Substation Surge Arrester Monitor

Phase II Monitor Prototype

1000259

Substation Surge Arrester Monitor

Phase II Monitor Prototype 1000259 Technical Progress, December 2000

EPRI Project Manager D. Rueger

Cosponsors City Public Service East Kentucky Power Cooperative Northern Indiana Public Service New York Power Authority Southern Company Alabama Power

EPRI 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304 PO Box 10412, Palo Alto, California 94303 USA 800.313.3774 650.855.2121 askepri@epri.com www.epri.com

DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES

THIS DOCUMENT WAS PREPARED BY THE ORGANIZATION(S) NAMED BELOW AS AN ACCOUNT OF WORK SPONSORED OR COSPONSORED BY THE ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. (EPRI). NEITHER EPRI, ANY MEMBER OF EPRI, ANY COSPONSOR, THE ORGANIZATION(S) BELOW, NOR ANY PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF ANY OF THEM: (A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I) WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR (II) THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ON OR INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS, INCLUDING ANY PARTY'S INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, OR (III) THAT THIS DOCUMENT IS SUITABLE TO ANY PARTICULAR USER'S CIRCUMSTANCE; OR (B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF EPRI OR ANY EPRI REPRESENTATIVE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES) RESULTING FROM YOUR SELECTION OR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT. ORGANIZATION(S) THAT PREPARED THIS DOCUMENT EPRI Windsor Bush Consulting

This is an EPRI Level 2 report. A Level 2 report is intended as an informal report of continuing research, a meeting, or a topical study. It is not a final EPRI technical report.

ORDERING INFORMATION
Requests for copies of this report should be directed to the EPRI Distribution Center, 207 Coggins Drive, P.O. Box 23205, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, (800) 313-3774. Electric Power Research Institute and EPRI are registered service marks of the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. EPRI. ELECTRIFY THE WORLD is a service mark of the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Copyright 2000 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

CITATIONS
This document was prepared by EPRIsolutions Engineering and Test Center 115 East New Lenox Rd. Lenox, MA 01240 Principal Investigator D. Rueger Windsor Bush Consulting 205 Windsor Bush Rd. Cummington, MA 01026 Principal Investigator D. Birrell This document describes research sponsored by EPRI and City Public Service, East Kentucky Power Cooperative, Northern Indiana Public Service, New York Power Authority, and Southern Company Alabama Power. The publication is a corporate document that should be cited in the literature in the following manner: Substation Surge Arrester Monitor: Phase II Monitor Prototype, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, City Public Service, East Kentucky Power Cooperative, Northern Indiana Public Service, New York Power Authority, and Southern Company Alabama Power: 2000 1000259.

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ABSTRACT
The service experience with MOV arresters clearly demonstrates the need for on-line monitoring to determine when arresters are approaching their end of life. Scheduled replacement is far more predictable and economical than unplanned outages caused by unexpected arrester failures that could interrupt critical loads. Although the replacement of failed arresters is relatively inexpensive, damage to the equipment the arresters were to protect and the associated revenue losses can be very costly. Periodic measurements of arrester leakage current, bus voltage, and environmental parameters were established as a practical means of monitoring the condition of the arresters in the EPRI feasibility study completed in 1999 [Substation Surge Arrester Monitor, Phase 1 Feasibility Study, Product ID Number 1001026]. EPRI has investigated the design characteristics of a monitoring system in some detail, and the results are documented in this report. A prototype monitor has been functioning at the EPRI Energy Delivery and Utilization Center in Lenox, MA, for most of 2000, and a second prototype has been produced for substation installation at an EPRI member utility under a Tailored Collaboration agreement. Monitoring of substation arresters is now a reality.

1
INTRODUCTION
The service experience with MOV arresters clearly demonstrates the need for on-line monitoring to determine when arresters are approaching their end of life. Scheduled replacement is far more predictable and economical than unplanned outages caused by unexpected arrester failures that could interrupt critical loads. Although arresters are relatively inexpensive, damage to the equipment the arresters were to protect and the associated revenue losses can be very costly. Results of the feasibility study reveal that utilities may realize additional benefits from arrester monitoring. Specifically, data on arrester contamination may indicate contamination levels on all nearby substation insulation. The practicality of using arrester monitor data for insulation contamination monitoring will be considered in detail in future work. Development of a simple, economic MOV substation arrester monitor remains a practical goal for EPRI member utilities. The periodic measurement of arrester leakage current, bus voltage, and environmental parameters was established as a practical means of monitoring the condition of the arresters in the EPRI feasibility study completed in 1999 [1]. EPRI has investigated the design characteristics of a monitoring system in some detail, and the results are documented in this report. A prototype monitor has been functioning at the EPRIsolutions Engineering and Test Center in Lenox, MA, for most of 2000, and a second prototype has been produced for substation installation at an EPRI member utility under a Tailored Collaboration agreement. Monitoring of substation arresters is now a reality.

1-1

2
SCOPE OF MONITOR CAPABILITIES
The MOV arrester monitor described in this report is capable of detecting anomalies in arrester power dissipation that can be correlated with environmental parameters and with power dissipation on other arresters on the circuit to ascertain whether certain defects or conditions are present within the arrester. This monitor records the following periodic data for each arrester: 1. A 100 ms sample of arrester leakage current 2. A 100 ms sample of phase voltage The monitor also records the following periodic data for all arresters in the substation: 1. Ambient air temperature 2. Relative humidity The arrester monitor at the EPRIsolutions Engineering and Test Center in Lenox, MA, records data every two minutes, which is more frequent than most other substation monitoring equipment such as breaker or transformer oil monitors. . While it is possible to increase the time between measurements in future versions of the monitor, the period between measurements must remain considerably shorter than the thermal time constant of the arrester housing if anomalies due to transient thermal conditions (such as the passage of a normal switching surge) are to be correctly interpreted. The thermal time constant of a porcelain station arrester is between 60 and 90 minutes.

2-1

Thermal Model for High Voltage Station Arrester 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 time - hours 2.5 3 3.5 4

Disk and Porcelain Temperature (degrees C)

Disk temp

Porcelain temp

Figure 2-1 Cool-down curve for a station arrester recovering from a switching surge.

The arrester monitor is designed to detect the following arrester defects: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Internal moisture Failed MOV disks Unstable arrester disks (high internal power dissipation at normal voltage) Excessive housing contamination Excessive surge energy (temporarily overheated arrester)

All of these conditions are programmed into the alarm logic of the monitor, which has three alarm levels: 1. Green (normal) 2. Yellow (investigation is recommended) 3. Red (intervention is recommended to prevent failure) To ensure that data are interpreted properly, the monitor is also designed to detect certain conditions that are within the operating envelope of a normal functioning arrester. These are: 1. Light to moderate contamination currents

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2. Recovery from surge duty (Thermally stressed). The parameters recorded by the arrester monitor (and calculated by EPRI researchers) for this study were carefully considered and discussed in the previous feasibility study report [1]. If properly interpreted, they provide a clear picture of the condition of a station arrester. However, that is not always easy. Arresters operating normally are designed as passive insulation with an internal leakage current of about 1 mA rms. In fact, the amount of leakage current through an arrester is of the same order of magnitude as the current passing over the weathered surface of its insulation when the arrester is dry and considerably less than the external current when the arrester is wet. Therefore, it is a significant challenge not only to measure but also to correctly interpret the information derived from measuring leakage current. Signal-to-noise ratios are extremely low in the best of cases, and when transient events occur, the leakage current can increase two orders of magnitude and still be considered normal. The detection of defects, however, requires measurements of amplitude and phase-shift differences of less than 10%. These difficulties are some of the reasons arrester monitoring has not been implemented widely in modern substations and why the monitor described in this study employs various techniques to peer through the fog of low-normal leakage current values. One extremely important technique is the long-term trending and grouping of data. Threshold values of measured parameters are of use in only a very few extreme arrester conditions. Both the data storage and computational capacities of modern PCs are essential to the success of this monitor.

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3
FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS
Overview
The overall project objectives were to develop, test, and refine an on-line arrester monitor for future commercialization. The specific Phase II project objectives were to design and build a prototype on-line arrester monitor to record the degradation of arresters in the laboratory and prepare the prototype for future field tests. The prototype arrester monitor was built to functional specifications (detailed below) that describe both the hardware and software design objectives, i.e., what the arrester monitor should accomplish. While any proposed commercial design specifications should accommodate these functional specifications, they should ideally incorporate design improvements over the prototypes hardware and software schemes.

Arrangement of Monitor Components

The arrester monitor will function on a typical three-phase substation circuit to better identify and record arrester degradation by using data from all three arresters: Three leakage current sensor assemblies one for each phase are to include an adequate protection circuit equivalent to the arrester rating Provisions for measuring the respective phase voltages of each arrester Environmental sensor for ambient temperature and relative humidity Isolation protection between sensors and data acquisition hardware, e.g., fiber optic link or wireless communication Data acquisition system with software A personal computer with software

The diagnostic methods incorporated into the monitor will identify and record arrester degradation as follows: The time and frequency parameters of arrester leakage current and harmonics as well as bus voltage and harmonics are monitored and recorded to permit calculation of the total power dissipation of each arrester[1]. Advanced algorithms resolve the power dissipation associated with each arrester into linear and non-linear components [1]. The environmental parameters of ambient temperature and relative humidity are recorded and processed.

Figure 3-1 is a schematic of the arrangement of monitor components.

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HV-Line 1
Grading Ring

Arrester

Arrangement of three phase monitoring system for Metal Oxide Arresters

Sensors
Ceramic Insulator

HV-Line 2

Grading Ring

Arrester

PC - Based DAQ Sensors

Ceramic Insulator

HV-Line 3

Grading Ring

Arrester

Alarms Sensors
Ceramic Insulator

Central Data Base

Figure 3-1 A schematic of the arrangement of monitor components.

Monitor Hardware
Leakage Current Sensor EPRI researchers determined that arrester leakage current should be measured with a current transformer or equivalent current sensor that meets or exceeds the following criteria: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bandwidth 50 Hz to 10 kHz Measurements of ac leakage currents from 0.5 mA to 300 mA Sensitivity of 10 V/A Less than 1% amplitude error and 1-degree phase shift Accuracy in the A range

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Weather Sensor An external weather sensor will provide separate voltage signals for both ambient temperature and relative humidity. The weather sensor should be located near the arresters being monitored. Data Acquisition The data acquisition system should provide analog-to-digital sampling of arrester leakage currents and system voltage to permit an accurate calculation of power dissipation for each arrester on a typical three-phase substation circuit. Simultaneous sampling of the leakage current and voltage signals or GPS time stamping with post-processing synchronization are two possible data-acquisition schemes. Inherent limitations in the data-acquisition system that effect the phase relationship between the leakage current and the system voltage should be corrected where possible or verified as constant and accounted for in the software. Whichever approach is selected, the data-acquisition system should meet or exceed the following criteria: 1. A multi-channel data-acquisition system that can accommodate at least eight single-ended analog input signals (three from leakage current sensors, three from system voltage taps, one ambient temperature signal, and one relative humidity signal) 2. Analog input signals to be sampled at 50 kS/s, with 16-bit acquisition, for a 100 millisecond duration and a two-minute sampling interval 3. Input range +/- 10 V; maximum withstand +/- 20 V 4. Accuracy in the V range Voltage Potentiometer The system voltage across an arrester is typically measured at a device found in the substation such as a capacitively coupled voltage transformer (CCVT) that provides a scaled-down equivalent of the actual ac voltage signal. However, this voltage may still require further reduction to accommodate the input range requirements of the data acquisition boards. The specifications for the voltage potentiometer will be determined as needed. Protection Circuit An overall protection scheme against transient threats is required to ensure that the arrester monitor will perform as required in various electrical environments and to ensure the safety of personnel who work with the monitor . The protection circuit should provide a withstand rating equivalent to station class arresters as specified in IEEE C62-11. Suitable isolation protection between all arrester monitor hardware and personnel must be provided as required by local and national safety codes. In addition, proper warning labels must be displayed on all hardware where required by local and national safety codes. Test data and or calculations will be required to verify the protection circuits ability to guard against the transients outlined below. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Arrester faults Substation ground faults Temporary overvoltage currents (power frequency)/Contamination currents Low current, long duration surge events (switching surges) High current short duration surge events (lightning surges)

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CPU and Communications The central processing unit requirements will depend on the specifics of the data-acquisition scheme. A suitable computer with the at least following specifications should be considered: 64-128 megs of RAM 6-10 gigabyte hard drive A minimum of 2 PCI slots 1 ISA slot 3 COM ports Modem Local area network (LAN) PC card IED drive Keyboard and mouse 19 monitor

The computer should have a flexible interface for raw input signals from each remote sensor. In addition, the CPU should accommodate the program logic processes outlined in the software functional specification section. The communications scheme must allow for transmission of the processed data by modem and or network channels to designated remote location(s). Software Flow Diagram The arrester monitor software should be programmed in modules with clearly identified inputs, outputs, and processes. Figure 3-2 shows a generic software module flow diagram for arrester monitoring of a three-phase substation circuit.
Output DAQ

Alarm Module Signal Conditioning

Pre Process Module

Trending Analysis Module

manual intervention of parameters (Later Expert Module)

Figure 3-2 A generic software module flow diagram for arrester monitoring of a three-phase substation circuit.

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Signal Conditioning Module Process Description For each sampling interval and for each phase in the circuit the module: Converts raw current and voltage arrays to usable data arrays with scaled units, appropriate filtering, etc Produces frequency domain fast Fourier transforms (FFT) arrays of leakage current and voltage Creates a time-stamped data packet consisting of data arrays with a list of environmental information Sends a time-stamped data packet to a pre-process module

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Table 3-1 Inputs to and outputs from the signal conditioning module. Inputs: Semi-Permanent Constants: Voltage Divider Ratio Current Sensor Ratio Sampling Rate (Adjustable) Sampling Interval Temp sensor ratio RH sensor ratio Electrical Measurement Sample Data: Raw Current Array (phase a,b,c) Raw Voltage Array (phase a,b,c) Raw Temperature Raw relative humidity Outputs: Individual time stamped data packets are created for each phase consisting of: Sampling Rate (Sample Time) Current Array (phase a,b,c) Voltage array (phase a,b,c) Relative Humidity Temperature Voltage Spectral Array (phase a,b,c) Current Spectral Array (phase a,b,c) Time/Date SR; default = 50000/second T; default 0.1s I V RH Temp VFFT IFFT TD RI RV RTemp RRH VD ratio CT Ratio SR (Default = 50000/second) allowable values: 5000, 10000, 20000, 50000, 10000) SI Temp ratio RH ratio

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Pre-Process Module Process Description: For each sampling interval and for each phase in the circuit the module: Converts time and frequency domain arrays to a time-stamped list of monitored parameters Creates a new data packet consisting of a time-stamped list of monitored parameters Sends data packets to the data base, alarm module, and trend module Appends new data sample to data base after each new sample interval Writes data packet to a user-designated log file name and location. Appends new data sample to the log file after each new sample interval. The log file is available for export to a remote location via modem and or network connection(s).

Table 3-2 Inputs to and outputs from the pre-process module.

Inputs: Sampling Rate Current Array (1 x (SR x T)) (phase a,b,c) Voltage Array (1 x (SR x T)) (phase a,b,c) Sample Time Voltage Spectral Array (phase a,b,c) Current Spectral array (phase a,b,c) Relative Humidity Temperature Outputs: Data Packet List: Non Linear Power Dissipation(phase a,b,c) Linear Power Dissipation(phase a,b,c) Total Power Dissipation (phase a,b,c) Voltage Crest (phase a,b,c) Voltage Third Harmonic Current Crest (phase a,b,c) Relative Humidity Temperature SATimestamp Timestring Phase arrester unit S/N PNL PL P Vcrest (phase a,b,c) V3H Icrest RH Temp SATimestamp Timestring PH_ArresterUnitSerialNumber SR; default = 50000 (samples/second) I V T; default 0.1s VFFT IFFT RH Temp

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Trend Module Process Description: For each phase the module: Analyzes short-term trends to determine the presence of an energy event or contamination event. Estimates surge energy using watts data (alternate method) Adds new arrester-condition parameters to the data packet after short-term analysis Maintains a long-term database of data packets Routinely queries the database for sequential data packets within bins of voltage, temperature, and voltage harmonics Analyzes these sequential bins for abnormal trends Sends the status of the trend analysis to the alarm module with error code

Table 3-3 Inputs to and outputs from the trend module.

Inputs: Data Packet List of: Crest Arrester Current (phase a,b,c) Crest Voltage (phase a,b,c) 3rd Harmonic Amplitude of Voltage(phase a,b,c) Non Linear Power Dissipation (phase a,b,c) Linear Power Dissipation (phase a,b,c) Total Power Dissipation (phase a,b,c) Relative Humidity Temperature SATimestamp Timestring Outputs: Database with Modified data packet list of: Crest Arrester Current (phase a,b,c) Crest Voltage (phase a,b,c) Voltage Third Harmonic (phase a,b,c) Non Linear Power Dissipation (phase a,b,c) Linear Power Dissipation (phase a,b,c) Total Power Dissipation (phase a,b,c) Icrest Vcrest V3H PNL PL P Icrest Vcrest V3H PNL PL P RH Temp SATimestamp Timestring

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Relative Humidity Temperature Surge Energy (phase a,b,c) Surge Counter (phase a,b,c) Contamination Flag (phase a,b,c) Surge Energy Flag (phase a,b,c) Average P for last 3 hours (phase a,b,c) Average PNL for last 3 hours(phase a,b,c) Average PL for last 3 hours (phase a,b,c) Average Temperature for last 3 hours Average Voltage for last 3 hours (phase a,b,c) Average V3H for last 3 hours(phase a,b,c) Contamination Flag for last 3 hours(phase a,b,c) Energy input flag for last 6 hours(phase a,b,c) Other Outputs: Trend Alarm Status Causal Factor Code

RH Temp SE SC CF EF NP NPNL NPL NT NV NV3H NCF NEF

A CFC

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Alarm Module Process Description For each phase the module: Provides GUI for user interaction. Compares incoming Data packet from Signal Process Module to set thresholds Generates alarm(s) for threshold violations Generates causal factor for threshold alarms. Displays threshold alarms and causal factor. Displays alarms from trend module and causal factor Displays real time arrester performance data (for informational purposes only) Provides means for user acknowledgement of alarms. Provides means for reset of alarms Queries main database and generates and displays a surge history graph. Generates, maintains and displays an alarm database. Sends the alarm history database to expert module.

Inputs for each phase: User setup info: (TBD) Outputs: Alarms Causal Factor Recommended Action Graph of arrester performance parameters vs time. Alarm Database

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Table Inputs to and outputs from the alarm module. Inputs:

Non Linear Power Dissipation Linear Power Dissipation

Total Power Dissipation Relative Humidity Ambient Temperature Nyquist spectral content Data From Trend Module Trend Alarm Status Causal Factor Code Alarm Acknowledgement Alarm Reset User setup info Database long term performance parameters Outputs: Alarms Causal Factor Graph of arrester performance parameters vs time. Alarm Database Recommended Action

PNL
PL P RH Temp NSC

A CFC TBA TBA TBA TBA

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4
PROTOTYPE DESIGN
Overview For more than half of 2000, a prototype arrester monitor has been collecting data under various test conditions at EPRIsolutions in Lenox, Massachusetts. The prototypes design is based on functional specifications outlined in the previous section, and its specific hardware and software schemes were designed so that proof of principal could be demonstrated under controlled laboratory conditions. This section serves to detail the Lenox arrester monitor system. In early 2000, EPRI researchers constructed a three-phase arrester test circuit at the Lenox site to allow continuous on-line monitoring and testing of the prototype. Three 192 kV station class arresters were installed in the 230kV arrester test facility shown below in Figure 4-1.

Figure 4-1 The lightning arrester test facility in Lenox, MA.

This facility allows for continuous energization at power frequency, maintained at nominal system voltage. In addition, the current-limiting nature of the test transformers allows tests to be conducted for extended periods without the threat of high fault currents.

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Hardware
Leakage Current Sensor and Protection Circuit Each arrester leakage current sensor consists of a current transformer in parallel with a specially designed protection circuit that serves to ensure the performance of the arrester monitor system in various electrical environments. Sensor Components Figure 4-2 is a schematic of the leakage current sensor and protection circuit. This circuit is designed to withstand the transients outlined below as well as to limit the input range to the DAQ below +/- 10 V.
HV Bus

L
3" MOV disk 1200 Volt PL

R1

R2 R3 co-ax 100 Turns R3 To DAQ or F.O. Transmitter

CT

Gap 2

Vacuum Gap

Transorb

Gap 2

Transorb

Figure 4-2 A schematic of the leakage current sensor and protection circuit.

Initial component values: 3-in. MOV disk 1200 V protective level (PL) R1 = 300 ohm, silicone-coated power resistor, 5 W L = 10.9 mH R2 = 0.122 ohms(parasitic inductor resistance, Max DC Resistance) R3 = 10 ohms, W Current transformer = (10 V/A output ratio with 100 turns added )
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Pearson Model Number110 Current transformer termination resistor = 50 ohms Vacuum gap = 90 V sparkover Vacuum gap 2 = 90 V sparkover Transient voltage suppressor clamping level = 7 V

Figures 4-3 and 4-4 show the actual sensor assembly package.

Figure 4-3 The exterior of the sensor assembly package.

Figure 4-4 The interior of the sensor assembly package.

Normal Operation: All normal measuring current (power frequency and harmonics up to the ninth) passes through R1 and the 100 turns through the CT. If R1 = 300 ohms, voltage on the vacuum gap reaches its nominal sparkover voltage (90 V) when current reaches the 300 mA peak. The current is then shunted away from R1 and the measurement CT. Thus, within the tolerance of the gap sparkover, the normal measuring current is between 0 and 300 mAcrest. The maximum output of the CT (10 V/A) is thus nominally limited to less than 3 Vpeak, well below the clamping voltage of the transient voltage suppressors in the protective circuit and the 10 V limit on the DAQ board. Thus, R1 must be able to handle continuous currents on the order of 300 mAcrest or 212 mA rms. The continuous power in R1 is: Power = VI = IRI = .212 A2 x 300 ohms = 13.4 W. Assuming a 50 % duty cycle for contamination (non-continuous currents) the power in R1 would be 7.7 W. Arrester Monitor DAQ Hardening to System Transients The following components are vulnerable to transient conditions: 1. The DAQ board amplifiers. Input range +/- 10 V; maximum withstand +/- 20 V. 2. The transient voltage suppressors in the sensor and DAQ protective circuit (both ends of the coax cable). This branch is on the secondary side of the CT and consists of a vacuum gap,

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transient voltage suppressor, and blocking resistor. The transient voltage suppressors clamp at 7 V and have limited surge current capability. 3. The protective gap in the sensor on the primary side of the CT. This gap must be protected from surge currents of very high magnitude and/or duration. 4. The blocking resistors and chokes in the sensor are subject to damage due to surge energy, excessive continuous watts heating, and/or dielectric breakdown. The transient threats as outlined in the functional specifications section consist of the following: 1. Arrester faults 2. Substation ground faults 3. Temporary overvoltage currents (power frequency)/Contamination currents 4. Low current, long duration surge events (switching surges) 5. High current short duration surge events (lightning surges) EPRI researchers made measurements and calculations of the stresses on the sensor components due to these threats, and the results are described below. Arrester Faults These are not considered survivable. Substation Ground Faults These will threaten the transient-voltage suppressors in the secondary protection circuit. The better the grounds and the lower the available fault currents the more likely the components will survive. When the monitor is installed for field testing, grounding practices will be designed to minimize this threat. For this reason fiber optic links will be used at the initial field test sites to keep all sensor grounds local. In addition, EPRI researchers are investigating the use of wireless technology on the current sensors for easy and inexpensive installation of the monitor and to mitigate ground-related problems. Temporary Overvoltage Currents (power frequency)/Contamination Currents Contamination currents and TOV currents have similar effects on the DAQ and leakage current sensors even though they have very different causes. Both threats are capable of producing prolonged currents through the arrester sensor that are more than two orders of magnitude higher than the maximum measured currents. Contamination currents can reach over 500 mA in extreme cases. Higher currents usually lead to arrester flashover, which will likely destroy the sensor and protective circuits. DAQ amplifiers may survive. Fortunately contamination flashovers on arresters are extremely rare and can be prevented by utilizing the contamination information included in the output of the arrester monitor. A severe contamination event may produce currents with peak values of 500 mA and average values of 100 mA for up to two hours.

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Maximum TOV currents are hard to quantify. Arrester manufacturers have published curves of TOV magnitude vs. permissible duration, but these curves do not define the system conditions that could produce the overvoltage. Therefore, they do not define the threat but only the arresters capability. A conservative approach is to construct the sensor to withstand the currents defined by the arrester TOV capability curves along with some assumptions to bracket the threat. Calculations involving the arrester TOV curves, the arrester V-I characteristic curves, and maximum energy capability values can be used to estimate currents through the sensor. The IR curve was used to predict currents and energies at various voltage levels on arresters with 76-mm diameter disks. Figure 4-5 shows the result of a calculation to determine the TOV current associated with a 1 second-to-full-energy overvoltage on a 192-kV rated (156 kV MCOV) arrester. The energy rating of this arrester is 1380 kJ.
One Second Overvoltage on a192 kV Rated Arrester. 32 amps produces 11.45 kJ of energy per loop and 1374KJ/second 40 30 20 Current (Amps) 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 Time (seconds)
400000

300000

200000

Voltage/Energy

100000

total current Voltage Energy

-100000

-200000

-300000

-400000

0.025

Figure 4-5 The TOV current associated with 1-second-to-full-energy overvoltage on a 192-kV rated (156 kV MCOV) arrester.

Table 4-1 summarizes information from similar calculations for various time periods. These values establish a current vs. time curve for the arrester sensor and DAQ system that corresponds to the published arrester energy capability.

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Table 4-1 Current vs. Time and Energy Calculations for 192 kV Station Class Arresters. Duration (seconds) .1 1 10 100 143 200 Approximate Voltage (kV) 262.3 244.6 232.4 222.7 220.6 220.0 Peak Current A 248.65 31.99 3.772 0.417 0.300 0.213 Arrester Energy kJ 1381 1374 1379 1377 1379 1378 I T in Sensor 2 AS 698.22 93.142 11.45 1.311 .966 .679
2

It should be noted here that the voltages reported above are higher than the allowable voltages published by the manufacturers. This reflects the fact that the model used in these calculations is probably different than that used by the manufacturers and/or the manufacturers have included safety margins in their published values. Since sensor survivability is a function of the maximum allowable current through the arrester, not the maximum allowable voltage on the arrester terminals, it was decided to use whatever voltage was required in the calculations to produce currents that would bring the arrester to full rated energy in the allotted time. The TOV threat to the sensor is more severe than the contamination threat. It is extremely unlikely that a 3 A contamination current could flow for 10 seconds. Thus the table above can be used to quantify the power frequency threat. Since the sensor is designed to measure a current of 300 mAcrest continuously, the 200-second TOV is within the normal range. The 0.1-second TOV is probably the most severe overvoltage condition for most sensor components; however, a scenario other than a line drop that would produce such a power frequency voltage (more than full line-to-line +10% on a 230 kV system) on a grounded, stable system is difficult to envision. Since line drops usually destroy the closest arrester, one may assume the sensor, too, would be damaged or destroyed. Therefore, TOVs of between 1 second and 100 seconds should be adequate for evaluating sensors. If the sensor current is due to TOV, then the I2 is due to third harmonic currents. Table 4-1 shows that I2t for the 143-second TOV is .966, with a peak current of 300 mA. The Energy deposited in R1 resistor would be: I2TR = .966A2 seconds x 300 ohms = 290 joules and the power in R1 would be: Power = E/T = 290 joules/143 seconds = 2.02 W
Power Frequency Surges

Power frequency surges above the measurement threshold of 300 mA were defined earlier as the TOV threat. In such a case it is assumed that the vacuum gap (90 V) has sparked over and that the MOV disk is not conducting because of its high (more than 1 kV) protective level.

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The Inductor, L, will thus produce impedance in parallel with R1 and the varistor. This impedance is frequency dependent. The gap arc voltage is considered negligible for this calculation: Zinductor =2 f L Table 4-2 shows the impedances of the inductor as calculated for 3-in. MOV disk and the current transformer in series with R1. Z3MOV disk = 1/2 fC ZCT + R1 = 2 f L + R1
Table 4-2 Protection Circuit Current Paths Impedances. Wave Source Frequency Impedance L Power Frequency Third Harmonic Switching Surge Lightning 60 Hz 180 Hz 250 Hz 63.5 kHz 3.77 ohms 11.31 ohms 15.71 ohms 3.99 k ohms CT + R1 301 ohms 303 ohms 304 ohms 1.35 k ohms 3 MOV Disk 204 k ohms 68 k ohms N/A N/A

In power frequency and third harmonic cases the inductor impedance is lower than R1 by at least an order of magnitude. As such, more than 90% of the current will bypass the measurement CT once the gap sparks over. In this situation the vacuum gap must pass the worst-case power frequency threats to ground without damage. The vacuum gap is nominally rated for 14 Acrest for a 1-second duration, but this is a sinusoidal wave. Gap heating should be considerably reduced for MOV disk currents, which are only present for a small percentage of each cycle. EPRI researchers conducted TOV tests at 230 kV using 192 kV station class arresters to test vacuum gap energy ratings and verify that power frequency arrester leakage current greater than 300 mA would bypass the leakage current measurement CT. Figure 4-6 is an oscillograph of the current through the arrester (measured with a separate CT) vs. the current passing through the leakage current measurement CT. It shows that the vacuum gap sparks over at approximately +/90 V, which limits the current seen by the leakage current measurement CT to 330 mA.

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Arrester Current 2.43 Amps

CT Current

330 mA

Figure 4-6 TOV Test of 192 kV Rated Station Class Arrester. Arrester Current versus CT Current @ 230 kV

The sparkover voltage of the vacuum gap was measured before and after the TOV tests, and the results are summarized in Table 4-3. Sample 1 is a new vacuum gap. Sample 2 was removed from the leakage current sensor circuit after the TOV tests.
Table 4-3 New versus Prior Duty (Removed after TOV Test) Vacuum Gap DC Sparkover Values. Vacuum Gap DC Sparkover Values Power Supply Digitec HT 3110 Precision Voltage/Current Source Sample 1 CP Claire Type CG90L (New) Positive Voltage (Volts) 91 104 110 98 Sample 2 CP Claire Type CG90L (Removed after TOV test) 93 Negative Voltage (Volts) 98 107 112 110 80

106 114 115

92 102 106

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Low Current Long-Duration Surge Events (Switching Surges) The 2nd threat, low current long duration (switching surges) can be estimated from arrester standards. IEEE 62.11 defines a transmission line discharge as the low current long duration withstand test. The Standard defines a transmission line model to be constructed in the laboratory. Each arrester voltage class has a corresponding line length etc. Usually, manufacturers test each design to the worst scenario for all arresters of that design. The most severe wave produced by these tests occurs for EHV arresters for 765 kV system. EHV arresters need not be considered at this time since they are rarely used. A severe wave produced by these tests is a current wave of 2 kA magnitude and 2000 ms duration. The waves associated with 230 kV and 345 kV arresters are less severe. So a conservative withstand goal for these sensors is a 2 kA square wave of 2 ms duration.
Switching Surges

The switching surge current would be shared between the R1, L, and the ZNO disk. The 2000 s, 2 kA threat will pass predominantly through the ZNO Disk. As a first approximation the disk will clamp to a constant 1.2 kV for the entire event. Thus the current in R1 and the CT would be: I = V/R = 1200V/300oms = 4A The energy deposited in the resistor is: I2RT = 16A2 x 300 x .002 seconds = 9.6 Joules R1 could thus receive one switching surge a second continuously without damage. The CT will output 40 V into an open circuit. However, the transient voltage suppressor will clamp this voltage to protect the DAQ amplifiers. The ratio of the current transformer as wound is 5:1 current into the secondary circuit. The internal current transformer termination resistor is 50 ohms and during a switching surge the current out of the secondary winding would be 4 A/5 = 0.8 A. Under a worst-case scenario, i.e., the sensor not connected to the co-axial cable or with the coaxial cable open, one transient voltage suppressor must conduct 0.8 A for the duration of the surge. Since the transient voltage suppressor is non-linear, the watts are calculated as: Power transient voltage suppressor = VI = 7V x 0.8 A = 5.6 W. The energy is the power x time = 5.6 W x .002 seconds = 0.012 Joules The transient voltage suppressors are rated for 5000 W for a 10/1000 s transient, and such a wave decays to half value in 1000 s with an almost square front. Thus it can be assumed that the current will decay to 0 in approximately 0.002 seconds. The energy for such a transient is roughly 5000 W x 0.002 seconds /2 = 5 Joules. Thus the transient voltage suppressor will be capable of handling a switching surge through the sensor.

4-9

The vacuum gap would spark over during this event, but the inductor, L, will limit the current. The maximum current through the gap will be determined by the duration of the event because the clamping voltage of the MOV disk is assumed constant at 1.2 kV: dI/dt = E/L = 1200/.010H = 120 kA/s Thus at the end of 2 ms the current will have risen to: I = di/dt x T = 120000 x 0.002 = 240 A. It will then decay to 0. Figure 4-7 is a simulation of the current duty on the three sensor branches on the primary side of the CT.
Current in Sensor Components for 2000A 2000us Switching Surge 2500 2000 Current (amps) 1500
4 10

1000
2

500
0

R1 Current (amps)

Total Circuit Current ZnO Disk Current L current R1 Current

0 -500 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004

-2

-4

Time (seconds)
Figure 4-7 A simulation of the current duty on the three sensor branches on the primary side of the CT.

The gap current is the same as the current through L. The gap is rated for 1000 surges of 500A 10/1000 s. Each switching surge depicted in Figure 4-7 is equivalent to two surges of 240A 10/1000s. Therefore, the gap is sized with an adequate margin of safety of 2 for this surge duty.

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High-current, short-duration surge events (lightning surges) Standard IEEE 62.11 defines a high-current, short-duration threat for station arresters as two arrester discharges of surge current having a 4/10 waveshape, with an amplitude of 65 kA. The sensor must be capable of passing these transients without damage.
Lightning Surges

In this case the threat is a 65 kA surge at 4/10 s duration, but the assumption of a 1.2 kV clamping voltage for the MOV disk still holds. Therefore, the stress on L, R1, the gap, and the CT are the same as assumed for a switching surge. Only the MOV disk is stressed to a higher level. The disk is the same as disks in the arrester and should therefore perform as well as the arrester. Theoretically, the other components would undergo the same stress as they would during a switching surge, but for a shorter duration. However, the stresses on the components are not always as simple as theory would have them. The chokes, for example, may not have equal turn-to-turn grading at high frequencies. Therefore, turn-to-turn failures are more likely. This is true also of resistors if they are wire wound and have inductance. In addition, high magnetic fields may cause sensor flashovers. Therefore, a test at 65 kA 4/10 s is required. To prevent component failure: The choke, L, should be robust enough to take a 1.2 kV impulse. The resistors should be carbon type, not wire wound. The choke, L, should also be capable of conducting 1 A continuously.

Figure 4-8 is an oscillograph of the high-current, short-duration test of the leakage current sensor circuit. As the graph shows, the output voltage of the leakage current sensor circuit is limited to 7.72 V during a 64.3 kA quarter-wave impulse. All components in the sensor and protection circuit were undamaged. The sensor has since logged hundreds of hours of arrester monitoring with no malfunctions.

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Figure 4-8 High Current Short Duration Test of Arrester Monitor Leakage Current Sensor with a Protection Circuit.

Data Acquisition EPRI researchers selected a PC-based data acquisition platform for the prototype arrester monitor. Quick prototyping was achieved by selecting readily available PC-based DAQ hardware and software. The data acquisition hardware scheme is based on arrester monitoring of a typical three-phase substation circuit. The six analog ac voltage signals are carried over separate coaxial cables three signals from arrester leakage current sensors and three signals from the capacitive voltage taps on the test transformer to the two shielded BNC connector blocks. From the BNC connector blocks the signals are carried via two 68-pin shielded cables to two separate DAQ boards. The leakage current and voltage signal associated with an individual phase are sampled simultaneously using the two multi-channel DAQ boards, each with separate A/D converters. The two DAQ boards are connected via an RTSI bus cable. Simultaneous sampling of the leakage current and voltage allows the monitor to calculate the power dissipation of each arrester. In addition, the two environmental parameters of ambient temperature and relative humidity are sampled with separate channels of the DAQ boards. The data acquisition software, which is detailed in the next section, was designed to accept variable sampling rates and sampling intervals, with the sampling duration set to 100 milliseconds. Figure 4-9 shows the data acquisition connections between the sensors and the personal computer. The data acquisition hardware components for the prototype arrester monitor are listed below.

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HV Bus A HV Bus B HV Bus C Transformer Bushing

LAN & Internet

Locally Grounded Junction Box w/Protective Circuits

Figure 4-9 DAQ Connections Diagram.

DAQ Hardware 2 National Instruments low-cost PCI- 6034E Series DAQ boards, Max 200kS/s, 16 bit, each with16 SE analog inputs. Input range +/- 10 V with +/-25 V Max. +/- 34V relative accuracy @ +/- 50mV range +/- 82V absolute accuracy @ +/- 50mV range 1 National Instruments BNC-2110 shielded connector block 1 National Instruments BNC-2120 shielded connector block w/function generator 1 At series RTSI bus cable for multiple DAQ boards 2 SH68-68-EP 68-pin shielded cable

Weather Sensor An external weather sensor (Vaisala, Model Number HMW 31YB) provided separate voltage signals for both ambient temperature and relative humidity during testing of the prototype arrester monitor. The weather sensor was located within 50 feet of the arresters being monitored. The weather sensor unit was certified to have passed the following procedures: Verification of temperature for specified accuracy Verification of linearity Factory calibration at 0% RH and 75% referenced to NIST. Linear within the 0 to 100% RH scale The accuracy of the calibration is +/- 2% RH(0-90% RH), +/-3% RH(90-100%)

Arrester
Temperature Sensor Relative Humidity Sensor Current Sensor

Cap-Tap Voltage Sensor

co-ax

Digitizer # 1 V T 16 Multiplexed Channels

Digitizer synchronizing bus

co-ax

co-ax

RH Digitizer # 2 I 16 Multiplexed Channels

Pentium PC

co-ax

4-13

The uncertainty of the calibration is +/- 1.2%RH The temperature accuracy is +/=0.2o C

Voltage Potentiometer As mentioned in the functional specification section, the system voltage across an arrester is typically measured from a device found in the substation such as a capacitive coupled voltage transformer (CCVT) that provides a scaled-down equivalent of the actual ac voltage signal. For in-house testing of the arrester monitor at EPRIsolutions, the capacitive voltage tap divider ratios on the high-potential test transformers were adjusted to 33600: 1 during testing of the 192 kV station class arresters. This adjustment allowed the arrester voltage input signal to stay within the +/- 10-V limit of the DAQ boards. CPU and Communications A standard personal computer was used in combination with the DAQ hardware outlined above for the prototype arrester monitor system. The computer specifications are listed below. 64 megs of RAM Cyrix MII-366 processor 4.0 GB hard drive Minimum 2 PCI slots 1 ISA slot 2 COM ports IED drive LAN PC card Keyboard and mouse 19 monitor The two NI 6034E data acquisition cards were installed in the PCI slots. The LabVIEW Professional Development System for Windows, version 6.0, was used to develop the arrester monitors software modules. In addition, Microsoft Access was used to create a long-term database for storing key arrester parameters. Details on these topics can be found in the Prototype section under Software. A LAN card enabled researchers to connect the PC to the EPRI network from which data files were sent via ftp to SMART plantWORKS, EPRIs webbased platform, to demonstrate the system. SMART plantWORKS, a web-based platform currently under development, allows remote monitoring of data from many IEDs under one platform. Further web-based arrester monitoring research is slated for 2001, and exact details on how this service will be implemented are under review.

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Software: Programming Language The software for the Lenox prototype arrester monitor is written in a graphical instrumentation and process language called LabVIEW. The LabVIEW software development workstation is licensed and distributed by: National Instruments Incorporated 11500 N. Mopac Expressway Austin, TX 78759 USA www.ni.com LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) is a windows PC-based language that, when used in conjunction with PC-slot data acquisition boards, forms the backbone of the prototype monitor. Programs written in Labview are based on the G programming language. This language allows programming in a graphical environment using symbols and icons familiar to technicians, scientists, and engineers. While early versions of this software were designed to simply turn any PC into a digital oscilloscope, more recent versions have greatly expanded capabilities. This platform was chosen for the arrester monitor for several reasons: 1. The LabVIEW platform is PC-compatible. This greatly simplifies communication and human interaction through the use of e-mail, CRT displays, and intranet and internet communications with operations engineers. It also means that process hardware can be inexpensive, in some cases free, i.e., when a cast-off PC is used as the monitors CPU. 2. DAQ boards for NI products are available worldwide, and they have a long history of customer support. This platform is likely to be supported throughout the duration of the project. 3. The Labview programming language is an intuitive icon-based graphical language. Just build the block diagram in detail with the LabVIEW Developer GUI, and the program is written. Technical people versed in the monitor project technology can perform the programming task with minimal specialized programming experience. 4. The Labview platform not only supports instrumentation and the collection of data but data processing as well. The program can control the monitoring process, i.e., flag data that is influenced by overwhelming environmental factors, change the sampling interval based on threshold criteria, etc. 5. The Labview platform supports open communication architecture. This means that different parts of a program can be located remotely with cable, intranet, or internet connections between program modules. The monitor alarm module can be located in the substation, a utility engineering office, or at an EPRI office where arrester experts can examine data for interpretation. 6. Programs written with the LabVIEW developer require no further licensing for distribution. The original purchase of the Developer Package is all that is legally required to distribute compiled versions of application software. This greatly simplifies universal application of monitor software throughout multiple utility sites.

4-15

A LabVIEW programmer creates virtual instruments (VIs) that perform functions such as data acquisition or data manipulation. Most common signal conditioning and analysis mathematics are included in the LabVIEW library of sub-VIs. All LabVIEW VIs have a front panel and a block diagram. As mentioned earlier, the block diagram is the source code for the VI. A LabVIEW program is made up of data input nodes, data displays, and VIs connected or nested in the block diagram. The VIs are either supplied with the developer software or created by the user and stored in the library for that particular application.

Figure 4-10 The Front Panel of a LabVIEW VI contains controls and data displays.

4-16

Figure 4-11 The Block diagram of a LabVIEW VI contains the source code of the program. Programming is done by cutting, pasting and connecting of graphical symbols representing data displays, controls, data blocks, and subroutines of other VIs.

Monitor Programming Structure The overall program design of the Lenox Prototype Monitor is similar to that described in the functional specification. Figure 4-21 is a basic flow diagram of the software currently in use in the Lenox Prototype Monitor.

4-17

Output DAQ Alarm Module and Graphical User Interface (GUI) Signal Conditioning

Pre Process Module

Trending Analysis Module

manual intervention of parameters

Figure 4-12 Flow diagram for prototype software.

All of the software modules described in the functional specification are also present in the prototype software. However, some specifics have been added, and some functionality is not yet present. Specifically, the alarm module is the graphical user interface for all post-compiling program input. Thus the alarm module provides the means to set variables such as current sensor and voltage divider ratios as well as setpoints and thresholds for alarms. The alarm module therefore sends user input data to the signal processing pre-process and trending modules. At this time the trending module is not sending data to the alarm module to trigger alarms. The trending module algorithm output is inspected directly by project personnel to determine if the trending module is correctly interpreting trend data. An abbreviated description of the functionality of the Lenox Prototype Monitor software module follows. Detailed descriptions of the module algorithms in plain English and mathematical form are located in Appendix D, which contains the process documentation used to write the graphical LabVIEW code.

4-18

Description of Modules Signal Conditioning The software module that interprets the incoming data screen from the DAQ board in the PC is the Signal Conditioning software or module. As the name implies, this module applies physical constants to the data, stores the data in arrays, and applies digital filtering and other processes to prepare the data for interpretation. The incoming data streams are collected at 5000 or 50000 samples per second (Adjustable in the software). In the prototype these data streams have been reduced to: Input: Raw Total Current Array Raw Voltage Array WX Sample Data: Raw Temperature Raw relative humidity RTemp RRH RI RV

The constants multiplied by these arrays to give them physical units of volts, amps etc. include: VD Ratio Total Current Sensor Ratio Temp sensor ratio RH sensor Ratio VD TCTR TempR RHR

Additional inputs that can be manually reset for data acquisition in the signal conditioning module include: Sampling Rate SR

Default = 50000/second allowable values:5000, 10000, 20000, 50000, 10000 Sampling Interval Default = 120 seconds (30 per hour) Output: Output goes to the Pre-process module. The output for each phase is as follows: Total Current Array Voltage array I V SI

Global output for the entire three phase circuit is as follows: Sampling Rate SR

4-19

default = 50000/second Relative Humidity Temperature RH Temp

Compensation for capacitive coupling to the current sensor is also included in the prototype module. This coupling is simply depicted between the a and b phases and b and c phases as shown in Figure 4-22. There is also similar coupling between a and c phases, though in most installations this coupling has smaller effects on the leakage current detected by the sensors.

Figure 4-13 Capacitive coupling from adjacent phase buses introduces errors in the leakage current detected by the sensor at the base of an arrester.

The currents coupled into the ground-end hardware of an arrester did not pass through that arrester and therefore provide no information about the arrester. Furthermore, even though these currents are very small (about 20 A in the 230 kV Lenox installation), they have a significant effect on the watts because of the 120- and 240-degree phase differences on the adjacent phases. The desired measured current is about 1.5 mA and almost purely capacitive, so the normal power

4-20

factor is just above zero. The effect of coupling current in the Lenox installation on power dissipation measurements was on the order of 50% to 100% of the single-phase watts. These effects are mostly limited to the linear watts measurement. The non-linear watts remain mostly unaffected unless there are profound harmonics on one of the adjacent buses. A constant error on the linear watts measurement is somewhat tolerable since trending of these values is more important than absolute values. Therefore, a rough correction to remove the bulk of coupling effects is believed adequate. This will allow the monitor to ride through voltage fluctuations or harmonic changes on adjacent buses with only minor influence on the measured phase. The effects of coupling from adjacent phases are corrected in the signal conditioning model by the use of a coupling capacitance matrix that approximates a value for the stray capacitance between each bus and the metallic hardware at the base of the arrester: Cab= 0.001pf Cac=0.01pf Cba= 0.3pf Cca=0.001pf Cbc=0.1pf Ccb=0.3pf

Coupling current arrays are then calculated: Iab = Cab dVa/dt Iac = Cab dVa/dt Iba = Cab dVb/dt Ibc = Cab dVb/dt Ica = Cab dVc/dt Icb = Cab dVc/dt The sensor current for each phase is then adjusted by subtracting the coupling current arrays from the other two phases before they are passed to the pre process module. Pre-Process Module The Pre Process Module reduces the digitized time-domain voltage and current data to a vastly smaller data packet of key parameters. The amount of data reduction for each sampling interval is approximately 100000:1 The Lenox prototype pre-process module currently creates a data packet of fewer parameters than those listed in the functional specification. Provision has been made to reincorporate additional data if needed. However, results so far indicate that the prototype functionality is very good with the reduced complexity associated with fewer data measurements.

4-21

For each phase the module: Converts time and frequency domain arrays to a time-stamped list of monitored parameters. Creates a new data packet consisting of a time-stamped list of monitored parameters Sends data packets to the trend module, alarm module, and expert module Global Inputs: Sampling Rate Sample Time Relative Humidity Temperature Inputs for each phase: Current Array (1 x (SR x T)) Voltage Array (1 x (SR x T)) Output in the form of a data packet list: Global Outputs: Relative Humidity Temperature Outputs for each phase: Total Power Dissipation Non Linear Power Dissipation Linear Power Dissipation 3rd Harmonic Amplitude of Voltage P PNL PL V3H RH Temp I V SR T RH Temp default = 50000 samples/second default 0.1s

Total power dissipation is calculated by integrating the voltage array times the current array over the interval and dividing by the time interval: P = Total Watts = VIdt /t where t is the sampling interval The non-linear watts are calculated using the synthetic zero sequence currents (Izsc) from the current array I. See the feasibility study report [1] for how this array is produced. The synthetic zero sequence current array contains data that are directly indicative of the conduction state of the MOV disks. The non-linear watts are the watts associated with this MOV conduction and are calculated as follows: PNL = Non Linear watts = 0.954 Vcrest Irmszsc/3

4-22

See the feasibility report [1] for more detailed information on how non-linear watts are estimated: The linear watts are calculated in the prototype by simply subtracting the non-linear watts from the total watts PL = linear watts = total watts - non linear watts Alarm Module The alarm module in the prototype monitor provides a visual alarm anytime threshold values of total watts, non-linear watts, and linear watts are exceeded on any monitored arrester. However, these threshold alarms will rarely be exceeded because power dissipation can be very high for a normally functioning contaminated arrester, and the threshold power dissipation values must be set high to avoid constant false alarms. An arrester that has received surge energy also experiences high power dissipation, which should not cause an alarm. Therefore, these threshold values are of limited use. The prototype alarm module, however, does display all of the pertinent data for manual examination of trends that have been identified as indicators of arrester problems. The alarm module also is the mechanism for contacting appropriate personnel of arrester problems via email. At present these notifications are limited to threshold violations and manual notices. The alarm module also contains data pages for entering of setup data that is necessary to set threshold values. Arrester make and model, system voltage, circuit identification, measurement constants, email lists, and other data are entered through this module. Figure 4-23 is a snapshot of the front page of the alarm modules display. This display is undergoing revisions and may appear different from later versions.

4-23

Figure 4-14 Front Panel of Alarm Module VI

As trend alarm algorithms are developed, they will be displayed through the alarm module and the alarm module communication will be used to alert personel. TrendModule This module is currently under development, and many changes can be expected before it is fully functional. In future versions the trend module will replace most of the human interpretation tasks now associated with the monitor. The interpretation and trending algorithms documented in this report are currently being evaluated using data collected from tests conducted in the feasibility study as well as continuous monitoring conducted in 2000. For each phase the module: Analyzes short-term trends to determine presence of energy event, contamination processes Counts surge energy events Adds new arrester condition parameters to the data packet after short-term analysis. Maintains a long-term database of data packets Routinely queries database for sequential data packets within bins of voltage and temperature and voltage harmonics Analyzes these sequential bins for abnormal trends

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At the time of this report the trend module is not sending alarms to the alarm module until the reliability of the trending algorithms are evaluated and updated. Inputs: Data Packet List of: Global Inputs: Relative Humidity Temperature Date And Time Inputs for each phase: Crest Arrester Current Crest Voltage 3rd Harmonic Amplitude of Voltage Non Linear Power Dissipation Linear Power Dissipation Total Power Dissipation Outputs Database with Modified data packet list of: Global parameters: Relative Humidity Temperature For each phase: Crest Arrester Current Crest Voltage 3rd Harmonic Amplitude of Voltage Non Linear Power Dissipation Linear Power Dissipation Total Power Dissipation Alarm data Icrest Vcrest V3H PNL PL P RH Temp Icrest Vcrest V3H PNL PL P RH Temp

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Surge Counter Contamination Flag Surge Energy Flag

SC FC FE

The last three parameters listed in the data packet output above have not been discussed previously. These parameters are used to mark the data to indicate what types of influence environmental factors may have had on that particular data packet. Some discussion of the factors that impact trending and the methods used to analyze the data will explain these parameters and give some insight into the trending methods currently under development Environmental Parameters Power dissipation in arrester disks is a function of voltage and temperature. Power dissipation in arresters is additionally a function of external currents that are in turn a function of environmental factors such as contamination and the presence of moisture. Therefore, trending power dissipation data are more sensitive to defects if environmental parameters are trended along with the power dissipation data. To quantify thermal effects considerable effort was made to make measurements on arrester disks at various temperatures and voltage stresses. Measurements were made using both refrigeration and ovens to offset disk temperatures from ambient temperature. The EPRIsolutions low-harmonic-distortion voltage source in the disk testing lab was then used to make precise power dissipation measurements on the disks. These measurements were repeated for four different voltage stresses corresponding to 0.7 MCOV 0.85 MCOV 1.0 MCOV 1.15 MCOV These tests were performed on disks from three manufacturers. Mathematical models were then constructed to fit the generated data. Two models have been considered with one model that fits the data slightly better than the other. This model uses a ekt for temperature variability. The equations for this model are: Linear Power =PL=(k2/mcov )v2(1 +k3 ek1(t + k4 v/mcov)) Non-Linear Power = PNL = (k5/mcov)(1+k6ek7t ) V(1 + alpha)) (1) (2)

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Where for one manufacturers disks dated 1999:

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 k7 alpha 2.60E-02 1.50E-04 6.6667E-03 100 8.00E-06 5.00E-05 0.0305 5.4

Watts vs. temperature @ MCOV

100

10

watts

1 measured watts Measured NL Watts 0.1 Plinear Model Watts Model Pnl Model Plinear 0.01 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Disk Temperature (C)

Figure 4-15 Power dissipation data vs. temperature at two voltages for these disks.

The data indicate that disk temperature variation from -20 oC to 150 oC correspond with power dissipation differences covering almost 2 orders of magnitude. Since detecting a bad disk in a 230 kV arrester requires detecting power dissipation differences in the order of 10%, the effects of system voltage fluctuations and temperature must be accommodated in the trending software. There are many ways to account for temperature and voltage effects on varistor disks when analyzing monitor data for trends that indicate defects. The first method considered was to normalize all power dissipation data to a standard disk temperature and voltage using equations similar to (1) and (2). Unfortunately, the constants associated with these equations are different

4-27

for disks of various manufacturers and even between manufacturing lots from a single manufacturer. Using this method might require a maintenance intensive effort to acquire voltage-temperature watts data for multiple manufacturers and date codes. This could be an expensive and daunting endeavor. The method decided upon for the EPRI monitor was to query the data in bins of voltage and ambient temperature (since disk temperature is unavailable). Harmonic content of the voltage is also utilized in the queries. Thus recent data can be compared with historical data of under similar environmental conditions and the complexity of the temperature-voltage-watts relationship need not be quantified. The fact that frequent data are taken assures that often there will be historical data with similar environmental conditions. Future variations on varistor disk manufacturing should be handled cleanly with this approach with no need to change the algorithms for new varistor designs. One problem with this method is that disk temperature is not always the same as ambient temperature. Arresters could be manufactured with sensors to measure disk temperature but adding them to existing arresters could be problematic. A scheme for estimating disk temperature was contemplated using an arrester thermal model. However, a different approach was decided upon for the prototype that simplified the algorithms and avoided creation of multiple arrester thermal models to accommodate different arrester designs. Disk temperature is normally within a few degrees of ambient conditions unless: Rapid changes in ambient temperature occur There is a contamination event There is a surge event where the arrester operates and absorbs energy

Thermal lag in the porcelain can delay the effects of temperature changes in the air. This phenomenon is evident as power dissipation is observed when a clean, dry arrester undergoes normal daily temperature swings. At present the monitor ignores these lags since the ambient temperature swings are moderate in the Lenox installation. These swings could be more profound in a desert installation, and future software may require changes. Temperature averaging over periods appropriate to the thermal time constant of the arrester may be sufficient to account for thermal lag in the arrester housing. Surge energy events cause disk heating by depositing energy directly into the MOV disks. A corresponding step-change in arrester power dissipation can be observed when an arrester absorbs significant energy. The monitor tests the data for step-changes in watts and other patterns to identify energy events. The trend module then flags the data packets (FE = 1) that might be influenced by the energy input so that they are not used in most queries for comparison to later data. Each time an event is detected the surge is counted by incrementing (SC = SC+1). Algorithms are also being considered that can estimate the magnitude of a surge event and log it so that the duty history of an arrester can be known. Equations 1 and 2 are under consideration for this purpose.

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Contamination Similarly, contamination currents on the housing both directly contribute to arrester power distribution and can cause disks to heat up due to grading upset. These data cannot be used for most trending queries. Algorithms are being tested in the trending module to identify the presence of even very small housing currents. When detected, the data packet is flagged (FC=1 or 2) so it will not be used in most trending queries. Further queries are performed to check for correlation with relative humidity to determine if the housing currents are external or internal. If internal, then a leak in the housing, which would allow moisture into the arrester, is indicated, and an alarm is warranted. The algorithms under tests in the trending module are outlined in Appendix D. These algorithms are under evaluation and subject to change.

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5
MONITOR TESTING
Contamination events, which lead to external leakage currents, result from the deposition of solid particles that, when coupled with moisture, can form conductive surface layers on substation high voltage equipment. Mild contamination events, usually posing no threat to insulation or arresters, are common in some substations, particularly those in coastal regions and industrial environments. Indeed, normal cycles of varying relative humidity may trigger contamination events on a daily basis. However, while the total power dissipation of an arrester increases during mild contamination events, the power dissipation is confined only to the housing surface with little effect on the arrester thermal margins. With extreme contamination flashovers may occur on substation insulation or arresters. During such events arrester disks can be subjected to increased energy absorption that in turn reduces the overall thermal margin of the arrester. The monitor incorporates algorithms that separate the power dissipation related to external contamination currents from those that stem from internal currents. This is important for a number of reasons. The monitor can classify the event as contamination-related, flag the data during the event to allow for more efficient long-term trending, reduce false alarms, and rule out other problems such as disk failure and energy events. 192 kV Contamination Test Contamination tests on 192 kV arresters were performed in the outdoor arrester test facility in Lenox, MA, using three sample arresters from the same manufacturer. The arresters were cleaned with kaolin to remove residues and oils, then: Two of the three arresters[really dont need to continue to call them samples] were contaminated by flow-coating a mixture of water, salt, and kaolin onto the housings and airdried. One contaminated arrester was then used for equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) sampling. The other contaminated arrester was used for on-line monitoring. The third arrester was not contaminated but served as the control sample during on-line monitoring.

5-1

The contaminated arrester is shown below in Figure 5-1.

Figure 5-1 192 kV Contaminated Arrester ( ESDD 0.026mg/cm2 )

The electrically tested[do you mean they had been tested prior to this or are you talking about some other arresters?] arresterss were equipped with monitor leakage current sensors. A second leakage current sensor was used on the contaminated arrester to verify external currents on the housing. ESDD samples were taken and the contamination level was found to be approximately 0.026 mg/cm2, or in the light-to-moderate range. The arresters were energized at an MCOV of 144 kV. The test was conducted outdoors in late August, 2000. The arrester monitor recorded the system voltage, leakage current, and relative humidity (RH). The monitor was set to take sample at 5 kS/sec. for 100 milliseconds with a two-minute interval between samples. Contamination Test Results Figure 5-2 shows the results of a three-day contamination test of two 192 kV sample arresters energized at power frequency and maintained at MCOV. The arrester on Phase C was contaminated to an ESDD (equivalent salt deposit density) level of 0.026, and the arrester on Phase A was clean. The linear power dissipation, system voltage, and relative humidity are plotted vs. time.
5-2

Contamination Data
100 80 60 150000 40 100000 20 0 -20
8/25/0 8/26/0 8/26/0 8/27/0 8/27/0 8/28/0 0 3:59 0 3:59 0 3:59 0 3:59 0 3:59 0 3:59 PM AM PM AM PM AM

250000
Voltage

Watts / Relative Humidity

200000

Relative Humidity Phase C-Linear Power Dissipation Phase A -Linear Power Dissipation Phase C-Voltage (Crest) Phase A -Voltage (Crest)

50000

Date/Time
Figure 5-2 192 kV Arrester Test: Correlation of Contamination Events to Linear Power Dissipation.

These results show the arrester monitors ability to identify contamination events. The arrester monitor can distinguish between a clean arrester and an arrester with moderate contamination. In addition, the known relationship between relative humidity percent, ambient temperature, and the dew point correlate with peak power dissipation as would be expected. The contamination events reached their peak each night when moisture from the surrounding air condensed on the arrester. The external leakage current flow increased on the contaminated arrester during periods of high relative humidity, thereby increasing linear power dissipation or power dissipation associated with the external housing of the arrester. There was almost no change in the linear power dissipation of the clean arrester on Phase A. Figure 5-3 shows the power dissipation breakdown of the contaminated arrester.

5-3

Contaminated Arrester Power Dissipation Calculations

90 80 70 60 50
Watts

40 30 20 10 0 -10
8/25/00 8/26/00 8/26/00 8/27/00 8/27/00 8/28/00 3:59 PM 3:59 AM 3:59 PM 3:59 AM 3:59 PM 3:59 AM

Phase C Total Power Dissipation Phase C-Linear Power Dissipation Phase C -Non Linear Power Dissipation

Date/Time
Figure 5-3 192 kV Arrester Contamination Test: Arrester Power Dissipation Breakdown.

Results from Figure 5-3 show that the total power dissipation increase during each contamination event can be contributed largely to increased linear power dissipation. The linear power dissipation increase is due to changing resistive and capacitive elements that are for the most part not associated with the MOV disks. These results indicate that the arresters linear power dissipation can be used to identify and flag contamination events. At the time of this test, trending software that would automatically flag contamination data and generate the appropriate trending alarms when required under severe contamination conditions was still being developed. However, all of the data collected during these contamination tests have been saved to a long-term database to facilitate virtual testing. The arrester monitor will be able to read this database multiple times to allow fine adjustments to be incorporated into the trending algorithms. Arrester Energy Tests Arresters appropriate for 230 kV system voltage (192 kV duty-cycle rating) were subjected to energy input while being monitored on the three-phase arrester facility at the EPRIsolutions Lenox site. These tests were carried out with two phases energized. The second phase had a similar arrester that was energized but received no energy input. The first of these tests was a temporary overvoltage event (TOV) to failure that included high varistor conduction currents as well as limited fault current. Subsequent tests were of shorter duration and/or lower current.

5-4

These tests were performed to test the monitors trending algorithms that detect, count, and size surge energy events for arrester evaluation. Energy input was accomplished using a power frequency test circuit at the Lenox test facility connected to one phase of a Northeast Utilities 115 kV transmission line. The test circuit included a voltage regulator and an autotransformer. This source was brought to a voltage divider and the arrester test facility by overhead lines within EPRIsolutions. The test circuit for the energy tests is shown in the following diagram:

Nichrome Resistor

Ma nua l Sw itch

Bushing Cap-Tap Arrester

Hi Pot Transformer
Monitor Sensor CT

Capacitive Voltage Divider

Auto Transformer

115 kV Regulator
Low Voltage arm

Prototype Monitor

Nicholet DAQ

Breaker
To Disconnect and 115kV northeast Utility Line

Figure 5-4 A schematic of the test circuit for the energy tests.

Normal energization of the arrester before and after the energy event was accomplished using the high pot source in the arrester test area. A high-voltage manual switch was used o protect this circuit from backfeed during the energy input. Thus there was a 5- to 20-second delay between the energy event and re-energization of the arrester at nominal voltage. Knowledge of the characteristics of the energy input circuit is critical when putting controlled overvoltage on arresters. Open-circuit voltage as well as source impedance must be carefully considered because small voltage differences can result in arrester conduction currents varying over orders of magnitude. The test circuit depicted in Figure 5-4 has a source impedance of approximately 6022 ohms with an x/r of approximately 0.60.

5-5

The energy input test sequence involved manual control of the switch and breaker by different technicians. The rate of energy input was such that full arrester energy would not be reached for many seconds. Therefore, with care, punctual coordination of these acts could be accomplished. The Nicolet DAQ system monitor display showed a continuous trace of the arrester current during energy input and a digital readout of the arrester power input. Breaker opening was called when the arrester reached the time associated with the desired energy input. For example, if the desired energy level was 500 kJ and the power input was 20 kW, the voltage was held for: 500 kJ/20 kW = 25 seconds This test arrangement produced some interesting results when the first test was run with a faulty scaling factor in the DAQ that produced an error in the watts display. TOV Testing The TOV test to arrester failure was unanticipated when the test was performed. The calculated rate of energy input was lower than that experienced during the test. The Nicolet DAQ, due to a faulty scaling factor, also indicated a lower power input to the arrester during the energy event than actually occurred, and the breaker was allowed to remain closed until almost 2 per unit energy had been absorbed by the arrester. At this point the arrester failed and vented, although short-circuit current was limited to 67 Acrest by the relatively high source impedance. This system was unforgiving of human error since the only backup protection was the breaker, which operated only if the arrester failed. This test sequence, though unplanned, yielded useful data to the monitor program. Figure 5-5 shows voltage and current traces for the TOV event. Upon breaker closure the arrester began to conduct current of over 2 Acrest. The current decreased as the varistor conditioned temporarily to a higher impedance (which is a characteristic of some MOV disks), but as the disks heated, the impedance dropped and the current slowly increased. Approximately 32 seconds after breaker closing the arrester failed. Failure occurred in steps: A group of disks failed to a near short; current then increased because of the lower arrester impedance, thus increasing the rate of energy input to the remaining disks; another group of disks then failed; and finally the whole arrester failed short. The maximum current shown in Figure 5-5 is approximately the calculated short-circuit current for the test circuit.

5-6

Figure 5-5 Energy Input to arrester failure. Note step increases in trace 2 arrester current as the arrester failed in sections. Also note that the monitor current sensor output on trace 4 never rose above 400 mA, thus protecting the DAQ system.

The last trace in Figure 5-5 is the output of the current sensor. As described earlier, this sensor has been designed to accurately measure low leakage currents but to pass large arrester conduction currents harmlessly. This test produced severe TOV currents that surpassed those anticipated in the design process. The last trace in Figure 5-5 shows that the sensor output was limited to values below the measurement thresholds of the digitizer boards in the PC. Figure 5-6 is a detailed look at the sensor output during the last cycles of the event when fault current was flowing. It shows that sensor output was maintained below 4 V (400 mA indicated). This was true even during the full fault of 57 A. Subsequent inspection determined that the sensor and DAQ were still fully functional. Thus the sensor has been tested to currents exceeding the arrester TOV capability.

5-7

Figure 5-6 Waveform of monitor sensor output. The signal was limited to less than 400mA (+/- 4 volts to the DAQ board) even when full fault current was flowing.

5-8

Figure 5-7 shows the rate of energy input and the final energy calculation. The arrester absorbed 2.56 MJ before failure. The arrester energy rating was 1.38 MJ. Thus the arrester failed after absorbing 1.85 per unit rated energy.

Figure 5-7 The power and total energy absorbed by the arrester up until the first section or disks failed. The energy rating of the arrester was 1.38 MJ. Energy at failure was 2.56MJ.

Arrester Energy Tests: To better control the energy input process, to prevent arrester failures, and to enhance the precision of energy stress levels, two modifications to the test procedure were made. A 2 k resistor was added to the high-voltage side of the auto transformer to increase the source impedance and to reduce the rate of energy input. Thus the new circuit impedance was approximately 8 k. A time-to-energy vs. peak varistor current was constructed using precise varistor volt-amp data and the new test circuit impedance. Thus direct observation of arrester current allowed instant knowledge of time to any desired energy level. Figure 5-8 shows the curve for peak

5-9

current vs. time to energy (full rated energy is 1380 kJ). Time to energy on a stiffer utility circuit will be longer.

peak current vs time to energy

10 time (seconds) 8 6 4 2 0 0.00 100% 50% 30% 10%

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

peak current (amps)

60 time (seconds) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.00 0.50 1.00 peak current (amps)

Figure 5-8 Peak Current vs time to energy for a 192 kV station arrester on the EPRIsolutions test circuit.

100% 50% 30% 10%

1.50

2.00

Appendix A contains current, voltage, and energy data as well as some monitor output for five single energy events and one three-hit multiple energy event. Many of the single energy events were taken with a bad coax cable associated with the energy circuit voltage divider. Thus, either the voltage was not recorded or the voltage values were corrupt and unusable. For these events energy was estimated using the method above from the peak current and duration of the event. Table 5-1 summarizes the energy events:

5-10

Table 5-1 Caption tk. Number of energy hits Single Single Single Single Single Measured Energy (kJ) NA 209 NA 261 692 432 Triple 376 424 Calculated Energy(kJ) 495 205 302 NA 710 NA NA NA 1232 89% Total Energy (kJ) 495 209 302 261 692 % of Arrester Rating 36% 15% 22% 19% 50%

Event 22 26 42 64 66 68 69 70

Monitor output from these events will be analyzed multiple times with the trend module to optimize the ability of the monitor to distinguish these events and remove the associated data from consideration when trending for arrester defects. An event that appears to be on the threshold of monitor detection is event 64. Monitor output for event 64 is shown in Figure 5-9. Total and non-linear watts changes appear to be of the same order of magnitude as the random noise on the traces.
Monitor Data During Energy Tests
20

Non-Linear Watts Linear Watts Total Watts

Arrester Power Dissipation (Watts)

15

10

-5 10/5/00 8:00 10/5/00 9:00 10/5/00 10:00 10/5/00 11:00 10/5/00 12:00 10/5/00 13:00 10/5/00 14:00 10/5/00 15:00

Date/Time

Figure 5-9 Event 64 monitor output. Energy input was 261 kJ or 19% of rated. Energy input occurred at 10:20 AM.

5-11

A clear and unambiguous trend is observed at 50% rated energy. Monitor output for event 66 is shown in Figure 5-10.
Monitor Data During Energy Tests
30

25

Non-Linear Watts Linear Watts Total Watts

Arrester Power Dissipation (Watts)

20

15

10

-5

-10 10/6/00 13:00 10/6/00 14:00 10/6/00 15:00 10/6/00 16:00 10/6/00 17:00 10/6/00 18:00

Date/Time

Figure 5-10 Event 66 monitor output. Energy input was 692 kJ or 50% of rated. Energy input occurred at 13:39 hours.

Multiple events may also challenge the monitor to correctly interpret the energy input. Monitor output for events 68 through 70 is shown in Figure 5-11.

5-12

Monitor Data During Energy Tests

20

Non-Linear Watts Linear Watts Total Watts

Arrester Power Dissipation (Watts)

15

10

-5 10/9/00 9:00 10/9/00 10:00 10/9/00 11:00 10/9/00 12:00 10/9/00 13:00 10/9/00 14:00 10/9/00 15:00

Date/Time

Figure 5-11 Monitor output for events 68 through 70. Energy input was 432 kJ, 376 kJ and 424 kJ. Energy inputs occurred at 9:08 AM, 9:22 AM and 9:36 AM.

5-13

6
SUBSTATION ARRESTER MONITOR (SAM) BETA SITE(S) INFORMATION
Overview The substation arrester monitor (SAM) prototype will be installed at a few beta tests sites where it will provide real on-line arrester data to the utility and allow EPRIsolutions to assess the monitors performance in a real-world setting. Participating utilities will receive an arrester monitor prototype system, trending analysis support for 2001, web-based monitoring support, and a final technical report highlighting the test results and performance recommendations. Results of arrester monitoring have so far been extremely encouraging. The SAM: Used new, advanced algorithms to successfully detect arrester defects such as punctured disks. Detected distinctive power dissipation signatures of surge energy events, which in turn allowed the monitor to log these events for assessment of arrester duty and history. Employed new monitor software to identify and account for housing contamination effects. The resulting data are useful in assessing the contamination levels of insulation throughout the substation.

Measurements of Metal-Oxide Arresters By measuring leakage current through the arrester and arrester system voltage, the SAM will provide utilities information of vital importance. For instance, by integrating the voltage times the current over a period of several cycles, the SAM can determine the average arrester power dissipation, a parameter that provides the first and perhaps the most important insight into the state of the arrester. The SAM converts the power dissipation of the arrester into linear and nonlinear components that identify different stresses and degradation associated with the arrester. The SAM also measures relative humidity and ambient temperature to allow correlation of environmental effects on the arrester [1]. SAM Arrangement The SAM is designed for a typical three-phase substation circuit, and the diagnostic methods employed by the monitor take advantage of the three-phase arrangement to better identify arrester degradation. A basic arrester monitor system for a typical substation installation has the following components: Three leakage current sensors w/protection circuit One PC-based data acquisition system

1 Substation Surge Arrester Monitor, Phase I Feasibility Study - Product ID number 1001026

6-1

 One fiber optic link system One environmental sensor A standard insulating base (e.g., one manufactured by Ohio Brass and provided by utility) is required at the ground end of the arresters. The SAM will collect and process data from three leakage current sensors, three voltage divider taps (utility specific), and one environmental sensor with separate relative humidity and temperature outputs signals. The resulting data will be available to both the utility and EPRIsolutions. EPRIsolutions will assist the utility in data interpretation and use the data for future development of automated trending software. The SAM arrangement is shown below in Figure 6-1.

HV Bus A HV Bus B HV Bus C Transformer Bushing or other Voltage Divider Voltage Sensor V co-ax Arrester Current Sensor Temperature Sensor Relative Humidity Sensor Cell Phone / LAN to Internet

Digitizer # 1 16 Multiplexed Channels

Junction Box Fiber Optic Transmitters w/Protective Circuits

co-ax

Locally Grounded Junction Box w/Fiber Optic Receivers and Protective Circuits

Personal Computer w/Data Pentium PC Acquisition Cards and Digitizer # 2 I EPRIsolutions Software
T 16 Multiplexed Channels

Digitizer synchronizing bus

co-ax

co-ax

RH

Figure 6-1 SAM arrangement.

6-2

SAM Research Application The SAM research application is intended to provide the utility with on-line monitoring of the selected arresters in the following ways: Automatic threshold alarm generation via email or pager Graphical and database access to key monitoring parameters including linear and non-linear power dissipation Manual trending analysis support via EPRIsolutions

Proposed Beta Site(s) Southern Company Alabama Power A beta installation is currently under way at Southern Company Alabama Power. The installation is expected to be complete by late 2000 or early 2001. The SAM will collect data from three arresters at a substation located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The arresters are located on the high-voltage side of a 230 kV to 36000/20780 V step-down transformer. The transformer and associated arresters are shown below in Figure 6-2.

Selected SAM Arresters

High Voltage Transformer Figure 6-2 Tuscaloosa Substation SAM Field Test Site.

6-3

Sensors located at the base of each arrester will collect leakage current data. Fiber optic links located in the transformer control panel box are being used to transmit leakage signals to the SAM PC-based DAQ system located in the substation control room. The respective phase voltages associated with each arrester are collected from power transformer taps and are also sent to the SAM DAQ system. In addition, signals from a combined temperature and relative humidity sensor are provided to the SAM DAQ system. The processed SAM system data will be available to designated utility personnel as well as EPRIsolutions. New York Power Authority An initial trip was made in July 2000 to the Marcy substation in Utica, New York. This trip served to identify the existing equipment monitoring schemes employed at Marcy and to compare the compatibility of the SAM prototype with the specific substation arrester arrangements. The overall compatibility was judged favorable. However, as this report was being written, further discussions regarding any proposed installation were pending. Additional SAM Beta Sites Selection of additional beta test sites for the SAM application will continue in 2001. Utilities interested in actively participating in this project are encouraged to contact David Rueger at (413) 448-2452 or mailto: drueger@epri.com.

6-4

7
RECOMMENDATIONS
SAM Design The Lenox SAM prototype design is based on the functional specifications described in Section 3. The specific hardware and software schemes were selected to facilitate rapid prototype development and establish proof of principal, including testing of new advanced algorithms. The Lenox SAM has done extremely well in providing proof of principal, and results from several tests have verified that the monitors algorithms can detect arrester degradation. The next phase of this project will include installation and use of the monitor in a real substation environment followed by development of a commercialized product. Several recommendations have been proposed to enhance the existing arrester monitor prototype. Wireless Communications One of the main concerns with regard to installing additional monitoring equipment in a substation is how to minimize the impact of connecting or wiring the electronic hardware. Adding new conduits and pulling cables can be a major task in some substations. Therefore, a wireless scheme is being proposed for the next version of the arrester monitor. Such a scheme would reduce installation time and serve to electrically isolate the sensors and data acquisition equipment. With a wireless scheme, the sensor signals would be digitized at the arrester, queried at regular intervals, and sent by radio transmission to a central receiver connected to a PC. Digitization at the Sensors The Lenox SAM incorporates DAQ boards in a standard PC. Analog signals are carried from their respective sensors through coax cables to the DAQ boards and then are digitized simultaneously. However, a wireless communication scheme could be accommodated if the current and voltage signals were digitized at their respective sensor, then electronically stored until queried by a central PC. The data stored at each sensor would be accessed at regular intervals by the central PC using a radio based communication link. Global Positioning System (GPS) Timing GPS receivers are used extensively for navigation, but they can also be used for precise timing of remote events. GPS satellites rely on highly accurate atomic clocks, and GPS receivers on the ground synchronize themselves to these clocks and have the ability time stamp data sampled electronically. As such, GPS receiver could be used to synchronize current and voltage signals sampled at remote sensor locations. The start times of each digitizer would be synchronized with GPS timing. This would effectively provide simultaneous sampling, allowing accurate power dissipation calculations to be performed during post processing of the data.

7-1

Recommendation Summary Research into the methods indicated above is slated to begin in 2001. The objective behind these recommendations is to produce a versatile and cost effective SAM system that can be successfully commercialized. Whether the commercial version is included as part of an overall substation monitoring system and or implemented as a separate system has yet to be determined.

7-2

8
REFERENCES
1. Substation Surge Arrester Monitor Phase 1 Feasibility Study. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: November 2000. Product ID Number: 1001026.

8-1

A
Energy and TOV Data
TOV Test Data:

Figure A-1 Trace 1 is arrester voltage. Trace 2 is arrester current. Trace 3 is arrester current. Trace 4 is the monitor current sensor output.

Trace 1 Arrester Voltage Trace 2 Arrester Current Trace 3 Arrester Current Trace 4 Monitor Current Sensor Output

A-1

TOV arrester failure data.

Energy Data:

Area of power = energy absorbed by the arrester

Recordings: 22, 26, 42, 64, 66, 68-70

Trace 1 Arrester Voltage Trace 2 Arrester Current Trace 3 Power Area of power = Energy absorbed by the arrester

A-2

Recording 22, 9/29/00, 12:29PM, No Voltage Signal: Estimated energy input = 495kJ

Monitor Data During Energy Tests

20

Non-Linear Watts Linear Watts Total Watts

Arrester Power Dissipation (Watts)

15

10

-5 9/29/00 12:00 9/29/00 13:00 9/29/00 14:00 9/29/00 15:00 9/29/00 16:00 9/29/00 17:00 9/29/00 18:00

Date/Time

A-3

Recording 26, 10/02/00 12:00PM, Total Energy 209 KJ

A-4

Recording 42, 10/2/00 02:39 PM, Corrupted voltage signal. Estimated energy = 302kJ:

Monitor Data During Energy Tests

20

Non-Linear Watts Linear Watts Total Watts

Arrester Power Dissipation (Watts)

15

10

-5 10/2/00 10:00 10/2/00 11:00 10/2/00 12:00 10/2/00 13:00

Date/Time

10/2/00 14:00

10/2/00 15:00

10/2/00 16:00

10/2/00 17:00

10/2/00 18:00

A-5

Recording 64, 10/05/00 10:21AM, Total Energy 261 kJ, Rated energy = 1380kJ

A-6

Monitor Data During Energy Tests

20

Non-Linear Watts Linear Watts Total Watts

Arrester Power Dissipation (Watts)

15

10

-5 10/5/00 8:00 10/5/00 9:00 10/5/00 10:00 10/5/00 11:00 10/5/00 12:00 10/5/00 13:00 10/5/00 14:00 10/5/00 15:00

Date/Time

A-7

Recording 66, 10/06/00 12:32 PM, Total Energy 692 KJ

A-8

Monitor Data During Energy Tests

30

25

Non-Linear Watts Linear Watts Total Watts

Arrester Power Dissipation (Watts)

20

15

10

-5

-10 10/6/00 13:00 10/6/00 14:00 10/6/00 15:00 10/6/00 16:00 10/6/00 17:00 10/6/00 18:00

Date/Time

A-9

Recording 68, Shot 1 of 3, 10/09/00 9:08 AM, Total Energy 432 kJ

A-10

Recording 69, Shot 2 of 3, 10/09/00 9:22 AM, Total Energy 376 KJ

A-11

Recording 70, Shot 3 of 3, 10/09/00 9:36 AM, Total Energy 424 KJ

A-12

Monitor Data During Energy Tests

20

Non-Linear Watts Linear Watts Total Watts

Arrester Power Dissipation (Watts)

15

10

-5 10/9/00 9:00 10/9/00 10:00 10/9/00 11:00 10/9/00 12:00 10/9/00 13:00 10/9/00 14:00 10/9/00 15:00

Date/Time

A-13

B
Contamination Test Data

Arrester Monitor Contamination Tests

% Relative Humidity

50 40 30
Watts

100 90 80 70 60 PHA-P Control PHA-PL Control PHA-PNL Control PHC-P Contaminated PHC-PL Contaminated PHC-PNL Contaminated RH

20 10 0 -10

50 40 30 20 10 0

8/22/00 8/22/00 8/22/00 8/22/00 8/23/00 8/23/00 8/23/00 8/23/00 8/23/00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 PM PM PM PM AM AM AM AM AM
Time

Two day arrester contamination test

Phase A arrester is the control sample no contamination Phase A Yellow Trace - Total Power Dissipation Purple Trace -Linear Power Dissipation Pink Trace - Non-Linear Power Dissipation

B-1

Phase C arrester is the contaminated sample with an initial ESDD level of 0.026mg/cm2 Phase C Dark Blue Trace -Total Power Dissipation Brown Trace -Linear Power Dissipation Light Blue Trace - Non-Linear Power Dissipation Orange Trace - % Relative Humidity

Contamination Data
100 250000

Relative Humidity Phase C Total Power Dissipation Phase C-Linear Power Dissipation Phase C -Non Linear Power Dissipation Phase A Total Power Dissipation Phase A -Linear Power Dissipation Phase A -Non Linear Power Dissipation Phase A -Voltage (Crest) Phase C-Voltage (Crest)

80

Voltage
200000

60

Watts/RH

150000

40

100000 20

50000 0

8/25/00 8/26/00 8/26/00 8/27/00 8/27/00 8/28/00 3:59 PM 3:59 AM 3:59 PM 3:59 AM 3:59 PM 3:59 AM
-20 0

Date/Time

Three day arrester contamination test.

Phase A arrester is the control sample no contamination Phase C arrester is the contaminated sample with an initial ESDD level of 0.026mg/cm2

B-2

Arrester Monitor Contamination Tests

% Relative Humidity

15

100 90

10

80 70

5
Watts

60 50
PHC_PL RH

40 30

-5

20 10

-10 0 9/29/00 9/30/00 10/1/00 10/2/00 10/3/00 10/4/00 10/5/00 10/6/00 10/7/00 10/8/00 10/9/00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM
Time

Eleven day arrester contamination test.

The blue trace is the linear power dissipation for phase C arrester. The arrester on phase C was initially contaminated to an ESDD level of 0.026mg/cm2 . The orange trace is the % relative humidity.

B-3

Arrester Monitor Contamination Tests

% Relative Humidity

10 8 6 4 2
Watts

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
PHA_PL RH

0 -2 -4 -6 -8

-10 0 9/29/00 9/30/00 10/1/00 10/2/00 10/3/00 10/4/00 10/5/00 10/6/00 10/7/00 10/8/00 10/9/00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 12:00 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM
Time

Eleven-day arrester contamination test.

The green trace is the linear power dissipation for phase A arrester. The arrester on phase A is a control sample with no contamination The orange trace is the % relative humidity.

B-4

C
Sensor Impulse Withstand Data

High-Current, Short Duration Test of SAM Lenox Leakage Current Sensor.

C-1

High-Current, Short Duration Test of SAM Leakage Current Sensor Number 1.

High-Current, Short Duration Test of SAM Leakage Current Sensor Number 2.

C-2

High-Current, Short Duration Test of SAM Leakage Current Sensor Number 3.

C-3

D
Process for Signal Conditioning Module
Inputs: Semi-permanent constants: VD Ratio (VD) Total Current Sensor Ratio (TCTR) Sampling Rate (SR) Default = 50000/second, allowable values:5000, 10000, 20000, 50000, 10000 Sampling Interval (SI) Default = 36 seconds (100 per hour) Temp sensor ratio (TempR) RH sensor Ratio (RHR) Electrical Measurement Sample Data: Raw Total Current Array (RI) Raw Voltage Array (RV) WX Sample Data: Raw Temperature (Rtemp) Raw relative humidity (RRH) Outputs: Sampling Rate (SR), default = 50000/second Sample Time (T), default 0.1s Total Current Array (I) Voltage array (V) Relative Humidity (RH)

D-1

Temperature (Temp) Set Sample Time: Make Variable T (Sample Time)

IF SR = 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000 Then T = 100ms 100ms 100ms 150ms 150 ms

Once every SI seconds Record and process the folowing: Produce Voltage and Current Arrays: 1. Record voltage signal associated with total current and make an unbiased array RV of SR x T points. 2. V = (RV- Average of RV) x VD 3. Record Total Current Signal and make an unbiased synchronized array RI of SR x T points. 4. I = (RI Average of RI)x CTR 5. Record voltage signal associated with band current and make an unbiased array RVef of SR x T points. 6. Vb = (RVb Average of RVb) x VD Record WX outputs: RH = RRH x RHR Temp = RTemp x TempR Process for Pre-Process Module Calculation of Total Watts: Inputs: SR (Sampling Rate) default = 50000 samples/second I (Total Current Array (1 x (SR x T))) V (Voltage Array (1 x (SR x T))) T (Sample Time) default 0.1s

D-2

Output: P (Total Power Dissipation) Calculate the power Array: 1. Define new Array IP(1 x (SR x T) for instantaneous total power over a fixed number of cycles: IP(n) = V(n) x I (n) 2. Calculate the total power dissipation: P = Average IP 1 Direct Calculation of Non-Linear Watts using Synthetic ZSC:

SR (Sampling Rate) default = 50000 samples/second I (Current Array (1 x (SR x T))) V (Voltage Array (1 x (SR x T))) T (Sample Time)
Output PNLZSC (Non Linear Power Dissipation from ZSC) PLZSC (Linear Power Dissipation from ZSC) Make 120 degree phase shift Current Array For array of length N: N120 = integer closest to SR/180 I120 = an array containing a rearrangement of the elements of array I in the order starting with N-N120, going to the end of the array I, thence to the beginning of the array I thence to N(N120-1) I240 = an array containing a rearrangement of the array I in the order starting with N 2*N120, going to the end of the array I, thence to the beginning of the array I thence to N-(2*N120-1) IZSC = I + I120 + I240 IZSCRMS = the RMS value of array IZSC VZSCRMS = .954 * the Maximum of V PNLZSC = IZSCRMS*VZSCRMS/3

D-3

PLZSC = P PNLZSC Calculation Linear Watts : Input:

PNLZSC W
Output PNL (Non Linear Power Dissipation) PL (Linear Power Dissipation) PNL = PNLZSC PL = W-PNL Process Document for Trend Module

Description:

Inputs for each phase: Data Packet List of: Crest Arrester Current Crest Voltage 3rd Harmonic Amplitude of Voltage Non Linear Power Dissipation Linear Power Dissipation Total Power Dissipation Relative Humidity Temperature Date And Time Outputs for each phase: Database with Modified data packet list of: Crest Arrester Current Icrest
D-4

Icrest Vcrest V3H PNL PL P RH Temp

Crest Voltage 3rd Harmonic Amplitude of Voltage Non Linear Power Dissipation Linear Power Dissipation Total Power Dissipation Relative Humidity Temperature Surge Energy Surge Counter Contamination Flag Surge Energy Flag Other Output: Trend Alarm Status Causal Factor Code Overall Watts Increase Perform once per (Watts check interval):

Vcrest V3H PNL PL P RH Temp SE SC FC FE

A CFC

Calculate average watts for first week of initial operation Calculate average watts for immediate past week. IF latest average > (watts change limit) * first week average THEN give overall watts increase alarm IF Alarm is acknowledged and reset, THEN (watts limit) = (watts limit) + (limit increment) continue checks. Initial values for overall watts adjustable variables: Watts Check Interval = 1 week initial watts limit = 2 limit increment = 0.5 Housing Watts: Check for housing watts Includes a check for High Ratio of Linear to Non-linear Watts.

D-5

IF PL/PNL > (housing watts ratio limit) Then CF = 1 OR Check for housing watts could include decreases in linear watts that are faster than those associated with a cooling arrester : DPL = change in Linear watts/time interval between samples (in seconds) IF DPL/PL < (DPL/PL limit) for 2 consecutive data points THEN CF = 1. OR Check for housing watts could simply include a very high PL: IF PL> (High PL Limit)*MCOV(in kV) and PNL< (Low PNL limit) *MCOV THEN CF = 1 Housing watts should be flagged if they are high enough to affect grading and therefore PNL. One housing watts have been detected CF = 1 the following data will be flagged CF =1 for (flag time limit) afterwards. Initial values for housing watts adjustable variables: Housing watts Ratio Limit = 3.5 Fits well with elevated temperature data from OB arresters (Need to check GE DATA) DPL/PL limit = 0.0002 per second High PL Limit = 0.13 Low PNL limit = 0.065 flag time limit = 3600 seconds Surge Energy: Surge energy checks should be made whenever a step increase in PNL is encountered, and no increase in the 3rd harmonic of voltage is detected. To eliminate spurious step changes (noise) a step change can be confirmed by a step change in the 5 sample average which throws out the high and the low and averages the other three: DPNL = change in the last two PNL samples DVpeak = Change in the last two Vpeak samples DV3H = change in the last two V3H samples MPLN = Mean of the sample and the preceding 4 samples throwing out the high and low value and averaging the other 3 IF (DPNL/PNL > (DPNL/PNL ratio Limit) AND

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If DVpeak/Vpeak < (DVpeak/Vpeak ratio limit) AND IF DV3H/Vpeak<(DV3H/Vpeak ratio limit). AND (MPNLn+5-MPNLn-1)/MPNLn+5 > (DMPNL/MPNL ratio limit). THEN a step increase is confirmed. Check for Surge energy could be made during the (check period) following a step increase. If the PNL decrease in (percent decreasing PNL samples)of sequential readings and PNL is lower after (check period) or at the point of another step change that is confirmed as surge energy then the event can be classified surge energy and FE = 1 Each time surge energy input is confirmed. The surge counter is increased by 1: SC = SC + 1 And surge energy is calculated: (Algorithm for estimating surge energy will follow in a later revision) A Surge energy flag E flag FE = 1 should be applied to all data for a period after a surge event. This period may be a function of the size of the surge event. Step increase less than or equal to (% step increase boundary) then the flag remains in place for ( 1st flag time period). If greater than 30% then (2nd flag time period) hours. Initial values for housing watts adjustable variables: DPNL/PNL ratio Limit = 0.1 DVpeak/Vpeak ratio limit = .005 DV3H/Vpeak ratio limit = 0.01 DMPNL/MPNL ratio limit = 0.07 check period = 1 hour percent decreasing PNL samples = 80% % step increase boundary = 30% 1st flag time period = 180 minutes 2nd flag time period = 360 minutes Internal Moisture: Check for internal moisture can be made whenever housing watts are detected (CF = 1 or 2). Internal moisture Check:

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IF Housing watts CF = 1 or 2 detected on only one of three phases for a period of (phase check time limit) OR Housing watts are present when RH is Low: IF CF = 1 or 2 and RH < (% RH Limit) for the preceding (%RH time Limit). THEN send trend alarm for internal moisture Initial values for internal moisture adjustable variables: Phase check time Limit = 180 minutes % RH limit = 40% % RH time Limit = 180 minutes Severe Contamination Event IF PL/PNL > (PL/PNL Limit) and RH is > (% RH limit ). Then CF = 2 A severe contamination flag CF = 2 should be applied to following data packets until the RH drops below (RH limit for flagging) or for ( CF flag time period) after CF = 2 criteria are met whichever comes first A contamination event alarm should be sent to the Alarm Module when CF = 2 Initial values for severe contamination adjustable variables: PL/PNL Limit = 100 % RH limit = 97% RH Limit for flagging = 90% CF Flag time period = 60 minutes Disk Stability or Bad Disks Calculate and add to database for each data packet : NP = average P for last 3 hours NPNL = Average PNL for last 3 hours NPL = Average PL for last 3 hours NT= Average Temperature for last 3 hours NV = Average peak voltage for last 3 hours NV3H = Average V3H for the last 3 hours

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NFC = 0 IF FC = 0 for last 3 hours else NFC = 1 NFE = 0 IF FE= 0 for last 3 hours else NFC = 1 Check for disk stability could be done with a query each day where for at least (query interval) between (valid query time start) and (valid query time end) , NFC = 0 and NFE = 0. Query old data from/to (valid query date interval) for the earliest data packet with NFC = 0 and NSE = 0 and with similar NV +/-(NV % deviation limit), and NT +/- (NT deviation limit) and V3H/Vpeak +/- (V3H/Vpeak deviation limit). Attach old suffix to the data from the results of the query and run the following check: IF (NPNLnew-NPNLold)/NPNLold > (Delta NPNL/NPNL limit) Or IF (NPnew-NPold)/NPold > (Delta NP/NP limit) THEN Perform the same data check on the next oldest qualifying data packet using the same query criteria. IF Both checks are true THEN send trend alarm for stability or failed disks (Later we can add algorithms to separate bad disks and stability. For now, we can manually analyze trends, i.e., did the increase happen in a step correlating with an energy event or as a gradual increase.) Initial values for stability and bad disks adjustable variables: query interval = 180 minutes valid query time start = 10PM valid query time end = 6 AM valid query date interval = initiation of monitoring to 2 months prior NV % deviation limit = 0.5% NT deviation limit = 2.0 degrees V3H/Vpeak deviation limit = 1.0% Delta NPNL/NPNL limit = 0.2 Delta NP/NP limit = 0.5 Excessive surge energy This will be covered by a threshold, Not a trend alarm

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