the left) + Thus, all four reactions could be obtained here. The bending moment at D is as follows :

M D = (VAx 2) - (HAx 2.5) = (80 x 2) - (33.3 x 2.5)

= 76.75 kN m

Comparing this with a simply supported beam of same span and loading, In that case, M D will be = (VAx 2) = (80 x 2) = 160 kN m. Therefore, as it was brought gut in the Section 3.1, the arch action has reduced the - 76'75 x 100 = 52% approximately. moment at D by a value equal to 160 This has happened because of the hogging moment due to horizontal reaction. Example 3.2 (Three-hinged Symmetrical Parabolic Arch) Figure 3.4 shows a three-hinged symmetrical parabolic arch of span 100 m and central rise of 25 m. It is required to find the support reactions due to the loading shown. The left half of the span carries a uniformly distributed load of 2 kN/m while two concentrated loads of 50 kN and 100 kN act at 30 m and 10 m from right hand support as shown.

Analysis oi Arches

Figure 3.4

Solution

As shown in Figure 3.2 (i), the equation of the symmetrical parabolic arch with A as origin can be written as follows :

where,

x and y are co-ordinates of any point P,

h is the central rise of the arch,

L is the span of the arch.

In the present example, h = 25 m and L = 100 m, hence, the equation of the arch will be

The height of the load point D will be => y~ = 70 x (100 - 70) = 21 m,and 100 The height of the load point E will be Now taking moments about B and applying the condition

I t gives, VA = 100 kN Applying the condition of vertical equilibrium,

VA+VB = (2~50)+50+100 = 250

Giving

VB = 250-100 = 150kN

Now bending moment at central hinge C is zero, therefore, taking moments of all left hand forces about C

It gives HA = 100kN acting towards right as shown. Also considering horizontal

equilibrium of arch, reaction HB will also be 100 kN but acting towards left at B.
t

Example 3.3 (Unsymmetrical Parabolic Arch)

Figure 3.5 shows an unsymmetrical parabolic arch of span 90 m. The right hand springing B is 9 rn above the left hand springing A. The crown C is at 50 m from A and 25 m above it. It is required to find the reactions under the given loads at D.

90 - m

VB '36 kN
Figure 35

Solution Taking A as origin, let the equation of the parabola be

Si~lcc. ;it A, 1 C &B,

0 when x = 0 y = 2 5 when x = 50 y = 9 when x = 90

)' =

Now we have following three equations to determine a,b, c

0 = a.o2+0.0+c 25 = a . 5 d + b . 5 0 + c 9 = a.9d+b.90+c From Eq. (ii) c = 0;and from Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get,
1 a = --l W ' and b = 1 Substituting above values in Eq. (i), the equation of the parabola becomes

(ii) (iii) (iv)

Hence, the rise of the point D is given by

Now taking moments of all forces about B and applying

MB = 0,we get,
(vi)

(vA~9o)-(HA~9)-(1~X6o)+50~(21 =- 0 9)

and since bending moment at Cis zero, MC = 0 (of left hand forces), we have, (VAx 50) - (HAx 25) - (100 x 20) - (25 - 21) x 50 = 0 On so!ving Eqs. (vi) and (vii), we get, V A = 64 kN and HA = 40 kN (vii)

-+

Considering vertical equilibrium,

V A + VB = 100. giving VB = 36 kN 1 '

t

and considering horizontal equilibrium, HA+ 50 = HB giving HB = 90 kN

3.3.2 Internal Stress Resultants

As discussed in Section 3.1, in this unit,'we shall be dealing only with the statically determinate arches which belong to the class of three-hinged arches. A three-hinged arch as shown in Figure 3.6 (b) has a hinge each at both its springings and the third one somewhere in the span (most commonly at the highest point or the crown). For analysing

the arch, the type of the curve depicting the centre-line of the arch (or the equation of the arch) will be known. Difference beween 'Beam-action' and 'Arch-action' When a load acts on a horizontal beam, it produces vertical and horizontal reactions at ils supports. The horizontal components of the reactions or loads do not contribute to the bending moment at any point in the beam as they pass through the beam axis [Figure 3.6 (a)]. Hence, only the vertical components need be considered for calculation of bending moment in a beam. Howewer, in the case of an arch, even a vertical load acting on it causes horizontal thrust at the supports, and there will be inward acting horizontal reactions at the springings in addition to the vertical reactions [Figure 3.6 (b)].

Analysis of Arches

Fig-

3 . 6 r B4Pa Action sod An-h Action

It can be easily seen from the free-body diagrams and their equilibrium condjtions that. the vertical reaction components are same in magnitude for a beam or arch of same-span and similarly-loaded as shown in Figure 3.7.

I n arch, the horizontal reactions ~ 1 1 proti~~c" 1 'i in om el.^ ! I x y where y 1s the height of the p i v ~ point n on the arch abox i. spring:^^,! !:r 2. This mu^ leI:t will be a hogging nlomeiit and therefore will have negalive sign, whc : a : . 'he mopc-,s due to rhc vt'rijcal reachon

Rolling Loads aod Intluence Lines

component is a sagging moment. Thus, the net value of the arch bending moment is less than the corresponding beam bending moment. or algebraically speaking

where,

M
p

= bending moment at the point D of the arch, = bending moment at the corresponding point D' of the beam, = horizontal thrust at springing, and

x, y = co-ordinates of the point D. This reduction in bending moment is known as arch action. Another important point of difference between a beam and an arch is the internal stress resultants acting at a transverse section. For a horizontal beam shown in Figure 3.7 (c), the transverse section is vertical, and for vertical loads it will have only the two internal stress resultants, i.e. the bending moment, M and the vertical transverse shear, S [Figure 3.7 (e)]. Whereas, the arch axis being curved, its slope at any point whose coordinates are (x, y) will be given by tan 0 = dY ,(where y =Ax) is the equation of the

dx

arch axis). Now a transverse section of the arch will be inclined making an angle of 0 with the vertical. Thus, it will have three internal stress resultants, i.e. (i) a bending moment M, (ii) a normal thrust N inclined at 0 with horizontal, and (iii) a transvefse shear S (inclined at 0 with vertical) as shown in Figure 3.7 (d). These ideas are explained in the next two sections by means of concrete examples.

3.3.3 Bending Moment Diagrams for Three-Hinged Arches

Example 3.4

Draw the BM diagrams for the three-hinged parabolic arch given in Example 3.2. Find the bending moment, normal thrust and radial shear at a point 2 0 m from either support.
Solution

Referring to Example 3.2 where the reactions RA,RE,HA, HE have already been calculated, we first draw the beam bending moment diagram (p diagram) and then on the same horizontal axis, draw the arch action diagram (Hy diagram). The difference of the ordinates of the two diagrams (p - Hy) will give the net for the arch. bending moment (M)

r ire

(a) Amh with Lading

(h) BM Diagram (Shaded)

Flgure 3.8 (a) :Amh and its B e n l n g Moment Dingnun

The beam bending moment at any point distant x from A and between A and C will be given by

Analysis of Arches

which is parabolic in shape having maximum value 2500 kN m at the midpoint C. This is drawn in Figure 3.8 (a). For the right half, it is easier to measure f toward right from the point B and we get following values : BetweenB and E (0 I i I 10)
~1 = VB.f = 1 5 0 i

Between E and D (10 I i I 30)

Between D and C (30 I i I 50)

p = VBf-lOO(i-10)-5O(i-30)

= 2500

The height of the points P and Q (20 m from either support) is given by

Also and

p~ = VBxx' = 150x10 = 1500kNm

pp = ( T 5 0 ~ 3 0 ) - (100x20) = 2500kNm

The p diagram is shown by dotted lines in Figure 3.8 (a). The H y diagram will be given by the equation

Hy

(100)

[w]
x 100-x

= 100x -

2 for the entire span of the arch.

x 100-x for the given parabola as already determined in Example3.2.1 100 Thus, H y is also a parabola and is drawn by firm line on the same side as p diagram in Figure 3.8 (a). It can be seen that the p and H y diagrams both coincide between A and C, hence, M = p - H y = 0 between these points. [Since y = m e value of Hyis 2100 k~ m at D (x' = 30 m, y = 21 m) and 900 kN m at E ( i = 10 m, y = 9 m). Hence, H y is always less than the beam bending moment p and the bending moment diagram lies above it and is shown by the shaded portion of diagram [Figure 3.8 (a)]. Thus, the net bending moment is always positive between the points C and B. Its value is (2500 - 2100) = 400 kN m at point D and (1500 - 900) = 600 kN m at point E. Normal Thrust and Radial Shear To find the normal thrust and radial shear at a points P and Q which are 20 m from A and B respectively (x = 20), firstly, we determine its height above springing level.

~ the ~ arch with all the forces acting on Consider only the portions AP a n a ' of them as shown in Figures 3.B .(b) and (c) and also refer to Figure 3.7 (d).

Rolling Loads and Influence Lines

tan 850.6

Figure 3.8 (b) and (c) :h e Body Diagrams

Resolving all forces parallel to the tangent, we get, N0dthfust.N = H A C O S ~ + ~ s i n e - ( ~ ~ ~ ) s i n e (3.2a) Resolving all forces perpendicular to the tangent, we get, Radial shear, S = HAsin 8 - V A cos 8 + (3.2b)

Here, P,, are sum of all the external loads acting over the portion of the beam and 0 is the slope of the tangent at the given point with the horizontal. 4h Here Now in the given problem, we have,

It gives and

sin 8 =: 0.5145, cos 8 = 0.8575

CP, = 2 x 2 0 = 4 0 k N
= 54.88 kN

At the point P [Referring to free-body diagram of Figure 3.8 (b)] Normal Thrust,N = (100 x 0.8575) + ( 1 0 0 0.5 ~ 145) - (40 x 0.5145)
*Bending Moment, M = p - Hy = 0

Radial Shear, S = (100 x 0.5 145) - (100 x 0.8575) i ((40 x 0.8575) = 0

At the point Q [Referring to free-body diagram of Figure 3.8 (c)] Normal Thrust,N = (100 x 0.8575) + (150 x 0.5145) - (100 x 0.5 145) = 111.475 kN
Radial Shear, S = (100 x 0.5 145) - (150 x 0.8575) + (100 x 0.8575) = 8.575 kN Bending Moment, M = p - Hy = [(SOx 20) + 10001- [(LOO x 20) - 202] = 400 kNm

Example 3.5 Draw the BMD for the parabolic arch of Example 3.3. Find the bending moment, normal thrust and radial shear at a point P,40 m from the left hand springing. Solution x (100 -x) Equation of the arch as determined in Example 3.3, y = 100 At point P7 height, yp = Slope, tan 8 '0= -40 (100 - 40) = 24 100

(2 401 = 0.2. It gives sin 8 = 0.9161 cos 8 = 0.9806. 100 Normal Thrust, N = (HA+ 50) cos 8 + (VA- 100) sin 8

= (40 + 50) x 0.9806 + (64 - 100) x 0.1961 = 81,198 kN (compression)

Radial Shear, S = (HA + 50) sin 0 - (VA - 100) cos 0

= (40 + 50) x 0.1961 - (64 - 100) x 0.9806 = 52.951 kN

Analysis o f~rehes

'f'

Bending Moment, M = (64 x 40) - (100 x 10) - (40 x 24) - (50 x 3)

= 450 kN m (sagging)

(a) Three-Wnged

Arch

(b)

BM DLagmm

Figure 3.9 :Three-hinged An31 and Bending Moment Diagram

(i)

From A to D (0 I x I 30) :M
= p-Hy

= 6 4 ~ - 4 %= 6 4 ~ - 4 0
L

'1

= 24x

4x2 +(always sagging) 10

(ii) From D to B (30 Ix I90) :-

With Bas origin and x'y' as co-ordinates, this equation can be written as :

We will analyse this arch for horizontal reaction, moment, radial shear and normal thrust and use the same to obtain influence lines for them.

SAQ I
Sllow that tor a symmetrical parabolic arch loadt>dby a unifornll?:dlstribured l(~2il alotlg its wholt% span. Ule bzricimg momi'ut at any polat is m o . Vvh'lt w ~ lbc l tl~e

~rtjrrnal tilrust and radial silear at any given paint ?

SAQ 2
: 2 thucc-hinged syiruneb~cdl par;lbol~c a r ~ lhas l a span ot 90 In auld a central rice ot 15 m. It Larries two 100 kN loads at 15 111 and 30 rn frorn iieie h a d support m d :I umfornlly dnhl~ibuted load 01 3 kN/zil over Uic right half of the spar) D r i ~ u the hending nloment J~agrani md cdlculate rtnc bending monlenl, nor~iul ehr usl and racl~dl shear a1 a point 31) in Prorn U~le right hand supporr.

Rolling Loads and Influence Lines

3.4 INFLUENCE LINES FOR THREE-HINGED ARCHES

3.4.1 Influence Lines for Horizontal Reaction, Moment, Radial Shear and Normal Thrust - General Case
In this section, we shall consider the action of moving loads over an arch. For this, influence line diagrams for horizontal reaction (H), bending moment (M), normal thrust (N), and radial shear (S) will be discussed here.
'

Let us consider a typical three-hinged arch with two hinges at A and B and the third hinge at the crown at C as shown in Figure 3.10 (a).
mqq-

Three-Hinged Arch

(c) ILD for Bending

Moment at D

co
(d) 1LD for Radial Shear at D

\L

(e)

2~i-s @

ILD for Normal Thrust at D

Analysis and Influence Line for Horizontal Reaction, H Consider a unit load acting at a distance "kL" from "A" between A and C. From statics, the vertical reactions can be determined.

Taking moments about A, we get,

..
1,

Thus, Therefore, VA = 1- VB = 1 - k. Also,

H = 0; we get, HA..=

- HB =

Now, to determine H, let us take moments about the central hinge at C,

we get,

PBX$)
-

Ann1y-siso f Arches

(Hxh) = 0 (ii)

...

H = - -V - g x L - kL 2h 2h

Similarly, when unit load is between C and B, then taking moment of all forces on the left of unit load about C: we get,

(GX4)-

( H X ~= )

o
(iii)

From both values of H obtained in Eq. (ii) and (iii), we observe that it is directly related to position of unit load which is kL in this case. The variation of value of H can be obtained by assigning different values to kL. For example, at A, we have, kL = 0; H = 0 at A. Also, at B , we have, kL = I; therefore, substituting this value in Eq. (iii), we get, H = 0. As can be seen, the maximum value for H from both the equations is at -, 1.e. at C and is H = 2 4h This variation has been drawn in Figure 3.10 (b) and represents the influence line for horizontal reaction H.
L . L

Analysis and Influence Line for Bending Moment, M Consider a point D on the arch whose horizontal distance is x from A and vertical height is yo from base.
Then, by taking moment of all forces on the right of D about D, we can write

Similaily, when unit load is between C and B;

where VB x (L - x) is in fact the "beam bending moment" (p) at D and H x y~ is the moment caused by the horizontal thrust of the arch.

Thus,MD comprises two parts and can be written in general form as given below :

where y is the bending moment at the point under consideration if AB is considered as a simple straight beam and y o is the ordinate @fthat point x L-x for unit load at D. p=( L So, we can cbnveniently draw the variation for moment at D from Eq. (vi) by first drawing the ILD of be.am bending moment for D and then superimposing on it the 1L.D for Hy shown in Figure 3.10 (b). This is shown in Figure 3.10 (c) wherein the net moment (p - HyD) is shown hatched.

Analysis and Influence Line for Radial Shear, S

The radial shear at any section D comprises two parts, namely the shear caused by the vertical loads and the shear caused by horizontal reaction H. Consider the free body diagram shown in Figure 3.7 (d). A and H along the normal to the tangent at It can be seen that by resolving forces V G, the radial shear at D works out to be as follows :

S = Scos0-Hsin0

(vL>

Here 0 is the inclination of arch axis to the hvrizontal and S is the beam shear ?f So, here again the IL for "radial shear" can be ,,~ttaineu easily in two parts. The first part represents the shear in a simple beam which is multiplied by cos 0. The

"

Rolling Loads and lllfluence Lines

second part is the influence line for H shown in Figure 3.10 (b) multiplied by sin 8. Once these two are combined as per Eq. (vii), we get IL for radial shear at D and is shown in Figure 3.10 (d). The hatched portion is the resultant diagram. Anaylsis and Influence Line for Normal Thrust, N The normal thrust is the axial force acting along the arch axis at any point. In order to understand its concept, focus on Figute 3.7 (d), wherein in a free body diagram, all the forces and their components along the tangent to arch at point D are shown. The components of VA and H along the tangent give us 'normal thrust' as follows :
N = S'sin8+Hcos8 (viii) Thus, normal thrust also has two parts which can be combined to obtain its intluence line. It is a compressive force and this is characteristic of an arch. The influence line for 'normal thrust' is shown in Figure 3.10 (e). The hatched portion gives the net values.

3.4.2 To Determine Maximum Bending Moment due to a Concentrated Rolling Load

Let us ncrw.dansider the application of concepts derived earlier (Section 1.5 : Unit 1) through a numerical example and see how influence line concept can be used to locate given loads to obtain maximum values. Example 3 . 6 We have a three hinged parabolic arch of 25 m span with a central rise of 5 m. Let us assume a load of 100 kN rolling over from left to right [Figure 3.11 (a)] and we have to find maximum SF and BM at a section 8 m from A.
Solution

Following the concepts enumerated in Section 3.4.1, the IL for bending moment at D is shown in Figure 3.11 (b).

(b) ILD for B M at D (Shaded)

Figure 3.11 :Three-hingedA I T and ~ ILD for BM at D (Shaded)

We have seen in Section 3.4.1,

In this case,

yD =

x 8 x (25 - 8) = 4.352 m %-Ti?

4x5

We know and

x ( L - X ) - 8 ~ ( 2 5 - 8 ). = 5.44 (with apex below D) CL= L 25 L HxyD = ~ ~ 4 . 3 = 5225 x 4.352 = 5.44 (with apex below C ) 4x5 4h

Anal

The maximum positive BM at D occurs, as can be seen from the influence line, when the load is on the section. Thus,

Similarly, maximum negative BM at D will occur, as can be seen from the influence line, when load is at the crown, i.e. at C. Thus,

The above results can also be obtained by simple analysis of the arch without using the influence line diagram. This is explained below. (i) Maximum positive BM occurs when load is at h e section D itself. . V B = 32 kN In this case, VBx 25 = 100 x 8 ; :

: .

VA = 100-32 = 6 8 k N

Take moments about C, we get,

Mc = ( V B X1 2 . 5 ) - ( H x ~ )= 0

Therefore, maximum positive BM at section D,

= 544- 348 = 196kN

This is the same result which we obtained from influence line approach earlier. (ii) Maximum negative BM occurs when load is at the crown at C. 100 VA = VB = - = 50 In this case, 2

Mc = ( 5 0 12.5) ~ - (H ~ 5 = )0

: .

H = 125 kN

Therefore, maximum negative BM at section D,

= (50 x 8 ) - (125 x 4.352) = 400-544 = - 1 4 4 k N

This is also the same result as obtained by influence line approach earlier.

Rolling Loads and Muence Lines

3.4.3 To Determine Maximum Bending Moment and Horizontal Thrust for a Circular Arch
Example 3.7

Consider a three-hinged circular arch of rise 10 m and span of 50 m, with a load of 100 kN travelling from A to B. We have to determine maximum horizontal thrust and maximum (negative) and (positive) BM at 15 m from A.

Figure 3.12 :Tbm-hingedCircular Arch ru~d ILD for BM a t D (Shaded)

Solution

(i)

Let us first determine the radius of the ,lrc h from the first principle (Figure 3.12) lO(2R- 11))= 25x25 We have, (36.25 - 10 +

Also,

+ 1'3~ = 36.252 : . \'n = 8.59m

(ii) As already discussed, the ILD for BM (piat D can be drawn Figure 3.12 (b)] and also the ILD for H yo is drawn. ?'he niaximum positive BM will occur when load is at D itself. For this situation, we determine all reactions. Taking moments about A, we get, (VBx 50) - (100 '< 1:) = 0

: .

V B= 3 0 kN
:

: . VA = 100-3') Thus, Taking moment about C, we get

70kN

30 x 25 We also know, : . H = ------ 7;; E - 3 10

: .

MD = ( V ~ x 3 5 ) - ( H x y ~ )

= (30 x 35) (75 x 8.'59) = 1050 - 644.25 = 405.75 kN m The same value could also be obtainec I #ram IL diagram as shown below

(iii) The maximum negative BM will develop when load is at crown C. In this case, and V A= V B = 50 kN
Mc = (50x25)-(Hx10) = 0

Analysis of Arches

: .
Thus,

H = 125 kN in

: .

MD (negd,e) = (VA x 15) - (125 x 8.59) = - 324 kN m

The same result could also be obtained from IL diagram as shown below :

3.4.4 To Determine Horizontal Thrust and Bending Mom2nt due to the Concentrated Loads and Uniformly Distributed Load
Example 3.8 Consider a three-hinged parabolic arch of 40 m span and rise of 6 m with inclined concentrated loads as shown in Figure 3.13. We have to determine the horizontal thrust H and the bending moments under the concentrated loads.

(a) Three-Hinged

Arch

(b) Net BM Diagram

Figure 3.13 :Three Hinged Arch under Concentrated and U n i o d y Distributed Load and its Net BMD

Solution

(a) The arch geometry is to be first determined to find ordinates at D and E

3 a t x = 5 m : y o = -[(40x5)-5 200 Similarly, y~ = 4.5 m

8

] =~

3 ~ 200

1 = 2.63m 7 5

Also we know that

Thus, Finally, we get,

: .

OD = 24.22'

sin 0 = 0.4104

RoUing Loads and Mnence Lines

Similarly, for x = 30 m, i.e. point E, we get, 8~ = In the same way, we get, sin 8 = 0.2873 cos 8 = 0.9578

- 16.70'

(b) The components of the concentrated loads can also be determined from trigonometry as given below. For load at D, Horizontal component = 141.4 x cos 45' = 100 kN Vertical component Similarly, components of 100 kN at E are as follows : Horizontal component = 100 cos 60' Vertical component
2

= 141.4 xain 45' = 100 kN . 1

50 kN t

= 100 sin 6 0 = 86.66 kN &

(c) In order to determine reactions at supports, ldt us consider moment of all forces about A, we get, MA = (100 x 2.63) + (100 x 5) + (86.66 x 30) - (50 x 4.5) - (VBx 40) = 0 Thus, we get, V , ' = 878.4 IrN

and

V A = 908.a kN

(d) To determine horizontal thrust H; take moments about central hinge C of all forces on left of C, we get

- 2.63)] - (H X 6) = 0 (908.20 x 20) - (100 x 15) - 100~ ' ( 6 H = 1387.8 IrN Thus, we get
(e) We have now to determine net moments at D and E.

+ 391.1 IrN m (sagging)

[Figure 3.13 @)I.

+ 538.9 IrN m (sagging)

[Figure 3.13 @)I.

Similarly, if required the bending moment at other points can also be found, e.g. Mx in zone AD

.The net bending moment diagram is shown in Figure 3.13 (b).

3.45 Absolute Maximum Bending Moment

Consider the three-hinged parabolic arch ACB of span L and central rise h. Consider. point D on the arch which is at x from A [Figure 3.14 (a)]. The equatiw for parabola is

The moment at D, as has already been discussed will be as follows : MD = P - ( H ~ Y D )

Analysis of Arches

(a) Three-Hinged
Psmhnli~ Ar~h

(b) ILD for BM at D

(c) Maximum Positive

BM Diagram

w .
O1~m
r'

(d) Maximum Negative

BM Diagram

(e) Maximum BMD

for u.d.1.

figure 3.14

This IL for moment at D has been shown ih Figure 3.14 (b) in which 6 e ordinate

Substituting value of yc from Eq. (i), we get,

cc1 = ,(L-x)
X

(ii)

Thus, we find cclis same as ddl which is the ordinate for diagram of p.

An inspection of IL for moment at D clearly indicates that maximum positive moment will occur when the load is at section D itself. The positive moment ordinate, dd2 = ddl - dld2

(iii) In order to obtain absolute maximum positive moment anywhere on arch, we differentiate Eq. (iii) with respect to x, and equate to zero. This results in a quadratic equation, which on solution gives two values of x, i.e. xl = 0.211 L and x2 = 0.789 L which are symmetrically.situated points.

Rolling Loads and Influence Lines

Substituting for xl = 0.211 L in Eq. (iii), we get max positive moment = 0.0962 L. The maximum positive bending moment diagram is shown in Figure 3.14 (c). Similarly, maximum negative moment will occur when unit load is at C.

On differentiation with respect to x and equating to zero, we get the point where absolute maximum negative moment will occur, and it is

On substituting in Eq. (iv), we get,

L Absolute maximum negative moment = 16 This is shown in Figure 3.14 (d).

: .

The maximum BM diagram for a uniformly distributed load (w) is obtained by multiplying it by the area of the positivelnegative (net moment) ILD. The principal values are shown in Figure 3.14 (e).
Example 3 . 9 Let us examine the case of a three hinged parabolic arch of 4 m rise and 20 m span. Consider a concentrated load of 100 kN travelling from A to B.We are to determine maximum positive and negative moments at a section which is 5 m away from A and then find.out absolute maximum bending moment anywhere in the arch ACB (Figure 3.15 ) .

Figure 3.15

Solution We have, At x = 5 , we get, We have just seen in Section 3.3.5 [Figure 3.14 (b)] that maximum positive moment occurs when load is at the section itself. For this position of load, i.e. when 100 kN load is at D, we get,

~alcin moment ~ about C,

Hence,

MD = (25 x 15) - (62.5 x 3)

= 375 - 187.5 = 187.5 kN m (maximum positive moment)

Analysis o f Arches

'

Similarly, maximum negative moment occurs when load is at C. For this position;
'

and

: .

Hx4=50x10

Hence,

MD = (50 x 5) - (125 x 3)
= 250 - 375 = - 125 kN (maximumnegative moment)

Using the results obtained'in Section 3.3.5 [Figure 3.14 (c)], we know that the absolute maximum positive moment occurs at section x = 0.211 L. Thus,
x = 0.21 1 x 20 = 4.22 m from supports A and B and its magnitude would be (0.0962 L x W).

Thus, absolute maximum positive BM = 0.0962 x 20 x 100 = 192.4 kN m. Now referring to Figure 3.14 (d), we know that absolute maximum negative moment occurs at section x = 0.25 L.Thus,
x = 0.25 x 20 = 5 m from supports A and B and its magnitude would be (0.0625 L x W).

Thus, absolute maximum negative BM = 100 x - - =

r C1

- 125 kN m

!I-,:

.A tf~i'{:i:-hi[lg?d s y ~ n ~ ip;)r&c~l:c ~ ~ r j;t:k.i*: ~ ~ :-!I' ~100 171 cpd,i ;Ji:<! .::,I ; q 1 ts.. 1, ;r rj;lif'c>ri~)ly cjisuibutctj !iv,: i:13,d :?! 3 kN/:ji vjhic;: ya!\ c?<k:!jg\ ;:n:. .. i-: . .-A+ , a
. 4

cr.ik~,,,~:

s:i ..6'

,.:,L.

spa3 pltis 3 cc~11ceziu;~teti w.i~i:el load !!! !-I(; k?;, Fillti !he nriaxiri:u!:\ b;.:;r!i:jc r!1on?txnt,nortrial thrusl arut ~,adial shi:;i~ iiue :!a this loatilng ;r! ,I poirir 25 n! l'r: :nr i::ft h;i:;d suppor:.

83

Rolling Loads and Ionuence Lines

3.5 SUMMARY
The three-hinged arch is a statically determinate arch, with a hinge at the centre. The moment at any point in the arch is reduced due to hogging moment because of horizontal reaction at supports. The relationship and influence lines for horizontal reaction, moment, radial shear and normal thrust have been obtained for a parabolic arch. These concepts have then been used to obtain maximum bending moment due to concentrated and uniformly distributed loads. In the end, the concept of absolute maximum bending moment was discussed and its application has been explained.

3.6 KEY WORDS

Springing Crown Rise Span Soffit Normal Thrust Radial Shear

: Springing is the lowest point of the arch, where it meets the support. : Crown is the highest point of the arch. : Rise is the vertical height of the crown above the springing. : Span is the horizontal distance between the two springings. :. Soffit is the lower surface of the arch. : Normal thrust is the axial force along the tangent of arch at any point, normal to the section. : Radial shear is the shear along the normal to the tangent at any point on the arch, parallel to the section.

3.7 ANSWERS TO SAQs

Refer the relevant preceding text in the unit or other useful books on the topic listed in the section "Further Reading" to get the answers of the SAQs. However, a proper hint to solve the SAQs in terms of specific location of preceding text is given below :
SAQ 1

Refer Sections 3.3.2 and 3.3.3. SAQ 2 Refer Examples 3.2 and 3.4.
SAQ 3

Refer Section 3.4.1.

SAQ 4'

Refer Sections 3.4.4 and 3.4.5.

SAQ 5

Refer Sections 3.4.4 and 3.4.5.