Work on storage diseases on apple by Bioforsk

Jorunn Brve

Apple storage in Norway

Short time storage (until December 1 or February for juice) Ordinary cold storage MA and CA? Aroma main cultivar, new ones coming?

Apple growing in Norway

Storage decay on Norwegian apples

most important diseases: Bitter rot (Colletotrichum acutatum) Neofabraea rot (Neofabraea spp) less importat, but present: Nectria- rot (Nectria galligena) Grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) Brown rot (Monilinia fructigena) Fusarium rot (Fusarium spp)

TABLE 2. Incidence (%) of fruit decay in organically grown apples of cv. Aroma, harvested weekly over a five week period (at normal harvest time, 1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and assessed after 4 months at 4C followed by 2 weeks at 20C in 2004-2006. Year Total fruit rot Bitter rota Ripe spota Grey moulda Physiological Othersa: Brown=brown unidentified rot Harvest date damage spots, Mon=brown rot, Pen=blue mould, Fus=Fusarium rot 2004 Brown Fus September 14 20.0 db 3.3 c 3.3 0 1.2 b 13.9 0 September 21 35.0 b 20.0 bc 10.0 0 2.5 b 9.9 0 September 28 57.5 b 39.2 ab 8.3 0 5.0 b 8.3 0 October 5 86.7 a 64.2 a 6.7 0 7.5 b 8.3 0 October 12 90.0 a 48.3 a 14.2 0.8 19.2 a 13.9 1.7 P-value 0.0001 0.0006 0.24 0.46 0.04 0.7 0.46 2005 Brown Fus September 20 17.5 1.7 6.7 0 10.0 9.2 0 September 27 33.3 6.7 8.3 0 6.7 17.5 0.8 October 4 50.0 20.0 12.5 0 14.2 10.8 5.0 October 11 46.7 12.5 15.8 0 26.7 15.0 2.5 October 18 51.7 9.2 29.2 1.7 10.8 10.8 0.8 P-value 0.11 0.17 0.15 0.46 0.3 0.77 0.19 2006 Mon Pen September 12 25.8 b 13.3 2.5 0.8 5.8 0 0b September 19 36.7 b 14.7 7.5 0.8 4.2 0 0.8 b September 26 58.3 ab 40.8 2.5 1.7 6.7 0 0.8 b October 3 63.3 ab 28.3 5.0 11.7 5.8 0 4.2 b October 10 75.8 a 42.5 3.3 2.5 8.3 1.7 15.8 a P-value 0.02 0.17 0.5 0.11 0.7 0.46 0.02 a) Bitter rot caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, ripe spot caused by Neofabraea spp., grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea, brown rot caused by Monilinia fructigena, blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. and Fusarium rot caused by Fusarium spp. b) Mean of 3 40 apples per harvest date. Mean values denoted with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method at P = 0.05. Incidences were arcsin square root transformed prior to analysis, presented values are nontransformed means.

Tabell 5. Rte (%) p eple fr ulike felt 2008. 2006 Felt Rte Bitt Kjle- Grsk LagerSopp 1 9.6 3.0 0.4 2.2 2 32.2 17.2 0 3.9 3 39.5 27.2 0 0 4 27.2 12.2 0 1.7 5 6 9.7 1.0 0.3 2.7 7 28.0 3.7 0.7 1.0 8 2007 1 0 0 0 0 2 35 13 13 0.7 3 6 2 0 0 4 32 12 0.7 1.3 5 15 7.5 3.3 1.7 6 9.2 2.3 1.5 0 7 19.4 6.0 0.8 0 8 28.8 4.2 0.4 0 2008 1 3.3 0 0 1.5 2 9.3 1.5 0 1.1 3 12.2 4.4 1.5 0.7 4 7.0 1.1 0 0 5 15.2 6.0 0 0.4 6 12.3 1.8 0 0 7 23.2 5.5 1.8 0.5 8 10.9 4.5 0 0

i Hardanger (1-5) og Telemark (6-8) i 2006Fus 0.4 0.6 0 0 0 2.0 0 0 4 4.7 2.5 2.3 0.8 2.9 0 0.4 0.7 0 0.4 0 0 0.9 Frukttrekreft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.3 0 0 0.2 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Byrjande Monilia Mucor rte 1.7 4.5 3.8 5.8 5 18 0 9 0 12 0 3.1 6.9 19.6 1.9 6.3 4.1 5.2 8.1 10.0 14.6 4.8 0 0 0 0 0.3 2.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.9 0.3 0 0 3.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.7 0 0 0 0

Registrering av eple hausta 23.09.09 (tal eple av 100) Handsaming Epleskurv Kjlelagersopp Uspryta 2,3 24,0 Delan 3g. + Topsin 1g. 0,7 6,0 Maccani dose 1 4,7 Maccani full dose 0,7 4,3 AEC 948 full dose 0,3 1,3 P-verdi Ikkje 0,03 signifikant LSD 5% 13,5

Monilia 0 0,3 1 0,7 0 Ikkje signifikant -

Andre 0 0 0,3 0,3 0 Ikkje signifikant -

Totalt 26,3 7,0 7,0 6 1,7 0,007 11,2

Registrering 13.01.09 av eple hausta i september 2008 og lagra til januar 2009 (tal eple av 100) Handsaming Kjlelagersopp Bitterrote Monilia Grskimmel Totalt Uspryta 25,3 2,7 0,3 0,0 29,0 Delan 3g. + Topsin 1g. 4,3 1,0 0,3 1,3 7,7 Maccani dose 6,0 0,7 2,0 1,0 10,3 Maccani full dose 5,0 0,7 1,7 0,0 8,0 AEC 948 full dose 0,3 0,0 0,3 0,3 1,0 P-verdi 0,003 0,008 Ikkje Ikkje 0,007 signifikant signifikant LSD 5% 10,2 1,19 12,37

2011 season
Forsksledd/fungicid 1. uspryta 2. ditianon 3. fluopyram + trifloksystrobin 4. fluopyram 5. fluopyram 6. fluopyram + fosetyl-Al LSD 5% Registrering ved hausting Blad Frukter med med skurv skurv 186,3 42,0 11,7 2,3 10,3 1,3 6,0 21,3 2,3 21,9 0 1,7 0,3 7,3 Registrering av frukter etter lagring Kjlelager- Epleskurv Andre sopp soppsjukdomar 31,7 9,7 8,3 4,0 12,7 8,0 8,0 9,3 0,0 1,3 0,3 1,0 1,0 8,7 0,7 3,0 0,3 0,3 1,0 0,0 i.s. (3,6) Indre samanbrot 5,3 8,0 9,0 4,0 8,3 7,3 i.s. (6,3)

Bitter rot at harvest

Bitter rot after storage

Diversity of appearence bitter rot

Possible inoculum sources

Buds Leaves Weeds Other hosts And?

Possible inoculum sources

Flower buds

0-13% bitter rot on flower buds No findings on leaf buds

Possible inoculum sources

Leaves

Orchard with low incidence

Orchard with high incidence

Bitter rot:
Rare at harvest Increasing with stoarge time More on late harvested apples Scab spraying can influence Spraying prior to harvest reduces Differs between years and orchards Main storage disease

Season differences in incidence

Growing area

West

East

Fig. 2. Incidence of bitter rot (%) on apples stored at different temperatures. Mean of three years and three oxygen levels in storage air. Mean of 3 replicated samples each of 20 apples at each treatment in each year. Bars denoted with different letters are significantly different at each assessment according to Student Newman Keuls method at P=0.05.

Neofabraea in Norway

KD8 N. perennans eller N. malicorticis:

B17 N. perennans eller N. malicorticis:

CA 9-4 N.alba:

G71 N.alba:

Neofabraea perennans, malicorticis and alba

Isolates from 2007 season; 69% N. perennans or malicorticis and 31% N. alba

Brown rot

Grey mould

Autumn 2012

On storage now?

Fusarium-rot

Tabell 2. Funn av soppane som er rsak til bitterrte, grskimmel og Fusarium-rte p knoppar, blad og eple (%) i 8 felt, 2006-2008. Colletotrichum (%) Botrytis (%) Fusarium (%) 1 Felt , r Knoppar blad Eple Knoppar blad eple Knoppar blad eple 1, 2006 0 0 3 0 0 2.2 Funn 0 0.4 2007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2008 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 22.2 0 0 2, 2006 2007 2008 3, 2006 2007 2008 4, 2006 2007 2008 5, 2007 2008 6, 2006 2007 2008 7, 2006 2007 2008 8, 2007 2008 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.2 7.4 0 1.6 66.7 25.9 3.2 3.7 0 14.8 11.1 0 0 0 0 5.6 0 0 0 17.2 13 1.5 27.2 2 4.5 12.2 12 1.0 7.3 5.5 1.0 2.3 1.8 3.7 6.0 5.5 4.2 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.9 0.7 1.0 0 0 0.7 1.7 1.3 0 3.2 0.3 2.7 0 0 1.0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 21.2 0 1.1 5.3 funn 18.1 0 0 7.7 Funn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0 0.5 0 4 0.7 0 4.7 0 2.6 0.3 0 2.3 0 2.0 0.8 0 3.5 0.9

1. Felt 1-5 er i Hardanger, medan felt 6-8 er i Telemark.

Neonectria

Mucor rot

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Soft scald

Senescent breakdown

Harvest time

FIGURE 1. Total fungal fruit decay (%) on organic apples of cv. Aroma harvested over 5 weeks (at normal harvest time, 1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and stored at 4C until February 1 (4 months). Mean of 3 years and 3 40 apples at each harvest time, each year. Mean values with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method at P = 0.05.

FIGURE 2. Total fungal fruit decay, bitter rot and ripe spot (%) on organic apples of cv. Aroma harvested over 5 weeks (at normal harvest time, 1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and stored at 4C until February 1 (4 months) and two weeks at 20C. Mean of 3 years and 3 40 apples at each harvest time, each year. Mean values with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method

Harvest time

FIGURE 1. Total fungal fruit decay (%) on organic apples of cv. Aroma harvested over 5 weeks (at normal harvest time, 1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and stored at 4C until February 1 (4 months). Mean of 3 years and 3 40 apples at each harvest time, each year. Mean values with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method at P = 0.05.

FIGURE 2. Total fungal fruit decay, bitter rot and ripe spot (%) on organic apples of cv. Aroma harvested over 5 weeks (at normal harvest time, 1 or 2 weeks before or 1 or 2 weeks after) and stored at 4C until February 1 (4 months) and two weeks at 20C. Mean of 3 years and 3 40 apples at each harvest time, each year. Mean values with different letters are significantly different according to Student Newman Keuls method at P = 0.05.

Fig. 22. Alderssamanbrot og rte ved uttak fr kjlelager og etter 2 veker ved 20C p eple av sorten Aroma hausta over 4 veker i Hardanger, 2007.

Fig. 23. Fysiologiske skadar og rte ved uttak fr kjlelager p eple av sorten Aroma hausta over 3 veker i Hardanger, 2008.

Spryting, 2007